#structured programming language

[wikipediagrams]

[frank-olivier]

The Evolution of Programming Paradigms: Recursion’s Impact on Language Design

“Recursion, n. See Recursion.” -- Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary (1906-1911)

The roots of programming languages can be traced back to Alan Turing's groundbreaking work in the 1930s. Turing's vision of a universal computing machine, known as the Turing machine, laid the theoretical foundation for modern computing. His concept of a stack, although not explicitly named, was an integral part of his model for computation.

Turing's machine utilized an infinite tape divided into squares, with a read-write head that could move along the tape. This tape-based system exhibited stack-like behavior, where the squares represented elements of a stack, and the read-write head performed operations like pushing and popping data. Turing's work provided a theoretical framework that would later influence the design of programming languages and computer architectures.

In the 1950s, the development of high-level programming languages began to revolutionize the field of computer science. The introduction of FORTRAN (Formula Translation) in 1957 by John Backus and his team at IBM marked a significant milestone. FORTRAN was designed to simplify the programming process, allowing scientists and engineers to express mathematical formulas and algorithms more naturally.

Around the same time, Grace Hopper, a pioneering computer scientist, led the development of COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language). COBOL aimed to address the needs of business applications, focusing on readability and English-like syntax. These early high-level languages introduced the concept of structured programming, where code was organized into blocks and subroutines, laying the groundwork for stack-based function calls.

As high-level languages gained popularity, the underlying computer architectures also evolved. James Hamblin's work on stack machines in the 1950s played a crucial role in the practical implementation of stacks in computer systems. Hamblin's stack machine, also known as a zero-address machine, utilized a central stack memory for storing intermediate results during computation.

Assembly language, a low-level programming language, was closely tied to the architecture of the underlying computer. It provided direct control over the machine's hardware, including the stack. Assembly language programs used stack-based instructions to manipulate data and manage subroutine calls, making it an essential tool for early computer programmers.

The development of ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) in the late 1950s and early 1960s was a significant step forward in programming language design. ALGOL was a collaborative effort by an international team, including Friedrich L. Bauer and Klaus Samelson, to create a language suitable for expressing algorithms and mathematical concepts.

Bauer and Samelson's work on ALGOL introduced the concept of recursive subroutines and the activation record stack. Recursive subroutines allowed functions to call themselves with different parameters, enabling the creation of elegant and powerful algorithms. The activation record stack, also known as the call stack, managed the execution of these recursive functions by storing information about each function call, such as local variables and return addresses.

ALGOL's structured approach to programming, combined with the activation record stack, set a new standard for language design. It influenced the development of subsequent languages like Pascal, C, and Java, which adopted stack-based function calls and structured programming paradigms.

The 1970s and 1980s witnessed the emergence of structured and object-oriented programming languages, further solidifying the role of stacks in computer science. Pascal, developed by Niklaus Wirth, built upon ALGOL's structured programming concepts and introduced more robust stack-based function calls.

The 1980s saw the rise of object-oriented programming with languages like C++ and Smalltalk. These languages introduced the concept of objects and classes, encapsulating data and behavior. The stack played a crucial role in managing object instances and method calls, ensuring proper memory allocation and deallocation.

Today, stacks continue to be an integral part of modern programming languages and paradigms. Languages like Java, Python, and C# utilize stacks implicitly for function calls and local variable management. The stack-based approach allows for efficient memory management and modular code organization.

Functional programming languages, such as Lisp and Haskell, also leverage stacks for managing function calls and recursion. These languages emphasize immutability and higher-order functions, making stacks an essential tool for implementing functional programming concepts.

Moreover, stacks are fundamental in the implementation of virtual machines and interpreters. Technologies like the Java Virtual Machine and the Python interpreter use stacks to manage the execution of bytecode or intermediate code, providing platform independence and efficient code execution.

The evolution of programming languages is deeply intertwined with the development and refinement of the stack. From Turing's theoretical foundations to the practical implementations of stack machines and the activation record stack, the stack has been a driving force in shaping the way we program computers.

How the stack got stacked (Kay Lack, September 2024)

Thursday, October 10, 2024

[gikairan]

In a modern fantasy setting, magic users would be the most desirable computer programmers and you can't convince me otherwise

[python-programming-language]

Paradigmen in der Welt der Programmierung ...

www.dev-insider.de/was-ist-ein-programmierparadigma-a-864056/

Behandelte Programmierparadigmen:

strukturierte Programmierung

prozedurale Programmierung

objektorientierte Programmierung

modulare Programmierung

Post #68: DevInsider, Crissi Kraus & Stephan Augsten, Was ist ein Programmierparadigma?, 2023.

