#urdu words meaning in marathi

[fatehbaz]

The use of English shorthand and typewriters expanded towards the end of the 19th century in clerical work in the major cities of the subcontinent. The use of shorthand in Indian languages, however, developed not in the context of office work but to meet the requirements of the new public sphere, particularly the quick notation of public speeches for reporting in newspapers. This led to the invention of new speed scripts, atitvarene lihiṇyāchī paddhatī (very speedy writing) or laghulekhan (shorthand) in Marathi, which relied heavily on Pitman and Munson’s English shorthand. Arguably the first use was in 1874 by RB Gunjikar [...]. Gajananbhau Vaijya, an English shorthand writer and reporter with the Indian Statesman, invented another speed script expressly for the quick notation of speeches [...]. Notably, Indian-language shorthand remained in the sphere of handwriting, as typewriters for non-Latin scripts did not become widespread in the subcontinent until the mid 20th century. [...]

[I]t is actually Bhujangrao Mankar, inventor of a third shorthand script with the book Laghulekhankalā (1897), who announced himself on the title page as the creator of Marathi and Gujarati shorthand. Mankar was a well-known English shorthand reporter for the press and the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) in Bombay for all manner of political meetings in the early 20th century. [...]

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As Bernard Bate noted, Tamil shorthand came into its own when the colonial government attempted to acquire written transcripts of possibly seditious speeches during the Swadeshi movement.

In Bombay, too, shorthand found widespread application in CID surveillance with the growth in nationalist meetings and activity in the 1920s. Sub-inspectors could learn Marathi shorthand as an optional subject in the Central Police Training School; the usual practice was to pass a test in the office and regularly test for speed.

In the trial of the Ali brothers in Karachi following the Khilafat movement, speeches by Mohamed Ali and Shaukat Ali were entered as evidence of their seditious activity.

Similarly, charges against Communist leaders SA Dange, RS Nimbkar, and others in the Meerut conspiracy case (1929–33) were also based on their public speeches.

The cross-examination of witnesses turned on the accuracy of the transcripts and the methods used to obtain them and provides a rich window into the work of memory, notation, and translation involved in producing a speedy verbatim transcript of a public speech, and the issues of legibility, authenticity, and transparency that linked scribe, script, and language to state surveillance.

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Police reporters usually translated the shorthand transcripts of speeches in various languages into English longhand as soon as possible. In Karachi the Ali brothers’ Urdu speeches were recorded in Urdu shorthand. In Belgaum in June 1921, however, sub-inspectors of the Pune CID took down their Urdu and English speeches in Marathi shorthand. During a meeting in Bagalkot, also in northern Karnataka, Shaukat Ali’s speech in Urdu was orally translated sentence by sentence into Kannada as he spoke [...]. There was thus much processing of sound, meaning, and sign across languages, scripts, memories, and individuals, all at high speed. [...] The inspector [...] Deshpande mentioned a critical aspect of Pitman-based shorthand writing: since the signs matched specific sounds, he did not pay much attention to the content of the speech; he just noted down the sounds as best he could, even if he didn’t know the meanings of words. Gaps between sounds and meaning, it would appear, were filled in either during transcription through memory recall or by the CID itself. [...] These practices of notation, translation, and judicial discourse grappled with a spectrum of textual reproduction of oral utterances, from gist to verbatim.

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Text by: Prachi Deshpande. Scripts of Power: Writing, Language Practices, and Cultural History in Western India. 2023. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me.]

[siriusblack-the-third]

hellooo with your permission, i am coming back to bother you with the Indian James headcanons 🙏

assuming they're from Maharashtra and they speak Marathi (and Hindi? i'm assuming most families know more than just one language) at home, what would he call his parents? and what would they call him and each other? I've heard "jaan" a lot but I'm not sure how accurate that is and whether that works for Marathi too. are there any other endearment terms they could use? like love, sunshine, darling etc in English.

also i've been wondering if there's any exclamations/expressions etc that can be used within English speech without making it sound unnatural. like in Arabic we say "basmala/mashallah" for good luck or "inshallah" when we hope that something happens etc and it's integrated in English speech very naturally. wondering if there's anything of that sort?

Okay imma go step by step here. In India, especially where I live (Maharashtra yay hehe) it's pretty normal to know like three or more languages. I myself— plus my family— speak Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati and Marwadi, and even though we can't speak them we understand Punjabi and Bengali. So you assume correctly that they speak more than one language at home. Especially my family, where we know a bunch of non Indian languages as well, for business purposes.

Assuming James is Maratha, he would call his mother Aai (pronounced Aa-ee) and his father Baba (Mum and Dad). I have this headcanon that when he wants to annoy them he calls them Matoshree and Pitashree lmao (formal terms for Mother and Father in Hindi/Sanskrit).

"Jaan" means "life", and it's pretty accurate even if it's Urdu tbh, a lot of parents call their kids stuff like jaan, hayat (which you already know the meaning of), laadli (darling in Hindi), maajha baal (my baby- Marathi). If you wanted nicknames in Marathi you'll be good to go with bubdi (bubba), laadkaa or laadki (darling in masc and fem), or sonpari (golden fairy, usually for girls) and Sonu (dear, used for children).

Exclamation sounds can be "arey!" (uh-ray) which is "hey!" and "aai ga!" (aa-ee guh) which is like "oh mother!". They're just one word each, but they can be used in like 50 different situations lmao. Arey can be used for calling someone's attention ("arey come here a second will you?"), to express frustration with someone ("areyyy, why are you like this?"), exasperation ("arey yaar!" yaar is slang for friend) and a bajillion other stuff. Aai ga is used as an exclamation mark for when you're surprised, or got hurt, and in place of "oh God!". We don't have specific phrases that mean good luck or inshallah, but Urdu still uses both mashallah and inshallah so you'll be okay i think. But James probably wouldn't use them bc he's not a Muslim yk, and Hindu people usually use the name of the god they're praying on on swearing on, so there's that. We say stuff like "hay bhagwan" ("oh, Vishnu". Bhagwan is one of the innumerable names of the Lord Vishnu). Or "har har Mahadev" ("glory be to Lord Shiva". Maha-dev literally translates to Great God, but it is one of the well known names of the God of Destruction). We do use "arey deva" (oh god) as well. "Jai shree Ram"(hail to the Lord Ram) or "jai shree krishna" or "jai shree ganpati" (ganpati is what most marathi people call Lord Ganesha) is used when we're beginning something and we want to make the start auspicious. The phrases are kind of used as "may this go well and end well" ykwim? This is hard to explain I hope you get what i wanna say lol.

