#C. AD 46-47

[blueiscoool]

Roman Coin - Gold Aureus of Claudius C. AD 46-47

Obverse: hportrait of Claudius. Reverse: the wreath awarded to the emperors as 'father of his country' by the Senate and People of Rome.

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Drusus and Antonia Minor at Lugdunum in Roman Gaul, where his father was stationed as a military legate. He was the first Roman emperor to be born outside Italy. Nonetheless, Claudius was an Italian of Sabine origins.

[lenaariewrld]

1 2 3 . . . ON THE AIR !!

genshin impact smau ft. childe x fem!reader

| SYNOPSIS;; Teyvat University’s popular radio personality, Y/n L/n, has only one gripe with her life. Her classmate, neighbour, and all-around nuisance in her life, Tartaglia. Their rivalry extends just past academics and, to her horror, into her work. He becomes the music director and co-host for her radio show, working alongside her most nights and forcing himself even deeper into her life. But is he really trying to just be friends, or is there an ulterior motive to his actions?

GENRE ;; modern!au, college! au, crack, angst, hurt/comfort, enemies to fwb to lovers, ‘it was all a bet’ trope.

WARNINGS;; lots of swearing, sexual innuendos, incorrect information about being a radio host / radio work in general, childe goes by tartaglia and ajax, alcohol use, drug use, smoking, violence jokes (potentially a few kys jokes but nothing too graphic), bad humour, potential smut (will be marked minors DNI), childe and y/n call each other names A LOT in this, timestamps and dates dont matter, pictures used for y/n or any characters Do Not represent you and are meant to show outfits or vibes of a picture ONLY, unedited writing, written chapters will be marked with a (w), more tba as necessary.

| STATUS;; updates frequently, but inconsistent. | TAGLIST;; open ! pls reply to this post or send in an ask to be added !

CAST !!

y/n and friends | childe and co | misc / extra profiles

. . . extra;; tba

playlist!!

TABLE of CONTENTS !!

PROLOGUE.

C.01— the bet.

C.02— this is agony

C.03— ur hopeless

C.04— worst thing

C.05— the concert thing (w)

C.06— gee thanks princess

C.07— insufferable

C.08— not being a dickhead

C.09— we're going to a party

C.10— after this (w)

C.11— goodies

C.12— late nights

C.13— make his pockets hurt

C.14— formal dinners (w)

C.15— serial sniffer

C.16— are you mad at me (w)*

C.17— powers out

C.18— distraction

C.19— host your own concert

C.20— vip invites

C.21— digging a grave (w)

C.22— just a friend???

C.23— the bet, remember

C.24— c u tonight (w)

C.25— awkward..

C.26— the right choice

C.27— lovesick puppy (w)

C.28— reevaluate

C.29— postponed

C.30— settled in

C.31— people who actually love her

C.32— tradition

C.33— make good choices (w)

C.34— that's stupid

C.35— hopefully (w)

C.36— are u back?

C.37— get a check

C.38— new song

C.39— hostages

C.40— because we do

C.41— congratulations

C.42— what about you?

C.43— beach day

C.44— only if you mean it

C.45— the outcome???

C.46— picturesque summer much?

C.47— roster

C.48— liar exposed

C.49—

C.50—

EPILOGUE—

...

[dramasetter]

Quindi ora 75 coltellate si possono definire "inesperienza".

Ma se ne andassero tutti a fanculo. Tutti.

Vorrei dirvi di prendervi un po' di tempo e contare fino a 75. Non dovete fare altro, solo contare fino a 75. Pensando però che ogni numero è una coltellata, sentendo il gelo che cresce ad ogni numero. Basta contare per rendersi conto di quanto sia agghiacciante la situazione.

Non una, non due, nemmeno tre.

S E T T A N T A C I N Q U E.

Se non fosse ancora chiaro:

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E 76, quella che arriva da questa sentenza.

[snowbriar]

Cut list of ROTTMNT Season 2 episodes

-previously, all of season 2 except for The Key and the Final Battle

*21. wedding smashers - RM

*22. Warren Stone 2.0 - ADMLR

*23. t-hex - M

24 psyched out - ?

*25. shred dead redemption - RD + (FC)

*26. the island of Dr noe - L + (R)

*27.+28. battle nexus NYC DMLR + (BmBdSCA)

*29. toddler mutant ninja turtles - M + (R)

*30. dog dale afternoon - AD

31. Bee story - ?

*32. goyles just wanna have fun - Bd + (?)

*33. rampagin raph - RLM + (B)

33. hot thrash - ?

*35. gourd almighty - D + (RLM)

36. a spider web widens - ?

37. hidden city heroes - ?

*38. gone goat - DRLMD

*39.+40. The Key SRKSh + (LDM)

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

*51.+52. Finale -RLMDSSh

KEY:

* indicates an episode we have a confirmed summary, script or cut storyboards.

Number indicates chronological order of episodes. Note: episodes remain ten-eleven minutes each.

- indicates which character the episode was going to focus on.

A character/s initial within a () parentheses indicates an important but non-focus character

A=April, R=Raph, L=Leo, M=Mikey, D=Donnie

S=Splinter, Sh=Shredder, C=Cassandra, K=Karai

Bd=Baron Draxum, Bm=Big Mama, F=Foot Clan

Note: only major villain names appearing in the episode(s) are included in this list.

(All info is sourced from the wiki btw, except for 'which character the episode focuses on' that's my interpretation)

[leon-stupid-kennedy]

Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles ➣Twitter Marketing Campaign ➣ Leon Kennedy & Jack Krauser

One of the many amazing things about DSC was the twitter marketing Capcom did, which was 4 accounts that tweeted about the game from the perspectives of characters. Naturally my Darkside Chronicles lore quest does involve copy/pasting the tweets, in a way that is much easier to digest than just going to each individual twitter account. I'm formatting them in chronological order, with tweets from multiple characters together. This post is the Operation Javier focused tweets from the @Leon_Darkside and @Jack_Darkside accounts.

@Leon_Darkside

Sharing my adventure with you.

9:15 PM · Jul 18, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

I'll never get used to traveling on these damn C-130s. A cot made of Ammo crates makes for a terrible nights sleep.

5:43 PM · Aug 7, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Still anxious about the mission. Even after all I've seen. Maybe because I have an idea of what's in store for us.

12:47 PM · Aug 8, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

When I say "us" I'm talking about my new partner and I. That's all I can say at this point.