[attitudetallyacademy]

Top 10 C Programming Tips to Write Efficient & Error-Free Code

Introduction

C programming is one of the most powerful languages, forming the foundation of modern software development. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced coder, writing efficient and error-free code is crucial. Here are 10 expert tips to help you improve your C programming skills and write optimized code with ease.

1. Master the Basics Before Diving into Advanced Concepts

Before exploring advanced topics like Data Structure Training in Yamuna Vihar or C++ Coaching Institute in Uttam Nagar, ensure you have a strong foundation in C programming basics. Understanding variables, loops, functions, and pointers will make complex topics easier.

2. Use Meaningful Variable and Function Names

Descriptive variable names improve code readability. Instead of writing:

c

CopyEdit

int x = 10; 

Use:

c

CopyEdit

int studentCount = 10; 

Similarly, functions should clearly indicate their purpose, making debugging and collaboration easier.

3. Keep Your Code Simple and Structured

Avoid writing lengthy, complex code. Break your program into small functions, making it more readable and reusable. If you’re preparing for Java Training in Uttam Nagar, learning structured coding will be highly beneficial.

4. Use Comments to Explain Your Code

Comments help in understanding the logic behind the code. Always include meaningful comments, especially for complex logic or functions.

c

Copy Edit

// Function to calculate area of a rectangle 

int calculateArea(int length, int width) { 

    return length * width; 

} 

5. Avoid Using Too Many Global Variables

Excessive use of global variables can lead to unwanted bugs and memory issues. Instead, prefer local variables and pass values through function arguments. This is especially important when learning Data Structure Course in Yamuna Vihar or C++ Training Institute in Uttam Nagar.

6. Optimize Memory Usage

Efficient memory management ensures smooth execution. Use malloc() and free() wisely to allocate and deallocate memory dynamically. If you're considering Computer Science Training in Uttam Nagar, mastering memory management will be a great advantage.

c

CopyEdit

int *ptr = (int*) malloc(sizeof(int) * 10); 

free(ptr); // Always free allocated memory  

7. Always Initialize Variables Before Use

Uninitialized variables can lead to unpredictable results. For example:

c

CopyEdit

int num; 

printf("%d", num);  // Undefined behavior 

To avoid errors, always initialize variables before using them.

8. Debugging: Use Print Statements & Debuggers

Using debugging tools like gdb or adding printf() statements can help you quickly identify errors. Debugging is a key skill, whether you’re learning SQL Classes in Yamuna Vihar or preparing for MySQL Training in Uttam Nagar.

9. Follow Standard Coding Practices

Consistent coding style makes programs easier to read. Maintain proper indentation, spacing, and structured loops to keep your code clean.

Example of well-structured code:

c

CopyEdit

for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { 

    printf("Number: %d\n", i); 

} 

10. Practice, Practice & More Practice!

The best way to master C programming is through constant practice. Work on projects, build small applications, and enroll in C++ Classes in Yamuna Vihar or Data Structure Training Institute in Uttam Nagar to sharpen your skills.

Final Thoughts

By following these 10 essential tips, you can write optimized, bug-free, and efficient C programs. Whether you are learning Java Coaching in Yamuna Vihar or preparing for MySQL Coaching Institute in Uttam Nagar, strong C programming skills will help you succeed in the world of coding.

If you're looking for structured training in C, C++, Java, SQL, and Data Structures, explore expert-led computer science courses in Uttam Nagar to enhance your programming expertise! For that Visit Us

Suggested Links

C++ Programming Language

Database Management System

Advanced Data Structures

[afrologicinsect]

I really love writing these SQL scripts, feeling BaseDD - moving through Logic like Butter.

[s-lorelei]

Things women created and discovered!

All men

Francium (elemental)

Torpedoe radio guidance/navigation systems

Dishwasher

GPS

Wi-fi

Structure of the Milky Way

Kevlar

The Earth's inner core

Aciclovir - an antiviral drug used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, chickenpox, and shingles

Azathioprine - an Immunosuppressive drug used in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and in kidney transplants to prevent rejection

Flossie Wong-Staal was the first scientist to clone HIV and map its genes.

Pyrimethamine was initially developed by Nobel Prize winning scientist Gertrude Elion as a treatment for malaria.

