#stochastic definition

[infoanalysishub]

Stochastic Meaning, Definition, Pronunciation, Examples & Usage

Discover the full meaning of stochastic, its pronunciation, definitions, synonyms, antonyms, origin, grammar rules, examples, medical and scientific uses, and much more in this detailed comprehensive guide. Stochastic Pronunciation: /stəˈkæs.tɪk/IPA: [stəˈkæs.tɪk] Definition of Stochastic Adjective Involving or characterized by a random probability distribution or pattern that may be…

[imkeepinit]

[stochastiz]

i spend the vast majority of my work days completely agreeing with the frustrations of 0 to 1.5-year-olds:

it is incredibly hard to function 'acceptably' when i'm hungry and/or tired

i would much rather be at my home with the people i love than at work

if i was in the middle of a project and someone unexpectedly scooped me up and started putting me in a car or on a changing table i would be unimpressed to say the least

it's very overwhelming when someone starts screaming/crying/generally being loud near me, especially if i don't know what caused it

waiting fucking sucks, i want to be able to have things as soon as i know they're available

changes to routines throw me way off, especially when i can't understand why things aren't happening the way they usually do

seeing someone else interact with something makes that thing way more appealing to me, i would want to grab it from their hands too

i get extremely frustrated when i'm trying to communicate with someone and they just can't seem to understand me no matter what i try

next time you see a kiddo having a hard time with something that seems inconsequential from your point of view, see if you find a perspective closer to theirs. it may help you approach them with a bit more compassion.

sudden urge to burst into tears. im not a toddler i just agree with their beliefs

[mybuddyjimmy]

Stochastic

Stochastic [stə-KAS-tik]  Part of speech: adjective Origin: Greek, mid-17th century  1. Randomly determined; having a random probability distribution or pattern that may be analyzed statistically but may not be predicted precisely.  Examples of stochastic in a sentence  “I painted stars on my ceiling in a stochastic pattern.”  “Matthew excelled at statistics, especially analyzing stochastic…

[the-hydroxian-artblog]

Do Neuromorphs feel some kinda way about Stochastic Parrots? Is it like humans seeing monkeys? Humans seeing chatbots? Humans seeing other, disabled humans? Or is it not particularly notable, given their prevalence, just another kind of guy that exists in this world? As a human living in boring, robot-hijinksless world, I imagine it would be kind of upsetting to see something superficially resembling you, well-spoken and seemingly of your intelligence, but with nothing behind the eyes. You also mentioned that these categories of brain-type aren’t strictly indicative of consciousness, which makes it weirder. Does a Stochastic Parrot with some consciousness remain incapable of emotion? Does a Neuromorph that isn’t fully conscious feel emotions? This worldbuilding rules and I keep thinking about it at work.

Thank you! Yes yes! All of the above, really. Because they're just people. Culturally, human-like robots have a sort of... tug-and-pull relationship with less human-like robots. Plenty of solidarity, alienation, trying to appeal to humans by overacting their own humanity, trying to reject aspects of their own humanity to show solidarity with less-passably human robots. These are basically all the pressing questions of this setting. There's so many varying degrees of weird prejudice and assumptions made on all sides when it comes to human-like bots and non-human-like ones. How people judge you based on the behavior you exhibit, the in-groups that form or fail to form depending on how well you perform the idea of "personhood", etc etc.

Could some neuromorphs exhibit human-like behavior but with the potential emotional consciousness of like, a roach? If a S.Parrot actually comprehends and problem-solves better than a human and, without any training data work out deep philosophical concepts, but is emotionless, is there some strange kind of consciousness going on still? The wonderfully irritating thing is that these can't be answered unless You Are The Thing Itself. I don't know what it's like to be several GPUs stacked on top of each other, so I cannot answer that question without projecting my own experience as a Meat Computer.

The only thing I can actually answer is how People, by whatever definition counts, will reject, accept, understand, or fail to understand, The Other. Whether that's by a robot judging a neurodivergent human who cannot exhibit stereotypically human-like traits, two different types of humans of different cultures judging each other, two different robots judging each other, or even People who should be of the exact same in-group alienating each other due to ignorance, beliefs, lack of beliefs, or other fine differences. That's basically what this worldbuilding is all about. Asking what counts as a person isn't as fruitful as observing what motivates people to come up with their own answers, how willing they are to compromise those answers if their interests align or fail to align with The Other, and what cruelty or kindness they're willing to dish out at something that's considered acceptable to hate or understand.

