#Benjamin C. Waterhouse

[mostlysignssomeportents]

How America's oligarchs lull us with the be-your-own-boss fairy tale

If you'd like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, here's a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:

https://pluralistic.net/2024/02/16/narrative-capitalism/#sell-job

Capitalism is a vibes-based system. Sure, we all know about Keynes's "Animal Spirits" that see "bulls" and "bears" vying to set the market's future, but beyond that, there's just a hell of a lot of narrative.

Writing for The American Prospect, Adam M Lowenstein reviews two books that tell the histories of the stories that are used to sell American capitalism to the American people – the stories that turn workers into "temporarily embarrassed millionaires":

https://prospect.org/culture/books/2024-02-16-stories-corporations-tell-williams-waterhouse-review/

The first of these books is Taming the Octopus: The Long Battle for the Soul of the Corporation, by Kyle Edward Williams, a kind of pre-history of "woke capitalism":

https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393867237

Taming is a history of the low-water marks for Big Business's reputation in America, and how each was overcome through PR campaigns that declared a turning point in which business leaders would pursue the common good, even at the expense of their shareholders' interests.

The story starts in the 1950s, when DuPont and other massive firms had gained a well-deserved reputation as rapacious profit-generation machines that "alienated workers and pushed around small businessmen, investors, and consumers." This prompted DuPont's PR chief, Harold Brayman, to write a memo called "The Attack on Bigness," where he set out a plan to sell America on a new cuddly image for corporate giants.

For Brayman, the problem was that corporate execs were too shy about telling their social inferiors about all the good that businesses did for them: "The businessman is normally reluctant to talk out loud. He frequently shuns the spotlight and is content with plugging his wares, not himself."

This was the starting gun for a charm offensive by American big business that included IBM president Thomas Watson Jr ("I think there is a world market for about five computers") going on a speaking tour organized by McKinsey & Co, where he told audiences that his company's billion dollar annual profits had convinced it to assume "responsibilities for the broader public welfare."

This set the template for a nationwide mania of "business statesmanship" that Fortune celebrated with an editorial announcing "a great transformation, of which the world as a whole is as yet unaware" that put the "profit motive…on its last leg."

Fortune then spent the next seventy years recycling this announcement, every time the tide went out on business's popularity. In 2019, Fortune platformed IBM president Ginni Rometty for an announcement that the company was orienting its priorities to the public good: "It’s a question of whether society trusts you or not. We need society to accept what it is that we do."

The occasion for Rometty's quote was a special package on the Trump tax-cuts, a trillion-dollar gift to American big business, which lobbyists for the Business Roundtable celebrated with an announcement that American capitalism would now serve "stakeholders" (not just shareholders). Fortune celebrated this "change" as "fundamental and profound."

Fast forward five years and corporate leaders are still telling stories, this time about "stakeholder capitalism" and "ESG" – the dread "woke capitalism" that has right-wing swivel-eyed loons running around, hair afire, declaring the end of capitalism.

For Williams and Lowenstein (and me), all this ESG, DEI, and responsible capitalism is just window dressing, a distraction to keep the pitchforks and torches in people's closets, and to keep the guillotines in their packaging. The right-wing is doing a mirror-world version of liberals who freak out when OpenAI claims to have built a machine that will pauperize every worker – assuming that a PR pitch is the gospel truth, and then repeating it in criticism. Criti-hype, in other words:

https://sts-news.medium.com/youre-doing-it-wrong-notes-on-criticism-and-technology-hype-18b08b4307e5

Think of ESG: the right is freaking out that ESG is harming shareholders by leaving hydrocarbons in the ground to appease climate-addled greenies. The reality is that ESG is barely disguised greenwashing, and it's fully compatible with burning every critter that died in the Mesozoic, Cenozoic, and lo, even the Paleozoic:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/03/15/sanctions-financing/#profiteers

The reason this tactic is so successful is that Americans have also been sold another narrative: that American problems are solved by American individuals as entrepreneurs and businesspeople, not as polities or as members of a union (let alone the working class!).

This is the subject of the second book Lowenstein reviews, One Day I’ll Work for Myself: The Dream and Delusion That Conquered America, by Benjamin Waterhouse:

https://wwnorton.com/books/one-day-ill-work-for-myself/

A keystone of American narrative capitalism is the idea that the USA is a nation of small businesspeople, Jeffersonian yeoman farmsteaders of the US economy. But even a cursory examination shows that the country is ruled – economically and politically – by very large firms.

Uber sells itself as a way to be your own boss ("No shifts. No boss. No limits.") – even though it's a system where the app is your boss, and thanks to that layer of misdirection, Uber gets to be the worst conceivable boss, while its workers have no recourse in labor law:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/04/12/algorithmic-wage-discrimination/#fishers-of-men

In labor fights, Uber represents itself as the champion of innumerable "small businesspeople" who drive its unlicensed taxis. In consumer protection fights, Amazon claims to be fighting for "small businesspeople" who sell on its platform. In privacy fights, Facebook claims to represent "small businesspeople" who buy its surveillance advertising.

But large firms are actively hostile to small firms, seeing them as small-fry to be rooked or destroyed (recall that when Amazon targeted small publishers for bankruptcy-level discounts, they called the program "The Gazelle Project" and Bezos told his executives to tackle these firms "the way a cheetah pursues a sickly gazelle").

Decades of this tale have produced "a profound shift from a shared belief that individuals might come together to solve problems, into a collective faith in individual effort." America's long love-affair with rugged individualism was weaponized in the 1970s by corporations seeking to shed their regulatory obligation to workers, customers, and the environment.

As with Big Tech today, the big business lobby held up mom-and-pop businesses as the true beneficiaries of deregulation, even as they knifed these firms. A telling anecdote comes from someone who worked for the Chamber of Commerce's magazine Nation's Business: when this editor pointed out that many of the magazine's subscribers were small businesspeople and asked if they could start including articles relevant to mom-and-pops, the editor in chief said, "Over my dead body."

The neoliberal era has been an unbroken string of platitudes celebrating the small business and policies that annihilate their chances against large firms. Ronald Reagan's dewy-eyed hymns to American entrepreneurship sounded nice, but what matters is that he attempted to abolish the Small Business Administration and refused to address the 20,000 attendee "White House Conference on Small Business."

In the years since, American has sacrificed its small businesses while pulling out all the stops – bailouts and tax cuts and elite bankruptcy – to keep its largest firms growing. New regulations like Dodd-Frank were neutered in the name of saving mom-and-pop shops, even though the provisions that were cut already exempted small businesses.

Today, millions of Americans are treading water in a fetid stew of LLC-poisoning, rise-and-grind, multi-level-marketing, dropshipping and gig-work, convinced that the only way to get a better life is to pull themselves up by their bootstraps:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/04/10/declaration-of-interdependence/

Narrative does a lot of work here. The American economy runs on bubbles, another form of narrative capitalism. Take AI, a subject I sincerely wish I could stop hearing about, not least because I'm certain that 99% of that thinking is being wasted on whatever residue remains after the bubble pops:

https://locusmag.com/2023/12/commentary-cory-doctorow-what-kind-of-bubble-is-ai/

AI isn't going to do your job, but its narrative may convince your boss to fire you and replace you with a bot that can't do your job. Like what happened when Air Canada hired a chatbot to answer customer inquiries and it started making shit up about bereavement discounts that the company later claimed it didn't have to honor:

https://bc.ctvnews.ca/air-canada-s-chatbot-gave-a-b-c-man-the-wrong-information-now-the-airline-has-to-pay-for-the-mistake-1.6769454

This story's been all over the news for the past couple of days, but so far as I've seen, no one has pointed out the seemingly obvious inference that this chatbot probably ripped off lots of people. The victim here was extraordinarily persistent, chasing a refund for 10 weeks and then going to the regulator. This guy is a six-sigma self-advocate – which implies a whole bell-curve's worth of comparatively normal people who just ate the shit-sandwich Air Canada fed them.

The reason AI is a winning proposition for Air Canada isn't that it can do a customer service rep's job – it can't. But the AI is a layer of indirection – like the app that is the true boss of Uber drivers – that lets Air Canada demoralize the customers it steals from into walking away from their losses.

Nevertheless, the narrative that AI Will Change Everything Forever is powerful – more powerful than AI itself, that's for sure. Take this Bloomberg headline: "Nearly all wealth gained by world's rich this year comes from AI":

https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/nearly-all-wealth-gained-by-world-s-rich-this-year-comes-from-ai-124021600006_1.html

Dig in and you find even more narrative. The single largest beneficiary of AI stock gains last year was Mark Zuckerberg ($161B!). Zuck is American Narrative Capitalism's greatest practitioner: the guy who made billions peddling a series of lies, from "pivot to video" to "metaverse," leaping from one lie to the next just ahead of the mass stock-selloffs that wiped out lesser predators.

The Narrative Capitalism Cinematic Universe has a lot of side-plots like AI and entrepreneurship and woke capitalism, but its main narrative arc was articulated, ad nauseum, by Margaret Thatcher: "There is no alternative." This is the most important part of the story, the part that says it literally can't be otherwise. The only way to organize society is through markets, and the only way to organize markets is to leave them alone, no matter how much suffering they cause.

This is a baffling story, because it's so easily disproved. Zuck says the only way to have friends is to let him surveil you from asshole to appetite, even though he once ran Facebook as the privacy-forward alternative to MySpace, and promised never to spy on you:

https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1128876

Likewise, the business leaders – and their chorus of dutiful Renfields – who insist that monopoly is the natural and inevitable outcome of any market economy just handwave away the decades during which anti-monopoly enforcement actually kept most businesses from getting too big to fail and too big to jail.

I'm no champion of market efficiency – especially not as the best and final arbiter of social and economic questions – but when I hear my comrades repeating the Thatcherite claims that all forms of capitalism necessarily degrade into monopolistic quagmires, that there is no alternative, it sounds like more criti-hype.

This is a frequent point of departure during discussions of enshittification: some people dismiss the whole idea of enshittification as "just capitalism." But we had decades of digital services that either didn't degrade, or, when they did, were replaced by superior competitors with a minimum of switching costs for users who migrated from the decaying incumbent to greener pastures.

The reality is that while there are problems with all forms of capitalism, there are different kinds of capitalist problems, and some forms of capitalism are less harmful to working people and more capable of enacting and enforcing sound policy than others.

Enshittification is what happens when the constraints on the worst impulses of companies and their investors and managers are removed. When a company doesn't have competitors, when it can capture its regulators to trample our rights with impunity, when it can enlist those regulators to shut down would-be competitors who might free us from its "walled garden," and when it can fire any worker who refuses to enact harm upon the users they serve, then that company will enshittify:

https://pluralistic.net/2024/01/30/go-nuts-meine-kerle/#ich-bin-ein-bratapfel

A company can be made to treat you well, even if it is run by a wicked person who sees you as a mark to be fleeced – that mustache twirler just has to be constrained – by competition, regulation, self-help and labor. He may still hate you and wish you harm, but he won't be able to act on it.

As MLK said:

It may be true that the law cannot make a man love me, religion and education will have to do that, but it can restrain him from lynching me. And I think that's pretty important also. And so that while legislation may not change the hearts of men, it does change the habits of men. And we see this every day.

[earlypalaeoart]

Photographs by John Joscelyn Coghill of Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins' Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, c. 1854–59, via Getty

[pscottm]

The Small-Business Smokescreen | Charlie Tyson

From the 1970s onward, the historian Benjamin C. Waterhouse argues in One Day I’ll Work for Myself, the entrepreneurial mythos returned in distorted form. Americans once again resolved to work for themselves, not as free citizens bucking domination but as corporations in miniature. Courses in entrepreneurship emerged as a staple in business schools, which were previously oriented toward training managers. The veneration of small business became an article of faith for Democrats and Republicans alike. In response to an economy grown pitiless—inequality widening, the rich getting richer, and decent jobs becoming harder to find—the heroic figure of the self-made man (and woman) was summoned onstage. Americans could no longer count on good jobs. But if they went into business on their own? Entrepreneurship offered a comforting fantasy, one that made the larger failures of the economic system more tolerable. Small business ownership was, in theory, a path open to everyone, in which hard work would be rewarded

[poetry-lair]

The tombs open

on Samhain night,

so that spirits

and creatures of the night

may wander in the darkness.

