#Indian law

[ranijaisichaal]

Indians on tumblr!!!!! I just found out something and i want to know yall's thoughts. I need to know if I'm the only one thinking about this, and im NOT going to mention this to my family. Help a girl out pls lovelies <333

So at the dinner table today, my dad said the government was making it mandatory to register live-in relationships now, and that not registering your relationship could result in a 6-month jail penalty or something. And at first I was like huh - they're trying to police us again, huh - but then stopped to think, and decided to research instead.

Now, this here is a Times of India article from a few hours ago.✨

In short, the Uttarakhand CM tabled the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) bill in the Uttarakhand assembly this morning. And one part from the 192-page bill is devoted to looking at live-in relationships as a legal entity. The bill was approved on Sunday, and tabled today.

And this made me SO HAPPY, because FINALLY. We're finally making some progress as a society. The Indian law has taken the first step in recognising two people living together without getting married, yet reaping the legal benefits - an unmarried partner will be a legal entity, legally counting as a loved one (provided they are over 21). Moreover, a couple that's living together but not married can legally have kids, and not face any discrimination in the eyes of the law. And not only that, but in case of a break-up (which also needs to be procedurally filed with the authorities), the woman is entitled to maintenance. I quote from the article:

CM Dhami said, “It is a historic moment for each one of us. Let us all have a lengthy and healthy discussion to bring uniformity in the society.”

This is wonderful! It's such a progressive measure.

But what caught my eye was the final paragraph from the article.

Leader of opposition Yashpal Arya said, "We fail to understand the logic behind the urgency being shown by the BJP government. They expect us to read such a lengthy document speedily and start the discussion. It looks like the government is trying to hide something."

At first that seemed like a classic political counterattack, but it got me thinking. Why indeed the urgency?

And then I realised - what if - what if - it is now legalised for queer couples in Uttarakhand to register live-on relationships and basically reap all the benefits of a legally recognised marriage? They haven't explicitly mentioned the queer community anywhere, but it's possible, right? We know the Supreme Court refused to give marriage rights to non-heterosexual couples last year (see here); but if this is presented as an option to queer couples instead, they can secure all the rights of a traditional marriage with a different kind of registration? It is, after all, not illegal to get into long-term homosexual relationships. I know it isn't perfect, but if they allow homosexual live-in relationships, then it's at least a step in the right direction?

I'm not very well-versed with this, so I'm turning to the only relatively safe space I can think of - desis on tumblr. Is it possible that this could happen, that queer relationship recognition could be an ulterior agenda? Is it really as progressive as I think it is? I'm curious, and so hopeful! Any and all discussion is welcome - what do y'all think?🫶

P.S. let me know if there are any more tags I should add for this to reach more people!

[olowan-waphiya]

Fake Indian art still a major problem despite federal responsibilities

Criminal pleas surface amid vague ‘Indigenous’ claims Tuesday, March 14, 2023 By Acee Agoyo, Indianz.Com

Efforts to strengthen the Indian Arts and Crafts Act are gaining new steam as government authorities try to enforce a law aimed at addressing fraud and exploitation of Native cultures and ways of life. On Monday, the Democratic chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs unveiled a discussion draft bill called the Amendments to Respect Traditional Indigenous Skill and Talent Act of 2023. Also known as the ARTIST Act [PDF], the proposed legislation seeks to protect the arts, crafts, goods and other creative works that American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian people have produced since time immemorial.

“The ARTIST Act would update the Indian Arts and Crafts Act to support creative economies and strengthen enforcement of current law and protections against counterfeit competition for Native artists and their works,” the committee said in a news release on behalf of Sen. Brian Schatz (D-Hawaii), the chair of the legislative panel. “This discussion draft reflects direct stakeholder input as well as years of committee oversight and broad commitment to the protection of Native cultural patrimony and revitalization of Indigenous languages,” the release continued.