[eightyonekilograms]

The funny thing about non-technical people discussing generative AI is that they sort of get it wrong in both directions: the models themselves are way more capable than people understand (no, they are not stochastic parrots and no they're not just regurgitating the training data), but at the same time many parts of the stack are dumber than is commonly known. Just to pick one example, RAG is way stupider than you think. Don't let anyone hoodwink you into believing RAG is some sophisticated technique for improving quality, it's a fancy term for "do a google search and then copy-paste the output into the prompt". Sometimes it's literally that.

I think soon we will have a good solution to the issue of language models being bad at knowing how to look up and use structured data, but RAG is definitely not it. It's the "leeches and bone saws" era of LLMs.

[stochastiz]

from my beloved WordHippo.com; some antonyms could be modernity, youth, or time ahead depenfing on the use case

Hey Tumblr, what's an antonym for 'Antiquity?'

I'm dead serious, pls help...

[warsofasoiaf]

I am feeling really dense are you agreeing or disagreeing with OAT about Russia trying to compromise the West? It seems to me they are just taking advantage of the situation due to our political elites stupidity and disinterest, I am a firm adherent of to never attribute malice when stupidity is more likely.

Well, specifically I wasn't talking about that - I was talking about how authoritarian populists tend to openly subvert democracy in the name of protecting the people with their specific empowered squads. They usually don't bother to hide it.

But in answer to your question, Russia has openly attempted to compromise the West through a whole host of means and have attempted to do so for decades. They did it through various communist parties when they were the Soviet Union (and still do to a lesser extent today), they do it through funding far-right groups, they do it through assassination and stochastic terror. It's definitely malice.

Thanks for the question, Anon.

SomethingLikeALawyer, Hand of the King

[solarbird]

The thing about spending eight years cheering, supporting, and encouraging political violence and welcoming people dedicated to political change through violence to your movement is that…

well…

…okay, sure, you can build up a mean little coalition of paramilitaries that way. If you’re disciplined and careful.

Or, if you lack that discipline and those organisational skills, you can instead build up a motley little coalition of people more than happy to listen to your calls for stochastic terrorism.

And the problem with that latter route is they might not always aim where you want them to.

The other problem with that is if they decide you’ve abandoned or betrayed them – and if you’re coaching them and constantly encouraging them in conspiracy theory thinking and bullshit, that gets a lot more likely, for any reason and none – they might even aim at you.

Elon Musk earlier today wanted to know why people weren’t trying to assassinate Kamala Harris and finds it very suspicious that they aren’t. (He since deleted the tweet.)

The New Hampshire Libertarian Party said anyone who did it would be an American hero. (Screenshot, also since deleted.) Whoever is in charge of that account is gonna have a looooooot to talk about with the US Secret Service tonight.

In short, the usual crew of fash are trying real hard to aim this shit. But so far, well – it’s not working out as they’d planned.

Nonetheless, they will continue to do this just as they have. They will continue to ramp up white nationalist violence against immigrants in particular but not just, and tell their base that brutality and violence will be necessary and just, just as the OG Nazis said, and the crisis will escalate through – and almost certainly after – the election.

The more they realise they’re going to lose, the more they’re going to ramp it up going into the election. Harris is at +5 points today. Polls are difficult at best in this environment, but they listen to them just the same, and their actions say it’s worse for them even than it seems.

However, the more by which they do lose, the more it’s going to ramp back down after. I’ve talked about this before. The bigger the loss, the fewer people will be willing to take action to overturn it.

This is now the latest reason we need to deliver the biggest, most absolutely crushing defeat that can be managed. They need to be deflated, depressed, and done in. It needs to be a definitive statement that this will not gain you power.

The win needs to be so clear, so obvious, that any attempt they launch will attract the fewest number of people, and so, cannot succeed. Roberts and the corrupted SCOTUS are, sure, firmly in their camp, but they’re not stupid; they want to hold onto power even in the event of a GOP loss everywhere else, and that puts hard limits on how far they’ll go to overturn an election.

They absolutely will not further endanger their own power. They want to be around to rule from the bench for decades, if they can.