1:00 PM · Aug 9, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

We're getting ready to land at yet another undisclosed location.

12:46 PM · Aug 10, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Things seem different, or maybe it's just me who's no longer the boy I once was.

11:42 AM · Aug 11, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

I wish the world looked like it did to me in 1998, before Raccoon City. Before I knew who I'd had to become to survive.

12:38 PM · Aug 12, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

I remember my first day...

7:46 PM · Aug 13, 2009

[At this point the Leon account began tweeting as Leon in Raccoon City, alongside the Claire account. I have chosen to limit this post to the OJ tweets, you can read the RE2 tweets here.]

@Leon_Darkside

..."

5:38 PM · Sep 4, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

It seems like these threats always surface in places forgotten and overlooked.

5:40 PM · Sep 4, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Why must something horrid like this happen before we pay attention to these people?

5:43 PM · Sep 4, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

But now I'm here, ready to face the same fears as I faced that first night in Raccoon City almost five years ago.

11:25 AM · Sep 5, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

I'm not alone, I have the best partner I could have wished for. And I know what to expect.

4:58 PM · Sep 5, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

I should never have let Claire go to find Chris on her own after Raccoon City. But I did.

4:59 PM · Sep 5, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

She ended up imprisoned on some island in the South Seas. Alone. Until she met Steve Burnside.

12:38 PM · Sep 6, 2009

[At this point the Steve Burnside account began tweeting and the Claire account continued as well, while the Leon account only retweeted the Steve account without adding anything. So I'm not including them, you can read the Claire and Steve tweets here.]

@Jack_Darkside

Yet another jungle. Yet another operation.

7:41 PM · Oct 27, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Something about B.O.W.’s (Bio-Organic Weapons). Supposed to be worse than anything I’ve faced before. Hmph, I seriously doubt that.

7:42 PM · Oct 27, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

…That was then. This is now.

7:43 PM · Oct 27, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

It was just a matter of time before the threat returned.

7:43 PM · Oct 27, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

But this time we know what to expect.

7:43 PM · Oct 27, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Because this time I’m bringing a new partner.

7:44 PM · Oct 27, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Doesn’t look like much, but he’s some sorta expert. Hmm…

7:52 PM · Oct 27, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

An experienced Special Forces operative named Jack Krauser.

3:08 PM · Oct 28, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

He’s a good guy. A bit rough on the outside. But trustworthy.

3:09 PM · Oct 28, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Leon is his name. Leon S. Kennedy.

3:15 PM · Oct 28, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

He seems a bit cocky.

3:16 PM · Oct 28, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

As long as he keeps his head down and doesn’t do anything stupid, we’ll get along just fine.

5:09 PM · Oct 28, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

I’m sure this is the beginning of a great partnership.

5:10 PM · Oct 28, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

There is no one I’d rather have by my side than this guy.

2:13 PM · Oct 30, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

It’s so damn hot there. Why can’t we have a mission somewhere tempered?

1:22 PM · Nov 2, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

South America. On the hunt for an ex-drug lord named Javier Hidalgo.

1:23 PM · Nov 2, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

They sent us here, chasing some guy named Javier Hidalgo. A bad man with even worse connections.

1:24 PM · Nov 2, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

He contacted someone in the Umbrella Corp. who subsequently disappeared. I don’t know if we’re looking for him too or what?

1:25 PM · Nov 2, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

So here we are… in South America.

1:25 PM · Nov 2, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

He’s contacted a researcher at Umbrella. And the researcher has disappeared.

5:08 PM · Nov 2, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

We don’t know what he’s up to, but we’re here to find out. We can’t risk another Raccoon City.

5:09 PM · Nov 2, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Not too well armed. But we should be all right.

5:08 PM · Nov 2, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

We just entered the village where we’re hooking up with our guide. Smells funny and it’s quiet like a battlefield the day after the carnage.

6:21 PM · Nov 3, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

We just entered the village where we’re hooking up with our guide. Smells funny and it’s quiet like a battlefield the day after the carnage.

6:21 PM · Nov 3, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Young girls have disappeared from the area. Not sure what the connection is but it seems like it’s related.

6:22 PM · Nov 3, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Entering the village to meet up with our guide.

6:23 PM · Nov 3, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

We have to locate our guide. He’ll get us to Hidalgo’s compound.

1:50 PM · Nov 4, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

It seems deserted. Not even a stray dog around.

1:51 PM · Nov 4, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Already it seems apparent that something is terribly wrong here. It’s quiet. Like a graveyard.

4:36 PM · Nov 4, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

No one in sight.

2:16 PM · Nov 5, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

We’ll move forward. Finger on the trigger.

2:17 PM · Nov 5, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Someone is moving about.

7:06 PM · Nov 5, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

We saw a guy stumbling around town. He looked sick.

7:08 PM · Nov 5, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Going to try and talk to him, he must know something about what’s going on here and where to find our guide.

7:08 PM · Nov 5, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

I’m gonna approach him and ask what the hell is going on here.

3:00 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

The guy is infected. I don’t know which virus. T? Something else? Anyway, he’s no longer a threat.

3:02 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

We had to neutralize him.

3:02 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Damn!!! He tried to bite and claw me. Took four bullets in the chest and was still standing. Leon blew his head o [note: this was not a copy/paste error, the tweet does end after just "o"]

3:05 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

I gotta admit, that was a pretty good shot.

3:23 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Dude’s done clawing now.

3:24 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

I wonder if this is the B.O.W. everyone’s so scared of. Nothing I can’t handle.

6:22 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

One minute you assume a person to be human, the next you are ridding the world of infection by shooting him.

6:23 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Making our way deeper into the village, we see posters of missing girls all over the walls and fences.

6:53 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

I hear some sounds coming from one of the houses.

6:53 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Still, I’m gonna continue with a bit of caution.

6:54 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Leon seems a little jumpy.

6:54 PM · Nov 9, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

More “people” attacking us. More “people” getting shot.

5:19 PM · Nov 10, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

They are eating his face… Here we go again.

5:22 PM · Nov 10, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

They went down in a hail of bullets. But more are coming...

5:22 PM · Nov 10, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

What the…? Where’re these damn creatures coming from? Nasty bloodshot eyes, exposed bleeding gums. Haven’t [note: tweet does end that suddenly]

5:30 PM · Nov 10, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

They are coming from everywhere; we’ve got to get to safety.