As enacted in 1990, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act makes it a crime to market, sell or promote an item as “Indian” unless it was created by a citizen of a state or federally recognized tribe or by an artisan certified by a tribe. The law was written to prevent the historical and ongoing misrepresentation of Native arts by non-Native entities. Yet Native artists and their advocates have long complained about the lack of enforcement as fakes and frauds have continued to flood the market and undermine an important source of income in Native communities across the United States.

It’s an issue that Secretary Deb Haaland, who is the first Native person to lead the Department of the Interior, has recognized as a major problem. “Native art is a critical part in telling the story of this country and can only be told by Native artists,” Haaland said in a video message after making history as the first Native person in a presidential cabinet. “Buying authentic pottery, jewelry, mixed-media creations, paintings and other art from Native American artists helps support tribal economies.” “Unfortunately forgery and copies hinder the positive economic opportunities available to Native artists and their families,” said Haaland, who is a citizen of the Pueblo of Laguna.

The law was updated in 2000 and in 2010 to strengthen enforcement. But as fraudulent works continue to be sold in some of the largest art markets in the U.S., the ARTIST Act builds on prior efforts by broadly expanding the ways in which federal officers can investigate suspected violations. Federal officers, for instance, would be authorized to make arrests, engage in searches and even conduct seizures for suspected violations of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act.

They would also be able to inspect shipments coming into the U.S. to ensure compliance with the law, according to provisions of the draft. And for the first time, Native Hawaiians would gain protections for their creative works. The ARTIST Act modifies existing definitions in federal law to ensure that the original inhabitants of Hawaii aren’t left out of enforcement efforts that are available to American Indian and Alaska Native artisans.

To help pay for these enforcement measures, the ARTIST Act authorizes ways in which people suspected of violating the law can have their property forfeited and be required to shoulder the costs of investigations through fines and penalties. A new Indian Arts and Crafts Forfeiture Fund would be established to assist the work of the Department of the Interior.

The draft discussion bill also requires visible and permanent labeling of items that come into the U.S. from Canada or Mexico. Anything that could “possibly be mistaken for, arts and crafts made by Native Americans” must be “indelibly marked with the country of origin,” according to provisions of the the ARTIST Act.

Finally, the ARTIST Act would require trainings of federal law enforcement officers, not only on the Indian Arts and Crafts Act but on the recently-enacted Safeguard Tribal Objects of Patrimony Act, also known as the STOP Act. The latter law makes it a crime to export tribal cultural property, another issue that has threatened Native cultures and ways of life. “For too long, the export and sale of sacred and culturally significant items from Native peoples in Hawaiʻi, Alaska, and across Indian Country has deprived these communities of their own history and heritage,” Schatz said after the measure was passed and signed into law during the prior session of Congress. “Our bill will help stop the black market trafficking of these items and bring them home.”

Just this month alone, federal authorities announced the resolution of three cases in which the Indian Arts and Crafts Act was violated. In all three instances, non-Natives created and sold fraudulent art by misrepresenting, falsifying and lying about their non-existent tribal backgrounds. In Washington, 52-year-old Lewis Anthony Rath and 67-year-old Jerry Chris Van Dyke, also known as Jerry Witten, pleaded guilty on March 1 to breaking the law.

Both men admitted that they sold fake “Indian” goods in the historic Pike Place Market in Seattle, one of the most heavily trafficked tourist areas in the city. “When non-Native artists falsely claim Indian heritage, they can take sales away from true Indian artists working to support themselves with skills and techniques handed down for generations,” Nick Brown, the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington, said in a news release. “Stores and galleries need to partner with artists to ensure those artisans and craftsmen advertised as Indian Artists truly have tribal status,” Brown added, offering advice to businesses to ensure they comply with the law.

Rath falsely claimed to belong to the San Carlos Apache Tribe — while producing items that mimicked the Pacific Northwest tribal cultures that are hundreds of miles from his supposed Native homeland in Arizona. According to federal authorities, the goods were sold at the Raven’s Nest Treasure and the Ye Olde Curiosity Shop, both of which represented to customers that Rath was Native. And when agents from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which is part of the Department of the Interior, searched Rath’s home and studio, they found feathers from protected birds — including ones from golden eagles. He pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of these items in addition to violating the Indian Arts and Crafts Act.

