#Cobalt Alloys

[calicometal]

Calico Metal Alloys LLP is one of the main Manufacturers, Suppliers and Exporters of top notch Duplex 2205, UNS S31803, UNS S32205, UNS S32750, UNS S32760, Duplex 2202, Duplex 2304 pipe, Tube, sheet, plates, Coil, Shim Sheet flanges, fasteners in India at low price.

[ballpitbee]

Thats a lotta danger JW....

[plusmetals]

Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Suppliers

Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet in Mumbai, Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Importers in Mumbai, Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Suppliers in Mumbai, Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Exporters in Mumbai, Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Stockists in Mumbai.

Haynes 188™ is a cobalt based alloy with excellent high temperature strength and great oxidation resistance up to 2000° F. Haynes 188’s™ has good resistance to sulfidation and good metallurgical stability, therefore Haynes 188™ can be easily fabricated.

Element

Min

Max

Carbon

0.05

0.15

Manganese

--

1.25

Silicon

0.20

0.50

Phosphorus

--

0.02

Sulfur

--

0.015

Chromium

21.0

23.0

Nickel

20.0

24.0

Tungsten

13.0

15.0

Lanthanum

0.03

0.12

Boron

--

0.015

Iron

--

3.0

Cobalt

Bal.

Physical Properties

Physical Properties

°F

British Units

°C

Metric Units

Density

72

0.324 lb./in.(3)

22

8.98 g/cm(3)

Incipient Fusion Temperature

2375- 2425

1302- 1330--

Electrical Resistivity

70

39.6 microhm-in.

21

1.01 microhm-m

Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

70 to -400

5.4 microin./in.-°F

21 to -200

9.7 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70 to -200

5.8 microin./in.-°F

21 to -129

10.4 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-0

6.2 microin./in.-°F

21 to -18

11.2 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-100

6.2 microin./in.-°F

21-38

11.5 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-200

6.6 microin./in.-°F

21-93

11.9 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-400

7.0 microin./in.-°F

21-204

12.6 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-600

7.4 microin./in.-°F

21-316

13.3 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-800

7.8 microin./in.-°F

21-427

14.0 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-1000

8.2 microin./in.-°F

21-538

14.8 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-1200

8.6 microin./in.-°F

21-649

15.5 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-1400

9.0 microin./in.-°F

21-760

16.2 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-1600

9.4 microin./in.-°F

21-871

16.9 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-1800

9.9 microin./in.-°F

21-982

17.8 X 10(-6)m/m-K

70-2000

10.3 microin./in.-°F

21-1093

18.5 X 10(-6)m/m-K

Thermal Conductivity

100

75 Btu-in/ft²-hr-°F

38

10.8 W/m-K

400

100 Btu-in/ft²-hr-°F

204

14.4 W/m-K

600

112 Btu-in/ft²-hr-°F

316

16.1 W/m-K

800

125 Btu-in/ft²-hr-°F

427

18.0 W/m-K

1000

138 Btu-in/ft²-hr-°F

538

19.9 W/m-K

1200

152 Btu-in/ft²-hr-°F

649

21.9 W/m-K

1400

167 Btu-in/ft²-hr-°F

760

24.1 W/m-K

Thermal Diffusivity

572

0.006 in²/sec

300

3.9 x 10(-6)m²/s

752

0.006 in²/sec

400

3.9 x 10(-6)m²/s

932

0.007 in²/sec

500

4.5 x 10(-6)m²/s

1112

0.007 in²/sec

600

4.5 x 10(-6)m²/s

1409

0.008 in²/sec

765

5.2 x 10(-6)m²/s

1652

0.008 in²/sec

900

5.2 x 10(-6)m²/s

2012

0.009 in²/sec

1100

5.8 x 10(-6)m²/s

Magnetic Permeability (Room Temperature)

1.01 at 200 oersteds (15,900 A/m)

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Alloys: Rene 41

Nickel-based alloys are often considered to be superalloys, and Rene 41 is no exception. First developed in the 1950s by General Electric, this alloy has good high temperature properties and corrosion resistance, like many other nickel-based superalloys. Rene 41 in particular is known for its cobalt content (~10-12%), as well as chromium (~18-20%). Typically after age hardening, the alloy can maintain its strength up to 1600°F.

Also like many other superalloys, however, Rene 41 is difficult to machine, and also tends to require further heat treatments after welding. The alloy isn’t as popular as other nickel-based superalloys, such as Inconel alloys, but it has been used historically, including as the outer shell of the Mercury Space Capsule. Jet engines and missile components remain the alloy’s primary applications.