7:28 PM · Nov 10, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Krauser (@jack_darkside) is taking it in stride. Seems remarkably unaffected by the horror.

7:30 PM · Nov 10, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

The zombies, the relentless attacks, the killing. No reaction.

3:33 PM · Nov 11, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

There are a lot coming at us. I hope they let up or we’re gonna run out of ammo.

3:34 PM · Nov 11, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

If we run out, so be it. My knives have dealt with graver dangers before.

3:34 PM · Nov 11, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

We found our guide, near death. But his last words were about a girl who had escaped Javier’s mansion.

7:16 PM · Nov 12, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Our guide… we found him. He’s seen better days. Now what? He said something about a girl before he died.

7:16 PM · Nov 12, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

We need to get to a safer location. We can’t just stand here and take wave after wave of these assaults.

7:17 PM · Nov 12, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

He tried to help the girl. But… seems like he failed.

12:38 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

At least he’s at peace now. Now... how should we proceed from here?

12:38 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Guide is dead. One less person whose safety I need to worry about.

12:40 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Didn’t get much info out of him. Now what?

12:40 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

We have to find a place to barricade and ride out the worst of the storm.

7:14 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

The town is on a riverbank and partially built on water. There’s something in that water.

7:14 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

We’re not retreating. Simply advancing in a different direction.

7:15 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Gotta get out of this house. I can see hordes coming closer through the cracks in the wall.

7:15 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

We have to get to a safer position. I just hope these old walkways hold up, I don’t want to fall into that water.

7:59 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

We’re barricaded. But poorly. We gotta keep going.

8:00 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

We’re running from danger. And I hate running from danger. Danger runs from me!

8:01 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

We made it to a church, should be safer in here.

8:17 PM · Nov 16, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Some shoddy old church seems to be the most solid structure around.

5:57 PM · Nov 17, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

I hear friggin’ singing. Who the hell would be singing at a time like this?

5:57 PM · Nov 17, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Singing…? Here? A Beautiful voice, calming, innocent.

5:58 PM · Nov 17, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

The girl… don’t know her name, but man…

5:58 PM · Nov 17, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

I’m looking at the most beautiful young girl, singing with an almost angelic voice, for some disgusting monster

6:00 PM · Nov 17, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Some little scared girl. A fragile looking flower.

6:01 PM · Nov 17, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Bizarre, to say the least, to watch this delicate girl calming a monster with her voice. If I had that ability, my life would be easier.

12:34 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

The girl has collapsed and the monster has turned its attention to us. Damn it’s big, and pretty much unaffected by our bullets... Great!

12:35 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Looks like we really pissed it off.

12:35 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Look at Leon… My guess is his heart is going to get the better of him and we’ll have to drag the girl around.

12:36 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

She’s singing to a creature… the creature is just listening.

12:36 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Maybe I can sneak up on it and plant my knife in its skull?

12:37 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

So much for that plan, she stopped singing and the creature is approaching us. It’s not looking real happy.

12:37 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Die, beast, die!!!!

12:37 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

We can stand our ground but it’s a bit sketchy to be out in the open like this.

12:42 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Hell, it knocked over the church tower by itself. But now it seems to be retreating...

12:43 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

In its rage it knocked over part of the church. I think it might have been injured by the collapse.

12:43 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

Maybe not, but it’s retreating nonetheless. And we’re still alive.

12:43 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

I have to log off. It’s too dangerous here and I have to stay sharp.

2:19 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Leon_Darkside

The story continues… Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles available now.

2:19 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

I guess I’m gonna have to finish it off later

2:20 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

Enough of these updates. I’ve got a job to do.

2:20 PM · Nov 18, 2009

@Jack_Darkside

The story continues… Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles available now.

2:20 PM · Nov 18, 2009

[find-my-purpose]

The Basics of Skin Care

A 100 skincare tips for beginners:

Cleansing:

1. Cleanse your face twice a day.

2. Use a gentle, sulfate-free cleanser.

3. Avoid hot water, as it can strip natural oils.

4. Use a cleansing brush or washcloth for gentle exfoliation.

5. Remove makeup before bedtime.

6. Double cleanse if you wear heavy makeup.

7. Don't over-cleanse; it can lead to dryness.

Exfoliation:

8. Exfoliate 1-3 times a week, based on your skin type.

9. Choose chemical exfoliants like AHAs or BHAs.

10. Be gentle when physically exfoliating.

11. Avoid over-exfoliation to prevent irritation.

Moisturizing:

12. Use a moisturizer suitable for your skin type.

13. Apply moisturizer while your skin is slightly damp.

14. Don't forget your neck and chest.

15. Consider using a humidifier in dry climates.

Sun Protection:

16. Always wear sunscreen, even on cloudy days.

17. Use a broad-spectrum SPF of at least 30.

18. Reapply sunscreen every 2 hours.

19. Wear protective clothing and sunglasses.

20. Avoid tanning beds and excessive sun exposure.

Anti-Aging:

21. Use products with antioxidants like vitamin C.

22. Apply retinol at night for anti-aging benefits.

23. Consider peptides for collagen support.

24. Stay hydrated to maintain skin elasticity.

25. Get enough sleep for skin repair.

Hydration:

26. Drink plenty of water for overall skin health.

27. Use a hydrating serum or hyaluronic acid.

28. Avoid hot showers that can dry out your skin.

29. Limit alcohol and caffeine intake.

Acne Management:

30. Use salicylic acid for acne-prone skin.

31. Don't pop pimples; it can lead to scarring.

32. Change pillow cases regularly.

33. Maintain a balanced diet to reduce breakouts.

34. Consult a dermatologist for severe acne.

Skincare Routine:

35. Develop a consistent skincare routine.

36. Patch test new products.

37. Customize your routine based on your skin's needs.

38. Consider professional facials occasionally.

Makeup:

39. Clean makeup brushes and sponges regularly.

40. Avoid sharing makeup to prevent infections.

41. Choose non-comedogenic makeup products.

42. Remove makeup before going to bed.

Eye Care:

43. Use an eye cream to address under-eye concerns.

44. Be gentle when applying and removing eye makeup.

45. Get enough sleep to reduce under-eye puffiness.

Lifestyle:

46. Manage stress to prevent skin issues.

47. Get regular exercise for better blood flow.

48. Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke.