Meanwhile, Van Dyke falsely claimed to be from the Nez Perce Tribe and was selling goods that he claimed were of Alaska Native origin — again far away from his supposed tribal background in Idaho. According to federal authorities, he produced the items using materials that were supplied to him by the non-Native owner of a gallery in Pike Place.

“Van Dyke had worked with the gallery for more than ten years, with the gallery owner providing him with woolly mammoth ivory, antlers, animal bones and fossilized walrus ivory to make the pendants that it sold,” the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Washington said in the March 1 news release. A day later in Texas, the U.S. Attorney for the Western District announced the sentencing of Kevin Charles Kowalis, 60, for violating the law. According to federal authorities, he falsely marketed and sold jewelry online that he claimed were of “Zuni” and “Navajo” origin even though he does not belong to either tribal nation.

“Fraud can come in many forms but always carries the intent to deceive a victim,” U.S. Attorney Jaime Esparza of the Western District of Texas said in a news release. “Offenders like this defendant victimize both our cherished Native American community and consumers who believe they’re collecting authentic pieces of Native American culture. We will not stand idle while someone takes advantage of our citizens and our federal resources.” Kowalis will serve five years probation for his crime and was ordered to forfeit his inventory, pay a special assessment and pay restitution to a victimized artist from the Pueblo of Zuni.

The total amount appears to be relatively low — less than $1,500, according to court records. No fines were ordered due to his “inability to pay,” the criminal judgment reads. “This sentencing is important in the fight to end this type of fraud,” said Assistant Director Edward J. Grace of the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service’s Office of Law Enforcement. “Our dedicated team of special agents works on behalf of the Department of the Interior and the Indian Arts and Crafts Board to protect American Indian and Alaska Native artists and the consumers who purchase authentic Native American art and craftwork.”

Over in Washington, Rath and Van Dyke are due to be sentenced on May 17. As part of a plea agreement, federal prosecutors said they won’t seek prison time for Van Dyke. Rath did not obtain any promises regarding sentencing in his plea agreement. A federal judge, though, will make the final determination on punishments for both individuals.

“The Indian Arts and Crafts Board (IACB) is very pleased that Jerry Chris Van Dyke and Anthony Rath have been brought to justice for their roles in selling fake Indian artwork in violation of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act,” said Director Meridith Stanton, the leader of the IACB, which is part of the Department of the Interior. “Cases like these are critical to preserving the integrity and viability of authentic Native American art and craftwork in general, as well as preserving the rich cultural heritage of the Nez Perce Tribe and the San Carlos Apache Tribe and the economic livelihoods of their artists and craftspeople,” said Stanton.

The IACB helps look into potential violations of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act, offering examples of possible wrongdoing. But the board’s website notes that items that are marketed or portrayed as “Native American style” or “Native American inspired” can be sold without violating the law — so long as there is “qualified labeling” available to the consumer.

The draft discussion of the ARTIST Act maintains the legality of these categories of “Native American-style jewelry” and “Native American-style arts and crafts” but requires that such items be “indelibly marked” or labeled in a “permanent” fashion, to ensure the consumer is aware that they are not produced by an American Indian, Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian artist.

And while the title of the ARTIST Act contains the word “Indigenous,” the proposed bill does not contain any definitions of a term that has become increasingly used by people who are creating, marketing and selling art that they claim is Native in origin.

An example just emerged in New York, where a self-described activist opened an exhibit in February that appropriates numerous elements of Native culture even after admitting to Indianz.Com that they do not belong to any tribal community. The exhibition, located at a small gallery in the Upper East Side of New York City, notably incorporates the red imagery that Native women developed and brought to prominence to raise awareness to their missing and murdered sisters and relatives. It also includes a visual representation of a Native quilted blanket — albeit with the word “PRETENDIAN” stitched into it.