Sources/Further reading: ( 1 - images 1 and 4 ) ( 2 - image 2 ) ( 3 ) ( Wikipedia )

Image 3.

[jcmarchi]

Revolutionizing Resource Renewal: Scaling up Sustainable Recycling for Critical Materials - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/revolutionizing-resource-renewal-scaling-up-sustainable-recycling-for-critical-materials-technology-org/

Revolutionizing Resource Renewal: Scaling up Sustainable Recycling for Critical Materials - Technology Org

A critical-materials recycling technique pioneered at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by researchers in the Department of Energy’s Critical Materials Innovation Hub, or CMI, recently earned special recognition from the journal Advanced Engineering Materials, and the associated research project received a new phase of funding for research and development.

From left, researchers Syed Islam and Ramesh Bhave discuss the nickel sulfate recovered from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries using the membrane solvent extraction process they co-invented at ORNL. Credit: Carlos Jones/ORNL, U.S. Dept. of Energy

The journal selected a paper about the technology for its collection of the most outstanding articles published throughout the past year. The article, featured on the journal’s front cover, explains how the researchers applied the team’s membrane solvent extraction, or MSX, method to recover, separate and purify rare earth elements, or rare earths, from scrap permanent magnets taken from electronic waste.

Permanent magnets, which retain magnetic properties even in the absence of an inducing field or current, are used extensively in clean energy and defense applications. Rare earths are challenging to access because they are scattered across Earth’s crust, yet they are key components in many modern technologies. Recycled rare earths can be used to make new permanent magnets, accelerate chemical reactions and improve the properties of metals when included as alloy components.

“The editors chose the paper because it demonstrated the scalability and secure, long-term performance of the process,” said ORNL scientist Syed Islam, who co-invented the recycling approach and led the collaborative scale-up efforts. “Our industrial partner Momentum Technologies performed a technoeconomic analysis of all the inputs, extracting chemicals, membranes and lifetimes of the materials. Additionally, they validated that the process recovered more than 95% of the rare earth product at greater than 99.5% purity.”

ORNL’s Ramesh Bhave, the project’s principal investigator since it began in 2013 and a co-inventor of the technology, commented on the article’s exceptional thoroughness. “It discusses a full range of aspects of the process along with the results, so the reader gets a complete story,” he said. “We had enough information from this research for many papers but wanted to ensure the integrated process was provided so the reader could see how it is applicable to a large number of materials for recycling.”

Efficient, versatile recycling

The process uses modules composed of polymer hollow fiber membranes that are inexpensive and commercially available.

In the first step of the process, scrap magnets are crushed and dissolved in a mineral acid. The resulting solution is then continuously fed into the membranes where the rare earths are selectively removed by the extractant and form a so-called complex.

The complex passes through the membrane and meets with a solution that isolates the rare earths to form a rich solution that is converted to rare earth oxide powders, which are suitable for a wide range of industrial applications. Iron, a non-rare earth, is collected separately as a co-product.

“Compared with alternatives such as hydro-metallurgy-based solvent extraction, our MSX method uses fewer chemicals and costs 100 times less,” Bhave said. “The technique is advantageous for other reasons as well: It is scalable and works at low temperatures and low pressure. It recycles acid and water and generates minimal waste to promote a circular economy. MSX requires low capital and operating costs. Moreover, it is robust and versatile, with the ability to process a wide range of complex feedstocks.” Feedstocks are the raw input materials for the recycling process.

Pure recovery, seamless repurposing

Bhave said that MSX can recover and recycle high-purity cathode-active materials to meet the manufacturers’ specific requirements for the creation of new products. Cathode-active materials are a crucial part of a lithium-ion battery’s structure, responsible for the flow of electric current and energy storage.

The researchers have demonstrated that by adjusting the chemistry and adding stages to their technique, they can individually separate and recover cobalt, nickel and lithium from battery waste.

To supply the project with the necessary raw materials, Momentum Technologies takes lithium-ion batteries from end-of-life items, such as electric vehicle systems and cell phones, and crushes them together to create a powder, called black mass, which is fed into the recycling process. The individual critical elements — cobalt, nickel and lithium — are removed from the black mass in stages.

“The greater-than-99% pure material resulting from the process can be combined to make new lithium-ion batteries with our industry partner,” Islam said. “Again, as was the case with rare earths recovery, a major advantage of our approach is scalability. For example, should the demand for the recycling of battery metals for a particular product suddenly grow, the number of membrane modules can be increased for a greater volume of output.”

