The Impact of Generative AI on Supply Chain Management: Optimizing Logistics
The generative AI market has been gaining significant traction in recent years, driven by the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) across various industries. Generative AI refers to a subset of AI techniques focused on creating data, content, or outputs that mimic or resemble human-generated content. This approach enables machines to autonomously produce diverse outputs, including images, text, audio, and video, often indistinguishable from human-created content. In this article, we will delve into the current state of the generative AI market, its applications, challenges, and future outlook.
Market Size and Growth
The global generative AI market size was valued at USD 43.87 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow from USD 67.18 billion in 2024 to USD 967.65 billion by 2032, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 39.6% during the forecast period (2024-2032). This rapid growth is attributed to the rising need for creating virtual worlds in the metaverse, conversational Gen AI ability, and the deployment of large language models (LLM).
Applications of Generative AI
Generative AI has numerous applications across various industries, including marketing, healthcare, finance, and education. In marketing, generative AI is used for content creation, content personalization, content ideation, and automated customer service and support. For instance, generative AI models can write copy from an outline or prompt, and they’re handy for short-form content like blog posts, emails, social media posts, and digital advertising. In healthcare, generative AI is used for medical imaging analysis, disease diagnosis, and personalized treatment planning.
Challenges in Adopting Generative AI
Despite the numerous benefits of generative AI, there are several challenges involved in adopting this technology. Some of the key challenges include data security concerns, biases, errors, and limitations of generative AI, dependence on third-party platforms, and the need for employee training. Additionally, the market faces risks related to data breaches and sensitive information, which can hinder market growth.
Key Players in the Generative AI Market
The generative AI market is dominated by key players such as IBM Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, (Alphabet) Google LLC, Adobe, Amazon Web Services, Inc., SAP SE, Rephrase AI, Nvidia, and Synthesis AI, among others. These companies are driving innovation in the market through the development of new generative AI models and applications.
Future Outlook
The future outlook for the generative AI market is promising, with the potential to transform various industries and revolutionize the way we live and work. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see more sophisticated applications of generative AI, including the creation of virtual worlds in the metaverse and the deployment of large language models. However, the market will also face challenges related to data security, biases, and limitations, which will require careful consideration and mitigation strategies.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the generative AI market is a rapidly growing field with numerous applications across various industries. While there are challenges involved in adopting this technology, the potential benefits are significant, and the market is expected to continue growing at a rapid pace. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see more sophisticated applications of generative AI, which will transform the way we live and work.
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we need to start polluting chat gpt and other LLMs. Make these things completely fucking useless.
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(credits to Wikipedia sorry about this.)
Wikipedia
Albert Einstein
"Einstein" redirects here. For other uses, see Einstein (disambiguation) and Albert Einstein (disambiguation).
Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne;[4] German: [ˈalbɛɐt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] ⓘ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held to be one of the greatest and most influential scientists of all time. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics, and was thus a central figure in the revolutionary reshaping of the scientific understanding of nature that modern physics accomplished in the first decades of the twentieth century.[1][5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".[6] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[7] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.[8][9]
Albert Einstein
Einstein in 1921
Born
14 March 1879
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died
18 April 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
Citizenship
Kingdom of Württemberg, part of the German Empire (until 1896)[note 1]
Stateless (1896–1901)
Switzerland (1901–1955)
Austria, part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1911–1912)
Kingdom of Prussia, part of the German Empire (1914–1918)[note 1]
Free State of Prussia (Weimar Republic, 1918–1933)[note 1]
United States (1940–1955)
Education
ETH Zurich (Dipl., 1900)
University of Zurich (PhD, 1905)
Known for
General relativity
Special relativity
Photoelectric effect
E=mc2 (mass–energy equivalence)
E=hf (Planck–Einstein relation)
Theory of Brownian motion
Einstein field equations
Bose–Einstein statistics
Bose–Einstein condensate
Gravitational wave
Cosmological constant
Unified field theory
EPR paradox
Ensemble interpretation
List of other concepts
Spouses
Mileva Marić
(m. 1903; div. 1919)
Elsa Löwenthal
(m. 1919; died 1936)
Children
Lieserl Hans Albert Eduard "Tete"
Awards
Barnard Medal (1920)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Matteucci Medal (1921)
ForMemRS (1921)[1]
Copley Medal (1925)[1]
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1926)[2]
Max Planck Medal (1929)
Member of the National Academy of Sciences (1942)[3]
Time Person of the Century (1999)
Scientific career
Fields
Physics
Institutions
University of Bern (1908–1909)
University of Zurich (1909–1911)
Charles University in Prague (1911–1912)
ETH Zurich (1912–1914)
Prussian Academy of Sciences (1914–1933)
Humboldt University of Berlin (1914–1933)
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (director, 1917–1933)
German Physical Society (president, 1916–1918)
Leiden University (visits, 1920)
Institute for Advanced Study (1933–1955)
California Institute of Technology (visits, 1931–1933)
University of Oxford (visits, 1931–1933)
Brandeis University (director, 1946–1947)
Thesis
Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions) (1905)
Doctoral advisor
Alfred Kleiner
Other academic advisors
Heinrich Friedrich Weber
Albert Einstein's voice
Duration: 1 minute and 31 seconds.1:31
Opening of Einstein's speech (11 April 1943) for the United Jewish Appeal (recording by Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
Signature
Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg)[note 1] the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life. In 1903, he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia.[note 1]
In 1933, while he was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi "war of extermination" against his fellow Jews,[10] Einstein decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.[11] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research. Einstein supported the Allies but generally viewed the idea of nuclear weapons with great dismay.[12]
In 1905, sometimes described as his annus mirabilis (miracle year), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers.[13] These outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity—a theory which addressed the inability of classical mechanics to account satisfactorily for the behavior of the electromagnetic field—and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory of relativity that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmological paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole.[14][15] The middle part of his career also saw him making important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein statistics. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that proved ultimately unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that "God does not play dice".[16] Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism too. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream of modern physics.