49. Limit alcohol consumption.

50. Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Special Treatments:

51. Use a face mask 1-2 times a week.

52. Try sheet masks for extra hydration.

53. Consider facial oils for added moisture.

54. Use a lip balm to prevent chapped lips.

Skin Conditions:

55. Consult a dermatologist for skin conditions.

56. Use products with soothing ingredients for sensitive skin.

57. Eczema-prone skin should avoid harsh products.

58. Rosacea-prone skin should use gentle, non-irritating products.

59. Psoriasis-prone skin may benefit from salicylic acid.

DIY Skincare:

60. Be cautious with DIY treatments; research first.

61. Natural ingredients like honey and aloe can be beneficial.

62. Avoid DIY recipes with harsh or abrasive ingredients.

63. Test DIY masks on a small area first.

Sleep:

64. Get 7-9 hours of sleep for skin regeneration.

65. Sleep on a silk or satin pillowcase to reduce friction.

Hands and Feet:

66. Moisturize hands and feet, especially in winter.

67. Use sunscreen on your hands to prevent age spots.

Body Skin Care:

68. Don't forget to moisturize your body.

69. Exfoliate your body regularly.

70. Take short, lukewarm showers to prevent dry skin.

Shaving:

71. Shave in the direction of hair growth.

72. Use a sharp, clean razor.

73. Apply a moisturizing shaving cream.

Hair Care:

74. Use a gentle shampoo and conditioner.

75. Avoid hot water when washing your hair.

76. Protect your hair from UV damage.

Hormonal Changes:

77. Adjust your skincare routine during hormonal changes.

78. Birth control can affect skin; consult a dermatologist.

79. Manage menopausal skin changes with skincare.

Allergies:

80. Be aware of allergens in skin care products.

81. Perform a patch test for new products.

82. Hypoallergenic products can be a safe choice.

Tattoo Care:

83. Follow aftercare instructions for tattoos.

84. Use a mild, fragrance-free lotion.

85. Avoid direct sunlight on a healing tattoo.

Skin Care Tools:

86. Cleanse skincare tools regularly.

87. Replace loofahs and brushes when they wear out.

Consult a Professional:

88. If you're unsure about a product, ask a dermatologist.

89. Consider professional treatments for specific concerns.

Inflammation:

90. Use products with anti-inflammatory ingredients.

91. Manage skin redness with calming products.

Massage:

92. Gently massage your face for better circulation.

93. Use upward motions to prevent sagging.

Eyes and Lips:

94. Use SPF lip balm to protect your lips.

95. Choose an eye cream with ingredients like caffeine.

Preventive Care:

96. Start a skincare routine early for preventive care.

97. Be patient; skincare results take time.

98. Embrace your natural beauty.

99. Avoid comparing your skin to others'.

100. Remember that skincare is individual; what works for one person may not work for another.

These tips can help you maintain healthy and radiant skin. However, always consult a dermatologist for personalized advice based on your skin's unique needs.

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

TODAY'S FROZEN MOMENT - Today marks the 65th Anniversary of this phenomenal photo - August 12th, 1958 - this now-famous photo was taken… later to be given the title "A Great Day in Harlem" when it was published in Esquire magazine. Art Kane, an art director for the magazine, was finally allowed to do a photo assignment... A jazz lover, Kane said he wanted to assemble the best in jazz for a shot, at 10 in the morning... Most people laughed at him...but...somehow he pulled this off; they showed up...as requested, to 17 East 126th Street...astonishing really... Subsequently, a documentary about the photo added to the magic... as did the allowance of the neighbors, the kids in the front and the folks in the windows… just so special… See below for a list of who's who... of the 57 musicians here, only 2 remain: Sonny Rollins and Benny Golson... but the shot, like all of the music, is eternal…

[01 – Hilton Jefferson, 02 – Benny Golson, 03 – Art Farmer, 04 – Wilbur Ware, 05 – Art Blakey, 06 – Chubby Jackson, 07 – Johnny Griffin, 08 – Dickie Wells, 09 – Buck Clayton, 10 – Taft Jordan, 11 – Zutty Singleton, 12 – Red Allen, 13 – Tyree Glenn, 14 – Miff Molo, 15 – Sonny Greer, 16 – Jay C. Higginbotham, 17 – Jimmy Jones, 18 – Charles Mingus, 19 – Jo Jones, 20 – Gene Krupa, 21 – Max Kaminsky, 22 – George Wettling, 23 – Bud Freeman, 24 – Pee Wee Russell, 25 – Ernie Wilkins, 26 – Buster Bailey, 27 – Osie Johnson, 28 – Gigi Gryce, 29 – Hank Jones, 30 – Eddie Locke, 31 – Horace Silver, 32 – Luckey Roberts, 33 – Maxine Sullivan, 34 – Jimmy Rushing, 35 – Joe Thomas, 36 – Scoville Browne, 37 – Stuff Smith, 38 – Bill Crump, 39 – Coleman Hawkins, 40 – Rudy Powell, 41 – Oscar Pettiford, 42 – Sahib Shihab, 43 – Marian McPartland, 44 – Sonny Rollins, 45 – Lawrence Brown, 46 – Mary Lou Williams, 47 – Emmett Berry, 48 – Thelonius Monk, 49 – Vic Dickenson, 50 – Milt Hinton, 51 – Lester Young, 52 – Rex Stewart, 53 – J.C. Heard, 54 – Gerry Mulligan, 55 – Roy Eldridge, 56 – Dizzy Gillespie, 57 – Count Basie.]

[Mary Elaine LeBey]

[bifeappliedmusictheoryfm]

Applied Music Theory: Track Analysis

'Yes' by McAlmont and Butler

Background

In this blog post I will be doing a full track analysis of 'Yes', the 1995 lead single from British duo McAlmont & Butler, compromising singer-songwriter David McAlmont and guitarist, songwriter and producer Bernard Butler. It was produced by Butler and Mike Hedges.

The song is a euphoric anthem, written as a counter reaction to both musicians' acrimonious departures from their previous bands. Butler said "I was a miserable, angsty young man, with a point to prove, carrying an axe (guitar) around (…) I wanted to make the most joyous, happy record. Something that just exploded."

Released during the height of 'Britpop', the song replicates Phil Spector's dense 'Wall of Sound' production style. Blending elements of 60s pop, rock and soul, the song was influenced by the lush orchestration of Scott Walker and Dusty Springfield, and the vocal style of Marvin Gaye.