Boosting capabilities, collaborations

The critical materials recovery project has spanned two, five-year phases of CMI funding. In October, CMI’s funding was extended for another five years, which will allow the project to continue with a renewed focus. The endeavor will now aim to develop and advance the separation of heavy rare earths from light rare earths and generate intellectual property and patents for new technologies.

The two groups of rare earths have distinct properties and applications that play a crucial role in the respective industrial significance and economic value. Momentum Technologies has licensed the team’s technology for removing heavy rare earths from light rare earths. Additionally, the CMI funding supports the team studying the use of their method on materials extracted during mining operations.

Caldera Holding LLC, the owner and developer of the Pea Ridge Mine in Missouri, has entered a nonexclusive research and development licensing agreement with ORNL to apply the MSX approach to separate rare earths from mixed mineral ores. The Pea Ridge Mine is fully permitted and has significant levels of terbium, dysprosium, holmium and other heavy rare earths that are critical for various technological and industrial applications, including electric vehicle motors and advanced defense systems for U.S. national security.

Additionally, a collection of six technologies developed by ORNL scientists has been licensed to a company focused on extracting lithium from wastewater produced by oil and gas drilling.

Lithium-ion batteries power electric vehicles, consumer electronics and defense technologies, and they provide energy storage for the nation’s power grid. Developing domestic sources for lithium, both raw and refined, is critically important to the U.S. economy. The worldwide lithium-ion battery market is projected to grow by a factor of 5 to 10 in the next decade.

ORNL is also exploring a strategic partnership project with Cirba Solutions. Cirba Solutions was awarded grants of $75 million and $10 million from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to expand and upgrade its lithium-ion recycling facility in Lancaster, Ohio.

Furthermore, partnering with ORNL and Momentum Technologies, the critical materials research team plans to apply the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law funding to provide recovered lithium-ion battery materials for Cirba Solutions and ORNL’s Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division.

The technologies from this research also hold promise for helping to build the nation’s stockpile of critical materials for aerospace and defense applications.

Vital support, effective partnerships

The MSX research and development was supported by the Technology Commercialization Fund, DOE’s Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office, or AMMTO, and the industrial licensee Momentum Technologies, Inc. AMMTO, part of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, funded this foundational research through CMI.

CMI seeks to accelerate innovative scientific and technological solutions to develop resilient and secure supply chains for rare earth metals and other materials critical to the success of clean energy technologies. ORNL has contributed strategic direction to those efforts since CMI began in 2013. This contribution includes providing leaders for focus areas and projects that developed new innovations in aluminum-cerium alloys and magnet recycling.

UT-Battelle manages ORNL for DOE’s Office of Science. The single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, the Office of Science is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit https://energy.gov/science.

Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory

You can offer your link to a page which is relevant to the topic of this post.

[mpcomagnetics]

IPM vs SPM Electric Motors

IPM vs SPM Electric Motors A PM motor can be separated into two main categories: surface permanent magnet motors (SPM) and interior permanent magnet motors (IPM) . Neither motor design type contains rotor bars. Both types generate magnetic flux by the permanent magnets affixed to or inside of the rotor. SPM motors have the magnets affixed to the exterior of the rotor surface. Because of this…

[casting-production]

Cobalt Casting Alloy is used in various industries. Here, find out the information on what is Cobalt Casting Alloy, how it works, and what its benefits are from cobalt alloy casting manufacturers.

[howtofightwrite]

So in my fantasy setting, magic not only doesn't work on iron, but applying it immediately nullifies any spell upon contact. This means that iron, in a setting with a lot of beings made of magic, is the one universal weakness that can easily kill them. Naturally, considering the fact that we're talking about a world overrun with them that are not afraid to eat people, this means societies tend to form around veins of iron ore (that's the right word, vein, right?) and are naturally going to be much more inclined to crafting iron weapons to deal with the magical beings wanting to eat people.

However, it was in thinking through that only pure iron weapons are what give iron its power that I run into issues. Considering that means steel is effectively blocked off when it comes to weapon making and magical enchantments don't work on iron here (though they do work on other kinds of metal), how exactly might that impact the tech tree on weapons in my setting? As well as anything else I might not have thought of when writing this? Thank you!

I poked at a similar thought process awhile back, and there's some problems I never fully worked around.

The problem with, “iron, but not steel,” is that, when you really get down to it, steel is just purer iron.

Let me put this another way, you're wandering around in a fantasy world that is geologically similar to our own, with similar metallurgy to 12thcentury Europe. An iron weapon you find will be mostly iron with some trace amounts of other metals such as nickle, copper, and whatever else didn't get filtered out.