Anyways, this is it, I hope this helps, and you can ask me anything and i will answer. Not always so quickly but I will. Have a good day!

[desiquest]

Did you know that Hindi words can be understood by speakers of other Indian languages? Hindi is one of the most widely spoken languages in India, but it’s not the only one. There are many other languages that share common words and roots with Hindi such as Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, and Urdu. This means that when you learn Hindi, you can also communicate with people who speak these languages!!

Hindi is a beautiful and rich language that can connect you with the diverse and vibrant culture of India. Watch DesiQuest to learn some basic Hindi phrases and see how they can be translated across other Indian languages. You might be surprised by how much you can understand!

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EPISODE 1 OF DESIQUEST PREMIERE: November 14th on desiquest.com !!

[hindisoup]

पालक comes from the Sanskrit word for spinach, पालङ्की. There are similar words with the same origin around Asia, from Chinese to Assamese, Nepali, Marathi, Bengali etc.

पलक is borrowed from Persian where it means an eyelid. In Hindi and Urdu, it can also be used for a wink or a moment (synonymous with the masculine noun पल).

Although we can find 50k results in Google with "पलक पनीर" (and twice the results with correct spelling), I believe there's no harm in being mindful of the long ā when ordering paneer next time.

[magpiejay1234]

More 80s Titans brainrot, cause why not. This time with Tara and Rachel again.

Rachel Roth is of course, is a very Jewish name. Rachel literally means ewe in Hebrew, just like Arella means messenger of God, or more literally, an angel. So sheep and an angel. Very Christ-y. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth_(surname)

Roth has Germanic origins, but apparently it was a popular surname adopted by (Ashkenazi) Jews in Germanic countries. It means the following:

The spilling of blood from the warrior class of ancient Germanic soldiers; Ethnic name for an Anglo-Saxon, derived from rot (meaning "red" before the 7th century), referencing red-haired people; Topographical name, derived from rod (meaning "wood"), meaning a dweller in such a location; Derivative from hroth (from the Proto-Germanic word for "fame"; related to hrod); Local name for 18th-century Ashkenazi refugees to Germany; Derivative from roe in the ancient Danish language to signify (of) a king; Of the red colour of clay, as in pottery (German).

Bunch of possible associations. I'm guessing most of the associations with the color red has to do with her earlier relationship with Wally, not the later associations her character has.

I think the initial vibe Wolfman-Perez were going for was the inverted Christ imagery, as a sacrifical sheep soaked in blood, for Trigon’s return. Obviously Joey’s hero name, Jericho, also ironically teases he will be killed by his own father’s hand, with Slade being shown as a Biblical Pagan King, punished to kill his own Jewish son.

For Tara,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(given_name)

Irish Gaelic: refers to the Hill of Tara, or Teamhair na Rí, the legendary seat of the High King of Ireland In Serbia the name is often associated with the mountain of Tara and national park in Serbia and river Tara in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Nepali, Marathi, Persian, Punjabi, Kurdish, Tamil, Bengali, Telugu, Sinhalese: "Star"

Obviously Tara is chosen because it is similar to Terra, but it is interesting it refers to high places in both Irish Gaelic and Serbian, though Serbian Mountain of Tara’s name is apparently based off an Illyrian tribe that lived there (which are considered to be ancestors of Albanians in Balkans, not really a Slavic connection). It is more likely that Irish Gaelic connection is more important, since Brion also comes from Gaelic word for Hill:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian

It is possible that the name is derived from an Old Celtic word meaning "high" or "noble".[1] For example, the element bre means "hill"; which could be transferred to mean "eminence" or "exalted one"

There isn’t much to discuss about the name Markov, though. It comes from Mark, and -ov is just a suffix more or less meaning “sons of x”. As tamaranorbust made clear in her Terra retrospective, this comes from Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident writer assasinated by the Bulgarian Secret Service and the KGB :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Markov

As for the surname itself, it is mostly common in Russia and Bulgaria, and not really common other Slavic countries, most notably, not Czechia or Slovakia (though the surname still exists there apparently), which serve as the initial basis for Markovia. No wonder other DC writers took Brad Meltzer by moving Markovia way further east geographically.

Another thing to note, apparently there are some cases where the Markov surname isn’t given the feminine form, Markova:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Markov

Though the Czech spelling apparently would be Marková:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzana_Markov%C3%A1_(soprano)

Another thing to note about Meltzer, obviously he went the retcon of Brion meaning Superman in Markovian language, but I don’t know if the name Tara was pun Kara’s name (which also doesn’t come from Turkic Kara, but Latin, Gaelic or Greek Cara, which mean similar but different things), or perhaps some cheeky reference to both Laura (Madame Rouge) and/or Rita. I assume both are in effect.

[debajitb]

Uniqueness of Indian Languages

Uniqueness of Indian Languages No country in the world comes close to matching the linguistic diversity of India just the number of ‘mother tongues’ in the country. All Indian scripts come from the same script Brahmi, and Sanskrit have extremely strong oral traditions. All Indian languages fall into one of these 4 groups; Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan and Afro-Asiatic. Hindi was known by different names at different stages of its evolution in different eras. It was known as Apabhramsa at its earliest stage. The official language of India is Hindi and 22 languages, which have been referred to as scheduled languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement.