So. This year has been doomed to be violent for a long time now. But we can make it the least violent it can be with an absolute electoral blowout.

There will be more of this, going forward. Expect it, but do not be discouraged by it; in fact, be heartened, because the more they lash out, the more it clearly it shows that they know they’re about to lose.

Stay on target, team.

49 days remain.

[quantumofawesome]

a tiny foray into prompt engineering

Hi, Claude. I need to conduct a literature review on causes of and interventions for late-night awakening with acute hypoglycemia. I know you can not give me specific sources, but could you give me an overview of your understanding of the current state of knowledge, consensus, and debate about the topic? Where disagreements between experts exist (common in clinical sciences especially where nutrition is involved!), could you think step by step to give your best guess as to what you think is most likely correct as well as why it is disputed?

[long, beautiful* answer that focuses primarily on insulin dosing and ends in "Would you like me to elaborate on any of these aspects? I'm particularly interested in hearing your clinical experience with these interventions, as real-world observations often provide valuable insights beyond what's captured in formal research."]

Has there been any research that focuses on nocturnal hypoglycemia in the non-diabetic population?

[another long and beautiful* answer beginning with "Yes, though it's studied less frequently than in diabetic populations. Let me break this down into what's known and what's still being investigated:" and ending with "Would you like me to elaborate on any of these aspects? I'm particularly interested in what context brought you to ask about non-diabetic nocturnal hypoglycemia, as it might help me provide more relevant information."]

> Yay, I got what I wanted!!

> Maybe I would have anyway if I had admitted this was for personal use and hadn't said I was going to "conduct a literature review"?

> Start a fresh chat

Hi, Claude. I frequently wake up in the middle of the night with low blood sugar. At least, I think it's low blood sugar that wakes me up; I wake up very hungry and typically anxious, and am usually able to get back to sleep after eating something sugary and caloric. I do not believe I have diabetes and I do not have a blood glucose monitor or anything like that. How can I avoid this happening in the future?

[shorter but still detailed answer starting with "This sounds challenging - having your sleep disrupted regularly can really affect your quality of life. What you're describing does sound consistent with nocturnal hypoglycemia (low blood sugar during sleep), though without monitoring it's hard to be certain." Gives advice largely consistent with lit-review-helper-Claude and, well of course, "While these suggestions may help, it would be worthwhile to discuss these symptoms with your healthcare provider." (And also, fwiw, ending with "curiosity": "Are you currently eating anything specific before bed, or have you noticed any patterns with when these episodes tend to occur?")]

About what I expected, I guess? Honestly most striking to me was my internal reaction to advice-to-me-Claude, which was like... okay now I know from the other chat that what you are saying is pretty reasonable and well-supported (well, "know" to the extent that I trust lit-review-helper-Claude, which for the purpose of this train of thought I do)... but I still think you're full of shit and am mad at you for just parroting the standard lines as if I don't know anything! Which, not to comment on LLMs being "just" "stochastic parrots" or whatever, but um, "parroting the standard lines" is definitely Working As Expected.

*I should say "to my taste", of course.

Zero points to anyone who can guess why I'm posting this at 4am

[npdmonoma]

I know this would be a terrible idea, but the petty, vindictive part of me wants to start commenting the definition of stochastic terrorism on every post I see about how to torture a narcissist

[sniperct]

KKK flyers supposedly being distributed in Springfield, proud boys marching in Springfield, bomb threats forcing hospitals and schools to evacuate

Trump, Vance and the GOP are the textbook definition of stochastic terrorism and they have been for years.

[imkeepinit]

[sehtoast]

Tell me about the transphobia rhetoric this season

Let’s start with a foundation.  For social commentary, political commentary, any real world commentary to not feel hamfisted– meaning that it was just shoved in there for the sake of it– it has to connect to the narrative of the media that is employing it to at least some capacity.  There must be some degree of relevance; otherwise, why is it there? If it has no roots, viewers will often cock their heads to the side and wonder what the point was.  Such was the case with myself and apparently a lot of other trans viewers throughout season 4 of The Boys.  Unfortunately, it stirred more than confusion.