Adding to the song's nostalgic homage, it was recorded in Hedges' home studio in Normandy on a renovated EMI TG12345 mixing console, which Hedges bought directly from Abbey Road Studios. The console was used on albums such as Abbey Road by The Beatles, All Things Must Pass by George Harrison and Dark Side of the Moon by Pink Floyd.

Structure

Time signature: 4/4​

BPM (Beats Per Minute): 110​

Key Signatures: G major, B flat major and C major

Instruments: Vocals, Backing vocals, Guitar, Bass, Drums, Violin, Viola and Recorder credited as "things"

Song structure: 

- Intro (14 bars) / Verse 1a (8 bars) / Verse 1b (8 bars) / Chorus 1 (8 bars) ​

- Verse 2a (8 bars) / Verse 2b (8 bars) / Chorus 2 (22 bars)​

- Middle Eighth (8 bars) / Outro (46 bars)

Analysis

Introduction: Bar 1 to 14

The song begins with Butler holding and bending a G on a distorted guitar with a count in by the drummer. The drummer starts hitting the kick, snare, hi-hats and crash hard, with a heavily reverberated tambourine hit on the 4th beat of every second bar, backing the snare. This immediately sets the tone for what is to come.

The drums were recorded in the wine cellar of the studio which had a big natural reverb sound enhanced by the reflections from the wine bottles. Butler instructed drummer Makoto Sakamoto to play hard and loud to get the full sound of the room.

The full band of guitar, bass and drums come in on bar 7 playing a I - IV chord pattern of G - C/G. The bass is used as a pedal point, staying on the root note of G, while the string section plays a descending line within the G major scale of G, F#, E, D, B, C.

Verse 1a: Bar 15 to 22

McAlmont comes in singing in a soft falsetto with the band staying on G - C/G, playing softer and more compact for the verse. The song differentiates it's sections by using the classic formula of "LOUD-quiet-LOUD" where loud powerful choruses are enhanced by quiet verses.

The strings come back in before the first modulation of the song to B flat major.

Verse 1b: Bar 23 to 30

The song is given a lift by modulating to B flat major around the pivot chord of Eb, the IV chord of Bb. It repeats it's I - IV chord pattern of Bb - Eb/Bb with the first staying in the bass.

Butler plays arpeggiated guitar lines over the chords.

In bars 29 and 30 it builds on a IV - V pattern of Eb - F before returning to the I of Bb in the chorus.

Chord Sequence Structures

Below are 8 bar chord sequences for the Intro, Verse 1a and 1b:

Modulation

There are several key changes in 'Yes'. The modulation often happens around the IV chord, the pivot chord, of the next key. 

The song begins in the key of G major, modulating to B flat major in bar 22 around the pivot chord of Eb, the fourth chord of Bb.

The song remains in B flat for the chorus, modulating back to G major for verse 2a in bar 39. The modulation to B flat is repeated for verse 2b in bar 47, chorus 2, and the middle eighth before changing again.

A further modulation occurs in the song's outro to C major around F, the IV chord of C.

The key changes are a melodic reference to modulation often seen in the 60s soul of Motown, such as The Supremes' 'Baby Love'.

Chorus 1: Bar 31 to 38

We finally get the full impact of the song on the first line of the chorus, with McAlmont singing at the top of his range:

"Yes, I do feel better! Yes, I do. I feel alright!"

This has a call and response from the backing singers of:

"Better / I'm better now"

The drums are loud and crashing, the strings sore on a three note motif of Bb, A and G, over a chord pattern of the first and it's relative minor of Bb - Gm played by the guitar and bass.

The song uses chord changes again to build up to the next section rising through a IV - V before dropping on the iii of Dm and modulating back to G major.

Verse 2a and 2b: Bar 39 to 54

The chords of Verse 1a and 1b are repeated in Verse 2a and 2b. Butler, credited as playing "things", plays a simple line on the recorder while repeating the same arpeggiated guitar lines from Verse 1b in 2b.

The lyrical structure of 'Yes' features a rare occurrence of both verses repeating the same lyrics. McAlmont and Butler have said this was simply down to their impatience in wanting to record the song quickly, with McAlmont having only written one verse and Butler suggesting to repeat it.

I think this gives the song some balance and simplicity, allowing the song to build to its explosive chorus. It works well as a contrast to the lush production and constant melodic and harmonic changes.

Chorus 2: Bar 55 to 76

Chorus 2 is a doubling of the first chorus, with an extended section leading into the middle eighth of F - Fadd9. The ecstasy of the song is enhanced by the epic feel of its extended sections.

The intro, second chorus and outro all feature extended sections with repeating chords and loud crashing instruments.

I - IV Chord Pattern

Within each key of the song there is a recurring chord sequence back and forth of I – IV, with the root note of the first chord remaining in the bass over the fourth.

This is seen in the chord sequences of the:​

Intro, Verse 1a and Verse 2a (G – C/G)​

Verse 1b and Verse 2b (Bb – Eb/Bb) ​

Outro (C – F/C)

This is another musical nod to the 1960s, a chord pattern used extensively by Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones in songs such as 'Street Fighting Man.'

Middle Eighth: Bar 77 to 84

The middle eighth's 8 bars are used as a final build to an explosive outro. This is shown in the minor change back and forth between the F and Fadd9 chord, where a G is added to F major as a major 9th note. The guitar plays these chords with the bass staying on F.

There is no change to the drums playing kick, snare, hats and crash, still with the tambourine behind on the 4th hit of the snare every second bar.

The strings rise in correlation with the vocals preparing for the final modulation to C major.

Outro: Bar 85 to 130

The outro is the longest section of the song at 46 bars for nearly 2 minutes. All the instruments are playing at their maximum now, reminiscent of a full throttle jam session with everyone playing their hardest. This adds human qualities to the intended joy and euphoria of the song.

We get the full effect of the room reverb on the drums, as they sound further away but we can hear how hard the drummer is playing, adding more crash hits and fills on the toms.

There are tambourine hits and handclaps on every snare hit.

Butler plays a guitar solo in the blues scale on a distorted, feedback laden guitar, using his whammy bar extensively.

McAlmont and the backing singers repeat the refrain:

"I feel enough to tell you, what you can do with what you got."

The chords change in bar 93 from C - F/C to C7 - F/C, with the C remaining in the bass throughout. The interchanging between major chords and their major or minor seventh equivalent was commonly used by Phil Spector in songs such as 'Be My Baby' by The Ronettes.