In contrast, if you get your hands on a steel weapon, that's going to be almost exclusively iron, with a little carbon, maybe some phosphorus or sulfur. (There's a fairly long list of elements you can find in trace quantities, but this is also true of normal iron weapons.) The important thing to understand is, iron weapons are made from iron, steel weapons are made from better iron.

Even as far back as the first millennium, some smiths were intentionally purifying their iron to produce higher quality weapons (including the first super alloys, such as Damascus steel.) But, it was still iron.

Really, the one kind of iron you're likely to find in that world that isn'talmost exclusively iron would be meteoric iron. This is, as the name implies, iron that came from a meteor strike. In these cases, you're actually looking at a significant amount of nickle (usually 5-10%), along with a bit of cobalt and traces of a mix of other elements.This stuff was used in weapon making, but was extraordinarily rare. As a weapon, meteoric iron isn't incredibly useful, it's still inferior to steel weapons, but it will resist corrosion, and can make for a very showy weapon. This, in turn, can result in a weapon that appears to be somewhat magical, and may be while, “starmetal,” “starsteel,” or meteoric iron is a semi-popular material for magical weapons.

So, if the issue is iron itself, then there's no chemical reason steel shouldn't also function. Of course, that does nothing to eliminate potential mystical or supernatural explanations, but if this is a magical vulnerability, you're not going to find an answer in chemistry.

This leads to two possibilities. I'm going to use orichalcum as an arbitrary example, if you're unfamiliar, this was a metal Plato claimed was mined on the isle of Atlantis, and was the foundation for their economy, but you'll frequently find this brought up in fantasy without any connection to that original context.

So, either your world is one where human on human violence is conducted with something other than (and superior to) iron and steel, for example: Orichalcum, and that creates a situation where using steel weapons could actually put fighters at a disadvantage against properly equipped troops.

Alternatively, it's possible that, while iron and steel are marginally effective against monsters, there are other, much rarer, possibly irreplaceable, materials that are far more effective. In this example, it's possible that there are no sources of raw orichalcum remaining in the world, and the artifacts that have been mined and forged are all that is left. To make matters worse, it's possible that no living smiths have the knowledge to forge (or reforge) these weapons, meaning that any damage to these items is irreparable.

For an amusing twist on this, if titanium was the metal needed to harm monsters, that would create serious issues. The problem is, you cannot mine titanium. It's impossible (at least on Earth.) This is because titanium does not naturally occur as a metal, and only as an oxide (a white powder), and it wasn't until 1910 that the first metallic titanium was produced in a lab. It would be over 20 years before  a process was discovered to produce it on an industrial grade. If your setting is built off of a distant apocalypse, it's possible there would be weapons produced from this material, but there would be absolutely no way to get more, while still having a veneer of chemical plausibility. (Alternately, it's possible some alchemist in the past developed a method to produce titanium in your setting... and they may or may not still be around, with the weapons being extremely difficult to produce, or signs of a lost technology.)

Actually, a fun side note, chemistry comes from the same root as alchemy, and it's a case where a pseudo-mystical field transitioned into a hard science over time.

Now, don't consider this part an indictment, but, a couple years back, I remember watching someone's, how-to: world-building on YouTube, and they blasted the concept of the, “trade city,” as semi-nonsensical. The issue is that basically any city will get its start based on trade, and really, cities live and die based on their economies. So, when you say, “this city started as a trade city,” yeah, that's how you get a city. It's the rare cities that are founded for some other reasons (like a massive fortress that gradually accumulated a civilian population of people fleeing from beyond its walls, and adventurers or crusaders using it as a last stop before moving on into the wastes, with the city, and its trade economy growing due to factors unrelated to its usefulness as a trade port.)

Now, if you're wondering how this is relevant to your question, this is about the distribution of iron. There's some discrepancies between the largest iron deposits in the real world and the distribution of people, but access to iron was a critical consideration in the development of Western Europe. Or, put another way, if you have iron mines in the hills, but farmland and a river in the lowlands, you'll probably build your city in the lowlands, on the banks of the river, and then export whatever iron and food you don't need in exchange for other goods that you do find useful. It doesn't, really, matter much if there are ravenous hellbeasts wandering the foothills, if you can dispatch them with iron weapons. All that really means is you'll have slightly less iron to export. This creates a situation where settlements may range pretty far the iron mines, if there are other economic resources worth extracting. Trade would more heavily favor access to iron than in real world history, but it's not a completely alien scenario. In some ways, this isn't that different from a continent in a permanent state of total war, the only difference is that the monsters don't need their own iron supply lines. Settlements would need to be guarded, mines, farms, and other resources would also need protection. Trade lines would need guards. The overall level of fortification may be higher than in real history (though, this isn't a certainty), but a lot of the same considerations wouldn't be affected.