In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, Einstein was ranked the greatest physicist of all time.[17] His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word Einstein broadly synonymous with genius.[18]
Life and career
Childhood, youth and education
See also: Einstein family
A young boy with short hair and a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt, and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair.Einstein in 1882, age 3
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm,[19] in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.[20][21] His parents, secular Ashkenazi Jews, were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, and Pauline Koch. In 1880, the family moved to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.[19]
Albert attended St.Peter‘s Catholic elementary school in Munich from the age of five. When he was eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he received advanced primary and then secondary school education.[22]
In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company tendered for a contract to install electric lighting in Munich, but without success—they lacked the capital that would have been required to update their technology from direct current to the more efficient, alternating current alternative.[23] The failure of their bid forced them to sell their Munich factory and search for new opportunities elsewhere. The Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and a few months later to Pavia, where they settled in Palazzo Cornazzani.[24] Einstein, then fifteen, stayed behind in Munich in order to finish his schooling. His father wanted him to study electrical engineering, but he was a fractious pupil who found the Gymnasium's regimen and teaching methods far from congenial. He later wrote that the school's policy of strict rote learning was harmful to creativity. At the end of December 1894, a letter from a doctor persuaded the Luitpold's authorities to release him from its care, and he joined his family in Pavia.[25] While in Italy as a teenager, he wrote an essay entitled "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field".[26][27]
Einstein excelled at physics and mathematics from an early age, and soon acquired the mathematical expertise normally only found in a child several years his senior. He began teaching himself algebra, calculus and Euclidean geometry when he was twelve; he made such rapid progress that he discovered an original proof of the Pythagorean theorem before his thirteenth birthday.[28][29][30] A family tutor, Max Talmud, said that only a short time after he had given the twelve year old Einstein a geometry textbook, the boy "had worked through the whole book. He thereupon devoted himself to higher mathematics ... Soon the flight of his mathematical genius was so high I could not follow."[31] Einstein recorded that he had "mastered integral and differential calculus" while still just fourteen.[29] His love of algebra and geometry was so great that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could be understood as a "mathematical structure".[31]
Studio photo of a boy seated in a relaxed posture and wearing a suit, posed in front of a backdrop of scenery.Einstein in 1893, age 14
At thirteen, when his range of enthusiasms had broadened to include music and philosophy,[32] Talmud introduced Einstein to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Kant became his favorite philosopher; according to Talmud, "At the time he was still a child, only thirteen years old, yet Kant's works, incomprehensible to ordinary mortals, seemed to be clear to him."[31]
Einstein's matriculation certificate at the age of 17. The heading translates as "The Education Committee of the Canton of Aargau". His scores were German 5, French 3, Italian 5, History 6, Geography 4, Algebra 6, Geometry 6, Descriptive Geometry 6, Physics 6, Chemistry 5, Natural History 5, Art Drawing 4, Technical Drawing 4. 6 = very good, 5 = good, 4 = sufficient, 3 = insufficient, 2 = poor, 1 = very poor.Einstein's Matura certificate, 1896[note 2]
In 1895, at the age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examination for the federal polytechnic school (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland. He failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the test,[33] but performed with distinction in physics and mathematics.[34] On the advice of the polytechnic's principal, he completed his secondary education at the Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.[35] While lodging in Aarau with the family of Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, Maja, later married Winteler's son Paul.[36])
In January 1896, with his father's approval, Einstein renounced his citizenship of the German Kingdom of Württemberg in order to avoid conscription into military service.[37] The Matura (graduation for the successful completion of higher secondary schooling) awarded to him in the September of that year acknowledged him to have performed well across most of the curriculum, allotting him a top grade of 6 for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry.[38] At seventeen, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the federal polytechnic school. Marie Winteler, a year older than him, took up a teaching post in Olsberg, Switzerland.[36]
The five other polytechnic school freshmen following the same course as Einstein included just one woman, a twenty year old Serbian, Mileva Marić. Over the next few years, the pair spent many hours discussing their shared interests and learning about topics in physics that the polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. In his letters to Marić, Einstein confessed that exploring science with her by his side was much more enjoyable than reading a textbook in solitude. Eventually the two students became not only friends but also lovers.[39]