The Witches

celebrate

lighting the fires

for their rites,

and the ghosts of the deceased

look for what they have left behind.

Horrors and wonders

happen in darkness

on Samhain night.

“Death Speaks” (C): Josef Mandl

“The Magic Circle” (C): John William Waterhouse

“Frankenstein, Illustrations” (C): Bernie Wrightson

“Saul and the Witch of Endor” (C): Benjamin West

Poem (C): Me

All the rights of the images, effects and GIF belong to their respective owners.

Made by Adobe Spark Post.

[tabloidtoc]

OK, June 1

Cover: Jennifer Aniston Finally Talks -- her fresh start at 51 

Page 1: Big Pic -- Shia LaBeouf took a spin around his Pasadena neighborhood with his adorable pooch in tow 

Page 2: Contents 

Page 3: Contents 

Page 4: Royal Shake-Up -- a shocking report leads to whispers that Queen Elizabeth may soon be stepping away from her duties for good -- thankfully the Queen has Prince William and Duchess Kate Middleton to lean on and they call her every day and are always offering to step in and take any stressful duties off her hands and the queen doesn’t know what she’d do without them 

Page 6: From the outside Reese Witherspoon seems to have a picture-perfect life but the multifaceted star admits her days are a balancing act and anything but easy 

Page 7: It seems as if Kristin Cavallari has been on a smear campaign against estranged husband Jay Cutler as their messy divorce plays out -- she’s consumed by rage and resentment toward him mainly out of fear that he’ll come across as looking like the good guy while she’s painted as power- and money-hungry, after years of estrangement the coronavirus pandemic has pushed Bella Cruise to reach out to mom Nicole Kidman -- Nicole knows Bella will never leave Scientology and she’d never ask her to and they’ve been making up for lost time and speak most days and Bella’s agreed to travel to Tennessee and stay at Nicole’s sprawling country estate once it’s safe to travel, Scott Disick is turning to Kris Jenner as he figures out his next move after he fled rehab after the news leaked -- Scott feels more vulnerable than ever and he’s at a crucial stage in his life and he respects Kris enormously not only as a business partner but as a makeshift therapist and mother figure 

Page 8: Jamie Lynn Spears is begging older sis Britney Spears to move back to Louisiana and Jamie Lynn would love for her daughters to spend more time with their aunt and wants them together as one big happy family in Kentwood where it all began, Chris Pratt and pregnant Katherine Schwarzenegger are feeling a bit overwhelmed by her parents as they await their baby’s arrival -- Maria Shriver and Arnold Schwarzenegger are excited at their first grandchild but they’ve become very pushy -- Maria’s insisting on planning a huge baby shower and decorating the nursery and Arnold is trying to install a new sound system so they can play lullabies in every corner of the house and it’s enough to make Chris and Katherine wince, Tom Cruise is making it his mission to reclaim his title as the King of Hollywood -- he’s bided his time for years now because he wanted to take the pressure of himself until he found just the right moment to go for it and now he’s ready to catapult himself onto the scene with Mission: Impossible 7 and 8 and the sequel to Top Gun and he’s working with NASA and Elon Musk’s SpaceX to shoot the first ever movie in outer space 

Page 10: Red Hot on the Red Carpet -- peach gowns -- Zoe Kravitz, Karolina Kurkova, Adrienne Houghton 

Page 11: Betty Gilpin, Lizzy Caplan, Joey King 

Page 12: Who Wore It Better? Becca Tilley vs. Brooke Burke (it’s a tie), Cheryl Burke vs. Jennifer Lahmers

Page 14: News in Photos -- Hailey Bieber in the sauna 

Page 15: Michael C. Hall in glitter face paint, Kate Upton works out with daughter Genevieve, Olivia Munn with two pups, Christie Brinkley in the fickle weather in the Hamptons 

Page 16: Hilary Duff on Mother’s Day, Anna Kendrick all dressed up for a virtual press conference, Kevin Hart and wife Eniko revealed they are having a daughter in a pic with kids Kenzo and Heaven and Hendrix, Naomi Watts on TikTok with Liev Schreiber and their kids Sasha and Kai 

Page 17: Mindy Kaling doing laundry, Cardi B shows off her Mother’s Day gifts from husband Offset 

Page 18: Reese Witherspoon with son Tennessee climbing a tree, Nicole Kidman studying Italian while stuck at home, Gabrielle Union and daughter Kaavia 

Page 19: Jason Momoa encouraged fans to support local small businesses as he picked up dinner from the Old Place in Cornell, Paris Jackson inked a tattoo on her own pinky toe, Suki Waterhouse showed off her perfectly coiffed locks 

Page 20: Tobey Maguire and girlfriend Tatiana Dieteman take a stroll, Ariel Winter was spotted with a cast on her thumb after slicing the tip off in a cooking accident, Emilia Clarke and dog Ted

Page 21: Ryan Phillippe on a run, Katy Perry and her dog Nugget dress up as Dumbo

Page 22: Brody Jenner on a bike ride, Tallulah Willis and mom Demi Moore on Mother’s Day, Julianne Hough as Mary Poppins 

Page 23: Taylor Swift drinking white wine while isolating at home, Ali Larter on a run 

Page 24: Inside My Home -- the Hadid’s flourishing farm -- where Yolanda Hadid is isolating with kids Bella Hadid, pregnant Gigi Hadid and Anwar Hadid in Hope, Pennsylvania 

Page 26: Kim Kardashian and Kanye West marriage in crisis -- after months in quarantine Kim and Kanye are on the verge of a lockdown throwdown because when it comes to their four kids North and Saint and Chicago and Psalm most of the parenting and homeschooling has fallen on Kim’s shoulders while Kanye has been spending a ton of time at his office rather than at home 

Page 27: Natalie Portman and Benjamin Millepied are planning to renew their vows this winter when December will mark a decade since their engagement, when Cara Delevingne and Ashley Benson called it quits after two years of dating it seemed drama-free but now members of their social circle are being dragged into the pair’s personal problems -- now that they’re not together they’re drawing clear boundaries and demanding their friends like Kaia Gerber and Margaret Qualley take sides using the line it’s her or me, Courteney Cox has been quarantining in L.A. while boyfriend Johnny McDaid has been in England and once they’re able to reunite Courteney is adamant that they tie the knot right away because this has been a lesson learned and she’s kicking herself for not marrying Johnny sooner

Page 28: Joshua Jackson and wife Jodie Turner-Smith are walking on air as they settle into their new roles as parents to a baby girl, just eight months into their romance Jonathan Scott believes he’s found the one in Zooey Deschanel but his friends are urging him to pump the brakes because Zooey is twice-divorced and basically walked out of her second marriage and right into Jonathan’s life plus she also has two children so Jonathan would be taking on an awful lot so soon, Love Bites -- Ben Platt and Noah Galvin new couple, America Ferrera and Ryan Piers Williams welcomed a daughter, Mary-Kate Olsen and Olivier Sarkozy split 

Page 29: On Justin and Hailey Bieber’s Facebook Watch show he stated that he and wife Hailey are in the best place they’ve ever been but he’s the first to admit that becoming a husband forced him to take a hard look at himself, Ben Affleck is sparing no expense when it comes to showering girlfriend Ana de Armas with affection

Page 30: Cover Story -- Jennifer Aniston comes clean -- from the state of her dating life to the truth about her famous exes Jen plans to answer everything in a new tell-all interview 

Page 33: How Jennifer Aniston is helping Matthew Perry get through his recent troubles 

Page 34: Baby Bump Brigade -- Ashlee Simpson, Katy Perry 

Page 35: Gigi Hadid, Katherine Schwarzenegger, Lea Michele 

Page 36: How Julia Roberts saved her marriage -- inside her decision to step away from the spotlight and fix her relationship with Danny Moder 

Page 38: Beverly Hills 90210 secrets and scandals 

Page 40: Candace Cameron Bure Family Matters -- the actress gets candid about her kids, her marriage and her decades long career 

Page 46: Style Week -- Bebe Rexha latest collaboration with the popular drugstore nail polish line Sinful Colors 

Page 48: Style -- beaded bags -- Bailee Madison 

Page 50: Espadrilles -- Selena Gomez 

Page 54: Entertainment 

Page 58: Stars are getting creative with their hair while stuck at home -- Julianne Hough, Pink, Kristen Stewart 

Page 59: Blake Shelton, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Tallulah Willis, Lauren Burnham and Arie Luyendyk, Armie Hammer, Dua Lipa 

Page 60: Sound Bites -- Miley Cyrus on interviewing Elizabeth Warren, Ashton Kutcher on Mila Kunis, Laura Dern on trying new things, Anna Kendrick on switching up her exercise routine, John Mellencamp texting daughter Teddi Mellencamp while watching her on RHOBH 

Page 61: Hollywood Heat Meter -- Hilary Duff is set to reprise her Younger character in a spinoff, Lily Allen and David Harbour engaged, Alison Roman apologized to Chrissy Teigen, Hannah Brown should have listened to her gut about Jed Wyatt, Vera Wang shows off her killer abs, the bombshells Vanderpump Rules editor Bri Dellinger just unleashed about the reality show 

Page 62: Horoscope -- Gemini Lenny Kravitz 

Page 64: By the Numbers -- Trevor Noah 

[skgway]

1828 Dec., Wed. 31

5 3/4

11 55/60

At my desk at 7 5/60 – From then to 2 10/60 (except the following interruptions breakfast at 9 in 20 minutes and in about an hour wrote and sent off by Jno [John]’s son at 11 50/60 a few lines to “Messrs Hammersley and co. Bankers Pall Mall London” to say I had instructed Messrs Rawsons on the 22nd instant to remit to them ￡300 immediately to be  placed to my account – Should be in London in a few weeks and would then call for my account – 

And wrote and sent by the same 1 3/4 page to “Mrs. Lawton, Mrs. Belcombe’s Scarborough” § Wondering why she did not write. Uneasy lest she should not have got the parcel sent yesterday week and naming its contents – The socks, useful to sleep in – Wish she would knit me a pair or 2 more – Have given Mr. P– [Priestley] her name for some excellent sacred music to be published in numbers by subscription in about a year’s time from complete about 28 /. [shillings]. Every lover of music wishing to encourage sacred music should subscribe – 

Have heard nothing from Mr. P– [Priestley] about the rules – Will go as soon as I can to inquire – Should get the bond from Mr. W[illoughby] Crewe as the money will be wanted in about 6 months – Wish to know for certain whether William is to have it there or not – Very anxious to hear from her – When and how am I to see her and what does she wish me to do – I must fix on something or other – Shall be delighted to see her here anytime for a week or a fortnight) – 

Except the above interruptions, not more than 1 1/2 hour from 7 6/60 to 2 10/60 copying what Mr. Waterhouse brought me yesterday to keep till Saturday, “A list of the company of proprietors of the Calder and Hebble navigation June 24th 1828” and noted down the alterations in this list from 24 June to 24 December 1828, by comparing it with the list of 24 December 1828 – and copied also the “general statement of the capital stock, revenue and expenditure of the company of proprietors of the Calder and Hebble Navigation from the 31st May 1827 to the 31st May 1828 capital stock ￡159.631.15.7” 24 June 165 proprietors, 24 December 169 ditto.