The use of the seventh chord means the strings play an important role in adding some tension to the outro. In bars 85 to 92 they replicate the three note motif from the intro in the new key descending through C, B and G. The tension is added by the strings playing in mixolydian mode, adding a Bb. They repeat a melody of C, Bb, G and F which descends and ascends over the chords.

The instruments begin to drop out leaving McAlmont repeating the refrain, the drums playing along with handclaps, with the song ending on cheers, whistles and claps from the control room reinforcing the euphoria and joy of the song.

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[vintagelasvegas]

Club Bingo and Sahara Hotel & Casino

Club Bingo became the Sahara. Photos c. 1948 and 1952.

Club Bingo, predecessor of Sahara ('47-'52)

‘46: M.D. Close builds a restaurant on this site; sold a year later to Prewin Inc (Milton Prell, Al Winter).

‘47: Club Bingo opens 7/24/47. Prell, Winter & partners, owners. Wurdeman & Becket, architects. Signs by YESCO.

‘48: Bonanza Room opens in May, signs added.

‘49: New sign by YESCO and Aloysius McDonald.

‘52: Club Bingo closed in May. Club Bingo’s main building incorporated into the Sahara as the coffee shop. Casino items sold to the public in June.

Sahara Hotel & Casino ('52-)

'52: Sahara opened 10/7/52. Prell, Winter & partners, owners. Max Meltzman, architect. Built by Del Webb Corp. Approx. 240 rooms.

'55: 200-room, low-rise expansion on the south side of the resort.

'60: May, 14-story, 200-room Tunis Tower addition opened. (600 rm total.) M. Stern Jr, architect. Built by Del Webb Corp. Tunis tower said to be Nevada’s tallest building. The high rise was financed with a $600,000 loan from Bank of Las Vegas (Thomas & Mack), their first to a Las Vegas hotel-casino.

'60: Sep, 127-ft sign by YESCO added. The sign sets of a competition for the tallest sign on the strip that lasts through the decade.

'61: Sahara, The Mint, and Lucky Strike Club sold to Del Webb Corp, under new subsidiary, Sahara-Nevada Corp. First public company to own casinos.

'62: New main lobby, casino expansion, House of Lords steakhouse addition.

'63: 24-floor Alexandria Tower addition. M. Stern Jr, architect. Don the Beachcomber addition.

'64: Prell resigns from Sahara-Nevada Corp, replaced by Del Webb execs A. A. McCollum as president, and L. C. Jacobson on the board of directors.

'68: Convention Center addition.

'78: 26-floor Tangiers Tower addition. M. Stern Jr, architect.

'80: Second sign, by YESCO

'82: Sahara sold to Paul Lowden.

'88: Parking garage, “T” extension of Tangiers Tower.

'95: Sold to Gordon Gaming.

'96: Beginning of a renovation and rebuild project that lasted through 2000. Last of the ‘50s-era low rise rooms demolished in 3/96, replaced with new porte-cochere and parking garage; New sign with two camels with matching signage on the Paradise Rd entrance all by Jack M. Larsen Jr. & Mikhon Lighting and sign (‘97); Speedworld addition (‘97); Speed-The Ride roller coaster addition (2000).

2007: Sold to SBE Ent & Stockbridge.

2011: Sahara closed.

2014: Reopened as SLS Hotel. Tunis, Alexandria, and Tangiers towers renamed Sam, Society, and Citizen. Society tower becomes W Hotel 2017-2018.

2018: Sold to Meruelo Group.

2019: renamed Sahara.

Photos of Club Bingo / Photos of Sahara

Club Bingo & Sahara photos both likely by Las Vegas News Bureau. ‘41 and ‘51 Cadillac in the Sahara photo. First Sahara photo from the Manis Collection, UNLV Special Collections. Photo below is a scan from a commercial 35mm slide, Vintage Las Vegas collection.

Sources include: Becket Architectural Drawings and Photographs, Getty Research Institute; Close Property on Highway 91 Sold for Club. Review-Journal, 5/2/47 p3; Strip Values. Review-Journal, 8/9/55 p3; Modern Room Design. Review-Journal, 5/26/60; Skybound at Sahara. Review-Journal, 9/15/60; Associated Press. Sahara’s Merger Plan Gains Okay. Review-Journal, 7/19/61; Jude Wanniski. Yanks Boss Vetoes Vegas Named Tie-In. Review-Journal, 7/21/61; Honor New Sahara President. Review-Journal, 2/8/64; Prell Retires. Review-Journal, 9/18/64.

c. '52, Las Vegas News Bureau.

'55 – Aerial view showing the new wings on the south (right) side of the resort. Martin Stern Architectural Records (MS-00382), UNLV Special Collections & Archives.

[interestingsnippets]

"96% of C-suite leaders say they expect the use of AI tools to increase their company’s overall productivity levels. Already, 39% of companies in our study are mandating the use of AI tools, with an additional 46% encouraging their use.

However, this new technology has not yet fully delivered on this productivity promise: Nearly half (47%) of employees using AI say they have no idea how to achieve the productivity gains their employers expect, and 77% say these tools have actually decreased their productivity and added to their workload.... Less than a third of these leaders (26%) have AI training programs in place for their workforce and only 13% report a well-implemented AI strategy"

[nekonekochan]

Acts 2:38-47

New King James Version

38 Then Peter said to them, “Repent, and let every one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the [a]remission of sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. 39 For the promise is to you and to your children, and to all who are afar off, as many as the Lord our God will call.”

A Vital Church Grows

40 And with many other words he testified and exhorted them, saying, “Be saved from this [b]perverse generation.” 41 Then those who [c]gladly received his word were baptized; and that day about three thousand souls were added to them. 42 And they continued steadfastly in the apostles’ [d]doctrine and fellowship, in the breaking of bread, and in prayers. 43 Then fear came upon every soul, and many wonders and signs were done through the apostles. 44 Now all who believed were together, and had all things in common, 45 and [e]sold their possessions and goods, and divided[f] them among all, as anyone had need.

46 So continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, they ate their food with gladness and simplicity of heart, 47 praising God and having favor with all the people. And the Lord added [g]to the church daily those who were being saved.

[aki1975]

Marlon Brando interpreta Marco Antonio nel film “Giulio Cesare” del 1953.