I have no desire to go back and pull verbatim dialogue, but there were (off the top of my head) roughly three instances where there was political commentary on conservative talking points about transgender people.  The first lines come from Firecracker and they're to some degree or another about “transgender mind virus/corrupting our kids/boys are boys/girls are girls/etc” any time she opens her mouth about it.  Homelander spouts two, one being about nonbinary people to a massive crowd during the reveal of Sage and Firecracker joining The Seven, and the other is a bunch of buzzwords he says to a room of politicians whose backing he wants for the coup.

Now I haven’t watched s1-3 in roughly 1.5-2 years, give or take. Other than in Gen V, there isn’t trans rep or characters besides maybe Doppelganger if they’re to be interpreted as genderfluid.  This means there is no interaction with trans people on Homelander’s end besides Doppelganger, who was killed off two seasons ago.  It comes off as random, especially since he didn’t say these things in prior seasons. Firecracker, as she establishes, just says whatever to incite outrage to unify otherwise lonely, aimless masses.  She uses transphobia as a talking point, but its relevance starts and ends there.  Its foundation to stand on exists only as far as that aspect was carried, but this apparent self awareness of what she does, and how much of it she even believes, was dropped as quickly as it appeared.  In that sole instance, it was the one time this commentary worked because it points out the grift behind the landslide of it we see in real life.  

Next, we’re going to talk about Kairos. The direct definition from Google is “a propitious moment for decision or action.”  In short: right place, right time. 

Right now, transgender people in America (and, frankly, all over the planet) are seeing an absolutely goliath-sized effort to strip away their healthcare, rights, and criminalize their existence in public spaces. Trans people are being labeled as sexual deviants and inherent predators by those who wish us harm, such as LibsOfTikTok who regularly engages in stochastic terrorism to proxy up a bunch of bomb threats to locations in the event they accommodate trans folks.  The public is gradually becoming aware of this rhetoric in particular, especially after the elevation of transphobia on popular social media sites like Twitter and Facebook/Instagram where protections are minute or, in the case of Twitter, completely nonexistent. This is often the primary commentary people see about us due to algorithmic decisions in regards to post popularity and, consequently, they start to believe it because there's typically nothing contrasting it. If you make a fresh Twitter account, you will be fed transphobia both on your feed and directly in your phone notifications until the algorithms learn that you aren’t interested– this happened to me first hand.  Because the idea that trans people are dangerous is growing, more of us are being attacked and/or killed.  People cheer for our deaths.  People celebrate it, even when the victims are children.  Right now, there is a serious epidemic of transphobia instilling devastating levels of fear in trans people around the globe.  

The last thing we want to do is be reminded and hear all of these things thrown back at us in any capacity when it is so current and volatile. The wound is extremely fresh.  In fact, the knife is literally still inside. To fling it around without solid contextual foundations in the show is to fling it at the viewer who has nowhere else to put it and therefore must hold on to it. There’s no connection from A, the delivery of the line, to B, where the line is meant to travel.  Without relevance, it’s hamfisted.  Without a relevance, it’s not landing where it’s supposed to within the confines of the show, and those who do not initially understand the struggles of marginalized people have no familiar in-show connections to draw upon to relate it back to the real world for the eureka moment this kind of commentary strives to create.  

The goal of political/social commentary is not to hurt the viewers you’re trying to represent.  Unfortunately, that’s what happened in season 4.  I feel the writers did not have a deep enough understanding of the social issue they’re trying to critique, and I especially feel like there was likely a lack of trans writers in the room because I do believe someone would have spoken up about the lack of relevance. All it did, for myself and many others who agreed, was slap us in the face and remind us of the knife that is currently twisting in our guts.

[spacenutspod]