Wrote the above of today, and went out at 3 10/60 – Down the walk across the fields to well royde these by Red beck houses along the road to Trough of Bolland pit to see if William Green had led stone enough to wall it off (led 4 loads today) – 

Then up the wood by Benjamin Bottomley’s and the Cunnery to the plantation. Throp and the 2 wallers planting and holing as yesterday – Have planted 400 trees a day Monday yesterday and today in spite of the additional trouble of planting with the gavelock so as to let the longest tops go straight down – 

Sauntered about in the plantation and the upper fields – Left the men at 5 1/4 – Then returned by Benjamin’s. Walked to the new bank to see how the cutting for the bridge over it goes on – Will be ready to begin the bridge in a little while – 

Came in at 5 40/60 – Dressed – Dinner at 6 20/60 – Afterwards almost all the evening asleep on the sofa – Remembering towards Marian the so little influence I have with her. Mean to let her hear less of my opinions in future on all subjects. Hope not to teaze her much with advice of any kind – Came upstairs at 10 10/60 – Dampish morning till  noon – Then fine afternoon and evening – Wrote the last 9 lines – Farenheit 54º in my room now at 10 35/60 and rather windy –

Another year is gone – I have unexpectedly been nearly 3/4 of it in Great Britain – Much has happened to me that is material – My tour in Scotland – The likelihood of by and by getting rid of the road in front of the house – How little could this have been anticipated 1/2 dozen years ago! 

The Cunnery plantation almost all cut down and replanting with oaks taking in great part of what was before left of the cunnery brow – My aunt’s health wonderfully recovered – Staying with Madame la comtesse de Rosny. Reading with her Justine etc. and particular intercourse with Miss MacL– [MacLean]. Foolish letter from Mrs. B[arlow] about the little countess etc. etc. and distaste to Marian, see the last page and various other places. 

Determining to say little to her in future of advice kind. She bites her own nose off. See the repeated conversations we have had. Yet she is good in sewing for me, is making me drawers and has done me several little things. 

Bad tille to Skelfler – Trouble about the Northgate tille for the church commissioners having sold ground for the building of a new church to be dedicated to St. James in compliment to my uncle – Confidential conversations with the W[illiam] Priestleys etc. etc. Ver[y] good fr[ie]nds at Wellhead – The misunderstanding plastered over with Mrs. B– [Belcombe]. Cameron hired, and left for these last 2 months at Lawton – Confidential conversation with C[harlotte] N– [Norcliffe] at Langton – Meet M– [Mariana] and Mrs. Milne there – 

Much troubled this year with indigestion – Better since I have been here at Shibden, and constantly out of doors – Enter upon M– [Mariana]’s friendly society business – Get the 1st lucid ideas of book-keeping from Cronhelm’s work – Began Italian, but have unfortunately been much prevented from attending to it of late – 

May I grow in wisdom as in years, and may it please God still to continue his manifold and great blessings!

Had my hair turned up and dressed with fals in the spring in York, and turned it up from the time of my being in Scotland, Madame de Rosny being in fact the cause of it – 

§ from the time of Dr. B– [Belcombe]’s funeral I have written on black edged paper to M– [Mariana]. Wrote this morning on plain paper but sealed with black. Have used black wax to everybody, but only black edged paper to π [Mariana] and Isabella and the Duffins.

Double entry by single, a new method of book-keeping, applicable to all kinds of business; by: Cronhelm, F.W. (Frederick William)

[howwelldoyouknowyourmoon]

U.S. Intelligence Agency Memorandum: KCIA used the Unification Church since 1961

INVESTIGATION OF KOREAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS HEARINGS before the SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS of the

COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

NINETY-FIFTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION

SUPPLEMENT TO PART 4

MARCH 15, 16, 21, AND 22, 1978

___________________________________________

COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI, Wisconsin, Chairman

___________________________________________

Investigation of Korean-American Relations by the Subcommittee on International Organizations

DONALD M. FRASER, Minnesota, Chairman

MICHAEL HARRINGTON, Massachusetts

EDWARD J. DERWINSKI, Illinois

BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, New York

WILLIAM F. GOODLING, Pennsylvania

LEE H. HAMILTON, Indiana

LEO J. RYAN, California

Robert B. Boettcher, Subcommittee Staff Director

___________________________________________

Part 4—Documents Relating to Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation, Inc., and Radio of Free Asia

CONTENTS

A. Summaries of representative documents contained in sections B through J page 1

B. FBI investigative report dated 1964-66, entitled “Dr. Seymour Murray Vinocour; William A. Curtin, Jr.; Kim Tong Song—RA Korea”   page 28

C. File of Admiral Arleigh Burke (Ret.), founding president, Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation, Inc   page 209

D. Declassified documents provided by U.S. intelligence agencies   page 457

E. Declassified documents provided by the Department of State   page 475

F. Declassified documents provided by the U.S. Information Agency   page 510

G. Correspondence among the Department of State, the Department of Justice, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, with respect to an investigation of Radio of Free Asia, 1971-72   page 531

H. Minutes of meetings of the Board of Directors of the Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation, Inc   page 617

I. Auditors’ workpapers regarding Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation, Inc., Arthur Young & Co. and Price Waterhouse   page 671

J. Miscellaneous documents   page 706

Note:—Deletions in the attached documents are for the purpose of security or the protection of an individual’s privacy

___________________________________________

ABBREVIATIONS

APACL Asian Peoples’ Anti-Communist League

APACL-FC Asian Peoples’ Anti-Communist League Freedom Center

Burke Memo Memorandum for the Record prepared by Adm. Arleigh Burke

Burke # Document provided by Adm. Burke; number assigned by him

FARA Foreign Agents Registration Act (18 U.S.C. 951)

FBI Report FBI Investigative Report dated 1964-66, entitled “Dr. Seymour Murray Vinocour; William A. Curtin, Jr.; Kim Tong Son -- RA Korea”

ISD Internal Security Division, Department of Justice

KBS Korean Broadcasting Service

KCIA Korean Central Intelligence Agency

KCFF Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation, Inc.

ROFA Radio of Free Asia

ROK Republic of Korea

ROKG Government of the Republic of Korea

UC The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity; commonly known as The Unification Church

___________________________________________

NOTES

Not all documents attached are included in the summaries of Section A. Known variations of Korean names are given the first time the name appears. Individuals are identified the first time their names appear. ___________________________________________

A. SUMMARIES OF REPRESENTATIVE DOCUMENTS CONTAINED IN SECTIONS B THROUGH J

1.  1961:  FBI Report, Interview of Vinocour

In 1961, Vinocour (Seymour Murray Vinocour, also known as Joseph Vinocour), PR consultant to the Korean Embassy in Washington, was contacted by Ambassador Chung II Kwon (then-Ambassador to the U.S. later Prime Minister; currently Speaker of the National Assembly) who advised him of the ROKG’s interest in establishing APACL-FC. Chung arranged an ROKG-sponsored trip to Korea to enable Vinocour to confer with authorities of APACL-FC. Vinocour also discussed the project with Kim Jong Pil (Kim Chong Pil, founder of the KCIA; then-Chairman of the ruling Democratic Republican Party). As a result of these discussions Vinocour submitted a prospectus for U.S. fundraising for APACL-FC, a copy of which was given to the ROK Embassy in Washington, D.C. The trip never took place because Vinocour terminated his formal association with the ROKG in September 1961.

2.  Spring 1962:  Day of Hope in Review, Part 1, 1972-74, p. 173

The Reverend Sun Myung Moon is said to have founded the Korean dance troupe known as the Little Angels which were organized in the spring of 1962.

3.  February 26, 1963:   CIA Information Report

Kim Jong Pil organized the UC while he was the director of the KCIA, to be used as a political tool. The church was headed by the Reverend Moon, founder of the Olive Tree Cult. [Reverend Moon founded the Unification Church. Elder Tae-seon Park founded the Olive Tree Cult.]

4.  Early 1963:   FBI Report, Interview of Vinocour

APACL-FC Preparatory Commission, Korean Chapter, publishes a proposal for the establishment of a Freedom Center to be built and staffed for anti-communist activities in Korea. This was decided in June of 1962. They have the full concurrence of the ROKG, including financial support. An ROKG Cabinet meeting of August 17, 1962 granted 50 acres of land for the construction of the center. The site is identified as Jang Choon-Dan Park on Namsan Hill in the southeastern section of Seoul City.

5.  Early 1963:   Burke #69, Historical background of APACL-FC

Includes a financial statement indicating that the ROKG has contributed $538,461.

6.  Summer 1963:   FBI Report

Cho Dong Ha (also known as Dongha Cho), a representative of APACL-FC and the ROKG, and said to be close to President Park Chung Hee, contacts Vinocour about raising funds in the U.S. for the construction of the FC.

7.  Fall 1965:   Burke Memo

Former ROKG Ambassador Yang You Chan (also known as Chan Yang) approaches Burke with the idea of establishing a tax-exempt foundation to promote mutual understanding, respect and friendship between the U.S. and Korea. Yang urges Burke to become Founding Chairman. Burke is reluctant but Yang succeeds in persuading him. Burke will become Chairman and Yang will be responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations, establishing a Board of Directors, and appointing an Executive Director with a staff.

8.  Fall 1963:   FBI Report, Interview of Luis Corea

Yang approaches Corea of Riggs National Bank for his support of an organization proposing to build a structure in Seoul memorializing U.S.-Korean friendship and to serve as a cultural center.

A preliminary meeting was held, attended by: Admiral Arleigh Burke (Ret.), who accepted the presidency; Colonel William A. Curtin, Jr. (Ret.); Ambassador Yang; Colonel Pak Bo Hi (also known as Bo Hi Pak; then-military attache in the Korean Embassy in Washington); and Luis Corea.

The proposed organization is to be known as KCFF.

9.  November 5, 1963:   FBI Report, Interview of Vinocour

Vinocour sends his feasibility study for fundraising for APACL-FC to Cho Dong Ha.

10.  December 1963–January 1964:   Burke Memo

Yang and Burke have several meetings regarding plans for KCFF projects and personnel.

11.  December 21, 1963:   Burke #1, Brochure of KCFF

Yang sends a copy of KCFF’s brochure to Burke. The Little Angels is the only proposed project.

12.  Early 1964:   Burke Memo

Burke says that Yang appointed Curtin. Burke does not know Curtin but trusts Yang’s judgment. Yang told Burke that Col. Pak Bo Hi had greatly assisted him in the preliminary work on KCFF and is keenly interested in the Foundation. Burke says that he only knew Pak from social functions at the Embassy; he describes him as suave, a good administrator and a hard worker. Burke says that he is heavily committed in other areas and relies on Yang, Pak and Curtin.

13.  Early 1964:   Testimony of Robert Roland before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Activities of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency in the United States, June 22, 1976, p. 14

Roland, one-time member of the KCFF Board and a social acquaintance of Pak, is told in early 1964 by Pak of his plans to form KCFF to gain influence and raise money for the Reverend Moon. At the same time Pak also speaks of forming ROFA.

14.  January 10, 1964:   Burke #5, Letter from Yang to Dr. Decker

Yang congratulates Clarence L. Decker, Academic Vice President of Fairleigh Dickinson University, on Decker’s trip to the ROK as a guest of the ROKG to attend President Park’s inauguration. Yang inquires about a conversation between Kim Jong Pil and Dr. Decker in which Kim is said to have discussed KCFF and pledged his full support to the Foundation.

15.  January 17, 1964:   Burke #8, Letter from Curtin to Kim Jong Pil, Chairman, Democratic Republican Party

Curtin says that he has been informed that Kim has been briefed on KCFF and has indicated his approval and support; also, that Kim has accepted the position of Honorary Chairman of the Board.

16.  January 21, 1964:   Burke #6, Letter from Decker to Yang

Decker confirms his conversation with Kim Jong Pil in which they discussed the Foundation.

17.  ca. January 21, 1964:   Burke #13, Biographical Sketch of Kim Jong Pil

Because Burke does not know who Kim Jong Pil is, Pak Bo Hi provides him with a biographical sketch.