Disposable diapers

Child carriers

Vaccine for whooping cough

The galaxy rotation problem - important to the discovery of dark matter

Radio astronomy - Type I and Type III solar radio bursts

That stars are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium

The new outer arm of the Milky Way - In 2004, astrophysicist and radio astronomer Naomi McClure-Griffiths identified a new spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy

Radiation

Radon (elemental)

Kinetic energy

Heavy elements in cosmic radiation

Beta particles are electrons

Nuclear shell

Astatine (elemental)

Nuclear fission - helped in the creation of nuclear weapons

Rhenium (elemental)

Seaborgium (elemental)

Polonium and radium (elemental)

Scotchgard

Structure of vitamin B12

Carbon Dioxide

Bioorthogonal chemistry - the concept of the bioorthogonal reaction has enabled the study of biomolecules such as glycans, proteins, and lipids.

Central heating

Square-bottomed paper bag

Correction fluid (white-out)

House solar heating

Wrinkle-free fiber

Windshield wipers

Car heater

Airplane mufflers

Underwater telescopes for warships

Written computer program

Written (programming) language

Chocolate chip cookies

Pizza saver

Mint chocolate chip ice cream

DNA structure

Sex chromosomes

Lactic acid cycle

Transporsable elements

Gap genes

Myers - Briggs Type Indicator

[datascience12course]

What Are the Steps to Becoming a Programmer in 2023? An Instructional Manual

The best approach to learning programming is to experiment with little pieces of code like "Hello World." Many programmers' first exposure to coding was this specific code fragment, which may be found in many coding languages. Hello World appears on your computer screen when you run this code. Such a brief piece of code would probably take 15 minutes to write. Such code snippets might not have much of an impact on humanity. When you begin writing these basic code blocks, the question "How to become a computer programmer?" is less intimidating. However, building larger code sets for real-world applications could take a month or longer. Get started with the Data Structures and Algorithms Course and detailed instructions for learning to program.

[freeworldallahmbaclass]

Building society better

Hey important message I don't know why the people that is controlling the situation around me why they are doing it but they got females fighting around me and badly hurting them and bruising their faces that is women no good stop the violence it is bad enough these women are down on their luck and living in shelters very dangerous shelters they are controlling them making them fight one another , I said no and that is my decree stop the violence and learn to talk things out as friends in peaceful conflict resolution.

I propose for an increase in apartment voucher program for the temporarily homeless in Pittsfield Massachusetts counselor at these homeless shelters should be able give to their clients an apartment voucher or voucher for full payment of their rent for their apartments for singles or homeless families in need of a warm apartment to stay in with the human resources administration compliance of their client to receive the full rent coverage for their apartment . Literacy programs calling for volunteers to teach unemployed Latin , Russian , Asian and other foreign people the English language and how to fill out job applications and do resumes and cover letters and how to conduct themselves on job interviews to help with their social mobility in America .

Thank you Brooklyn New York City Medgar Evers college preparatory school for painting their school in my image and likeness and their painting their door and their family's slogan on the door freeing my soul from the lack of intelligence and gaining to knowledge to grow in my life ❤️ the kids gave me a valentine day gift and I say thank you . Medgar Evers was a great civil rights leader and went through a lot so that they we can have the privileges we have now like I'm doing now so it is long line tradition of great people that fight for the betterment of all people. I thank you and I'm honored and is mindful of that it is a gift 🎁 from the teachers , principal of that school and the kids to me thank you . I want to share this special message with you about my days in school , I used to go to school saying that I don't want to go here meaning school to learn something I hated school when I was younger and was like that I can't use this stuff they teaching in the school in the real world and act tougher than I was because I was scared , insecure and very unsure of myself so that made me not the learn the subjects and not reach out for help to learn my subjects nowadays I would let someone teach me the subject I'm struggling in I actually got teased out of school because of my clothes looks and weight I hated myself but then I hit the shelves in libraries and got my GED I taught myself it through the Pre GED subjects and then the GED books I taught myself reading , comprehension , sequences , stories and understanding the main ideas of the story I taught myself decimals , percentages and fractions multiplying dividing and adding fractions and all math formulas that was my recreation teaching myself stuff was my recreation I think you should finish school I wasn't scared to get help I needed to learn so should you you shouldn't be scared the subjects I was just like learn it because I like winning and being good at whatever I study at . The book reports and school essays formatting structure is skills you can use when you get a job , I definitely didn't like the subject that they picked for mines but the challenge of learning how to write those book reports then school essays is a skill you can take with you and get a good job , you could be a banker , lawyer , doctor , nurse , office administrator , and secretary for somebody important and make $ 100 , 000 dollars a year just from those skills it is learning how to write for those subjects that is important you learn formatting structure to fit yourself after and even though they pick like general knowledge subjects they are important though but it is the skill of learning how to write those book reports and school essays that you get a skill to earn a big salary for yourself in the future so take heed to that while you thinking I don't want to go to school because they don't teach about the things I see every day those skills the formatting and mathematical formulas are for to escape your neighborhood or get educated and fix your communities like Medgar Evers did and I'm honored and proud of you and hope the best for you and your school all I could say is enjoy it learn the subjects that the school teaches you and do your best at your studies and use other ways to learn that teach about the subject just learn your school work and win on all your exams , I love getting my education just general knowledge like about everything and the technical knowledge the know how to do stuff gaining skills and being good at something that what is school is for to me , thank you .