Historians of physics are divided on the question of the extent to which Marić contributed to the insights of Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There is at least some evidence that he was influenced by her scientific ideas,[39][40][41] but there are scholars who doubt whether her impact on his thought was of any great significance at all.[42][43][44][45]
Marriages, relationships and children
Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić Einstein, 1912
Albert Einstein and Elsa Einstein, 1930
Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, discovered and published in 1987, revealed that in early 1902, while Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Sad, she gave birth to a daughter, Lieserl. When Marić returned to Switzerland it was without the child, whose fate is uncertain. A letter of Einstein's that he wrote in September 1903 suggests that the girl was either given up for adoption or died of scarlet fever in infancy.[46][47]
Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their son Hans Albert was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their son Eduard was born in Zürich in July 1910. In letters that Einstein wrote to Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's arrival, he described his love for his wife as "misguided" and mourned the "missed life" that he imagined he would have enjoyed if he had married Winteler instead: "I think of you in heartfelt love every spare minute and am so unhappy as only a man can be."[48]
In 1912, Einstein entered into a relationship with Elsa Löwenthal, who was both his first cousin on his mother's side and his second cousin on his father's.[49][50][51] When Marić learned of his infidelity soon after moving to Berlin with him in April 1914, she returned to Zürich, taking Hans Albert and Eduard with her.[39] Einstein and Marić were granted a divorce on 14 February 1919 on the grounds of having lived apart for five years.[52][53] As part of the divorce settlement, Einstein agreed that if he were to win a Nobel Prize, he would give the money that he received to Marić; he won the prize two years later.[54]
Einstein married Löwenthal in 1919.[55][56] In 1923, he began a relationship with a secretary named Betty Neumann, the niece of his close friend Hans Mühsam.[57][58][59][60] Löwenthal nevertheless remained loyal to him, accompanying him when he emigrated to the United States in 1933. In 1935, she was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems. She died in December 1936.[61]
A volume of Einstein's letters released by Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 2006[62] added further names to the catalog of women with whom he was romantically involved. They included Margarete Lebach (a married Austrian),[63] Estella Katzenellenbogen (the rich owner of a florist business), Toni Mendel (a wealthy Jewish widow) and Ethel Michanowski (a Berlin socialite), with whom he spent time and from whom he accepted gifts while married to Löwenthal.[64][65] After being widowed, Einstein was briefly in a relationship with Margarita Konenkova, thought by some to be a Russian spy; her husband, the Russian sculptor Sergei Konenkov, created the bronze bust of Einstein at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton.[66][67]
Following an episode of acute mental illness at about the age of twenty, Einstein's son Eduard was diagnosed with schizophrenia.[68] He spent the remainder of his life either in the care of his mother or in temporary confinement in an asylum. After her death, he was committed permanently to Burghölzli, the Psychiatric University Hospital in Zürich.[69]
1902–1909: Assistant at the Swiss Patent Office
Einstein graduated from the federal polytechnic school in 1900, duly certified as competent to teach mathematics and physics.[70] His successful acquisition of Swiss citizenship in February 1901[71] was not followed by the usual sequel of conscription; the Swiss authorities deemed him medically unfit for military service. He found that Swiss schools too appeared to have no use for him, failing to offer him a teaching position despite the almost two years that he spent applying for one. Eventually it was with the help of Marcel Grossmann's father that he secured a post in Bern at the Swiss Patent Office,[72][73] as an assistant examiner – level III.[74][75]
Patent applications that landed on Einstein's desk for his evaluation included ideas for a gravel sorter and an electric typewriter.[75] His employers were pleased enough with his work to make his position permanent in 1903, although they did not think that he should be promoted until he had "fully mastered machine technology".[76] It is conceivable that his labors at the patent office had a bearing on his development of his special theory of relativity. He arrived at his revolutionary ideas about space, time and light through thought experiments about the transmission of signals and the synchronization of clocks, matters which also figured in some of the inventions submitted to him for assessment.[13]
In 1902, Einstein and some friends whom he had met in Bern formed a group that held regular meetings to discuss science and philosophy. Their choice of a name for their club, the Olympia Academy, was an ironic comment upon its far from Olympian status. Sometimes they were joined by Marić, who limited her participation in their proceedings to careful listening.[77] The thinkers whose works they reflected upon included Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach and David Hume, all of whom significantly influenced Einstein's own subsequent ideas and beliefs.[78]
1900–1905: First scientific papers
Cover image of the PhD dissertation of Albert EinsteinEinstein's 1905 dissertation, Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensione ("A new determination of molecular dimensions")