Now, on a grand scale, persistent hunting by supernatural monsters would amount to a greater economic drain than witnessed in real world history. This would slow some technological, and economic growth. I'd say that cities would, likely, be more fortified, but when looking at medieval cities, I'm not sure that would be the case. I'm also not certain this would meaningfully shift the balance of power (assuming an alternate history), simply because those monsters would hit everyone roughly equally. (Though, if the monsters do play favorites, that could heavily skew the balance of power.) While access to iron would be critical, access to other trade goods such as salt, clay, grains, and other things would still be useful. The best iron mine in the world won't keep your troops fed on its own.

I doubt you'd see a situation where iron became the dominant currency metal, and too valuable to waste on coinage. You would probably still see gold and silver as the dominant metal coinage, and that would also result in some geographical skewing, as there would be some settlements built around mining gold or silver, and then selling those materials to others in exchange for iron. It's also worth remembering that for a large part of the middle ages, most coin based transactions took place at the upper echelons of society. The barter economy would still be going strong in most fantasy settings. When talking about roleplaying game settings, that does get a bit warped, as players tend to swing around extraordinary amounts of wealth.

The biggest changes I'd expect would be slightly more terra nullius. If the plains between two mountains have no mineral wealth, and the mines on either side are already well supplied, there wouldn't be much reason to settle there. You might also see a move away from river travel. Historically, this was an extremely efficient way to move large amounts of resources, but if there are monsters in the water that pose a real threat to brown water shipping, that could cause some significant changes. Settlements might be more isolated from one another initially, until technological development got to the point where overland shipping (by cart) became more viable. It might also reduce the scope of trade overall, meaning situations like the gold mining settlement above, wouldn't be able to import enough food and iron to be viable. This might also inflate the value of other, secondary, goods. For example, access to limestone deposits large enough to effectively quarry, might become a defining factor on where fortified settlements can be built. If there isn't enough limestone on site, there simply might not be a way to effectively transport more. Even if it was only 20 miles from the settlement.

At the end, how much would it change the world? I don't know. There's a lot of factors which could heavily skew how the world shakes out. It could be almost non-existent, or it could be an entirely alien world. It depends on how much pressure your monsters apply to the world.

-Starke

This blog is supported through Patreon. Patrons get access to new posts three days early, and direct access to us through Discord. If you’re already a Patron, thank you. If you’d like to support us, please consider becoming a Patron.

[elementcattos]

We've almost linked the two halves of the Purriodic table together! We're just missing Vanadium!

What if they were almost like a Hype man? As most of Vanadium is used in Alloys, they would hang around other cats, especially Iron, and sort of back them up in situations? I'm not sure, the only other uses of Vanadium are mostly Catalysts and Batteries, but Lithium and (my son) Cobalt sort of take that role being used in Lithium Batteries, and IDK what youd do with catalysts. Thats just my thoughts though, soon the great Purriodic Table Divide will be no more! >:3c

Alright, here he is! Thus ends the divide!

Vanadium

Another close friend of Iron's, a colorful fellow.

[analogwriting]

Fic Masterlist

It Comes in Waves - Law x gn!reader (Finished)

∞ Deep Water Waves, Tsunami, Capillary, Surging, Plunging, Surging, Tidal, Breaking, Internal, Seiche, Spilling, Refracted, Progressive, Kelvin, Corduroy Swell, Neap Tide, Shoaling, Diffraction, Fetch, Grinding, Trough, Whitewater, Peak, Crumbly, Wind Chop, Leftover, Amplitude, Bathymetry, Closeout

Childhood Crush - Killer x gn!reader (Finished)

∞ Mo Laochain, Tungsten, Steel, Carbon, Copper, Brass, Alloy, Wrought Iron, Cast Iron, Nickel, Tin, Zinc, Stainless, Cobalt, Magnesium, Bronze, Titanium, Silicon, Praseodymium, Vanadium, Adamantium, Lithium, Bismuth, Gold. Smutilogue (afab, amab)

Star-Crossed - Corazon x gn!reader (Finished)

∞ Zemra, Cridhe, Serce, Calon, Bihotza, Cuore, Sydän, Cœur, Hart, Cor, Süda, Szív, Sartse, širdies, Coração, Sŭrtse, Harts, Sydän, Core, Sirds, Kardiá, Corazón, Smutilogue (afab, amab)