Resume and cover letter workshops should focus on the different types of resumes that can get a person a job , cover letters are just to say hey I got the right qualifications for that job and I did my research on that particular company and I'm interested in working for them and these are the skills soft skills the get along attitude and the aptitude the know how of to get that job done .

Three types of resumes : Functional resumes

Chronological resumes

Functioning and then chronological resumes and build on showing people that never been employed any soft skills and hard skills they may have that is called their transferrable skills that can be used by an employer for their jobs .

Proposing the job safety and job secure act for all employers

Full labor union membership at job signing which means job security at the signing of the job for guaranteed long term full time employment , too many single mothers are afraid of losing their job which is her only stable income and she loses her job she is left to fend for herself without any financial support . I say that companies should want this to law pass into legislation because they get to keep them employees for a long time thus eliminating a high turnover rate now let's think about the young man trying to stay out of trouble he is young ambitious just does not have the opportunity of long term employment he needs to know that he has a job that he can safely call his own as long as he knows how to do that job with efficiency and is effective in carrying out his responsibility and duties , he should not fear losing employment as soon as he get the job he needs a job so that he can start his life and have a family and be able to support his family and love his wife and children and be able to provide a good healthy future for them .With all that is going on in America right now i feel as though the most important issues are being overlooked this month I want to bring up Job safety and job security which is the issue of economic inequality and the income gap between the peoples of America .

Honestly welfare reform is working but it makes you wonder can more be done like for instance you have to congratulate the programs and training programs that put people that is on welfare back to work or in some cases that train them how to work but the problem at most times these jobs are only seasonal temporary jobs , so that means after the assignment the person is back to square one no what is needed is permanent employment to help curb the curse of poverty , recidivism to prison , idleness , alcohol and substance abuse , gaps in employment on resumes , now don't get me wrong these are good programs that help clean up cities like Baltimore , Washington , Chicago , and New York the workers are given not just a job but a sense of purpose and get to commit to doing environmental and community repairs and maintenance to their neighborhoods like for instance cleaning up city shelters and the parks in our inner cities giving workers a chance to not only indulge in building their communities instead of destroying them at the same time it is providing safe and enjoyable places to eat , play and live , these jobs provide the workers with a stable income so that a person starting at ground zero can provide themselves and their families with higher standards of living , better access to housing , education , healthcare , and better chances of gaining employment in the field that they are trained for , the problem is then that most of the time they are no jobs for these workers when they are finished with their assignments what is needed is permanent job training programs or training programs with automatic job placements in permanent jobs . And these are some of the programs that the American government can invest in the government can take job depleted areas and create businesses that put it's citizens back to work permanently , we need environments with access to more resources like jobs with good incomes that can provide good standards of living economic situations that enriches the social and cultural net worth of the people thus creating richer and better healthy habits , attitudes , values , self images and behaviors , goals , dreams , and reality for the people .

These programs can be the paid training before the full and fair employment , thanks to past Presidents we have the job corp program this should be an expansion on that , including people's ages 24 to age 65 it would be good to walk into a Brooklyn or Bronx workforce and see these programs , also free grants for educational programs that not only train a person to work but give them a place where they could learn to work and think for themselves as liberals . Financial counseling and full financial advisor services promised at the time of job signing . Counseling services on 401 K plans retirement and investment retirement accounts income stocks , mutual funds and portfolio diversification .

Full medical coverage insurance and other type of insurances offered through employment .

Insurance coverage :

Health insurance

Automobile insurance to help with payments on car insurance

Education insurance to help with payments on active schools

Life insurance to help with payments on regular life insurance

Home insurance to help with mortgage rent assistance and insurance on a home owners home

Automatic union protection and membership guarding employees benefits at the signing and hiring for employment .