18.  January 26, 1964:   Burke #9, Letter from Kim Jong Pil to Curtin

Kim says that he has been thoroughly briefed on all aspects of KCFF; he gives his endorsement and accepts the position of honorary chairman.

19.  February 23, 1964:   Burke #61, Letter from Curtin to Kim Jong Pil

Curtin suggests that it appears to be appropriate and politically judicious for the ROKG to award a governmental decoration to Pearl Buck for The Living Reed. A Washington ceremony would accord international press coverage.

20.  March 12, 1964:   Burke #62, Letter to Curtin from Kwan Soo Park, Chairman, APACL-FC

Park informs Curtin that Kim Sang In (also known as Steve Kim; an aide and interpreter to Kim Jong Pil; later an employee of KCIA) has forwarded Curtin’s proposal for the “Freedom Center Fund Raising Program.” He asks for a more formal proposal and contractual conditions.

21.  March 18, 1964:   Burke #22, Letter from Curtin to Park Kwan Soo, Chairman, APACL-FC

Curtin outlines the program which KCFF has suggested for raising of U.S. funds for the Freedom Center. He asks APACL-FC to provide certain information, including total contributions of ROKG and total donations. He requests Park Kwan Soo to forward an enclosed copy of this letter to Kim Sang In.

22.  ca. March 18, 1964:   Burke Memo

Burke is concerned about KCFF’s involvement with APACL-FC. He discusses these reservations with Yang and Curtin. He is particularly concerned about supporting an organization over which they have no control. Also, KCFF is not in a position to make any significant financial commitments. Burke is under the impression that Yang and Curtin agree.

23.  March 24, 1964:   FBI Report, Letter to Vinocour from Cho Dong Ha

Kim Dong Sung (former Vice Speaker of the National Assembly) will be appointed adviser to the ROKG Ambassador to the UN in place of Col. Ben Limb (also known as Im Byung Jik). When Kim’s appointment is announced, a formal request will be made for him to be in charge of APACL-FC fundraising in the U.S. Kim Jong Pil, President Park and Prime Minister Choi are ready to advance the $10,000 requested in Vinocour’s proposal. Kim Dong Sung wants Cho to come to the U.S. with him. Cho asks Vinocour if he can be put on Vinocour’s payroll when the contract is awarded.

24.  March 27, 1964:   FBI Report, Interview of Corea

KCFF is formally incorporated in Washington, D.C., by William A. Curtin, Jr., William E. Carey and Luis F. Corea.

25.  April 14, 1964:   KCFF Minutes

The KCFF incorporators meet and name Burke, Yang, John G. Flowers and Lawrence W. Horning to the Board of Directors.

26.  April 17, 1964:   FBI Report, Letter from Cho Dong Ha to Vinocour

Cho relates the substance of a letter from William Curtin to Kim Jong Pil in which Curtin states that since Ambassador Kim is unwilling to undertake the APACL-FC project, and Vinocour’s proposal has been turned down, that KCFF can raise $500,000 for the project. Cho says he has contacted Curtin and asked for a proposal and contract. Curtin’s reply is that KCFF will raise funds at no cost to APACL, and thus no contract is necessary. Cho says Curtin has not yet received a commitment. Cho asks what Vinocour knows about Curtin. Cho says he is applying pressure to have Kim Dong Sung’s appointment at the UN announced so that Kim can come to the U.S.

When Kim comes, Cho will be with him.

27.  May 1, 1964:   FBI Report, Personal letter from Vinocour to Cho Dong Ha

Vinocour is annoyed about ROKG handling of the APACL-FC project and suggests that communications problems exist between the Embassy and Seoul. It has been almost one year since he submitted his proposal but he has not received an answer; KCFF now proposes to raise funds for APACL. Vinocour suggests that KCFF has plagiarized his original proposal.

28.  May 22, 1964:   Letter to Gene F. Caprio, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State; from Nathan B. Lenvin, Chief, Registration Section, Internal Security Division, Department of Justice

The subject is Joseph Vinocour, William Curtin, and Kim Tong-song; Foreign Agents Registration Act, Korean Activities in the United States. Reference is made to Caprio’s memorandum of April 29th in which he requested advice as to whether the subjects and/or KCFF are or ever have been registered under the FARA. Lenvin says that a review of Registration Section’s files reveals no registration for any of them, and that he is unable to determine if Joseph Vinocour is the same S. M. Vinocour who was registered until September 25, 1961 as an agent of the Korean Information Center. Lenvin is therefore requesting the FBI to ascertain this information as well as whether any of the individuals will be engaged in fundraising in the U.S. for APACL-FC.

29.  May 25, 1964:   Letter to Director, FBI, from J. Walter Yeagley, Assistant Attorney General, Internal Security Division

Yeagley requests the Director to have the FBI conduct an investigation to determine: whether Joseph Vinocour is the same as S.M. Vinocour; whether Vinocour will be raising funds in the U.S. for APACL-FC; whether Curtin has engaged in similar activities; and to determine the accuracy of the reports that Kim Dong Sung will be named ROK Consul General in New York and will be raising funds for APACL-FC in the U.S.

30.  May 25, 1964:   Burke #64, Letter from Curtin to Park Kwan Soo of APACL-FC

Curtin says KCFF’s application for certification as a non-profit organization is pending. The Treasury Department has taken exception to the program for support of APACL-FC because of the substantial out-flow of U.S. dollars. Burke and Yang will align sufficient political, Congressional and philanthropic strength to overcome these objections. Curtin says KCFF wants to support APACL-FC; that it will be among their prime objectives.

31.  May - June 1964:   FBI Report

Dong Sung Kim is to be named Korean Consul General in New York City, and is to raise funds for APACL-FC.

32.  July 1, 1964:   Burke #65, Letter from Park Kwan Soo to Curtin

Park Kwan Soo acknowledges receipt of Curtin’s May 25th letter and says that the Chosun Ilbo has reported that KCFF has included APACL-FC as one of its major projects. Park says that they have received a letter from Col. Pak of the Korean Embassy in Washington in which he informed them of the establishment of KCFF.

33. Summer 1964:   FBI Report, Interview of Corea

Corea is visited by Pak Bo Hi at this time and urged by him to institute a workable fundraising campaign for KCFF.

34. September 1964:   Burke Memo

Ambassador Yang informs Burke that Pak, who had been assisting Curtin, is very much interested in the work of KCFF. Yang says he hopes Pak will resign from the Korean Army and become an assistant to Curtin. Yang tells Burke that Pak’s prospects with KCFF are better than they would be back in Korea. Pak has impressed Burke favorably and therefore Burke is in favor of Pak’s continued association with KCFF.

35.  September 4, 1964:   Burke #37, Letter from Yang to General Min Ki Shik

Yang says that Pak provided the inspiration and guidance resulting in the establishment, development and current operational capabilities of KCFF. Pak could contribute far more to the attainment of ROKG objectives by associating himself with KCFF than by continuing his career as a Regular Army officer. Pak can interpret anti-communism in KCFF’s day-to-day operations and can achieve far more for the overall good of the ROK than by serving as an Army officer. Yang asks for Pak’s release from the Army so that he can take over as Vice President and Director of KCFF. Yang further states that KCFF intends to pay Pak a salary.

36.  October 3, 1964:   Burke #43, Letter from Pak to Curtin

Pak thanks Curtin for a luncheon prior to Pak’s departure and for Curtin’s seeing him off at the airport.

37.  Fall 1964:   FBI Report, Interview of Curtin

Pak approaches Curtin and tells him he is going to retire from the ROK Army and will be returning to the U.S. in early 1965. He wants to assist KCFF, particularly with the Little Angels project. Curtin accepts the offer.

38.  November 3, 1964:   Burke #46, Letter from Pak to Yang

Pak apologizes for not having reported earlier as they had planned. He says that he arrived in Seoul on October 7th and after two weeks began the processing for his discharge. Pak says that Yang’s letter to General Min was helpful because action was taken immediately and by October 22nd he was a civilian; Pak says this is viewed as “unprecedented.”

Pak says that in his 14 years of military service he had dedicated himself to the honorable service of his country and that in his position with KCFF he will dedicate himself to even greater service for his country.

Pak says he has already begun working for KCFF. He has delivered Yang’s letter to General Lee at the Blue House and made an appointment to give him a briefing on KCFF; met with Park Chong Kyu (head of the Presidential Protective Force) of the Blue House and Yang can count on him as a partner in their efforts. Park will try to arrange a meeting with President Park to brief him on the Foundation. Pak has also called on Prime Minister Chung II Kwon who agreed to be a member of the Advisory Council of KCFF. Pak has used the National Film Production facilities to produce a 30-minute color movie of the Little Angels. Pak says he will continue his all-out campaign to earn credit and understanding for Yang’s leadership in the Foundation.

39.  November 3, 1964:   Burke #47, Letter from Pak to Curtin

Pak tells Curtin about the Little Angels film and other promotional details of a proposed U.S. tour. Pak also tells Curtin, “Regarding your concern of so called ‘Mr. Kim Yong Tae’s letter’ (Kim Yong Tae is a close associate of Kim Jong Pil) you have nothing to worry about.” Pak says that “they” can’t hamper the development of the Foundation; he is there in Korea to take care of this. He says he will report in his next letter and asks for a report on developments on Curtin’s side, noting that he is most concerned with the fundraising aspects.

40.  November 3, 1964:   Burke #50, Letter to Burke from Pak

Pak informs Burke that he was honorably discharged from the Army on October 22nd, in order to join KCFF. On that same day he formally assumes the Vice Presidency of the Foundation.

41.  November 6, 1964:   Burke #49, Letter from Curtin to Pak

Curtin acknowledges receipt of Pak’s letter and says that he will comment on it and send an up-to-date report separately.

Curtin tells Pak that Garfield I. Kass, whom Pak knows, will be visiting Seoul in the near future. There are enclosed letters for Pak to have delivered to the Premier, the Vice Premier and the Foreign Minister. Curtin says there are copies for Pak and copies have been provided to Kass. Curtin suggests that Pak check with the U.S. Embassy on Kass’s itinerary. Curtin also suggests that Pak arrange a special performance of the Little Angels for Kass; he says he thinks it will “pay off.”

42.  December 10, 1964:   Burke #52, Letter to Yang from Pak

Pak gives run-down on Kass visit, detailing his itinerary. He says that Kass was well-satisfied and that they have earned another good friend for Korea. Pak had arranged for Kass to meet the following ROK officials: Mr. Park, special assistant to the President, National Assemblyman Kil, and Premier Chung.

43.  December 18, 1964:   U.S. Intelligence Agency Memorandum for the Record

Kim Jong Pil started the Tong-il (UC) Church about one year ago. The KCFF in Washington is the first step toward organizing a Tong-il in Washington. It has been previously reported that Bud Han (also known as Han Sang Kook/Keuk/Kuk), Pak Bo Hi and another Army officer were involved with the Washington organization; the third party is Kim Yong Ju or Kim Yong Chun. Yang You Chan is identified as a mere front-man, used to endow the organization with respectability. Pak Bo Hi is the real leader. Pak will return to Washington soon.

44.  January 4, 1965:   U.S. Intelligence Agency Memorandum for the Record

Kim Jong Pil has been using the Tong-il Church (UC) since 1961.

His interpreter (Steve Kim) is involved in this organization. The organization is secret and run like a communist organization. Bud Han is now General Min Ki Shik’s aide.

45.  ca. March 1965:   FBI Report, Interview of Curtin

Pak returns to Washington and starts working officially for KCFF.

He volunteers to assist KCFF financially and arranges through the ROK Embassy for the use of their addressograph plates for KCFF initial fundraising (30-40,000 names). These names are from the Korean Information Services mailing list. KCFF also will use Richard A. Viguerie Co., Inc.

46.  March 5, 1965:   FBI Report, Interview of Curtin

Current employees of KCFF: Curtin, Pak Bo Hi, Caesar A. Giolito. All serve without salary. Giolito was employed at Pak’s insistence.