The Govt of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and Odia due to their long history of 1500-2000 years. The 120 Languages of India with speakers of about 10000 sub; Hindi (mother language from Sanskrit) is so concocted language and has progressively subsumed many original languages by classifying them as 'dialects'. Language is an ever lasting emotion. It seems we feel much comfort when we communicate in our mother tongue (Native language). Indian languages have been in existence and use for many centuries, and are well established. Their uniqueness lies in their originality, authenticity in terms of structure/grammar, richness in content and meaning belongs to Sanskrit. Over 970 million people in the world speak Hindi. Bengali have about 250 million and Punjabi 120 million speakers respectively worldwide, ahead of popular languages like German and French, while the other top scheduled languages (Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil and Odia etc.) accounted for over a quarter of the population. Around 96.7% of the population listed one of the 22 scheduled languages as their mother tongue and 3.1% named one of the non-scheduled languages. The extinct and endangered languages of the Andaman islands form a fifth family. However, the mother tongues listed by 0.2% of the population were lumped under “Other Languages”. Kannada language has the second oldest written tradition of all vernacular languages of India. Indian Scripts are well developed and easy to learn with respect to Chinese or Russian or European non English languages. The Vedic Saṃskṛtam spread in India resulting in Punjabi (west), Hindi (center), Bengali (east), Gujarati (west), and Marathi (south). Sanskrit is supposed to belong to the same family as Latin. That is why there are many words ending in ‘um’ in both languages. NASA scientist Rick Briggs once said that Sanskrit is the only unambiguous language in existence. Sanskrit is the most technology advanced computer friendly language. Around 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit. Brahui is a Dravidian language, with its roots in India.

Credit claimed by Dr. Anadi Sahoo

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[lomorates]

Definition emcee

At the local talent show, I was the emcee, being chosen as a great. KHANDBAHALE.COM is world's number one (# 1) Indian languages knowledge-based digital resource, preferred by over a hundred million language learners, student-teachers, authors, translators, and scholars of the different fields across the world. An emcee is, in effect, the person(s) who speak and are the head of a show or performance. KHANDBAHALE.COM is a digital dictionary platform forĢ2 Official Languages of India with an extensive vocabulary of 10+ million words, meanings and definitions.Īssamese অসমীয়া Bengali বাংলা Bodo बड़ो Dogri डोगरी English Gujarati ગુજરાતી Hindi हिन्दी Kannada ಕನ್ನಡ Kashmiri कॉशुर Konkani कोंकणी Maithili মৈথিলী Malayalam മലയാളം Manipuri মৈতৈলোন্ Marathi मराठी Nepali नेपाली Oriya ଓଡ଼ିଆ Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Sanskrit संस्कृतम् Santali Sindhi سنڌي Tamil தமிழ் Telugu తెలుగు Urdu اُردُو. This page explains how EMCEE is used on messaging apps such as Snapchat, Instagram, Whatsapp. You can enter a word by copy & post, drag & drop, or by typing in the search box above to get the meanings of emcee. EMCEE means Master of Ceremonies (a cool version of MC). This page is an online lexical resource, contains a list of the emcee like words in a Marathi language in the order of the alphabet, and that tells you what they mean, in the same or other languages including English. Find more words Another word for, Opposite of, Meaning of, Rhymes with, Sentences with, Find word forms, Pronounce, Translate from English, Translate to. Official Languages of India Dictionary Translation is significantly better than Google translation offers multiple meanings, alternate words list of emcee emcee phrases with similar meanings in Marathi | मराठी, Marathi | मराठी dictionary Marathi | मराठी emcee translation emcee meaning emcee definition emcee antonym emcee synonym Marathi language reference work for finding synonyms, antonyms of emcee. emcee(n noun.person) host, master of ceremonies - a person who acts as host at formal occasions (makes an. Emcee | Marathi dictionary translates English to Marathi and Marathi to English emcee words emcee phrases with emcee synonyms emcee antonyms emcee pronunciations.Įmcee in Marathi Marathi of translation of emcee Marathi meaning of emcee what is emcee in Marathi dictionary? definition, antonym, and synonym of emcee

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[pdfpiner]

Dim sum meaning

traditional Chinese cuisine a variety of foods (including several kinds of steamed or fried dumplings) are served successively in small portions Familiarity information: DIM SUM used as a noun is very rare. The Chinese meaning of dim sum is commonly. KHANDBAHALE.COM is world's number one (# 1) Indian languages knowledge-based digital resource, preferred by over a hundred million language learners, student-teachers, authors, translators, and scholars of the different fields across the world. Dictionary entry overview: What does dim sum mean DIM SUM (noun) The noun DIM SUM has 1 sense: 1. Dim Sum is a traditional Cantonese dish and refers to small, bite-sized portions served in bamboo steam baskets. Dim sum is literally translated to mean touch the heart and the associated Cantonese phrase yum cha means to drink tea. KHANDBAHALE.COM is a digital dictionary platform forĢ2 Official Languages of India with an extensive vocabulary of 10+ million words, meanings and definitions.Īssamese অসমীয়া Bengali বাংলা Bodo बड़ो Dogri डोगरी English Gujarati ગુજરાતી Hindi हिन्दी Kannada ಕನ್ನಡ Kashmiri कॉशुर Konkani कोंकणी Maithili মৈথিলী Malayalam മലയാളം Manipuri মৈতৈলোন্ Marathi मराठी Nepali नेपाली Oriya ଓଡ଼ିଆ Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Sanskrit संस्कृतम् Santali Sindhi سنڌي Tamil தமிழ் Telugu తెలుగు Urdu اُردُو. The custom originated in Guangzhou as snacks. You can enter a word by copy & post, drag & drop, or by typing in the search box above to get the meanings of dim sum. What does dim sum mean Literally translated, dim sum means to touch the heart, while yum cha means drink tea. The food served at a dim sum meal, typically including dumplings, seafood. This page is an online lexical resource, contains a list of the dim sum like words in a Telugu language in the order of the alphabet, and that tells you what they mean, in the same or other languages including English. dim sum ( uncountable ) A Cantonese -style meal traditionally eaten in the morning or early afternoon, comprising tea and food typically placed in small steamer baskets or on small plates and often served from carts that move around from table to table in a restaurant. In Chinese, dim sum literally means a light touch on the heart, which is an ideal way to describe. Official Languages of India Dictionary Translation is significantly better than Google translation offers multiple meanings, alternate words list of dim sum dim sum phrases with similar meanings in Telugu | తెలుగు, Telugu | తెలుగు dictionary Telugu | తెలుగు dim sum translation dim sum meaning dim sum definition dim sum antonym dim sum synonym Telugu language reference work for finding synonyms, antonyms of dim sum. There’s a sense of sharing and camaraderie that comes with the food, adds Mak. Dim sum | Telugu dictionary translates English to Telugu and Telugu to English dim sum words dim sum phrases with dim sum synonyms dim sum antonyms dim sum pronunciations.ĭim sum in Telugu Telugu of translation of dim sum Telugu meaning of dim sum what is dim sum in Telugu dictionary? definition, antonym, and synonym of dim sum