The Soul of Nations Foundation has prominently marketed the installation as “Indigenous” in origin, a designation that has prompted some Native people to consider reporting it to the Indian Arts and Crafts Board for possible violations of the Indian Artist and Crafts Act. In fact, the non-profit’s executive director and founding member, Ernest Hill, contacted Indianz.Com numerous times in advance of the opening on February 24, soliciting news coverage for an individual who removed all references to their supposed tribal affiliation over a year ago.

Yet Hill, whose parents served as religious missionaries to the Navajo Nation and to other reservations, has since refused to answer questions about the exhibition — including inquiries about the artist’s supposed tribal background.

Materials that Soul of Nations produced for the installation claim it is directed to “Indian Country” but the organization has repeatedly refused to respond to inquiries about the use of the designation in connection with someone who admitted they lack ties to any tribal community. Hill and Soul of Nations also have refused to clarify the source of funding for the project.

In press materials, they proudly assert that the installation has received “support” from the Department of State. On social media, Hill and Soul of Nations gave a different story. In response to a prominent Native environmental leader who has repeatedly attempted to hold the self-described activist accountable for the false claims of tribal belonging, they claimed that “no outside funding was provided for this exhibition.”

When asked to explain the discrepancy between the press materials and the social media post regarding their claim of receiving federal support, Hill and the Soul of Nations refused to respond. The organization started blocking Native users on social media and began restricting interactions on one of its accounts after questions were raised about the installation. The Soul of Nations website, incidentally, includes a prominent reference to the “Senate Committee on Indian Affairs” on a page that has been used to solicit monetary donations. The Department of State is also listed in the same section of the site.

Since the opening of the installation last month, the self-described “Indigenous” individual has posted on social media about being on “Day 371” of a “cancel” and a ‘call out” that has purportedly kept them “jobless.” The number of days is counted from the February 25, 2022, story on Indianz.Com that reported on their their non-existent tribal affiliations. The next post on the private account was about the installation, which opened to the public a year following publication of the story. The user has since deleted hundreds of posts about their supposed tribal background from the account, whose name is a variation of an anti-LGBTQ slur.

The Senate Committee on Indian Affairs is accepting comments about the Amendments to Respect Traditional Indigenous Skill and Talent (ARTIST) Act of 2023 until April 14. Comments can be sent to Artist@indian.senate.gov.

[protoslacker]

Here’s the rub. Most Western-centric judges are blinded not only to culturally embedded aspects of Native American land relationships but also to myths at the root of Indian Law. According to the law that judges are to apply, obliteration does not equal coercion. This is pious anarchy of the sort. It is an unknowing and uncaring avenue of the jurists, and it is more inexcusable than an incompetent understanding of Native American religious necessities.

Bob Hershey at Turtle Talk. Guest Post: Bob Hershey on Contemporary Attacks on Sacred Sites

KILLERS OF THE FLOWER MOON IS A STUDY IN GENOCIDAL VILLANY: THE UNITED STATES CONTEMPORARY WAR ON NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES CONTINUES THE RAMPAGES OF THAT ERA.

[lawwiseperspectives]

🚀 Excited to share my latest article

[lawyerinnoida]

Mutual Divorce Lawyer in India

Divorce is an increasingly common phenomenon in India, with couples ending their marriages for various reasons. Divorce process in India is governed by several laws and understanding the intricacies of these laws is essential for a person seeking a divorce.

In India, the primary law governing divorce is the Hindu Marriage Act 1955. This law applies to persons belonging to the Hindu, Buddhist, Jain or Sikh religions. The law provides for certain grounds on which divorce may be sought, such as adultery, separation, mental disorder, contagious and incurable form of leprosy, failure to marry, conversion to another religion, and cruelty. There is also a provision in the law that a court can dissolve a marriage by mutual divorce.