L’ascesa di Scipione l’Africano rappresentò il primo caso in cui Roma visse la tendenza al cesarismo alla base delle successive contese. Contro alle tendenze conservatrici di Quinto Fabio Massimo e dei patrizi agrari, Scipione, leader di una fazione mercantile, riuscì a raccogliere i migliaia di volontari e gli importanti investimenti che furono necessari alla campagna di Zama.

L’ampliamento del dominio di Roma non solo all’Italia Centrale, ma alla Magna Grecia, all’Italia Settentrionale, alla Gallia Narborense, alla Spagna, all’Africa ed alla Grecia crea una disparità fra provincie, colonie a territori soggetti in modi diversi a Roma. Un’organizzazione basata sull’oligarchia cittadina rappresentata dal Senato non poteva essere sufficiente.

Inoltre l’estensione dei territori non coincise con una distribuzione equa delle terre: si creano latifondi in mano a patrizi ed equites e classi popolari che finirono per farsi assoldare da nuove leadership demagogiche: con Mario gli eserciti cominciano ad essere stipendiati dai comandanti anziché essere costituiti da cittadini.

Questa dialettica fra vecchia classe senatoria e nuove élite produsse gli scontri della fase finale della Repubblica:

- le riforme dei Gracchi, nipoti di Scipione l’Africano, volte a redistribuire il territorio in modo più equo e concluse con la morte di Tiberio Gracco (133 a. C.), di Caio Gracco (121 a. C.) e di Marco Druso (91 a. C.);

- la guerra civile fra Mario e Silla che terminò con la dittatura di quest’ultimo nel 82 a. C.;

- la congiura di Catilina (62 a. C.);

- il primo triumvirato (60 a. C.), patto privato fra Cesare, Pompeo e Crasso con cui i tre si accordano per spartirsi le cariche in cambio di vantaggi politici: Cesare fa approvare la distribuzione delle terre ai veterani di Pompeo ed ottiene in cambio di partire per le Gallie;

- l’inizio della campagna delle Gallie (58 a. C.) con cui Cesare mira a crearsi le clientele e la fedeltà delle legioni necessarie per l’avanzamento della carriera politica;

- la sconfitta a Carre e la morte di Crasso (53 a. C.) con cui si incrina il primo triumvirato;

- i disordini che a Roma videro fronteggiarsi le bande del cesariano Clodio e del pompeiano Milano con il conseguente assassinio di Clodio (52 a. C.)

- la seconda guerra civile fra Cesare e Pompeo terminata con la sconfitta di quest’ultimo a Farsalo (48 a. C.), con la vittoria di Cesare nella guerra di successione egiziana in cui conosce Cleopatra (47 a. C.), con il suicidio di Catone a Utica (46 a. C.) e con la sconfitta di Labieno e di Sesto Pompeo, figlio di Pompeo Magno a Munda (45 a. C.);

- le Idi di marzo del 44 a. C. in cui fu assassinato Cesare da parte di molti congiurati fra i quali Cassio e Bruto, figlio di Servilia (sorella di Catone l’Uticense) dopo alcuni provvedimenti di dubbia costituzionalità da parte dello stesso Cesare;

- il triumvirato fra Ottaviano, Antonio e il cesariano Lepido del 43 a. C. per sconfiggere i congiurati battuti a Filippi nel 42 a. C.;

- mentre Antonio ripudia Ottavia per Cleopatra, Ottaviano sposa Livia Drusilla, di famiglia anti-cesariana nel 38 a. C.;

- il terzo conflitto, fra Ottaviano ed Antonio, la cui resa dei conti ad Azio (31 a. C.), grazie alla vittoria di Agrippa, aprì la via al Principato di Augusto.

Lo sviluppo dell’economia schiavistica ebbe poi come contraltari:

- la necessità di sedare le rivolte servili: la più nota è quella del 70 a. C. guidata da Spartaco;

- la lotta alla corruzione: sempre del 70 a. C. sono le Verrine di Cicerone.

[gaetaniu]

L'Europa si prepara ad affrontare un luglio bollente

Questa immagine utilizza i dati dello strumento radiometrico della missione Copernicus Sentinel-3 e mostra la temperatura della superficie terrestre in Europa e in parte dell’Africa settentrionale nella mattina del 10 luglio 2023. La temperatura della superficie terrestre ha raggiunto i 46°C a Roma, in Italia, mentre Madrid e Siviglia hanno raggiunto rispettivamente i 46 e i 47°C. A causa della…

[martassimsbookcc]

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● Bar Stool: HLOD 1962 verts | 3069 faces / MLOD 668 verts | 837 faces >> Found under Misc comfort | 150§ >>> Recolorable - 1 channel ● Bar Stool Throw: HLOD 4433 verts | 6275 faces / MLOD 699 verts | 585 faces >> Found under Misc decor | 23§ >>> Recolorable - 1 channel ● Ceramic Bowl: HLOD 1151 verts | 2120 faces / MLOD 341 verts | 530 faces >> Found under Misc decor | 10§ >>> Recolorable - 1 channel + 4 presets >>>> Stackable ● Ceramic Jar A: HLOD 778 verts | 1300 faces / MLOD 281 verts | 398 faces >> Found under Misc decor | 15§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels + 4 presets ● Ceramic Jar B: HLOD 992 verts | 1716 faces / MLOD 343 verts | 491 faces >> Found under Misc decor | 15§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels + 4 presets ● Ceramic Jar C: HLOD 1829 verts | 3063 faces / MLOD 474 verts | 735 faces >> Found under Misc decor | 15§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels + 4 presets ● Ceramic Jar D: HLOD 11650 verts | 13402 faces / MOLD 2053 verts | 2627 faces >> Found under Misc decor | 15§ >>> Recolorable - 1 channel + 4 presets >>>> 1 slot for small objects ● Cutting Boards: HLOD 1690 verts | 2598 faces / MOLD 498 verts | 596 faces >> Found under Misc decor | 30§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels ● Ceramic Pendant Light: HLOD 1550 verts | 2476 faces / MLOD 820 verts | 1250 faces >> Found under Ceiling lights | 120§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels ● Kitchen Cabinet: HLOD 86 verts | 46 faces / MOLD 47 verts | 23 faces >> Found under Cabinets | 250§ >>> Recolorable - 1 channel ● Kitchen Cabinet End A/B: HLOD 81 verts | 51 faces / MLOD 51 verts | 25 faces >> Found under Cabinets | 250§ >>> Recolorable - 1 channel ● Kitchen Shelf: HLOD 24 verts | 12 faces / MLOD 15 verts | 7 faces >> Found under Cabinets | 75§ >>> Recolorable - 1 channel >>>> 9 slots for Small/Medium/Large objects >>>>> Can be moved up/down on wall ● Kitchen Counter: HLOD 550 verts | 432 faces / MLOD 229 verts | 123 faces >> Found under Counters | 300§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels ● Kitchen Counter End A/B: HLOD 472 verts | 398 faces / MLOD 275 verts | 199 faces >> Found under Counters | 150§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels >>>> 9 slots for S/M/L objects ● Kitchen Island Counter A: HLOD 324 verts | 200 faces / MLOD 202 verts | 100 faces >> Found under Counters | 235§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels ● Kitchen Island Counter B: HLOD 218 verts | 136 faces / MLOD 136 verts | 68 faces >> Found under Counters | 235§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels ● Kitchen Island Counter End A/B: HLOD 210 verts | 124 faces / MLOD 124 verts | 62 faces >> Found under Counters | 220§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels >>>> 18 slots for Small/Medium/Large objects ● Sink: HLOD 1901 verts | 2335 faces / MLOD 329 verts | 311 faces >> Found under Sinks | 370§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels ● Spatulas: HLOD 8002 verts | 14147 faces / MLOD 1465 verts | 2074 faces >> Found under Misc decor | 25§ >>> Recolorable - 2 channels ● Tile: >> Found under Build mode - Tiles | 19§ >>> Not recolorable - 3 presets