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[urducity]

Meet Vaishali Bhaskar : A Marathi Native Speaker Teacher Excellence in Urdu 

She studied from KG to PG in Marathi language but she learned to write, speak and read Urdu in one month only SN Ansair (Freelance Journalist) Language does not belong to any country, religion, caste, party, community and sect but language is a means to express one’s feelings, emotions and thoughts, language never belongs to any country or community. It is an inspirational story of a native…

[hindisoup]

Can you do a post talking about the origination of the colour blue or (नीला)

Oh, how I love the colour blue!

So the Hindi word नीला comes from Sauraseni Prakrit and Sanskrit, where नील [nī́la] means dark blue or green and black.

In Hindi, नीला is used both as an adjective and noun and I believe it covers all shades of blue. नील in Hindi is pronounced without the final a-sound as opposed to Sanskrit. As an adjective, it means rich dark indigo blue and as a noun, it also means the indigo plant shown below.

Indigo plant Indigofera tinctoria

Both नीला and नील are thought to descend from a Proto-Indo-European root word associated with leading, excitement and shining - some have thought that the blue colour has possibly been associated with leaders or people of high status, a kin to the way purple was viewed as the colour of the Roman emperors, but according to Reddit linguistics that's debatable.

In the ancient Indian epics, नील is used to refer to various different mountain ranges. It also appears as the name of several kings, whereas नीला is used as a female given name. 

Similar Proto-Indo-Iranian roots are seen in many languages in words meaning blue or indigo:

Persian - نیل‎ [nil] Urdu - نیل [nīl] Bengali - নীল [nil] Assamese - নীলা [nila] Marathi - निळा [niḷā] Konkani - नीळो [nīḷô] Nepali - निलो [nilo] Punjabi - ਨੀਲਾ [nīllā] Gujarati - નીલું [nīlũ] Kannada - ನೀಲೀ [nīlī] Tamil - நீல [nīla] Telugu - నీలం [nīlaṁ] Sinhalese - නිල් [nil]

In several of these languages the word meaning blue doubles as the proper noun for the River Nile.

Both the English name Nile and the Arabic name النيل [an-nīl] come from Latin and Ancient Greek. The etymology beyond that isn't crystal clear, and Wikipedia describes several of them including one pointing towards नील in Sanskrit.

In fact, even before I had any idea what the Nile was in Hindi, I used to think "blue - water is blue - there's water in the Nile - नीला" to learn this word in the first place so it can't be that far off!

Thank you thank you thank you so much for this ask! 💙

Sources: x, x, x, x, x, x, x

[jalebi-o-shir]

The Idiocy of the Hindi-Urdu Controversy (Sources at the end)

People saying that Urdu and Hindi are two separate languages don’t know anything about how languages function. From a linguistic standpoint, purely linguistic without involving any politics, these are one and the same language. Don’t come parotting the same overused debunked myth that was wrongly perpetuated by an Irish officer by the name of John Gilchrist to drive a wedge between one people who simply had two different religions. Hindi and Urdu are two just registers of one language called Hindi-Urdu depending on your preference. The term “Hindustani” is a non-native term for the language . It was coined by the British Raj and never used by the natives who knew the language by several names such as Hindvi, Hindi, Rekhta, Dehlavi, and much later Urdu.

A few facts

Urdu was a term coined later which was in vogue around the late 17th CE. The language was known under several names Urdu/Rekhta/Hindi/Hindvi depending on the region and era.

Amir Khosrow, regarded as father of Urdu poetry composed a few poems in a language he himself called Hindvi.

Hindi-Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language and belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of languages which in turn belongs to the Indo-European language family.

Standard Modern Hindi is the language spoken in the Indian parliament and government function, and on the news . It was heavily Sanskritized as a way to purge the language from its natural Perso-Arabic vocabulary and it was devised by Hindu nationalists that opted for Devanagari script and injecting Tatsam words (unchanged Sanskrit words) . Standard Modern Hindi is not spoken natively as it is a political idealization and artificially constructed to pander to a select demographic.

In Standard Modern Urdu, notably after the partition, the government started a similar scheme started opting for an increase in Perso-Arabic as opposed to Tadbhava words which words from evolved Indo-Aryan vocabulary.

The common man speaks Hindi which is synonymous with Urdu which has kept natural Perso-Arabic vocabulary intact. Without Arabic or Persian, Hindi would not be able to exist as it is essential for communication and its foundation.

Urdu did not derive from Persian. Persian is an entire other language and belongs to the Iranic branch of the Indo-Iranian branch. Urdu belongs to the Indic branch. Urdu is not a mix between Hindi + Arabic + Persian + Turkish because Urdu and Hindi are the same language that developed from middle Indo-Aryan languages called Prakrits . In the process Hindi-Urdu acquired Persian and Arabic words along with its Tadbhava vocabulary. Languages do not change overnight, they progress and evolve gradually, and it is an ongoing process as we speak.