Pak Bo Hi’s association with KCFF is through the Little Angels which KCFF hopes to bring to the U.S. on a nationwide tour. The time for this tour will be approximately May 1965, to coincide with President Park Chung Hee’s visit to the U.S. Pak Bo Hi is the Project Director for this tour.

Pak has told Curtin that he has contributed substantial personal funds to support the Little Angels. Pak also has a deep spiritual interest in the Unification Church, a Korean spiritualist group in the Washington area.

Curtin denies any direct or indirect contact with the ROK Embassy, nor does he have any understanding, agreement or contract with the ROKG. KCFF is an American-Oriental organization that hopes to be a vehicle of expression in U.S. foreign policy, particularly in Korea and Southeast Asia.

Curtin believes that he is exempt from having to register with the Justice Department as a foreign agent because KCFF is solely engaged in activities in furtherance of religious, scholastic, academic or scientific pursuits.

Curtin says that the APACL-FC as it appeared in the original draft of the KCFF brochure has been eliminated as a project of KCFF and will not receive any support from KCFF. The inclusion of the FC in the KCFF brochure goes back to 1963, when Curtin prepared the brochure, and was unaware of U.S. Treasury regulations governing the exporting of U.S. dollars.

47.  Spring 1965:   FBI Report, Interview of Vinocour

Park Kwan Soo, Chairman of APACL-FC, writes to Vinocour asking him to reconsider the FC project, (cf. May 15, 1965)

48.  April 13, 1965:   Burke #57, Letter from Earl Voss to Burke

Voss says, as he had told Burke when they met at Mickey Kim’s house (Mickey Kim, also known as Kim Un Yong, KCIA official at the ROK Embassy in Washington, later assistant to Park Chong Kyu), when they had discussed KCFF’s representations about fundraising for APACL-FC, that he is learning more about the Freedom Center. Leaders at the APACL-FC are upset that KCFF is representing in its brochures that the FC is its #1 project without the Center’s permission. They regard KCFF as “some sort of racket” using the FC’s name to raise funds.

49.  April 26, 1965:   Burke #60, Letter of solicitation from Burke to Fellow Americans

The letter contains a brochure setting forth KCFF’s current objectives. The objectives include activities in support of anticommunist organizations in the Far East, coordination with other anti-communist organizations in the U.S., and aiding and supporting the Freedom Center under the auspices of APACL.

50.  April 28, 1965:   Burke #66, Letter from Pak to Burke

Pak says he has been instructed by Yang to give Burke full information for a reply to the April 13, 1965 letter from Voss. Pak says that the APACL-FC people have misunderstood and he advises Burke to send a polite letter to the FC stating the current status of KCFF without mentioning Voss’s letter. He also suggests writing a letter to Kim Jong Pil, chairman of the ruling Democratic Republican Party, asking him to tell APACL-FC officials of KCFF’s earnest intentions and current situation.

51.  May 25, 1965:   KCFF Minutes

Pak is elected a member of the Board of Directors and Vice President of KCFF. Pak has arranged a U.S. tour for the Little Angels with KCFF as the official sponsor. Although sponsorship of the Little Angels had not been officially brought before the Board, KCFF directors vote to accept sponsorship since it appears to them to be a fait accompli.

52.  May 1965:   FBI Report, Interview of Vinocour

(date established by Vinocour’s use of word “recently”)

Pak Bo Hi calls on Vinocour. Vinocour formerly knew Pak as a military attache at the Korean Embassy. Pak now identifies himself as the project director or PR man for KCFF in its efforts to assist the APACL-FC. Pak tells Vinocour that Curtin is not doing the job and that KCFF is bankrupt.

53.  May 26, 1965:   Burke #70, Letter from Pak to Burke

Pak mentions Yang’s recent address before the Political Study Club being inserted in the Congressional Record of April 27, 1965.

54.  May 27, 1965:   Burke #71, Letter from Pak to Burke

Pak says that Dr. Chin Kim and Cho Dong Ha, officers of APACL-FC visiting Washington, met with him. They have ironed out their misunderstandings and differences. They had already met with Yang. Pak says that he made it clear that KCFF is still interested but not obligated. Because KCFF is in its formative stage, the APACL-FC should not depend on the efforts of KCFF.

55.  June 1965:   FBI Report, Interview with Don Kramer (date possibly earlier)

Cho Dong Ha requests that Kramer urge their mutual acquaintance Vinocour, a professional PR counselor, to undertake informal noncontractual agreement to work for APACL-FC.

Kramer talks to Vinocour and is advised that Cho has not been totally candid with him; Vinocour had previously submitted a professional program. Kramer says he reported Vinocour’s reaction to Cho.

Kramer’s impression was that Cho was trying to explore Kramer’s availability to assist, but that no direct overtures were ever made.

Kramer says that Cho is living with Tongsun Park at 1713 22nd Street, N.W., Washington, telephone 232-6860. Kramer’s impression is that Tongsun Park is subsidizing Cho during his stay but not contributing to the Freedom Center.

56.  June 8, 1965:   Burke #76, Letter from Cho Dong Ha to Burke

Cho asks Burke if KCFF would act as agent to collect and transmit contributions for APACL-FC.

57.  June 8, 1965:   Burke #77, Letter from Burke to Cho Dong Ha

Burke says that KCFF would be happy to act as a repository for U.S. donations to the APACL-FC. However, these contributions would be subject to 15% commission.

58.  July 12, 1965:   Burke #82, Letter from Robert W. Roland to Burke

Roland informs Burke that Pak has been an acquaintance of his for a number of years. He has discussed KCFF with Pak many times.

Pak has told him that KCFF is to function as the financial supporter and propagator of the ideology of the Unification Church, headed by Moon.

59.  August 1965:   Burke Memo

Burke advises Yang of Roland’s letter concerning Pak. Yang assures Burke that he is certain Pak is not misusing KCFF and that he, Yang, would not permit it. Yang adds that Pak is a devout Buddhist.

Burke comments that the matter could not be resolved without further data. There is no indication that the Foundation is being misused, but it has to be carefully watched. Burke contemplates resigning because he feels that things are happening of which he is not aware. He submits his resignation on August 6, 1965, to be effective in September or October.

60.  August 26, 1965:   Burke #99, Letter from David Rowe to Earl Voss

Rowe says that Yang is in Korea on a short visit, and that he is working on staking a claim for KCFF in relation to the APACL- FC. Yang has represented that KCFF can supply a backer, Mr. Salvatori, who is a very big potential source of money for the FC.

Yang told Rowe that before he had left for Korea he had had a meeting with Burke at which he proposed that Burke approach Congressional Members of the committee supervising the CIA to have them bring pressure on the CIA to put a large amount of money into the APACL-FC. The purpose would be to use the FC for recruiting and training agents, since students from all over Asia and Africa would be arriving there. All this was said in the presence of a secretary from the Foreign Office who had been assigned to Yang.

Rowe says that he is confident Burke will not fall for this idea but is unsure of other members of KCFF or Congress. He asks Voss to see Burke and show him this letter.

61.  August 27, 1965

William A. Curtin, Jr. dies.

62.  September 9, 1965:   Burke #100, Letter from Burke to Voss

Burke disavows involvement in the Salvatori idea and says that he did not know that Yang and Dr. Haynes Fraser had had such an idea. Burke says that he had thought the CIA idea a bad one and had told Yang so before he left. Burke says the reason for his meeting with Yang was for Burke to submit his resignation. Burke asks Voss not to use this information to embarrass Yang.

63.  September 13, 1965:   KCFF Minutes

Burke, Corea and Carey exhibit concern about the financial status of the Foundation. A resolution is passed that: certified public accountants will be employed to certify financial statements and to make an annual report to be delivered to the president and the executive committee; that Pak Bo Hi will make monthly statements to the treasurer with copies to the executive committee, showing all income and expenditures; and that hereafter projects will not be initiated until funded. Funds raised for a specific purpose will be held in trust until full funding has been achieved.

64.  December 1965:   FBI Report, Interview of Vinocour

On December 14, 1965, Vinocour had lunch with Min Pyong Whi, the First Secretary of the ROK Embassy. Min stated that Cho Dong Ha does not represent the ROKG in his fundraising efforts in the U.S. for the APACL-FC. Min said that Cho had returned to Korea in November and would not return to the U.S. before February or March 1966. Min feels that duplicate organizations such as KCFF and the Freedom Center create confusion.

65.  May 15, 1966:   KCFF Minutes

First mention of the ROFA project is at this meeting. General Coulter, president and chairman, states for the record that Pak Bo Hi is one of the founders of the KCFF and that he had returned to the U.S. for the sole purpose of pioneering the projects of the Foundation. General Coulter gives the following information regarding Pak:

– Yang requested the ROKG to release Pak so that he could work for the Foundation.

– The ROKG granted the release. On July 3, 1965 (sic; KCFF minutes of May 25, 1965 indicate that it was at that meeting that Pak was elected director and vice president of KCFF) Pak returned to Washington and took up a fulltime position as vice president of KCFF.

– Pak has been working fulltime since that time in his capacity as vice president. Pak has not received any salary or compensation for his services for the entire year of 1965.

The Board votes to pay Pak $750 per month, retroactive to January 1, 1966.

66.  July 14, 1966:   KCFF Minutes

Corea and Carey resign from the Board, making a total of four vacancies. The vacancies are filled by: Tongsun Park, Lawrence L. Mays, Leigh Brite, and Leon Fontaine, all effective August 1, 1966. Kyong Eup Kim (also known as Jimmy Kim) is appointed Operations Director of the Foundation in Seoul. His duties will be to establish KCFF headquarters and make initial arrangements for the ROFA project.

Yang informs the Board that the ROKG Minister of Public Information had requested Kim’s appointment as Operations Director. The Board specifies that Kim is not to incur any expenses chargeable to KCFF until advised that funds are available.

Lawrence L. Mays is appointed International Chairman of ROFA.

67.  August 9, 1966:   KCFF Minutes

The stated purpose of the meeting is formally to institute ROFA as the principal project of KCFF and to formulate policy for ROFA. The Board sets August 15, 1966 as the date for the first broadcast from KBS transmitters. The Board authorizes a trip to Korea for Mays, Yang and Pak to negotiate a contract with the ROKG for the inauguration of ROFA.

68.  August 10, 1966 U.S. Intelligence Agency Report

The Seventh Bureau (Psychological Warfare Bureau) of the KCIA has been given the task of working out a proposal for the reestablishment of ROFA. The operation is tightly held within the KCIA and is apparently the result of a KCIA-Washington letter to KCIA director Kim Hyung Wook, and communication from Kim to Yang You Chan. Director Kim, who is said to be enthusiastic about the project, and the 7th Bureau are expected to discuss the matter with Yang.

69.  August 1966:   Testimony of General Kim Hyung Wook, former director, KCIA, before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Investigation of Korean-American Relations, Part 1, June 22, 1977, p. 28

Kim said he first met Pak in 1964; Pak was not connected with the KCIA but whenever he came to Seoul he would visit Kim and discuss the situation and his activities in the U.S.

Kim recalled Pak coming to Korea with Ambassador Yang and an American named Mays. At that time Pak described ROFA and told Kim that Eisenhower was honorary chairman and that many influential Americans were involved in advising them.

Pak said that he was going to broadcast programs to North Korea and to Communist China and Kim had no objection; he asked Pak how he could help. Pak said he needed a permit from the ROKG. Because Kim felt that it was the type of work that the government should be doing, if they had had the funds, he told Pak that he would welcome the project and assist him in obtaining the required permit.

To express his appreciation to the group, he gave Mays a commemorative plaque usually given those who apprehend North Korean spies. Kim contacted the Ministry of Information to expedite the required permit.