Unions offer protection of employment litigation against work related discrimination but only after a number of months and union payments to employers and labor union that fail to adequately protect the interest of newly hired employees and candidates for that employment .I'm proposing

Unions do their job and be a people that fight for employees rights in wage increase every 2 years at 2 to 3 dollar increase and training full training monthly training helping employees become better trained and working professionals .

Some of my latest accomplishments

Wages increased for your workers and annual increases with that hitting all states recently and all of them soon . It definitely hurts to work all week make your paycheck then be broke the next day or two days because of inadequate pay and that is only for a single person what about people with families and they want a future and their kids to have a future and generations of their own family to have a future I say raised their federal minimum wage the wage increase for each city , town and state and regions of America and other countries , thank goodness for permanent free college release that heavy burden from the parents wallets and pocketbooks thank you so much it is my latest accomplishments getting a free college education for you and your kids . I propose that Minimum based wages and salary get a big raise in all regions cities towns and countries California pay $ 20 to $ 22 dollars an hour New York City $ 15 to 17 $ dollars an hour for base salary how about all cities and regions and places like Atlanta , Texas and Louisiana, Kentucky , Alabama raise their pay standards for its every day worker to that same amount of starting out at $ 22 dollars an hour call it eliminating the working poor and poverty in general and paying them a livable wage , pay your workers generously and they will provide better services for your company and represent your companies better with pride and having customers coming back to their second home your store and establishment . This is very sad and needs attention to this some states where people go to work and provide years of hard work to work and get nothing in return from their employers they give great service and keep their customers coming back and yet the minimum wage been stuck since 2009 while so much states have give their workers a raise that is a shame I hope they catch up me and Governor Andrew Cuomo raised for New York state and city and other cities with my incubator my machine and other cities and states followed suit California pay their workers $ 20 dollars now imagine every state in those regions raise their wages to the same amount at $ 20 dollars an hour in Texas , Atlanta , Louisiana , Tennessee, North Carolina and even South Carolina out there hopefully they carry on from there and all states and cities follow suit and raise their wages and pay their workers their fair wage .

I want to take this opportunity to apologize to a great friend of mines 50 Cent the rapper I'm sorry for the attack from this computer . I was controlled and I'm sorry about that but I got it under control now and everyone should be safe from now on we found the cure for HIV together meaning me and you and I say thank you for picking me to get that accomplishment with , thank you .

There we go again

Another young person getting money , he get his life and a job with a good base salary off of me and now he could take care of his wife and kids he gets a family and he is blood they said , thanks Allen King 👑 Arthur King 👑 Charles I'm the new monarch the way things is better now in this world and Harry all at the same time King 👑 Arthur . Police is mad I exposed them they use voodoo on people to turn them into active shooters so they could hurt them or arrest them while the Governor and police commissioner do nothing about it well they can stop harassing me .

I'm with Keanu Reeves about everything I'm him Mark Wahlberg I'm him Robert Downey Jr Iron man I'm him and am everything actors and celebrities gave me is mines and me and 50 Cent the rapper found the cure for HIV together stop disrespecting him thanks for picking me for our accomplishment we got a statue in Harlem New York City now .

That US versus Allen Henry is dead their is no we me and you and us the collective no thank you no mock trials and mocking courtrooms drama I'm West Indian and stick to my own kind like in Texas Mexicans hang with Mexicans White people stick with White people and African Americans got their own culture they not my culture and people they very much welcome for my help I hope a good future for them and their kids I'm West Indian and like being in a truck with my big brother the Rasta and we going to home depot we stick to our own people our own kind and follow our own culture sorry about that but enjoy my help and get your life together and no thank you to racism against me and your coalition against me while I'm the one helping you and feeding you and kids .

No to police I don't got nothing to do with you they continuously spray poison in kids and babies face murdering their future .

John Maxwell the famous self help and leadership author I love you my mentor friend and father figure thanks for all your help I just read about Mark in the book I got from the Saint Stephens church and I love your books and your article , I'm going to read it today .

Thank you Joel Osteen for your new books I also love Excellence and yes only good vibes . I'm still suffering from these people with voodoo attaching themselves to me I wish they would go away along with their voodoo everything is fixed though with the people from my past and that is what is important they are doing great they are selling music doing good and enjoying their families and lives .

Announcement my last post

I'm closing the helping part of my mobile incubator and mostly keeping it now for my self helping and developing myself through forming my own small business and my own business education .