Pure Urdu and Pure Hindi are not Persian nor Sanskrit. People have the tendency to identify Sanskrit words as “Hindi words” and “Perso-Arabic as “Urdu” know that this is wrong. Hindi-Urdu both have Indo-Aryan and Perso-Arabic influence. In the case of coining words Hindi or Urdu, know that Perso-Arabic and Tadbhava words make up its native vocabulary.

Languages can have native equivalents, but that does not necessarily make it pure. If that was the case English would be “polluted “ with Latin, Greek, and French. Rather, the English that we know now would not have existed, it would not be English as we know today without the external influences. It would be a different language, possibly more Germanic.

For Hindi and Urdu every English word we substitute freely in Urdu and Hindi have native equivalents from its Indo-Aryan and Perso-Arabic word stock. It can be argued since language is an ongoing process, that English is also part of Hindi-Urdu.

Yes, we have pidgin languages, but they follow a very simple grammar structure and can be traced to its mother language. Hind- Urdu feature the same tenses, same verbs same conjugasions, feature the same syntax (word order), and same verbs which are impossible to develop in a few hundred years and they can be traced to Khadi/Khari Boli (as in Khadi meaning to stand)

Urdu-Hindi progressed naturally from spoken Sanskrit where it split into Middle-Indo-Aryan languages that went on to becoming and developing into modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Punjabi, Gujrati, Marathi, Sindhi, Bengali, Hindi-Urdu spoken today in the sub-continent.

Urdu did not develop in the camps. This was purely fictional and is not factual. This was written in the prefix of collection of stories titled Bagh-O-Bahar orginally written by Amir Khusrow in Persian and translated by Mir Aman into Hindi-Urdu.

Zuban-e-Urdu-e-Moallah refers to Persian as it was the administrative language of the mobile camps named Shajahanbad, now known as New Dehli. Thus we have to read it in Persian which simply translates to ‘exhalted camp/base language’ nothing more nothing less. This is because Persian enjoyed a privileged status in government. Outside of government, people spoke Hindi along with their regional language as this was the lingua-franca of North-India.

The name Urdu was always a noun, never the name for the language until the late 17th CE. Urdu literally means camp, base, encampment.

If Urdu really was a mix 1). It would have a Persian base complete with verb conjugasion. Urdu features an Indic system. 2) It would feature heavy Persian verb presence as Persian was the dominating language of the elite. Instead, Urdu features 99.9% Indic verbs which can be ultimately traced to back to Sanskrit.

The few loan-verbs are Guzarna, Kharidna, Badalna, Farmana. All of these have been Indianized to accomondate the Indic grammar system. This amount is miniscule compared to the Indo-Aryan verbs such likhna, hasna, dena, chalna, DoRna which in Sanskrit respecitively are Lekiti, Hasiti, Chaliti, daviti (compare to Persian Davidan to run). 3) As earlier mentioned, it would feature a simple grammar to facilitate easy communication, which is does not.

Misinformed claims about Urdu

70% Persian, 30% Hindi.

A mix of Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Hindi.

Derived from Persian.

Derived from Arabic.

Borrows more from Persian than Hindi.

Is a Persian language. (what does this even mean?)

A Muslim language.

A language that was created between soldiers.

That Qaumi Tarana is Persian

A different language because it is written in a different script. Urdu can be written in roman. it does not automatically make Roman-written Urdu a separate language from Perso-Arabic-written Urdu. This also occurs in Persian where the Persian variety spoken in Tajikistan,Tajik, is written in Cryllic where as Iranian variety, Farsi, spoken in Iran is written in Perso-Arabic, yet are still known as one language. What about Punjabi where the language is written in Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi?

Persian is part of Hindi and Urdu as much it is part of Persian itself. Try communicating without Persian words if you know what these words are. You cannot.

Hindi speakers that say that Hindi relies primarily on Sanskrit are not even aware of the Persian words that are part of their vocabulary. Everyday examples: hameisha, magar, agar,sirf, safed, roshan, rang, duur, khaab, baarish, sakht, narm, zindagi, garm, nakhun, khoon, farsh, zameen, javan, saal, baar, rumaal, kaghaz, kyun ke, khush, cherah, namak, shakar, tava and this is just a small fraction. Urdu relies on Sanskrit as much as Hindi-speakers do. Without Sanskrit, Urdu would not even exist since it is the meat and bones of the language.

People who are fixated on the idea that Persian is an “Islamic” Language have to understand that language is just a vehicle of communication. Yes, Persian was the primary language of many Islamic empires and territories in West, North, and South-Asia, but that does not mean it is exclusive to Islam. Persian themselves were invaded and conquered by the Arabs which gave rise to an huge influx of Arabic vocabulary present in Modern Persian. Remember that Persians were Zoroastrian orginally. The holy texts are written in Avestan (Old Persian) a sister language of Sanskrit. It’s strange that hindu-fundamentalists want to get rid of the Persian vocabulary, but do not realize that Old Persian is closely linked to Sanskrit. The word namaz for example shares the same origin as the ‘namas’ in namaste. The Sanskrit word for far ‘dura’ shares a common origin with duur in Persian. In the same way that ast in Persian and asti in Sanskrit have a common origin. These ‘cognates’ are still present in huge numbers.

Hindi in itself is the language that is known as Urdu. A language cannot be mixed with itself it does not make sense. Urdu-Hindi contains 70-80% Tadbhava vocabulary. These are words that underwent a development from Middle Indo-Aryan languages and ultimately derrive from Spoken Sanskrit. Examples Nasika = Naak, Lok= Log, Raatri = Raat, Pancha = Panj, Chandra = Chand, Krti = Karna, Asti = Hain (Persian retained this with ast since Sanskrit’s sister language, Avestan, is Modern Persian’s ancestor)

The remaining estimated 30%-20% is Perso-Arabic vocabulary which it naturally acquired. Languages are living beings. They get fed with vocabulary and grow. Without Perso-Arabic Hindi-Urdu would not exist as its vocabulary is vital to its existence. Standard Modern Hindi is a failed example as it not spoken natively as it was intended to.