70.  August 25, 1966:   Letter to Samuel D. Berger, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, to Winthrop G. Brown, U.S. Ambassador to Korea

Brown expresses his concern about ROFA to Berger. He feels that the persons connected with the project are inexperienced and that some have “unsavory records.” Brown wants to warn distinguished Americans whose names are being used.

71.  August 26, 1966:   Airgram from U.S. Embassy, Seoul, to State Department, with five enclosures

Biographical data is supplied concerning Pak Bo Hi and Kim Dong Sung, as well as memoranda of three conversations between Lawrence Mays, ROFA International Director, and U.S. Embassy officials. Embassy officials exhibit concern at the level of experience of the ROFA officials and on the question of control of program content. ROFA is said to have made its first broadcast at 11:00 p.m. on August 15th.

72.  September 6, 1966:   KCFF Minutes

Coulter, Giolito, Pak and Mays are present. Pak makes a full report of his trip to Korea, stating that he had witnessed the commencement of ROFA broadcasting on August 15th; however, no details are given in the minutes.

Coulter states that the purpose of the meeting is to appoint an Operations Director and a Deputy Operations Director in Seoul. He has issued a letter to Dong Sung Kim on August 15th, appointing Kim, a former Minister of Public Information for the ROKG, as Operations Director. Kim will supervise the overall policy of ROFA and the planning of programs and the execution of policy established in Washington. Kim will also be empowered to negotiate a permanent contract with the ROKG for the use of KBS facilities. Kim Chong Hoon (Chong Hoon Kim) has been recommended by Kim Dong Sung to be Deputy Operations Director.

73.  September 7, 1966:   State Department Memorandum of Conversation among Lawrence L. Mays and a Mr. Vogt; and Deputy Assistant Secretary Berger and Korea Country Director Benjamin A. Fleck

Mays meets with State Department officials to ascertain the reasons for their opposition to ROFA. Berger explains that ROFA is a private venture with which the U.S. Government cannot be involved in any way. They also discuss KCFF’s irregular methods of handling funds, which, according to Mays, led to Burke’s resignation.

Mays says that during his recent trip to Seoul with Pak and Yang “he had discovered the true nature of the organization.” While in Seoul he had secretly met with Reverend Moon and a National Assemblyman. “As a result of that meeting, it had become clear to Mr. Mays that the purpose of the Unification Church in organizing the Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation and in sponsoring the Foundation’s fundraising activities (primarily the Little Angels children’s choir and the radio project) was to raise funds in the United States for use in furthering the Unification Church’s religious and political objectives in Korea.”

74.  September 12, 1966:   KCFF Minutes

Yang announces the resignation of Mays as International Chairman of ROFA and from the Board fo KCFF. The position of International Chairman is abolished. General Graves B. Erskine, USMC (Ret.), is appointed Executive Director of ROFA and a member of the Board of KCFF. Erskine also is to serve as chairman of the committee on ROFA which will determine policy, control implementation of policy, review program content, and plan for expansion.

75.  September 20, 1966:   Memorandum to Deputy Undersecretary of State

U. Alexis Johnson from William P. Bundy, Assistant Secretary for East Asian & Pacific Affairs

Bundy attaches Ambassador Brown’s letter and memorandum dealing with ROFA. Bundy agrees with Brown that some persons connected with the project are “unsavory” and that it is possible that money donated by Americans is being used for purposes other than those stated publicly. Bundy recommends that Johnson attempt to persuade someone to sever his ties with the Foundation and ROFA.

76.  September 21, 1966:   State Department Memorandum of Conversation among Colonel Bo Hi Pak, To Kyong Limb, First Secretary, Korean Embassy, and Benjamin Fleck

Pak confirms that General Erskine has been appointed Executive Director of ROFA. Pak relates the circumstances of his and Yang’s relationship with Lawrence Mays. Mays and Coulter have resigned from KCFF and have incorporated the radio project as a separate organization.

Pak says that a Baltimore PR firm hired by Mays for a fundraising banquet is now working for KCFF and is launching a campaign that it is hoped will raise $150,000 for the radio project. Pak outlines ROFA’s operational plans, and he notes that General Rod Smith of Radio Free Europe has offered assistance. Pak also says that KCFF is bring the Little Angels to the U.S. for a concert tour; he hopes that the Little Angels will make money so that the proceeds can be given to ROFA.

Pak also notes that during his recent trip to Seoul he had renewed his personal friendship with President Park. Their friendship is based on their service together during the Korean War and one period in particular when they “had spent a harrowing seven days together before being reunited with their unit.”

77.  November 10, 1966:   State Department Memorandum for the Record

Re: Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation

The memorandum recites the history of KCFF’s founding and its connections with Vinocour, Curtin and the APACL-FC. The memo reports the sponsorship of the Little Angels by KCFF and reiterates State Department concern about ROFA. The memorandum concludes that KCFF “is an organization of questionable motivation” and recommends that no actions should be taken which could be construed as U.S. Government approval of KCFF or any of its projects.

78.  December 6, 1966:   KCFF Minutes

General Coulter resigns and General Erskine is appointed President and Chairman of the Board of KCFF.

79.  March 9, 1967:   KCFF Minutes

Erskine and Pak enter into a contract with International Foundation Consultants, Ltd., fundraisers, on behalf of ROFA. The firm advances $15,000 to ROFA. On motion by Pak, the Board decides that Erskine will deliver $10,000 of this sum by hand to Korea for the operational fund, while $5,000 will be retained in Washington to pay accumulated bills. Y. W. Coty, Vice President of Finance, will accompany Erskine on the trip.

Ambassador Yang is visiting Korea upon the invitation of President Park. Although Yang’s mission is largely involved with the ROKG, he is doing much good on behalf of the Foundation while there.

KCFF must regard his stay in Korea as an official representation of the Foundation; the Foundation must therefore pay any expenses which Yang incurs on its behalf. A resolution is passed to pay $500 in expenses to Yang, unless he requests additional monies.

80.  March 14, 1967:   U.S. Intelligence Agency Memorandum to the Ambassador -- Subject: ROFA

The KCIA’s 7th Bureau monitors the programs and activities of ROFA, and facilities are provided free by KBS. The only guidance provided by KCFF is that all programs must support U.S. policy. KBS does not charge ROFA and actually saves money because there are no script costs and ROFA programs surplant KBS programs. The Director of KBS has indicated that KBS does not receive payment from ROFA. The memorandum states that ROFA is fortunate to have Kim Dong Sung as its Korean Director. It further states that ROFA is apparently proceeding with the full knowledge and support of the ROKG.

81.  June 5, 1967:   KCFF Minutes

Erskine and Coty resign for personal business reasons.

82.  September 26, 1967:   KCFF Minutes

Ambassador Yang is absent because of governmental duty in Africa. Pak reads the resignation letter of Kim Dong Sung who has been appointed ROKG Ambassador to Argentina. Kim Dong Sung recommends the appointment of his Deputy, Kim Chong Hoon, to replace him.

The Board approves his suggestion and Kim Chong Hoon is now the Operations Director of ROFA.

83.  1968:   Arthur Young Accountants Workpapers, Handwritten Notation

“$100 gift to Un Yang Kim (Korean Secret Service) on the death of his mother. I surmise that this is in the line of KCFF business, as favors are sometimes asked of this man, although I question the account classification.”

84.  February 1969:   Price Waterhouse Accountants Workpapers, Audit of KCFF-Seoul (prepared July 1971)

In 1969 Park Chong Kyu, head of the Presidential Protective Force, lent his private house, without cost, to the Little Angels for their use.

85.  March 11, 1969:   USIA cable from U.S. Embassy, Seoul, to State Department, Re ROFA

The cable describes ROKG as having complete supervision and control of the program content of ROFA, but the Ministry of Culture and Information is still not pleased with the situation, “even though ROKG supervision now complete.” ROFA seems to be under some sort of examination; USIA does not know by whom. USIA feels that ROFA is probably not contributing anything positive to Free World broadcasting to North Korea.

86.  April 23, 1969:   USIA Memorandum of Conversation with ROFA Officials.

ROFA is broadcasting 36 hours and 45 minutes each week over KBS facilities at no cost to ROFA. The ROKG is considering a request for 2,000 pyung of land at Namsan for the construction of ROFA’s own facilities. This would be an administrative facility with transmitters to be built later.

ROFA is using contract help for writing; including some KBS employees and others who are professors and non-KBS radio writers. Regarding policy, the ROFA official says that they have to be careful not to differ too strongly with the ROKG. Much of their material comes from defector interviews arranged by the KCIA; at all of these interviews there is a KCIA man in the studio monitoring and suggesting alterations wherever he sees fit. USIA observes it is unlikely that ROFA has substantial freedom.

87.  November 25, 1969:   USIA Memorandum of Conversation with ROFA Official.

ROFA will build a studio and office on 3,000 pyung of land provided by the ROKG. They have no immediate plans to build their own transmitters. In general reference to his operations, the ROFA official states that KBS broadcasts must reflect ROKG policy, but ROFA does not have to do this since it reflects U.S. policy. Regarding ROFA’s description of its broadcasts to North Korea, USIA official observes that it is highly unlikely since most radio receivers in North Korea are of fixed frequency, making it impossible for reception of the described broadcasts.

88.  February 1970:   Hearings before the Senate Subcommittee on U.S. Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, p. 1687

ROFA and KCFF are mentioned during the course of these hearings. Concern is expressed about the use of names of prominent Americans, and the tax-exempt status of KCFF and ROFA. There is also some discussion about whether “propagandist organizations” should be registered with the Justice Department under the FARA.

89.  May 25, 1970:   Price Waterhouse Accountants Workpapers, Audit of KCFF-Seoul

KCFF buys land and building from Chung II Kwon (then-Prime Minister) for Won 20,000,000 (approximately $142,496.82), to be used as the intermediate headquarters for ROFA.

90.  September 2, 1970:   State Department Memorandum enclosed with

June 8, 1971 letter to Attorney General Mitchell from Undersecretary of State Johnson

A report dated September 2nd lists Pak Bo Hi of KCFF as one of several ROK lobbyists in Washington whose activities were to be coordinated by the KCIA.

91.  September 8, 1970:   Price Waterhouse Accountants Workpapers, Audit of KCFF.

An entry for September 8th lists expenses incurred for “Promotion letters written by President Park Chung Hee.”

92.  October 14, 1970:   State Department Memorandum enclosed with June 8, 1971 letter to Attorney General Mitchell from Undersecretary of State Johnson

A report dated October 14th stated that in late September Pak Bo Hi was in Seoul with a ROFA mailing list of 60,000 Americans who had contributed to ROFA. It was arranged for President Park Chung Hee to send letters to all of the contributors, at a cost of $20,000.

93.  December 14, 1970:   State Department Memorandum from Howard F. Newsom to Mr. Prentice

The memorandum reiterates State’s “grave doubts about the competence and integrity of many of the persons connected with ROFA’s operations.” The present Ambassador, Kim Dong Jo, shares these concerns. As ROFA uses KBS facilities, there is a question as to what ROFA does with the funds it raises in the U.S.

94.  December 15, 1970:   State Department Memorandum, from Rowberg of Korea Desk to Ambassador Brown

In matters concerning ROFA, the Department will be using the attached drafts as statements to be released.

95.  December 23, 1970:   Letter to IRS from Winthrop G. Brown, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs

The letter requests that IRS provide information as to the tax-exempt status of ROFA.

96.  December 23, 1970:   Letter to Robert C. Mardian, Assistant Attorney General, from Deputy Assistant Secretary Brown

The letter requests that Justice Department provide information as to ROFA’s status under the Foreign Agents Registration Act.

97.  December 31, 1970:   Telegram from State Department to U.S. Embassy, Seoul

The telegram requests the Embassy to monitor ROFA broadcasts and to report information on all aspects of ROFA operations.