[whencyclopedia]

The Last Years of Julius Caesar’s Life in Five Coins

Written by Sebastian L. Harris

Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) is considered one of history’s greatest generals and statesmen, who famously defeated the Germanic king Vercingetorix during the Gallic Wars (58-50 BCE) and his former ally Pompey during the Civil War (49-45 BCE). However, he might also be described as one of the best self-promoters, as seen through his and the Caesarians’ coins. Coinage provides a wealth of knowledge on the history and motivations behind the individuals who minted or authorised them, so let us examine a sample of five coins from the final years of Julius Caesar’s life.

CIVIL WAR. After Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BCE (both literally and figuratively), his ally-turned-enemy and senatorial champion, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, fled from Brundisium to the East, leaving Rome and the Roman Senate exposed, both of which offered little opposition. While fighting Pompey over the next two years, he established a moving mint where he minted the first coinage to bear his name. The denarius (RRC 443/1) depicts symbols of the pontifex maximus (“chief high priest”) on the obverse, a position he used to emphasise his connection with the gods. The reverse represents the perpetua discordia between elephants and snakes, where a cornered snake (Caesar) will triumph over the larger elephant (Pompey). SPOILER: Caesar did win and was given his most prominent title as a result.

Silver Denarius of C. Julius Caesar (49 BCE) [RRC 443/1]

DICTATOR. Although declared dictator (traditional Republican magistrate) for eleven days in early 48 BCE, he was later named dictator for one year, then ten further years after successfully ending the Civil War that year. During his time as dictator (48-44 BCE), he changed the number of magistracies and reformed the state, minting a coin portraying himself as dictator for the first time, an aureus in 47 BCE (RRC 456/1). It depicts an axe, culullus (ritual vessel), jug and lituus (military trumpet), all symbols of the pontifex maximus, and the legend DICT ITER (“Dictator for the second time”). While he also held other positions (consul, augur, pontifex maximus) [RRC 467/1], he advertised his dictator position most frequently on coins (17 times). There is, however, a more peculiar title he gave himself.

Gold Aureus of C. Julius Caesar (47 BCE) [RRC 456/1]

MORALS. In 46 BCE, Julius Caesar established a new office that was very similar to the censors'. This office was known as prefect of the morals. He added this position so he could wield the censorial powers and not be constrained by limitations, using this prefecture to fill the Senate with his own faction and minimise opposition. Although minted by the moneyer Publius Sepullius Macer after Caesar’s death in 44 BCE (RRC 480/21), the denarius depicts the image of Caesar as moralistic. The coin features a tetrastyle temple with the legend CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS (“Caesar the Clement”) on the obverse, with a desultor (skilled horsemen who lept from one horse or chariot to another) and moneyer’s name on the reverse (a reference to Caesar’s Games at the Parilia). He does, however, go from being moral to being authoritarian in two years.

Silver Denarius of P. Sepullius Macer (44 BCE) [RRC 480/21]

PERPETUO. Dictator is a word with a negative connotation, as someone who has complete and absolute power, and we can trace this use back to when Julius Caesar was named dictator perpetuo (“dictator for life”) in 44 BCE. He chose every representative in Rome, strengthening his support, so it is no surprise most coins minted in 44 BCE are pro-Caesar, including a range of silver denarii with the DICT·PERPETVO legend by the same Macer above. This coin (RRC 480/10) depicts the wreathed head of Caesar, matched by Venus (holding Victory, sceptre and shield) on the reverse; Venus being the mythical ancestor of the Julii (see RRC 458/1). It would, however, only be a matter of time before Caesar would be ‘stabbed in the back.’

Silver Denarius of P. Sepullius Macer (47 BCE) [RRC 480/10]

EID OF MAR. A day marked by several religious observations and notable as a deadline for settling debts (ironically), March 15th has become synonymous with Julius Caesar’s assassination. Ignoring a warning by the seer Spurinna to “beware the Ides of March,” Caesar entered the Curia of Pompey and was stabbed 23 times by 60 senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. To celebrate the death of Caesar, the conspirator Brutus authorised the moneyer L. Plaetorius Cestianus to mint a denarius in 43 BCE (RRC 508/3). The coin depicts the head of Brutus, and the reverse features a pileus (“cap of freedom”) between two daggers with the legend EID MAR. As to whether killing Caesar benefitted Rome or not is still debated, but arguably it was crucial for Rome’s development as an Empire.

Silver Denarius of L. Plaetorius Cestianus (43 BCE) [RRC 508/3]

Coins are sometimes the overlooked keys that are crucial to understanding history. These artefacts support the narrative presented in written sources (both ancient and modern), and it is through these coins that we can see the changing “face” of Caesar. We see what he stood for and how he effectively used his titles and honours to promote himself to Roman society. As to whether he was the good stateman or bad tyrant in the last years of his life, I will leave that up to you to decide.