Einstein's first paper, "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen" ("Conclusions drawn from the phenomena of capillarity"), in which he proposed a model of intermolecular attraction that he afterwards disavowed as worthless, was published in the journal Annalen der Physik in 1901.[79][80] His 24-page doctoral dissertation also addressed a topic in molecular physics. Titled "Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen" ("A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions") and dedicated to his friend Marcel Grossman, it was completed on 30 April 1905[81] and approved by Professor Alfred Kleiner of the University of Zurich three months later. (Einstein was formally awarded his PhD on 15 January 1906.)[81][82][83] Four other pieces of work that Einstein completed in 1905—his famous papers on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, his special theory of relativity and the equivalence of mass and energy—have led to the year being celebrated as an annus mirabilis for physics akin to 1666 (the year in which Isaac Newton experienced his greatest epiphanies). The publications deeply impressed Einstein's contemporaries.[84]
1908–1933: Early academic career
Einstein's sabbatical as a civil servant approached its end in 1908, when he secured a junior teaching position at the University of Bern. In 1909, a lecture on relati
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OpenAI releases the "o1" new generation large model, which is better at reasoning and more expensive
OpenAI releases "o1", a new generation of large models, which is better at reasoning and more expensive
The legendary "Strawberry" appeared. On the evening of September 12, OpenAI officially released a new model called o1. This model is the first of the company's next-generation "reasoning" models. o stands for "Orion". This model can answer more complex questions faster than humans.
Compared with previous models, it is better at writing code and solving multi-step problems. But it is also more expensive than the previously released GPT-4o and answers questions slower. OpenAI emphasized that this release of o1 is a "preview version" and is only in its initial state. Also released at the same time is a smaller and cheaper version o1-mini. For OpenAI, o1 represents a step towards its broader goal of human-like artificial intelligence.
ChatGPT Plus and team users can access the o1 preview and o1-mini from now on, while enterprise and education users will get access early next week. OpenAI said it plans to make o1-mini accessible to all free users of ChatGPT, but has not yet determined a release date.
For developers, access to o1 is much more expensive than before: using the preview version of o1 through an API costs $15 per million tokens of input and $60 per million of output. In contrast, GPT-4o charges only $5 for a million tokens of input and $15 for output.
Jerry Tworek, head of research at OpenAI, told the media that o1 "is trained using a new optimization algorithm and a new training data set tailored for it," and it sets up a reward and punishment mechanism to train the model to solve problems on its own through reinforcement learning techniques. It uses a "thinking chain" similar to the way humans solve problems step by step. This new training method makes the model more accurate. "We noticed that this model has fewer hallucinations," Tworek said, but the problem still exists, "We can't say we have solved the hallucination problem."
According to OpenAI, the main difference between this new model and GPT-4o is that it can solve complex problems such as coding and mathematics better than its predecessor, while also explaining its reasoning process. OpenAI also tested o1 on the International Mathematical Olympiad Qualifying Exam, and while GPT-4o only solved 13% of the problems correctly, o1 scored 83%.
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The emergence of the o1 model means that the reasoning ability of the large model can fully reach the expert level, which can be regarded as a milestone in artificial intelligence and will greatly improve the application of the model in the enterprise.
As the model's abilities in intellect, sensibility and rationality continue to improve, it will surpass human capabilities. It is difficult to predict what impact artificial intelligence will have on humans in the future. "The development speed of artificial intelligence now exceeds the speed of human cognition, and artificial intelligence governance will be a huge challenge.
The new model reached the 89th percentile of participants in online programming competitions known as Codeforces competitions, and OpenAI claims that the next update of this model will perform "similar to a PhD student" on challenging physics, chemistry, and biology benchmark tasks.
Currently, OpenAI uses human data to synthesize new data to enhance reasoning capabilities. However, synthetic data is limited by the original data and cannot synthesize infinite data or obtain essentially novel data. It cannot invent new disciplines or propose new theories like Einstein. "In terms of hardware, reasoning requires less computing power than training, but due to the extension of the thinking chain, the requirements for reasoning efficiency become higher, which puts higher requirements on the accelerated optimization of the reasoning process. However, with the improvement of large models in multiple capabilities, it has brought challenges to governance. The challenge is that the speed of human understanding of it is not as fast as its development speed.
Although it performs better in math and code, o1 is inferior to GPT-4o in many ways, including poor performance in factual knowledge about the world and no ability to browse the web or process files and images. However, OpenAI believes that it represents an entirely new category of ability, and it is named o1 to represent "resetting the counter back to 1."
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