In closing

Like I said I'm King 👑 Arthur and Joyce Meyer the famous lady preacher is my mom best friend and she is my guide my Excalibur . I'm the real Arthur King 👑 Arthur from the story book legend when we was kids with Camelot I'm the new one the new version of that story in real live version and got my rock in front of the Berkshire Library in Pittsfield Massachusetts and Joyce Meyer is my Excalibur problem I'm also that King from Lord of the rings twin towers with that evil person in my ear 24 / 7 168 hours of the week trying to drive me insane senile no thank you to people that use witchcraft and evil people , but I'm proud of myself through all that hatred I became King 👑 King Arthur and now Joyce Meyer is my Excalibur .

I won't be posting anymore on this page .

[f4rfields]

uh, for people who are not Aware of programming languages in the ultrakill fandom... the #INCLUDE {blood, formal_blood} FROM "d29tY9==" line is not "confirming" anything in regards to what v1 has in its body anatomically. you can kind of synthesize what it is actually saying based on how different programming languages work and how they are structured.

lines like these are typically used to reference information found in another file like header files (which #INCLUDE is more specifically used in C/C++). header files contain declarations for things like functions, classes, macros, etc. given that we don't know what v1's programming is like fully, maybe it's even referencing some kind of library. but regardless, this is the sort of thing that is happening in lines like these, which are par for the course with programming, especially for things as complex as a robot.

so, v1 seems to be accessing some kind of definition for "blood" and "formal blood" from something referred to here as "d29tY9==" (which people have decoded as "womb") to be used in its programming. that's about all it asserts. d29tY9== could very well be something that all robots utilize in order to understand what blood/fuel is and/or how you can obtain it.

[allastoredeer]

My Hellaverse Writing & Drawing Resources (Masterpost) & Blog Tags

(A lot of this is for me, but feel free to use if you want.)

(Is updated as I stumble across more or make my own resources)

Blog Tags

#Undercover Angel AU (for my Angel Alastor au)

#allastoredoodles (my art tag)

My World-Building, Character Analysis, and Lore

The Hierarchal Power Structure in Pentagram City + Royal Family Character Analysis

Lucifer's Religious Trauma - Character Analysis

Why I Don't Include Dante's 9 Circles of Hell in my Hellaverse World-Building Lore

More About Dante's 9 Circles + Imp City and the Goetia

Hellborn and Sinner Similarities and Differences + Classism

Hellaverse Canon Lore Tidbits

Note: Some posts may have repeated canon lore

Post 1

Post 2

Post 3

Hazbin Hotel Facts Part 1

New Information Revealed By The Hazbin Playbill

Art Resources

Alastor

Alastor Drawing Guide

Alastor Cane Drawing Guide & Hand Reference Sheet

Alastor 3/4 (right) Expression Sheet

Alastor Side Profile Breakdown

Full Body Breakdown/Poses

Lucifer

Lucifer Drawing Guide

Demon Form Lucifer Drawing Guide

Vox

Vox Drawing Guide

Husk

Husk Drawing Guide

Rosie

Rosie Drawing Guide

Angel Dust

Angel Dust Drawing Guide

Character Designs

Sinners From the Show (Collection 1)

Backgrounds

Heaven Embassy (Exterior)

Post-Extermination City-Scape

Writing Resources

The 5 Senses

75 Words That Describe Smell

Descriptive Words for Scents: List of Smell Adjectives

200+ Words to Describe a Voice

How to Describe a Smile in Different Ways

600+ Words to Describe Smiles

What a Decomposing Body Smells Like

300 Creative Words to Describe Hair

General Writing Help

How to Write Immersive Stories Using Description

World Building Tips: Writing Engaging Settings

Writing Action Scenes

Adjectives for Description

Dialogue Tags to Use Instead of Said

6 Seconds, 6 Months - Writing Advice/Challenge

100+ Architecture Terms to Help Describe Buildings

Body Language Cheat Sheets

23 Essential Body Language Examples and Their Meanings

Writing Sex Scenes: How to Heat Up Romance

Miscellaneous

How to Write Realistic Injuries

Explosives and Blasting Agents

BOM: The Next Generation of High Performance Explosives

Burning Points of Various Fabrics

English to Shakespearean (Perfect for Zestial! Thank you @witch-of-the-writing-desk)

English to Old English (Perfect for Zestial! Thank you @witch-of-the-writing-desk)

Fantastic Post About Louisiana and New Orleans (Great for writing Alastor!)

The Complete Butchers Guide to Different Cuts of Meat

What Are the Different Sections or Areas on a Casino Floor?