98.  January 8, 1971:   Letter from Assistant Attorney General Mardian to Deputy Assistant Secretary Brown

Mardian acknowledges receipt of Brown’s December 23rd letter and states that Justice Department files have no information on ROFA. A request is being made of the FBI to search its files for available information, or information that may result from the inquiry Justice is requesting FBI make.

99.  January 8, 1971:   Memorandum to Director, FBI, from Assistant Attorney General Mardian

The memorandum encloses copies of State Department’s letter to Justice requesting information on ROFA. Mardian asks that the FBI furnish any information it may have regarding ROFA; in the event FBI files are negative, Mardian requests that the FBI ascertain ROFA’s principal place of business and interview a responsible official.

100.  February 16, 1971:   U.S. Intelligence Agency Memorandum

Subject: Pak Bo Hi, KCFF, Little Angels and ROFA

The memorandum provides biographical information on Pak; budget information and objectives of the KCFF; the costs of the Little Angels school to the KCFF; and discussion of ROFA studios to be constructed. There is also general information on ROFA and an analysis of KCFF and ROFA positions. The memorandum states that KCFF is now divorced from Yang who had tried to associate himself with the Foundation and ROK lobbying in Washington. Pak is said to be aware of, and intending to avoid, ROKG attempts to use the Foundation in the future. Pak describes this as difficult because he needs ROKG support; he also notes that ROKG officials are very demanding.

101.  April 5, 1971:   Letter to Deputy Assistant Secretary Brown from Assistant Attorney General Mardian, by James C. Hise, Chief, Registration Section

Brown is informed that, based on information now available to the Justice Department, ROFA cannot be considered an agent of a foreign principal since there is a lack of evidence to establish a connection with a foreign principal; hence there is no obligation to register under the FARA.

102.  April 14, 1971:   Letter to Deputy Assistant Secretary Brown from Exempt Organizations Branch, IRS

In reply to Brown’s December 23rd letter, the Chief of the Ruling Section states that a careful search of their files reveals that ROFA is not exempt from federal income tax and therefore contributions to ROFA are not tax-deductible.

103.  June 8, 1971:   Letter to Attorney General Mitchell from Undersecretary of State Johnson

Johnson encloses material regarding ROFA concerning which he has spoken to Mitchell. He is concerned that “a lot of our people are being ‘taken.’”

A memorandum dated June 2, 1971, originally classified “secret”, is enclosed with this letter. This memorandum is headed “Radio of Free Asia” and mainly reiterates State Department concerns about ROFA. There are other paragraphs, however, which evince concern about a coordinated lobbying plan on the part of the South Korean Government. There is mention made of Tongsun Park’s offer to contribute to the campaigns of several congressmen and there are “suspicions that he has been involved in many other irregularities as a lobbyist.”

104.  July 7, 1971:   Price Waterhouse Accountants Workpapers, Audit of KCFF-Seoul.

Daily broadcasting of programs is checked by the Ministry of Culture and Information, (K)CIA, KBS, and Mr. B.S. Lee, program controller of KCFF.

105.  July 7, 1971:   Memorandum to James C. Hise, Chief, Registration Section, from Robert C. Mardian, Assistant Attorney General, ISD

Mardian encloses the material received from State Department and says it is clear that State is highly concerned about ROFA’s operations. Mardian states that the material indicates persons associated with ROFA are of questionable reputation and may have some connection with the Korean Government. He suggests that the Criminal Division may have to determine if fraud is involved and that the FBI should be requested to conduct an investigation.

106.  July 28, 1971:   Letter to Undersecretary Johnson from Attorney General Mitchell

Mitchell acknowledges receipt of Johnson’s June 8th letter and requests concurrence of State in supplying the June 2nd secret memorandum to the FBI and to have the Bureau undertake an inquiry of the matter.

107.  October 1, 1971:   Letter to Attorney General Mitchell from Undersecretary Johnson

Johnson states that State Department has no objection to Justice instituting a full scale investigation of the ROFA matter. He notes that materials contained in the June 2nd secret memorandum originated with a third government agency, however, Johnson states that it is his understanding that the third agency will send to the FBI through their own channels a separate memorandum summarizing the information that was contained in State’s June 2nd memo.

108.  November 1, 1971:   Memorandum to Director, FBI, from Assistant Attorney General Mardian, Subject: ROFA

Mardian makes reference to his January 8th memorandum to the FBI and says that the State Department has furnished additional information “indicating that certain persons associated with the subject are men of questionable reputation who may be engaged in fraudulent activity and who are also believed to be in the employ of the South Korean Central Intelligence Agency.” Mardian requests that the FBI initiate an investigation to determine whether ROFA should be registered under FARA.

Mardian also draws the FBI’s attention to State Department information that “Pak Tong Sun” who is a member of KCFF’s Board, may be a member of the KCIA; “it is requested that this element be included in your investigation.”

109.  November 11, 1971:   Memorandum from the Director, FBI, to the Washington Field Office (WFO) of the FBI

The memorandum encloses all pertinent documentation and requests the WFO immediately to initiate an investigation in accordance with the guidelines set forth in Mardian’s November 1st memorandum.

A note attached to this memorandum states, among other things, that James C. Hise of the Justice Department, ISD, advised on 11/4/71 that he did not desire interviews to be conducted of the prominent persons listed on KCFF’s letterhead, and requested that at this time the interviews of ROFA personnel be limited to Pak and Yang.

110.  December 28, 1971:   Memorandum to the Director, FBI, from WFO

By this memorandum the WFO submitted its investigative report in the ROFA matter to the Director, FBI.

111.  January 27, 1972:   Memorandum to Assistant Attorney General Mardian, ISD, from Assistant Attorney General Petersen, Criminal Division

Petersen states that the Criminal Division has reviewed the FBI’s December 28, 1971 report on ROFA and can find no basis for prosecution under federal fraud statutes.

112.  March 15, 1972:   Memorandum to Assistant Attorney General Mardian from Justin O’Shea, Acting Chief, Registration Section

O’Shea informs Mardian that the FBI investigation “reveals that the initial allegations concerning (ROFA) cannot be confirmed by competent evidence.” O’Shea concludes that based on the informa- provided by State Department and contained in the FBI report, neither the subject nor its officers and directors have incurred an obligation to register under FARA.

113.  March 16, 1972:   Memorandum to Acting Attorney General Kleindienst from Assistant Attorney General Mardian

Mardian recounts the history of the ROFA investigation to the Attorney General and suggests that he send the attached letter to the Undersecretary of State.

114.  March 16, 1972:   Letter from Acting Attorney General Kleindienst to Undersecretary of State Johnson

Kleindienst reiterates the information contained in the two preceding memoranda and advises Johnson that, in the absence of additional information, the Justice Department contemplates no further action on the ROFA matter.

115.  May 1, 1972:   Memorandum to the President of ROFA from the Vice President for Operations, Subject: Weekly Report

The Vice President for Operations relates that at a dinner party attended by various Korean and American officials he was asked many questions regarding KCFF and ROFA operations. Mr. Richardson refused to believe that ROFA is not a part of the KCIA. Steve Kim will contact Richardson and explain that ROFA is not connected with the KCIA.

******

_________________________________________

Bo Hi Pak and The Origins of KCFF

United States Congressional investigation of Moon’s organization

Gifts of Deceit – Robert Boettcher

_________________________________________

FBI and other reports on Sun Myung Moon:

1. FBI Report (San Francisco office) on the UC / FFWPU, September 1975

2.  Napa Sentinel, March-April 3, 1992   “The Moonies – What Rev. Moon teaches the young” by Harry V. Martin and David Caul

3. Chicago Tribune, Monday, March 27, 1978   James Coates “The Moonies: Government Files Trace Church from Sex Cult to Korean CIA”

4. New York Times Magazine, May 30, 1976   Berkeley Rice: “The pull of Sun Moon”

5. The Moon Organization Academic Network, Fall 1991  by Daniel Junas

_________________________________________

Robert Parry’s investigations into Sun Myung Moon

Politics and religion interwoven

Sun Myung Moon and the United Nations

Donald M. Fraser’s house was attacked by an arsonist just after his investigation into the Unification Church. It was only saved by good fortune.

Moonie “Dirty Tricks” against Donald Fraser

The Mysterious Death of Robert Boettcher in 1984

[econsociology]

B&B: Gendered economics // Social drinking // Competition amok // Neoliberal beliefs vs. neoliberal reality // Do protests work? // Business’ counter-mobilization // Pro-poor market

This time, especially worth reading and sharing articles:

> Women economists are forced to conform to research interests and publishing habits of male economists. Gender discrimination in economics has various facets — by Giulia Zacchia

> Social drinking: How one hundred years ago, Britain nationalized hundreds of pubs and invented a better drinking culture — by Phil Mellows

> Neoliberalism perceives society-as-a-whole as one big competitive arena. How did competition and competitiveness become justifiable and acceptable — by Will Davies

> Neoliberal beliefs vs. neoliberal reality: Inequality is getting worse, but the percent of people across the world who say that their society is a meritocracy is increasing — by Jonathan J.B. Mijs

> Do protests work? Is ‘folk politics’ of marches, petitions, and strikes more habit than solution, and a distraction from the structural nature of problems? — by Nathan Heller

> Protest culture and business’s counter-mobilization in 1960s–80s: The personal, the political and the profitable — by Benjamin C. Waterhouse

> Value chains for development: Pro-poor market interventions and the moral dilemmas they bring up for the the organisations implementing them and for the communities impacted by them — by Dena Freeman

[whatdoesshedotothem]

Thursday 10 May 1832

8 ½

11 ¼

kind letter from Mrs. James Dalton and IN- joint to put me off till the 21st – read ½ the courier – F55° and fine morning at 10 ¼ at which hour breakfast – sat reading the paper till after 11 when Mr. W. Priestley called – shewed me the seed respecting the payment of 10/. a year out of  yew trees to the poor of Hipperholme – should be paid the heirs of executors of Samuel Lister by 10 am on St. Thomas’s day ‘by the assistance of the church wardens’ in Hipperholme school room or if such heirs or executors are not there then to be paid to the church wardens- soon after Mr. P- went my steward Mr. James Briggs came – walked with him to Benjamins’ farm – the house gutted and undergoing thorough alteration and repair -

 SH:7/ML/E/15/0067

 Mr. B- thinks it will cost £100 – if I get off for £200 it will be as much as I expert – home about 2 ½ staid talking in the little sitting room – told my father what I thought would be laid and asked for 5p.c. upon it – then long talk with Marian – she will not leave me anything – I shall go and make my will and not name her – went to my room at 4 – wrote 2pp. to Mrs. Norcliffe to propose being at Langton on Sunday evening and wrote 2pp. to Mrs. H.S. Belcombe to ask her for a bed tomorrow and Saturday nights – then changed my mind and wrote 2 ½ pp. quite different to Mrs. N- proposing to be with her at Langton on Tuesday evening to tea -  determined not to write at all to Mrs. HS. Belcombe but to see Jonathan Gray and sleep at the Black swan on Monday night -  then wrote 3 pages to M- said what I had determined to do - Mrs James Dalton not being able to take me in till the 21st - said I had as pleasant a journey home ‘as my reflections could allow’ - found all well - as to the outlay, my aunt advises me to make up my mind to a thousand pounds - ‘But somehow I am not in a humour to think overweeningly of these matters - my mind is forever wandering to other subjects - the Reform Bill , and its early-omened fate, - foreign news of anything but quiet in Paris or the French provinces - all, all that would have interested me so deeply, is brushed off from my mind as easily as dust from dust from polished steel - I am sick of the whole world - and the sight of my will made will give me more pleasure than anything else’ - ask to hear from her on Sunday to wait till or Monday if she had any chance of hearing from her sister - ‘Sometimes I fancy this scheme interests me - then I care not for it one straw’ - shall get out of York as fast as I can - must settle matters here as soon as I can - ‘I believe my sister to be full of good intentions, but she has as little as ever the art of making me feel to benefit by them - I think I cannot remain here long - nous verrons - at all rates, I am tolerably indifferent about it, as about everything else - but the air of my own native hills has done me good, and, spite of fate, the shades of Shibden have still some charm for me - It is possible to be quiet here, and I prefer either absolute stillness, or the din and turmoil of strange sounds that never struck up my ear before. I fancy I shall be glad when my visits are over - perhaps they may interest me more than I expect...... I think I am not in a humour for writing - Present me to Mrs Ackers in whatever way will be acceptable. It is always nonsense to send regards to C-. Ever my dearest Mary, very especially and entirely yours. AL.’  - had dined and wrote the whole of this page so far, at 7 – at 7 ¼ sent off my letter to M- ‘Lawton hall Lawton Cheshire’ and to ‘Mrs. Norcliffe, Langton hall, Malton’ – walked on the terrace ¾ hour during which time Miss and Mr. Samuel Waterhouse of Wellhead called on horseback but were told I was not at home – they had doubtless seen me walking as they passed – sat talking in the little room till came to my room at at 10 5 – fine day – F57 ½° now at 10 20 p.m. -