In addition to the Indian Marriage Act, certain persons are also subject to the Indian Divorce Act, 1869 and the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936. These statutes define the grounds on which a person can apply for divorce; however, the grounds provided in these laws are more limited than those provided in the Hindu Marriage Act. In addition to the various laws, the person seeking a divorce must be aware of the process. The main steps in the process include filing a petition with a court of competent jurisdiction, providing notice to the other party, and then participating in a hearing and mediation. The court will then decide on the divorce and the parties can begin to negotiate a settlement. Depending on the reasons for the divorce, it can last from six months to several years.

Generally, Indian divorce laws provide a framework for individuals who wish to end their marriage. It is important for a person to know the process and the applicable laws as this can help them make informed decisions.

[mookuthi-amman]

Reminder that forced/coerced marriage (any marriage either party is unwilling to enter) is illegal in India. Even if relatives threaten that they can do it, its not legal. You have options to avoid it.

[studylaws]

Article 20 of the Indian Constitution: Safeguarding the Rights of Individuals

Introduction Article 20 of the Indian Constitution is a crucial provision that plays a significant role in safeguarding the fundamental rights of individuals. It embodies the principles of justice and fairness by ensuring protection against certain actions that may infringe upon the personal liberty of citizens. This article provides safeguards that are vital for upholding the principles of a…

[stpeterslaw]

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[lawandlegal]

Lawyer for Supreme Court of India: Advocate Narender Singh is the Best Lawyer in India

Introduction

The Supreme Court of India stands as the pinnacle of the Indian judiciary, where the most complex and significant cases are decided. When facing such high-stakes situations, selecting the right lawyer is not just important—it’s crucial. Among the elite cadre of legal professionals in India, Advocate Narender Singh shines as a beacon of excellence. This article delves into why Advocate Narender Singh is hailed as the best lawyer for Supreme Court of India, particularly for cases in the Supreme Court.

Background of the Supreme Court of India

History and Establishment of the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of India was established on January 28, 1950, shortly after the adoption of the Constitution of India. It serves as the highest judicial authority in the country, with the power to interpret the Constitution and adjudicate disputes that have far-reaching implications.

Role and Significance of the Supreme Court in India’s Judiciary System

The Supreme Court plays a vital role in upholding the rule of law and ensuring that justice is served at the highest level. It has the authority to hear appeals from lower courts, resolve disputes between states, and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. The decisions made here often set precedents that guide the judiciary across the nation.

Types of Cases Handled by the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court handles a wide array of cases, including constitutional matters, civil and criminal appeals, and public interest litigations. Given the complexity and significance of these cases, it is essential to have an experienced and skilled lawyer by your side.

Qualities of a Supreme Court Lawyer

Expertise in Constitutional Law

A Supreme Court lawyer must possess a deep understanding of constitutional law. This expertise allows them to navigate the intricacies of cases that often involve the interpretation of the Constitution.

Experience in Handling Complex Cases

Experience is another critical factor. Lawyers who have a track record of handling complex cases are better equipped to manage the pressures of Supreme Court litigation.

Strong Analytical and Research Skills

The ability to analyze legal issues from multiple perspectives and conduct thorough research is indispensable for a Supreme Court lawyer. These skills ensure that no stone is left unturned in building a strong case.

Exceptional Oral and Written Communication

Articulate communication is vital in the Supreme Court, where the ability to present arguments clearly and persuasively can make the difference between winning and losing a case.

Profile of Advocate Narender Singh

Educational Background and Qualifications

Advocate Narender Singh’s journey to becoming a top lawyer began with a strong educational foundation. He holds degrees from prestigious institutions and has continuously upgraded his knowledge through specialized courses in constitutional and international law.

Career Highlights and Milestones

Throughout his illustrious career, Advocate Narender Singh has achieved numerous milestones. He has successfully represented clients in some of the most challenging cases in the Supreme Court, earning accolades for his legal acumen.

Recognition and Awards in the Legal Field

Advocate Narender Singh has been recognized for his contributions to the legal profession with several awards. His peers regard him as a leader in the field, and his work has been celebrated both nationally and internationally.