The Other Side of Paradise - Killer x gn!reader (Ongoing)

∞ Youth, Poplar St, Hot Sugar, Tangerine, Take A Slice, Helium, Season 2 Episode 3, It's All So Incredibly Loud

Smut Pieces

∞ Not So Childhood Crush (Killer) (afab, amab) ∞ Favorite View (Killer) - afab, amab ∞ Beer Pong (Killer) ∞ Recovery (Cora) - afab, amab ∞ The Walk-in (Killer) - afab, amab ∞ Heat Waves - afab, amab

[calicometal]

[ballpitbee]

BAM

[plusmetals]

 Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Suppliers

Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet in India, Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Importers in India, Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Suppliers in India, Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Exporter in India, Cobalt Alloy Haynes 188 Sheet Stockists in India.

Haynes 188™ is a cobalt-based alloy renowned for its excellent high-temperature strength and great oxidation resistance, maintaining performance up to 2000°F (1095°C). The alloy also boasts good resistance to sulfidation and excellent metallurgical stability, making it highly suitable for fabrication.

Key Properties

High-Temperature Strength: Maintains excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, ideal for applications up to 2000°F (1095°C).

Oxidation Resistance: Exhibits superior resistance to oxidation, crucial for long-term performance in high-temperature environments.

Sulfidation Resistance: Good resistance to sulfidation, making it suitable for environments where sulfur compounds are present.

Metallurgical Stability: The alloy's stable microstructure ensures reliable performance and ease of fabrication.

Chemical Composition

ElementMin (wt%)Max (wt%)Chromium (Cr)20.024.0Nickel (Ni)20.024.0Cobalt (Co)-BalanceTungsten (W)13.016.0Lanthanum (La)0.020.12Boron (B)-0.015Carbon (C)0.050.15Iron (Fe)-3.0Manganese (Mn)-1.25Silicon (Si)0.200.50Phosphorus (P)-0.02Sulfur (S)-0.015

Physical Properties

Density: 9.14 g/cm³

Melting Point: 1300℃ - 1330℃

Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature

Alloy Status: Solution TreatmentPropertyValueTensile Strength (Rm)963 N/mm²Yield Strength (Rp0.2)446 N/mm²Elongation (A5)55%

Fabrication and Processing

Workability: Haynes 188™ can be readily fabricated using conventional techniques. Its good ductility allows for effective cold working, though it hardens quickly during machining, necessitating frequent intermediate annealing for complex shapes.

Welding: Compatible with both manual and automatic welding methods, including TIG, MIG, electron beam, and resistance welding.

Heat Treatment: Typically solution heat-treated at 1163-1191°C, followed by rapid cooling or water quenching for optimal properties. Annealing at lower temperatures can result in carbide precipitation, affecting the material's properties.

Applications

Due to its excellent properties, Haynes 188™ is widely used in high-temperature applications, particularly in the aerospace and gas turbine industries:

Combustion Cans: Components that must withstand high temperatures and oxidation.

Flame Holders: Parts critical to maintaining the stability of the flame in jet engines.

Liners: Protecting internal engine components from high-temperature gases.

Transition Ducts: Channels that direct hot gases within the engine.

Afterburner Parts: Enhancing engine thrust by injecting additional fuel into the exhaust stream.

For more information :

Website: https://www.aluminiumwala.com

Contact us: 9167347029

Email ID: plusmetals@aluminiumwala.com

[kadextra]

The Eggs

A lore overview & theory longpost :]

Let's start with a recap. The eggs were given by the Federation to the island residents to care for. A backstory was also given by Pato, saying the eggs were left behind by a dragon mother who flew off after the wall explosion. An egg has 2 lives, if it dies you get punished, if it's alive and happy you get a prize. But nobody really cares about a prize anymore, all the parents love their eggs sooo much that just being together with them is a prize. The eggs have developed unique, endearing personalities and have become a central part of the narrative in such a massive way that it'd take hours to describe. Some sadly passed on, and more eggs have joined the cast as new players arrived.

The Code Entity

A strange entity made of binary code began to hunt down the eggs, viciously attacking and bringing them all down to one life. The reason why is still unknown, but it seems to want the residents to leave the island. I'll make a separate lore post about this guy eventually, there's a lot to say theory-wise and a lot we still don't know about it.

The Strange Cracks

At one point, all the eggs were kidnapped from their homes in the night. The announcement of their return said they would be given back "unharmed" but they returned with odd cracks in them, as if they were injured. The eggs all acted unusually scared and extra fragile after the incident, and couldn't wear armor without pain. They slowly regained their confidence after a few days and went back to normal, along with a eggstatistics change saying they've "matured."