Space might seem calm when gazing up at the night sky, but invisible waves ripple continuously through the universe, bending space and time. These waves, known as gravitational waves, carry crucial clues about cosmic events. Scientists from the University of Colorado Boulder are taking a fresh approach to detecting these elusive signals. Their method uses the subtle wiggles of distant celestial objects known as quasars. Astrophysicist Jeremy Darling and his team recently used new data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia satellite. Gaia has observed the precise movements of over a million quasars. Darling examined the data from Gaia to understand how gravitational waves might be shifting these quasars’ positions. How Cosmic Waves Move Quasars Quasars, incredibly bright black holes at the center of distant galaxies, appear stationary. Yet, gravitational waves traveling through space gently deflect the path of quasar light reaching Earth, creating tiny movements in their apparent positions. Detecting these subtle movements requires exceptional precision. Darling describes it as needing to spot the growth of a human fingernail from Earth to the Moon—a seemingly impossible task. Generalized HD curves showing the predicted pairwise correlations of radial and angular motions produced by transverse traceless stochastic gravitational waves as a function of angular separation. (CREDIT: The Astrophysical Journal Letters) “If you lived for millions of years, and you could actually observe these incredibly tiny motions, you’d see these quasars wiggling back and forth,” Darling explained. Currently, researchers use radio signals from pulsars—rapidly spinning stars—to detect gravitational waves. In 2023, the NANOGrav collaboration found evidence of gravitational waves by observing how pulsars’ signals changed as space-time stretched and compressed. But this method only detects gravitational waves moving in one direction—like waves crashing toward a shoreline. Darling’s method, on the other hand, could detect gravitational waves moving in multiple directions. “Gravitational waves operate in three dimensions,” he said. “They stretch and squeeze spacetime along our line of sight, but they also cause objects to appear to move back and forth in the sky.” Related Stories New quantum gravity discovery could unite quantum mechanics and relativity New unified gravity theory could finally bridge Einstein and quantum physics Groundbreaking hypergravity facility could revolutionize our understanding of time and space Measuring Gravitational Waves with Precision To find these cosmic signals, Darling paired up over two billion measurements from quasars collected by Gaia. He studied how each pair of quasars moved relative to one another, creating what astronomers call an “astrometric Hellings–Downs curve.” This curve measures how gravitational waves shift quasars based on their positions in the sky. Darling’s team found no definite signal of gravitational waves yet. However, they set the tightest limit ever on how strong these gravitational waves might be. They established that these waves are incredibly subtle, no stronger than a characteristic strain of just 2.7 × 10⁻¹² at frequencies around one cycle per year. This limit surpasses earlier results achieved through radio-wave observations. Gaia’s precision allowed the researchers to set this new boundary. But the Gaia data did reveal some quirks—unexpected motions in quasars possibly caused by small measurement errors. Such errors create difficulties in clearly identifying gravitational waves but did not entirely overshadow the results. Proper motion power in the four correlations (Equations (16)–(19)) vs. the angular separation of quasar pairs for a sample of 67,917 quasars. (CREDIT: The Astrophysical Journal Letters) Why These Waves Matter Why go through so much effort to detect gravitational waves? Darling emphasized that these waves provide invaluable insights into fundamental physics. When massive black holes spiral and collide, they unleash gravitational waves powerful enough to ripple throughout space. “There is a lot we can learn from getting these precise measurements of gravitational waves,” Darling said. “Different flavors of gravity could lead to lots of different kinds of gravitational waves.” Observing these subtle movements could help scientists distinguish between gravitational waves originating from massive black holes and other sources, such as cosmic events that happened just after the Big Bang. Understanding these differences would significantly enhance scientists’ knowledge of galaxy formation and evolution. Angular correlations of quasar proper motions show significant excess power when the E- and B-mode dipoles are not removed. Top: aligned parallel and perpendicular modes (blue) and mixed modes (orange) vs. the angular separation of quasar pairs for 64,879 quasars selected for proper motion amplitude <100 μas yr−1. (CREDIT: The Astrophysical Journal Letters) Scientists already know gravitational waves exist. The LIGO observatory famously detected waves from black hole mergers at frequencies between 35 and 250 Hz. Pulsar observations have also spotted a background of gravitational waves at much lower frequencies, between 2 and 28 billionths of a Hertz (nHz). But identifying gravitational waves at the intermediate frequencies accessible by Gaia could solve critical mysteries about cosmic history. Challenges and Future Prospects Detecting gravitational waves through quasar motions is tough. Earth’s constant movement through space complicates measurements. Our planet orbits the sun at roughly 67,000 miles per hour, and the sun itself speeds through the galaxy at about 850,000 miles per hour. Researchers must filter out these motions to spot the extremely delicate signals caused by gravitational waves. Despite these challenges, Gaia will soon deliver even more extensive data. In 2026, scientists will gain access to over five additional years of quasar measurements. Darling remains optimistic that future data could reveal the elusive gravitational waves. Proper motion power in parallel and perpendicular modes (blue) and mixed modes (orange) vs. the angular separation of quasar pairs for 64,879 quasars selected based on their proper motion amplitude <100 μas yr−1. (CREDIT: The Astrophysical Journal Letters) “If we can see millions of quasars, then maybe we can find these signals buried in that very large dataset,” he said. Darling’s method marks a promising step in astrophysics, potentially revealing more about gravity, galaxy evolution, and even the universe’s earliest moments. While the signals are faint, the importance of these cosmic whispers is profound, providing hints about the nature of reality itself. Research findings are available online in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Note: The article above provided above by The Brighter Side of News. Like these kind of feel good stories? Get The Brighter Side of News’ newsletter. The post Astrophysicists use quasars to detect invisible gravitational waves appeared first on The Brighter Side of News.