It is interesting that most of the focus is on the Perso-Arabic vocabulary in this controversy , even though it makes up an insignificant amount compared to the 70% of Tadbhava vocabulary. Nobody uses the full capacity of a language. That would mean using every word in its existence ; archaic, in disuse, and present. In practice, percentage of a language’s vocabulary is used depending on context, need, and/or goal.

Another argument is that Hindi is deprived of Sanskrit is a strange one as languages progress instead of regress. In that sense we can argue that French is deprived of Latin, or English from its Germanic roots. Yet, we all agree that Latin (Vulgar Latin) evolved into French or that Modern English has French vocabulary as part of its language. How is Hindi deprived of Sanskrit if Sanskrit evolved into Hindi? In languages we go forward, not backwards. Sanskrit is a foreign language in the sense that it does not serve a function anymore in modern Indo-Aryan languages. To put it into perspective, putting random Old English Germanic words in Modern English speech would sound out of place , foreign, and feel weird on the tongue, even though English is an Germanic language.

Imagine somebody speaking as an Indian newscaster, speaking Modern Standard Hindi they would be riddiculed. It would sounds unatural and artificial. Same can be said if somebody would be speaking as a Pakistani newscaster. Nobody speaks like this in neither countries. Bollywood on the other hand is written in Hindi, true Hindi which, as earlier mentioned, is the same as Urdu. Dialogue is written intentionally with Perso-Arabic vocabulary to capture a wide audience because it is understood by everyone as it is meant to be as opposed to Standard Modern Hindi. This is why Hindi and Standard Modern Hindi are two separate things and are not identified as one.

Standard Modern Urdu and Standard Modern Hindi are based off political ideologies. This is not carried out by “the people”. Languages need people to communicate, the people choose to communicate in the everyday language understood by both people who speak Hindi-Urdu. Languages are not tied to borders or religion as they can be arbitrarily set and changed.

Hindi-Urdu are languages spoken in different regions and different countries. These varieties or registers belong to one language usually known by several names as a way to distinguish it from the other registers. Some examples in other countries are Dutch-Flemish; German spoken in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Belguim; Metropolitan French , Quebecois French, and French in the African continent; Tajik-Farsi-Dari spoken in Tajikistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, and surprise, English, as spoken in the Anglophone world. Examples of these can be also found in Portuguese, Spanish, and Arabic.

The geographical area that Hindi-Urdu spans is huge. There is no definitive line or set words people from either country uniquely use as it varies from region to region, town to town.

My native language is Dutch as I was born and raised in Amsterdam. Dutch is spoken in Belguim, Suriname, The Netherlands, and The Dutch Caribbean Islands. Speakers from Belguim calls their regional variety Flemish or Vlaams. Dutch people from The Netherlands call their language Dutch or Nederlands natively. Both people from both countries know that they speak one and the same language named Nederlands , but Belgians choose call it Flemish (Vlaams) because of the regional, cultural, and historical significance attached to it. How is it that Urdu and Hindi speakers claim to speak separate languages, while other speakers from other languages have similar differences, yet know and call their language as one?

Each variety of Spanish has regional dialects, and regional vocabulary how come they do not have this controversy. It’s simply politics. This phenomena can be found in Afghanistan as well where the term Dari is used to differentiate itself from Iranian ‘Farsi’ to instil national pride in the dialect spoken in Afghanistan.

Strange that Punjabi does not have this controversy in the sub-continent since it’s written in both Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi and has several regional varieties with a diverging vocabulary , yet is simply known by its speakers as ‘Punjabi’ and is understood to be one and the same language regardless of country or religion. Could it be because Punjabi was not weaponized as a political and religious tool against its own people?

People who have gone to school know that Wikipedia is not a reliable source and is never used as one. How come we don’t use the same mindset and actually read academic papers written by historians and accredited linguists that have studied the language in-depth together with its history instead of parroting debunked old myths and outdated information lead by emotion and misplaced pride?

The whole language controversy is so illogical that it hurts my heart to see one and the same people fighting about something that was perpetuated by the British Raj. Start decolonizing your mind and use rationality instead of being a tote-ye-hind. These claims about the Hindi-Urdu Controversy are not taken seriously by modern linguists. These claims orginate from observations made by people who marched in our lands and decided our history without even knowing anything about it and stating them as facts by then having them mindlessly spread by future generations. A number of these claims are also spread by our own people attaching their ideologies to them who absolutely have no knowledge on linguistics or the true history of Hindi-Urdu.

As a person of Pakistani descent that speaks several languages, this idiocy is only displayed in the Sub-Continent. Yes, I call my mother tongue Urdu. It’s simply a label that I choose to identify my language with that I’ve known my entire life. I’m proud of my regional variety, but I do know people on the other side call my Urdu their Hindi or my Nederlands their Vlaams.

Further Reading:

“Early Urdu literary culture and history “ by Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (2001)

“Yes, Hindi And Urdu Are The Same Language” SPARSH AHUJA (2017)

“The Name and Nature of a Language: Would Urdu by any other Name Smell as Sweet?”Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (2014) (Abridged Version)

[voicemonkstudio]

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[noosphe-re]

Raining cats and dogs

(via Wikipedia)

The Spanish idiom "it is raining cats and dogs", used to describe particularly heavy rain, is of unknown etymology and is not necessarily related to the raining animals phenomenon. The phrase (with "polecats" instead of "cats") has been used at least since the 17th century. A number of possible etymologies have been put forward to explain the phrase; for example:

• Drainage systems on buildings in 17th-century Europe were poor and may have disgorged their contents during heavy showers, including the corpses of any animals that had accumulated in them. This occurrence is documented in Jonathan Swift's 1710 poem "Description of a City Shower", in which he describes "Drowned puppies, stinking sprats, all drenched in mud,/Dead cats and turnip-tops come tumbling down the flood." • "Cats and dogs" may be a corruption of the Greek word Katadoupoi, referring to the waterfalls on the Nile, possibly through the old French word catadupe ("waterfall"). • The Greek phrase "kata doksa", which means "contrary to expectation", is often applied to heavy rain, but there is no evidence to support the theory that it was borrowed by English speakers. In addition to at least one folk etymology:

• An "explanation" widely circulated by email claimed that in 16th-century Europe, when peasant homes were commonly thatched, animals could crawl into the thatch to find shelter from the elements and would fall out during heavy rain. However, there seems to be no evidence in support of either assertion. There may not be a logical explanation; the phrase may have been used just for its nonsensical humor value, like other equivalent English expressions ("it is raining pitchforks", "hammer handles", etc.). Other languages have equally bizarre expressions for heavy rain: • Afan Oromo: Waaqatu baqaqe ("the sky got torned") • Afrikaans: ou vrouens met knopkieries reën ("old women with clubs") • Albanian: po bie litarë-litarë ("[rain] is falling ropes-ropes"), ("is falling like ropes") • Albanian: po bën Zoti shurrën ("God is taking a piss") • Albanian: po qan Zoti ("God is crying") • Bengali: মুষলধারে বৃষ্টি পড়ছে musholdhare brishṭi poṛchhe ("rain is falling like pestles") • Bosnian: padaju ćuskije ("crowbars") • Bosnian: lije ko iz kabla ("it's pouring like from a bucket") • Cantonese: "落狗屎" ("It's raining dog's poo") • Chinese: "倾盆大雨" (qīngpén dàyǔ) ("its pouring out of basins") • Catalan: Ploure a bots i barrals ("boats and barrels") • Croatian: padaju sjekire ("axes dropping") • Czech: padají trakaře ("wheelbarrows") • Czech: leje jako z konve ("like from a watering can") • Danish: det regner skomagerdrenge ("shoemakers' apprentices") • Dutch: het regent pijpenstelen ("It's raining pipe stems (or stair rods)") • Dutch (Flemish): het regent oude wijven ("It's raining old women") • Dutch (Flemish): het regent kattenjongen ("It's raining kittens") • Estonian: sajab nagu oavarrest ("It's raining like from a beanstalk") • Finnish: Sataa kuin Esterin perseestä ("It's raining like from Esteri's ass") • Finnish: Sataa kuin saavista kaatamalla ("It's raining like poured from a bucket") • French: il pleut comme vache qui pisse ("it is raining like a peeing cow") • French: il pleut des seaux ("it's raining buckets") • French: il pleut des hallebardes ("it is raining halberds", clous ("nails"), or cordes ("ropes")) • Georgian: კოკისპირული წვიმა - [kokispiruli tsvima] ("like water flows from filled KOKA")(koka Georgian, water measuring tableware, jar) • German: Es regnet junge Hunde ("young dogs") or Es schüttet wie aus Eimern ("like poured from buckets") • Greek: βρέχει καρεκλοπόδαρα ("chair legs") • Hindi: मुसलधार बारिश (musaldhār bārish) ("rain like a pestle [onto a mortar]") • Hungarian: mintha dézsából öntenék ("like poured from a vat") • Icelandic: Það rignir eins og hellt sé úr fötu ("like poured from a bucket") • Japanese: 土砂降り (doshaburi) ("earth and sand descending") • Kannada:ಮುಸಲಧಾರೆ, ಕುಂಭದ್ರೋಣ ಮಳೆ ("a stream of mallets") • Italian: piove a catinelle ("poured from a basin") • Latvian: līst kā no spaiņiem ("it's raining like from buckets") • Lithuanian: pila kaip iš kibiro ("it's pouring like from a bucket") • Malayalam: പേമാരി pemari ("mad rain") • Marathi: मुसळधार पाउस("rain like a pestle [onto a mortar]") • Nepali: मुसलधारे झरी ("rain like a pestle [onto a mortar]") • Norwegian: det regner trollkjerringer ("she-trolls") • Polish: leje jak z cebra ("like from a bucket") • Portuguese: chovem or está chovendo/a chover canivetes ("penknives") • Portuguese: chove a potes/baldes ("it is raining by the pot/bucket load") • Portuguese: chove a cântaros/canecos ("it is raining by the jug load") • Portuguese (Brazil): chovem cobras e lagartos ("snakes and lizards") • Portuguese (Brazil): está caindo um pau-d'água ("a stick of water is falling") • Portuguese (Brazil): está caindo um pé-d'água ("a foot of water is falling") • Romanian: plouă cu broaşte ("raining frogs") • Romanian: plouă cu găleata ("from a bucket") • Russian: льет ��ак из ведра ("from a bucket") • Sinhalese: නාකපන්න වහිනවා ("it's raining cats and dogs") • Spanish: están lloviendo chuzos de punta ("shortpikes/icicles point first" - not only is it raining a lot, but it's so cold and windy that being hit by the drops hurts) • Spanish: está lloviendo a cántaros ("by the clay pot-full") • Spanish: llueven sapos y culebras ("toads and snakes") • Spanish (Argentina): caen soretes de punta ("pieces of dung head-first") • Spanish (Venezuela): está cayendo un palo de agua ("a stick of water is falling") • Spanish (Colombia): estan lloviendo maridos ("it's raining husbands") • Serbian: padaju sekire ("axes") • Swedish: Det regnar smådjävlar ("It is raining little devils") • Swedish: Det regnar småspik ("It is raining small nails") • Swedish: regnet står som spön i backen ("the rain stands like canes hitting the ground") • Tamil: பேய் மழை pei mazhi ("ghost rain") • Telugu: కుండపోత వర్షం ("pouring like an inverted pot") • Turkish: bardaktan boşanırcasına ("like poured from a cup") • Urdu: musladhār bārish ("rain like a pestle [on a mortar]") • Welsh: mae hi'n bwrw hen wragedd a ffyn ("old ladies and sticks")

[officialtripper]

Unusual Destinations-1

In recent few years, I had a good opportunity to travel a lot on work. I am not an outright extrovert; I do love observing people but a part of me doesn’t allow me to kick start conversation with strangers easily. I watch people and picturize a portrait of them in my mind merely by watching them and their behavior. I have been enjoying doing this and you might call me judgmental for doing that, well maybe I am. However, I am only referring to the strangers here.