The Heaven Meetings

When an egg dies, the Federation gives the parents 5-10 minutes to say farewells in a white room. It's always really wholesome and emotional to watch. But lots of questions can be raised about how the Federation seem to have the power to revive an egg from the dead in the first place. If they can do it for 10 minutes, why can't they just... revive them permanently? q!Max asked his egg son Trump why he couldn't just leave during his meeting, and got answers alluding that the egg was trapped there. That "they" are too powerful, so he can't leave. What's really going on here? Are the dead eggs even dead?

Case of Richarlyson

The Brazilians noticed that their egg, Richarlyson had one smaller leg compared to the rest, as if he was underdeveloped. And strangely, he also had a weird substance left on him (visually shown as a slimeball) which they thought could be part of the mother dragon's placenta. q!Cellbit gave the sample to supercomputer SOFIA to analyze, the results being given a few days later. Turns out, the substance's composition had zero traces of DNA, it wasn't even biological. Instead, it was found to be some type of chemical preservation fluid... meaning Richarlyson was in some kind of stasis/storage before being given to the Brazilians, and rushed out at such short notice he couldn't even be cleaned off in time.

The Pomme DNA Test

A sample of the newest & youngest egg's DNA, Pomme, was given to SOFIA to analyze. The genetic results were:

65% Oxygen, 18% Carbon, 10% Hydrogen, 3% Nitrogen, 1.5% Calcium, 1% Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium. These results are normal for a biological composition of a living creature. However, there were also traces of "unusual elements" in the DNA....

Silicon, Gold, Cobalt, Copper, Palladium, Cadmium, Bismuth, Uranium.

Silicon is used for making alloys.

Gold is a valuable metal.

Copper is a metal used as an electric conductor.

Palladium is a rare metal, also used for electronics.

Cadmium is a heavy metal used to make batteries and it's also toxic.

Bismuth is a crystalline metal again used for electronic appliances.

Uranium is literally radioactive and used for nuclear power.

HUH? These elements and metals are totally unnatural to find traces of in a living creature. edit: this is wrong, these elements and metals are common to find traces of in a living creature. However, SOFIA said they are unusual in the eggs. What does this mean..?

Connections

What if I told you there is a certain type of egg where it's normal to find metals all over?

Fabergé eggs.

Fabergé eggs are valuable decorative eggs made with crystals and rare metals like gold. And it just so happens that as a lead-up to the QSMP, Quackity Studios released a teaser image, with morse code inside leading to a document where many suspicious letters, including this one was found:

This potential connection can't be ignored. Real Fabergé eggs obviously aren't alive like our little eggs, but it's entirely possible that thanks to the traces of metals in their composition, the name is being used as a codeword to refer to them.

All of these things considered, don't forget that the eggs are still living creatures. The "unusual" parts in the genetic makeup are very few compared to oxygen, carbon, calcium, etc. Most of the weird ones do happen to relate to electronics and machines, but if anything, it's likely that the eggs could be cyborgs - a biological organism that's just enhanced with technological parts.

It's becoming more and more evident that the "dragon mother" story is a load of hogwash. The eggs might've been developed in a lab, and transported to the island by the Federation. Whatever intentions or experiment they have running, we don't know... but these poor eggs have no idea about any of this. They are innocent and being used.

They just existed one day, got adopted and began to know love. And no matter what happens, no matter what they really are, dragons or not, we and the parents will continue to love them <3

[jcmarchi]

3D atomic details of next-generation alloys revealed for first time - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/3d-atomic-details-of-next-generation-alloys-revealed-for-first-time-technology-org/

3D atomic details of next-generation alloys revealed for first time - Technology Org

Alloys, which are materials such as steel that are made by combining two or more metallic elements, are among the underpinnings of contemporary life. They are essential for buildings, transportation, appliances and tools — including, very likely, the device you are using to read this story. In applying alloys, engineers have faced an age-old trade-off common in most materials: Alloys that are hard tend to be brittle and break under strain, while those that are flexible under strain tend to dent easily.

Atomic map of a high-entropy alloy nanoparticle shows different categories of elements in red, blue and green, and twinning boundaries in yellow. Image credit: Miao Lab/UCLA

Possibilities for sidestepping that trade-off arose about 20 years ago, when researchers first developed medium- and high-entropy alloys, stable materials that combine hardness and flexibility in a way in which conventional alloys do not. (The “entropy” in the name indicates how disorderly the mixture of the elements in the alloys is.)