Casino Design - The Sneaky Tricks That Make You Spend More

A Walk Through the Casino

Radio Scripts from the Golden Age of Radio

Golden Age of Black Radio (Part 1)

Glossary of Early 20th Century Slang in the United States

Historical Slang For Having Sex, From 1351 To Today

Collection of Clothing References for Writing

Portraying Mixed People

Sexual Intimacy During Cancer Treatment

Helpful Websites and Writing Programs

Random Character Generators

Websites For Writers (Collection)

Pacemaker Planner

Hiveword: The Search Engine For Writers

StimuWrite Desktop

OneStopForWriters

LibreOffice (Free Microsoft Word Alternative)

Scrivener

Fighters-Block (Designed specifically to combat writers blocks)

MyNoise (Immersive and customizable soundscapes to help with focus or creating a specific writing atmosphere).

WorldBuilding.StackExchange (A website for answering specific world-building questions)

WordsNStuff (FANTASTIC blog for your all your writing needs)

My Ko-Fi

You know. If you wanna (◕‿◕✿)

[max1461]

What’s the disposition one has to get into linguistics? If you were creating the perfect background to produce linguists what would it be?

You have to be somewhat technically inclined and also like culture. Linguistics is a technical field and there's no way around that; it is "mathy" in character even though most of it it doesn't use a lot of math-as-such. At the same time, you have to like culture, you have to have the historians' or geographers' impulse to collect a bunch of little fun details about some far off time or place. Human languages are not, in themselves, very traditionally mathematically appealing—they are complex principally in the sense of being messy and fiddly, and there are few deep structural insights to be had at present. If you have experience in tech, a good analogy is: natural languages are everything that programmers hate in programming languages. The reason that natural languages are interesting is because of their specificity, their embeddedness in history and in the world. You have to find that inherently appealing. You have to be able to do math while having the precise opposite of a mathematician's aesthetic sense. This is why almost nobody becomes a linguist.

[artsekey]

I'd been seeing videos on Tiktok and Youtube about how younger Gen Z & Gen Alpha were demonstrating low computer literacy & below benchmark reading & writing skills, but-- like with many things on the internet-- I assumed most of what I read and watched was exaggerated. Hell, even if things were as bad as people were saying, it would be at least ~5 years before I started seeing the problem in higher education.

I was very wrong.

Of the many applications I've read this application season, only %6 percent demonstrated would I would consider a college-level mastery of language & grammar. The students writing these applications have been enrolled in university for at least two years, and have taken all fundamental courses. This means they've had classes dedicated to reading, writing, and literature analysis, and yet!

There are sentences I have to read over and over again to discern intent. Circular arguments that offer no actual substance. Errors in spelling and capitalization that spellcheck should've flagged.

At a glance, it's easy to trace this issue back to two things:

The state of education in the United States is abhorrent. Instructors are not paid enough, so schools-- particularly public schools-- take whatever instructors they can find.

COVID. The two year long gap in education, especially in high school, left many students struggling to keep up.

But I think there's a third culprit-- something I mentioned earlier in this post. A lack of computer literacy.

This subject has been covered extensively by multiple news outlets like the Washington Post and Raconteur, but as someone seeing it firsthand I wanted to add my voice to the rising chorus of concerned educators begging you to pay attention.

As the interface we use to engage with technology becomes more user friendly, the knowledge we need to access our files, photos, programs, & data becomes less and less important. Why do I need to know about directories if I can search my files in Windows (are you searching in Windows? Are you sure? Do you know what that bar you're typing into is part of? Where it's looking)? Maybe you don't have any files on your computer at all-- maybe they're on the cloud through OneDrive, or backed up through Google. Some of you reading this may know exactly where and how your files are stored. Many of you probably don't, and that's okay. For most people, being able to access a file in as short a time as possible is what they prioritize.

The problem is, when you as a consumer are only using a tool, you are intrinsically limited by the functions that tool is advertised to have. Worse yet, when the tool fails or is insufficient for what you need, you have no way of working outside of that tool. You'll need to consult an expert, which is usually expensive.

When you as a consumer understand a tool, your options are limitless. You can break it apart and put it back together in just the way you like, or you can identify what parts of the tool you need and search for more accessible or affordable options that focus more on your specific use-case.

The problem-- and to be clear, I do not blame Gen Z & Gen Alpha for what I'm about to outline-- is that this user-friendly interface has fostered a culture that no longer troubleshoots. If something on the computer doesn't work well, it's the computer's fault. It's UI should be more intuitive, and it it's not operating as expected, it's broken. What I'm seeing more and more of is that if something's broken, students stop there. They believe there's nothing they can do. They don't actively seek out solutions, they don't take to Google, they don't hop on Reddit to ask around; they just... stop. The gap in knowledge between where they stand and where they need to be to begin troubleshooting seems to wide and inaccessible (because the fundamental structure of files/directories is unknown to many) that they don't begin.