[pessimistsarc-blog]

Episode 15: Chain Stores

When a frothy American congressman wanted to make a case against chain stores, he reached for the greatest comparison of evil he could think of: “Let’s keep Hitler’s methods of government and business in Europe,” he said. And that pretty well sums up the attitude towards chain stores in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Today, we have a complex but largely peaceful relationship with these stores. We may blame them for closing down local mom-and-pop shops, but we largely use them without complaint, and sometimes even love them. But when chain stores were new, the reaction against them was fierce. Chain stores were accused of destroying democracy and freedom, of corrupting young people, and of being evil, evil, evil. (Just wait: The word gets used a lot.) States even tried to ban them. In this episode of Pessimists Archive, we investigate why chain stores were so steeply resisted—a fight that may just change the way you think about business.

Big Is Beautiful: Debunking the Myth of Small Business by By Robert D. Atkinson and Michael Lind

The Curse of Bigness by Tim Wu

The Land of Enterprise: A Business History of the United States by Benjamin C. Waterhouse

Cornering the Market: Independent Grocers and Innovation in American Small Business by Susan V. Spellman

Building a Housewife’s Paradise: Gender Politics, and the American Grocery Stores in the Twentieth Century by Tracey Deutsch

The anti-chain store movement and the politics of consumption, by Daniel Scroop

Store Wars: The Enactment and Repeal of Anti-Chain-Store Legislation in America, by Paul Ingram and Hayagreeva Rao

The Midland Druggist and Pharmaceutical Review, 1914 

New York Times, 12/4/1920: “Bread and Butter Drop”

New York Times, 12/19/1920: “What A Salesman Told A Druggist”

Flash Forward, a great podcast about the future

Thanks to our sponsor, Element AI, and its podcast AI Element.

And finally, check out listener Danny Nielsen’s song, “Bringin’ This World Down,” which we played at the end of the credits.

[notinthenews]

Why More Veterans are Running for Political Office

Why More Veterans are Running for Political Office

1. Here’s why more veterans are running for political office. By Rye Barcott and Jake Wood in Time 2. Are small businesses really the secret ingredient to economic growth? By Benjamin C. Waterhouse in Aeon 3. This algorithm could help rein in fake news. By Tina Nazerian in EdSurge 4. Should doctors start ordering exercise along with other depression treatment? By Michigan State University 5. This…

[theneteconomy]

The small business myth

The small business myth

BOOK REVIEW

Lobbying America: The Politics of Business from Nixon to NAFTA, Author: Benjamin C Waterhouse. The Land of Enterprise: A Business History of the United States, Author: Benjamin C Waterhouse.

By Benjamin C Waterhouse – Although love for small business may seem like a timeless feature of capitalism, the widespread belief that small entrepreneurs hold the keys to economic revival is…

[poetry-lair]

The tombs open

on Samhain night,

so that spirits

and creatures of the night

may wander in the darkness.

The Witches

celebrate

lighting the fires

for their rites,

and the ghosts of the deceased

look for what they have left behind.

Horrors and wonders

happen in darkness

on Samhain night.

“Death Speaks” (C): Josef Mandl

“The Magic Circle” (C): John William Waterhouse

“Frankenstein, Illustrations” (C): Bernie Wrightson

“Saul and the Witch of Endor” (C): Benjamin West

Poem (C): Me

[nofomoartworld]

Hyperallergic: The Rise of Paleoart, and the Artist’s Role in Our Visions of Dinosaurs

Charles R. Knight, “Laelaps” (1897), the predators may represent paleontologists Othniel C. Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope, whose intense competition defined early American paleontology (courtesy American Museum of Natural History)

Earlier this summer, I visited a quiet park in south London, where families pushed strollers around a small lake, and solitary people read books on benches in the sun. Nestled in the foliage by the water is a curious relic from the Crystal Palace Exhibition which gives the Crystal Palace Park its name: a herd of concrete dinosaurs, lazing with gaping jaws, and standing scaly and proud by the trees. The prehistoric creatures were made by artist Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins in the 1850s, and are recognized as the world’s first dinosaur sculptures. Yet they don’t look quite how we envision dinosaurs today; the Iguanodons appear like rotund iguanas, the Dicynodons like overgrown turtles, although contemporary knowledge suggests they never had shells.

Cover of Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past (courtesy Taschen)

While their accuracy may vary (and is closer than many give him credit for), Hawkins was working with the most cutting edge 19th-century knowledge on dinosaurs to create sculptures both scientific and compellingly artistic. Paleoart has rarely been considered as part of the visual movements of the 19th and 20th centuries. Nevertheless, as writer Zoë Lescaze explores in Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past, 1830-1980, out in September from Taschen, it has been vibrantly present, whether in the dynamic Art Nouveau mosaics by Heinrich Harder at the Berlin Aquarium (reconstructed in the 1980s by Hans Jochen Ihle following their destruction in WWII), or the foreboding postwar depictions of mammoths and early humanity by Czech artist Zdeněk Burian.

“I wanted to write this book precisely because paleoart is not a widely recognized genre, even though images of dinosaurs and their world are everywhere,” Lescaze told Hyperallergic. “It’s a fairly new branch of natural history illustration — the first painting of prehistoric reptiles only appeared in 1830 — and I’m interested in how artists and scientists collectively formed our current ideas of prehistory through these images.”

Heinrich Harder, reconstructed by Hans Jochen Ihle, “Pteranodon” (1982), the original was destroyed when explosives blasted the Berlin Aquarium in November 1943, destroying Harder’s mosaics on the facade. In 1982, the Aquarium reconstructed the mosaics, using photographs, tile fragments, and Harder’s original plans (courtesy TASCHEN)

Paleoart is a monstrous book in size, visuals, and design; take off its dust jacket, adorned with Alexei Petrovich Bystrow’s 1933 painting of an Inostrancevia with crimson Pareiasaurus flesh dripping from its teeth, and a scaly cover embedded with a dinosaur footprint is revealed. Tracking down this art was not easy and Lescaze had to delve into a diverse array of institutional and private archives, with some of the pieces published for the first time in the book. For instance, she describes in Paleoart how much of Burian’s “finest works languish out of sight, locked in museum storage” in the Czech Republic. Similarly, Hawkins’s London dinosaurs were abandoned for decades after the Crystal Palace burned in 1936, only later saved from the overgrowth and restored.

“Because fresh fossil discoveries tend to render older works of paleoart scientifically obsolete, many outdated images are neglected, lost, or destroyed,” Lescaze explained. “Some pieces in this book are still on public display, but finding the others involved visiting natural history museums, libraries, archives, universities, and private collections around the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, and Russia.”

Philip Henry Delamotte, “Model-Room at the Crystal Palace” (1853), showing concrete dinosaurs being built in a workshop on the grounds of the Crystal Palace, London (courtesy TASCHEN)

Paleoart is arranged chronologically, and flipping through its pages, some which fold out into panoramas of idyllic tableaux of the “Age of Reptiles” or bloody battles of dinosaur chaos, you can see how our idea of what a dinosaur looks like evolved. In one delightfully anachronistic mash-up from 1889, dinosaurs and mammoths mingle together, with one wooly mammoth grabbing a unicorn with its trunk. An incredibly detailed 1984 terracotta installation by Alexander Mikhailovich Belashov at the Moscow Paleontological Museum shows more familiarly lithe and reptilian dinosaurs, but the whole scene of Earth evolution is crowned by the Virgin Mary and Jesus.

Ely Kish, “Tyrannosaurus and Edmontosaurus” (1976) (courtesy Eleanor Kish, © Canadian Museum of Nature)

Adolphe-François Pannemaker in the 19th century also added a biblical tone to his illustrations, with volcanoes bursting and lightning striking in one rather apocalyptic piece, while other artists in those early paleoart days favored the battling ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, their ocean confrontations referencing Victorian naval conflicts. Later in the 1970s to 1990s, Ely Kish painted the mass extinction of dinosaurs and extreme weather environments, her dramatic scenes echoing the contemporary anxiety about climate change and environmental catastrophe. And sometimes the double meanings of paleoart could only be glimpsed by those in the field. An 1897 painting by Charles R. Knight shows two Laelaps (Dryptosauruses) in a fight with claws and teeth bared. Some have interpreted it as a jab at paleontologists and specifically the vicious rivalry between Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope, two renowned figures who were not above dynamiting each other’s dig sites.

Dinosaur bones have long been a blank slate for projecting the artistic sensibilities, popular media, and anxieties of the day onto their forms. With each reconstruction of the past, a bit of the present is reflected. As Lescaze said, “Paleoart is interesting to me because I think it often reveals as much about modern humans as it does about dinosaurs.”

Alexei Petrovich Bystrow, “Inostrancevia, devouring a Pareiasaurus” (1933); both species regularly appeared in Soviet-era paleoart (courtesy Borrissiak Paleontological Institute RAS)

Pages from Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past (photo of the book for Hyperallergic)

Adolphe François Pannemaker, “The Primitive World” (1857), the image was the frontispiece for W. F. A. Zimmerman’s Le monde avant la création de l’homme (1857) (courtesy TASCHEN)

Pages from Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past (photo of the book for Hyperallergic)

Edouard Riou; engraved by Laurent Hotelin and Alexandre Hurel, “The Ichthyosaur and the Plesiosaur (Lias Period)” (1863); from the beginning, artists and scientists portrayed ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs as enemies. The reptiles, battling above the waves, became the most prevalent motif in 19th-century paleoart (courtesy TASCHEN)

Pages from Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past (photo of the book for Hyperallergic)

Zdenek Burian, “Mammoth (Elephas primigenius)” (1941) (courtesy TASCHEN)

Pages from Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past (photo of the book for Hyperallergic)

Konstantin Konstantinovich Flyorov, “Tarbosaurus and Armored Dinosaur” (1955), oil on canvas (courtesy Borrissiak Paleontological Institute RAS)

Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past, 1830-1980 was released September 11 by Taschen.

The post The Rise of Paleoart, and the Artist’s Role in Our Visions of Dinosaurs appeared first on Hyperallergic.

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[thegoldenyearsrp]

                                    10 de FEBRERO de 2017

♣ — RESERVAS :

OC Tyler Young ( 38 horas )

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ADMINISTRACIÓN.

[poetry-lair]

Si aprono le tombe

nella notte di Samhain,

così che gli spiriti

e le creature della notte

possano vagare nell’oscurità.

Le streghe

festeggiano

accendendo i fuochi

per i loro riti,

e gli spettri dei defunti

cercano ciò che hanno lasciato.

Orrori e meraviglie

accadono nelle tenebre

nella notte di Samhain.

“Death Speaks” (C): Josef Mandl

“The Magic Circle” (C): John William Waterhouse

“Frankenstein, Illustrations” (C): Bernie Wrightson

“Saul and the Witch of Endor” (C): Benjamin West

Poem (C): Me