Now, a UCLA-led research team has provided an unprecedented view of the structure and characteristics of medium- and high-entropy alloys. Using an advanced imaging technique, the team mapped, for the first time ever, the three-dimensional atomic coordinates of such alloys. In another scientific first for any material, the researchers correlated the mixture of elements with structural defects.

“Medium- and high-entropy alloys had been previously imaged at the atomic scale in 2D projections, but this study represents the first time that their 3D atomic order has been directly observed,” said corresponding author Jianwei “John” Miao, a professor of physics in the UCLA College and member of the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA. “We found a new knob that can be turned to boost alloys’ toughness and flexibility.”

Medium-entropy alloys combine three or four metals in roughly equal amounts; high-entropy alloys combine five or more in the same way. In contrast, conventional alloys are mostly one metal with others intermixed in lower proportions. (Stainless steel, for example, can be three-quarters or more of iron.)

To understand the scientists’ findings, think of a blacksmith forging a sword. That work is guided by the counterintuitive fact that small structural defects actually make metals and alloys tougher. As the blacksmith repeatedly heats a soft, flexible metal bar until it glows and then quenches it in water, structural defects accrue that help turn the bar into an unyielding sword.

Miao and his colleagues focused on a type of structural defect called a twin boundary, which is understood to be a key factor in medium- and high-entropy alloys’ unique combination of toughness and flexibility. Twinning happens when strain causes one section of a crystal matrix to bend diagonally while the atoms around it remain in their original configuration, forming mirror images on either side of the boundary.

The researchers used an array of metals to make nanoparticles, so small they can be measured in billionths of a meter. Six medium-entropy alloy nanoparticles combined nickel, palladium and platinum. Four nanoparticles of a high-entropy alloy combined cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, iridium and platinum.

The process to create these alloys resembles an extreme — and extremely fast — version of the blacksmith’s task. The scientists liquified the metal at over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit for five-hundredths of a second, then cooled it down in less than one-tenth that time. The idea is to fix the solid alloy in the same varied mixture of elements as a liquid. Along the way, the shock of the process induced twin boundaries in six of the 10 nanoparticles; four of those each had a pair of twins.

Identifying the defects required an imaging technique the researchers developed, called atomic electron tomography. The technique uses electrons because atomic-level details are much smaller than wavelengths of visible light. The resulting data can be mapped in 3D because multiple images are captured as a sample is rotated. Tuning atomic electron tomography to map the complex mixtures of metals was a painstaking endeavor.

“Our goal is to find the truth in nature, and our measurements have to be as accurate as possible,” said Miao, who is also deputy director of the STROBE National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center. “We worked slowly, pushing the limit to make each step of the process as perfect as possible, then moved on to the next step.”

The scientists mapped each atom in the medium-entropy alloy nanoparticles. Some of the metals in the high-entropy alloy were too similar in size for electron microscopy to differentiate among them. So the map of those nanoparticles grouped the atoms into three categories.

The researchers observed that the more that atoms of different elements (or different categories of elements) are mixed, the more likely the alloy’s structure will change in a way that contributes to matching toughness with flexibility. The findings could inform the design of medium- and high-entropy alloys with added durability and even unlock potential properties currently unseen in steel and other conventional alloys by engineering the mixture of certain elements.

“The problem with studying defective materials is that you have to look at each individual defect separately to really know how it affects the surrounding atoms,” said co-author Peter Ercius, a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Molecular Foundry. “Atomic electron tomography is the only technique with the resolution to do that. It’s just amazing that we can see jumbled atomic arrangements at this scale inside such small objects.”

Miao and his colleagues are now developing a new imaging method that combines atomic electron microscopy with a technique for identifying a sample’s makeup based on the photons it emits, in order to distinguish between metals with atoms of similar size. They are also developing ways to examine bulk medium- and high-entropy alloys and to understand fundamental relationships between their structures and properties.

The study was published Dec. 20 in the journal Nature.

The co-first authors of the study are Saman Moniri, a former UCLA postdoctoral scholar; Yao Yang, who earned a doctorate from UCLA in 2021; and Jun Ding of Xi’an Jiaotong University in China. Other co-authors are UCLA postdoctoral scholars Yuxuan Liao; former UCLA postdoctoral scholars Yakun Yuan, Jihan Zhou, Long Yang and Fan Zhu; and Yonggang Yao and Liangbing Hu of University of Maryland, College Park.

The study was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. The experiment was performed at Berkeley Lab’s Molecular Foundry, also sponsored by the DOE.

Source: UCLA

You can offer your link to a page which is relevant to the topic of this post.