This isn't demonstrative of a lack of critical thinking, but without the drive to troubleshoot the number of opportunities to develop those critical thinking skills are greatly diminished. How do you communicate an issue to someone online? How do look for specific information? How do you determine whether that information is specifically helpful to you? If it isn't, what part of it is? This process fosters so many skills that I believe are at least partially linked to the ability to read and write effectively, and for so many of my students it feels like a complete non-starter.

We need basic computer classes back in schools. We need typing classes, we need digital media classes, we need classes that talk about computers outside of learning to code. Students need every opportunity to develop critical thinking skills and the ability to self-reflect & self correct, and in an age of misinformation & portable technology, it's more important now than ever.

[steviewashere]

Okay, I'm getting on here to be a little bit pissy. I'm sorry in advance.

I am so in love with the headcanons regarding Steve's hearing, whether it be that he's hard of hearing, actively in the process of losing his hearing, deaf with a hearing aid, or just completely deaf—every version is fucking fantastic. I'm hard of hearing myself, it's fucking great that this representation is being written or drawn. I love it.

However, I'm going to hold your hand as I say this, stop using language such as "when he learns to lipread" or "eventually learns to lipread." Please stop.

He shouldn't have to learn to lip read. That shouldn't be an eventual skill he learns.

And, gonna give you a little bit of history here, it's historically ableist to require a deaf/hoh person to learn lip reading. From the late 1800s and into the late 1960s, there were literally programs across America that would force deaf children to write, speak, and lipread English—they were punished for signing to others in their schools, in public, in their dorms. And that didn't change until "Total Communication" was brought forth as a possibility, a philosophy that declared children would learn better using their preferred communication—whether it be oralism (the practice of writing, speaking, and lipreading) or via signing. However, oral schools that implemented total communication into their core programs had sign language that was structured with English grammar, this is commonly known as Exact Sign Language, or Exact English Sign Language. It's not American Sign Language.

Also, children who were approved for Coclear Implants in the early 1990s, were sent from residential deaf schools into day schools (public schools) that had a primary focus on oral teaching; pushed into day schools with little to no support, were discouraged from signing with even their parents. This was due to the fact that it was believed that signing at home would slow down their learning.

I am such a fan of deaf Steve or HoH Steve, but you have to be careful the language you're approaching his character with. If he has a sign language interpreter, then he most likely already knows sign language and will, also, most likely rely on an interpreter for communication with hearing people. If he is going deaf (maybe because of head trauma, maybe he gets into a traumatic accident, maybe he gets sick and just loses his hearing, maybe he listens to music too loudly and damages his ears that way), Steve will most likely already have the skills to write and speak in English, but lipreading is a skill that's difficult to garner.

I'll say, too, lipreading is fucking difficult because hearing people are so used to speaking (most of the time. I'm not talking about non-verbal hearing people in this conversation)—hearing people will typically talk fast, which makes lipreading muddy and indecipherable. I've been trying to learn this for years and I'm fucking over it, I can't do it. I speak and write, but I also use ASL, too.

Saying that Steve needs to lipread, that's ableist. Saying that he eventually or finally learns to lipread, that's ableist. Fuck it, I'm gonna say this, too—requiring or not giving Steve the option to decide whether or not he wants a hearing aid or implant device is also inherently ableist. Deaf people are (and should be) allowed to have a choice on having to hear. My own sibling made the decision recently to stop using the cochlear implant they've had their entire life because they weren't even given the choice to get one in the first place (and decided they were done with it), they hated the feedback the cochlear had, and it was just irritating in the sense that it would fall off, the volume control would change all on its own, and they just didn't like it. That's their choice. It's important to give a character that choice.

I let this get away from me, but I despise how people talk about his options for communication sometimes. It just rubs me the wrong way. And I think it's best we all reanalyze how we approach his characterization, especially how we can approach crafting the characterization without alienating a group of people.

*this post has been approved by my deaf sibling (who was born deaf), and obviously by me (somebody who can only hear out of one fucking ear. seriously be careful about volume control on your ear buds. and also wear ear plugs at shows. it hurts like hell to damage your ear drum.)

Here's a whole Wikipedia article about deaf education in the US (just in case you wanted another reason to hate America, but also if you're curious. definitely something everybody should learn).