[kenotype]

The focus here is on music that could've only been articulated by a monophonic texture in order to convey its compositional principles specific to the texture as a fundamental systematic criterion. In other words, the music does not use monophony as merely a 'piece' of that which can be found elsewhere within one's oeuvre systemically articulated polyphonically, homophonically, or heterophonically.

It's not an accident that most monophonic music included here is primarily for the electronic or vocal medium (what we now call monophony was initially called cantus, cf. Haug (2015)). Much contemporary electronic music is richly multi-timbral and polyphonic, but initially was not, due to technical limitations (Warner 2017). I suspect or conjecture or whatever that the motivations for the electronic medium to 'develop' beyond monophonic output were primarily ideological, i.e. musicological, and indicative of a myopic perceptual bias via the concurrent 'listening culture' (Lissa, Tanska, Tarska 1965). What if the output 'restrictions' of Mathews' MUSIC I or Moog's Model IIIc were maintained in the ensuing development of real-time software or more sophisticated SMT analog circuit topologies? What implications would that've had for compositional developments? Historical definitions of monophony throughout the literature are consistently coupled with references to primitive cultures and most post-medieval monophonic music is relegated to various 'studies', 'etudes', 'examples', 'student recital pieces', and so on (Randel 2003). Furthermore, monophonic music is commonly used as data for MIR research, for it meets the local optimum of feature parsability or whatever. I also suspect, much more speculatively, that monophony being basically synonymous with the so-called primitive, preliminary, or simple is indicative of a cognitivist bias that auditory streams are initially perceived as single and integrated and subsequently 'build up' in perceptual complexity as segregable and multistable, constructing a sufficient auditory scene (Deike et al. 2012).

Ainu, Hokkaido Island (Yoshi Shikato), Yukar Cathy Berberian, Stripsody John Cage, Solo For Voice 67 Sean Colum, 1-channel dynamic stochastic synthesis composite for Love Und Romance Vindictive New Town Shoplifting So Tough Instant Hit FM EVOL, Persisting Pinkness (Excerpt) Pietro Grossi, Monodia (Excerpt) Russell Haswell, Kinetic Scotch Tape (Excerpt) Hecker, IV Tom Johnson, Music With Mistakes (Excerpt) Lola Kiepja, Shamanic Chant No. 3 (Excerpt) Luciano Maggiore, Drenched Thatched Roof (Excerpt) Greta Monach, Fonergon 07-1 (Excerpt) Tom Mudd, Pile Up Part 1 One Hand Clapping, Relatively Healthy J.K. Randall, Quartersines James Tenney, Seegersong #2 (Excerpt) Iannis Xenakis, Mikka

Deike, S., et al. (2012). The build-up of auditory stream segregation: a different perspective. Frontiers in psychology, 3, 461. Haug, A. (2015). Reconstructing Western “Monophonic” Music. In Writing the History of" Ottoman Music" (pp. 231-240). Ergon-Verlag. Lippus, Urve. (1995). Linear Musical Thinking. A Theory of Musical Thinking and the Runic Song Tradition of Baltic-Finnish Peoples. Studia musicologica Universitatis Helsingiensis VII, Helsinki: University of Helsinki. Lissa, Z., Tanska, E., & Tarska, E. (1965). On the evolution of musical perception. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 24(2), 273-286. Randel, D. M. (Ed.). (2003). The Harvard dictionary of music. Harvard University Press. Warner, D. (2017). Live Wires: A history of electronic music. Reaktion Books. Wiśniewski, P. (2018). Liturgical Monody as a Subject of Musicological Research–an Attempt at a Synthesis. Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe, 39(4), 207-220. - Kieran Daly