I am limited to a handful of people in my personal life and I don’t trust people easily to allow them to walk into my life. This is partly out of my insecurity of being taken advantage of. And the flip side to having limited people in life is that you expect a lot from these few people close to you. And you are always highly protective about them and constantly insecure about losing them. The world seems to end when you learn that they have made new friends and to avoid that sort of pain, I tend not to befriend many people. So, you see it’s a vicious cycle of confusion on my mind. Practically thinking I might rather have more friends and be prepared to lose one or two from time to time while the conscious part of me wants to keep my social circle as small as possible.

Anyway, too much about me, the reason I thought of begin this writing is to describe about the numerous places I have visited to. Well most of these places are not the ones you would find on the top travel destination list. But I would like to share few things which I found interesting about these places and worthy of sharing. Wherever I visit, I do a bit of personal research on things like history of the place, about the local culture and of course about the food. I am a foodie, if that’s a legitimate word.

I somehow want to start with the town of Belgaum in Karnataka, my instinct has been strongly forcing me to begin with this place.

 1.       BELGAUM: (Belagavi)

A good two hours drive from Hubli through a highway sided with vast stretch of lush fields and scattered human habitation takes you the town of Belgaum. The region has been center of geo political drama between the states of Karnataka and Maharashtra for decades now. The region has a sizeable Marathi speaking population and therefore should have been a part of Maharashtra state as per one faction. However in 1956, with the passage of States Reorganization Act, the district of Belgaum was incorporated in to Karanataka (Mysore State back then). Ever since both the states and the local populace have been polarized about the affiliation.

The sign of which stands firm as soon as you are about to enter the town.  A massive construction called Suvarna Vidhana Soudha ( Golden Jubilee Assembly House) built by Karnataka Government as a reiteration of its control over Belgaum dots the landscape significantly. However this cosmetic gesture doesn’t mean much since the building lies unused most of the time.

The main bazaar area of the town is a typical picture of what you would read in a Rudyard Kipling novel dated almost a century back. The hundreds of narrow alleys cris crossing the bazaar with shops giving out sharp aroma of spices and hawkers seated on ground with their neatly arranged stuffs for sale is a visual treat for someone who romanticizes the idea of vibrance. You see beautiful Marwari women with deep cut blouses and sarees tuck way below navel exposing their upper backs and tummies in just right proportion riding mopeds and honking incessantly demanding their space in congested alleys. The farmers from surrounding villages who have sold their products to the whole sellers can be spotted near wine shops and sweet shops waiting to buy their quota of celebration after weeks of efforts. The young Muslim lads who love to adore their eyes with dark mascara can be seen roaming around trading anything from cell phone sim cards to plastic toys and socks. And of course, you can’t miss seeing the hundreds of small and big shrines finding their space in between the shops and houses. Each alley has a different name and it can be very confusing as to where one ends, and another begins. “Galli” as they call it locally mostly derive their names from the deity of the shrine that guards the respective area.

Behind the lines of shops are the age-old houses which probably have been there for centuries in very same fashion and clutter as we see them today. Classification amid chaos is clearly visible, as we see ghettos segregated based on caste and religious lines. The Muslims mainly small traders or auto rickshaw drivers love to commemorate their glorious past of martialism, by furling green flags with image of their hero, Tipu Sultan on top of their houses, shops and auto rickshaw stands. On the other side, you can spot saffron flags with face of brave warrior Shivaji imprinted on them waving high over Maratha households. The Kannada speakers mainly belonging to the Lingayat community probably don’t have a flag yet, but you can find a picture of their founding father, Basavanna hanging on the walls inside their shops and houses.

It is the linguistic difference that left this place vulnerable to political scuffle for years and therefore the localities found their middle ground by adopting Hindi as a common medium of communication on streets. It is very common to find people switching from Kannada to Marathi to Hindi in flow of their conversation. Kannadigas feel it’s a natural right to speak Kannada as a primary language as they are a part of Karnataka while vast majority of Marathis are a bit reluctant to converse in Kannada. A local version of Hindi is therefore used as a neutral means of communication. The Muslims who anyway speak Deccanean Urdu (an adulterated variant of modern Hindi) obviously seem to be the happiest lot when it comes to language controversy.

Despite strong linguistic differences, the staple diet remains same for both Kannada and Marathi speakers. You will find umpteen number of houses doubling as mess, serving chapatis made of either maize flour, wheat flour or millet combined with sabzis made of pulses along with sambhar-rice. As humble it may sound, the food from these Khanavalis can be highly soothing to your soul if you have a palate for Indian home cooked meals.

The signature dish for the town is a sweet preparation called “Kunda” made from milk and caramel by curdling the former into a thick paste with several hours of boiling. I personally feel the dish is a bit over rated but since it has earned its reputation, I wouldn’t undermine it and leave it to the individuals’ taste buds to rate this local delight.

Although not by the coast itself, Belgaum is just three hours drive from Goa and therefore is well supplied with some tasty fishes from the Arabian Sea. However seafood not being the essential part of traditional local cuisine, you need to go exploring a bit to find shacks serving good fish preparations. And if you find one, don’t miss to order the “Rawas” or Indian Salmon.

The proximity to Konkan- Malvan region gifts this town with yet another boon. My personal favourite and I call it a pink nectar, if you haven’t guessed it already; I’m referring to “Sol Kadhi”. This pink colored thick beverage has coconut milk as its base, the tangy Kokkum (Mangosteen) flavor synergizes with strong garlic essence to pacify your throat and stimulate your adrenaline more sensously than any packaged energy drink.

There is no significant place to hang out or visit in town. There are few renowned educational institutes and an Army school both of which attracts students from distant parts of the country. All in all, Belgaum is not very different from the hundreds of smaller towns scattered across India, however like every bit of India it has a distinct charm of its own.