Advocate Narender Singh’s Legal Philosophy

Commitment to Justice and Fairness

At the core of Advocate Narender Singh’s practice is a deep commitment to justice and fairness. He believes that every client deserves a fair chance and works tirelessly to ensure that the scales of justice are balanced.

Approach to Client Representation

Advocate Narender Singh takes a client-centric approach to representation. He listens carefully to his clients’ needs and concerns, crafting strategies that align with their best interests while upholding the law.

Ethical Practices in Law

Ethics are paramount in Advocate Narender Singh’s practice. He maintains the highest standards of integrity, ensuring that all his actions are guided by the principles of honesty and fairness.

Major Cases Handled by Advocate Narender Singh

Landmark Cases in Constitutional Law

Advocate Narender Singh has been at the forefront of several landmark cases that have shaped the interpretation of the Indian Constitution. His arguments have often led to the establishment of new legal principles that continue to influence Indian law.

High-Profile Cases that Gained National Attention

In addition to constitutional cases, Advocate Narender Singh has represented clients in high-profile cases that have captured national attention. These cases have further cemented his reputation as a top-tier lawyer.

Contributions to Legal Precedents in India

Through his work, Advocate Narender Singh has contributed to the development of legal precedents that are now referenced by courts across the country. His impact on the legal landscape is both profound and enduring.

Client Testimonials and Success Stories

Satisfied Clients’ Experiences

Many of Advocate Narender Singh’s clients have shared their positive experiences, highlighting his dedication, professionalism, and the successful outcomes he has achieved for them.

Notable Success Stories in the Supreme Court

Among the numerous cases Advocate Narender Singh has handled, several stand out as remarkable successes. These victories are a testament to his legal expertise and unwavering commitment to his clients.

Advocate Narender Singh’s Reputation Among Peers

Advocate Narender Singh is highly respected by his peers in the legal community. His colleagues often seek his advice on complex legal issues, recognizing his depth of knowledge and experience.

Why Advocate Narender Singh is the Best Lawyer in India

Comparison with Other Top Lawyers in India

While India boasts many skilled lawyers, Advocate Narender Singh’s combination of expertise, experience, and ethical practice sets him apart. His track record in the Supreme Court speaks volumes about his capabilities.

Unique Qualities that Set Him Apart

Advocate Narender Singh’s unique qualities, such as his analytical prowess, exceptional communication skills, and unwavering dedication to justice, make him the best choice for Supreme Court cases.

His Influence in Shaping Indian Law

Through his work, Advocate Narender Singh has had a significant influence on the development of Indian law. His contributions continue to shape the legal framework of the country.

[legalprime]

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[nailandkeyclicks]

The Importance of Parliamentary Committees and the Extent to Which Their Recommendations are Binding

This paper explores the critical role of parliamentary committees in the Indian legislative process and the extent to which their recommendations are binding. It delves into the historical background of these committees, their current functioning, and their significance in ensuring transparency and accountability in lawmaking. The article highlights the introduction of three significant bills by Union Home Minister Amit Shah in August 2023, aimed at modernizing India's criminal laws. It also discusses the criticism faced by these bills and the importance of thorough examination by parliamentary committees. The declining utilization of parliamentary committees in recent years is analysed, emphasizing the need to strengthen their role to enhance India's parliamentary democracy.

Introduction

In August 2023, Union Home Minister Amit Shah introduced three significant bills in the Lok Sabha aimed at modernizing India's criminal laws. These bills, namely the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Bill, 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) Bill, 2023, and the Bharatiya Sakshya (BS) Bill, 2023, are set to replace the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), 1898, and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The primary objective of these bills is to streamline the justice delivery process, ensuring timely justice for the citizens of India.

However, these new laws have faced substantial criticism. Critics argue that the laws, despite their complex Hindi nomenclature, retain much of the substance of the old laws in English. There is also concern that the changes are minimal and could have been achieved through amendments to the existing laws. While the removal of 'sedition' is welcomed, there are fears about the potential misuse of provisions targeting 'subversive activities' and 'endangering the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.' These issues highlight the need for thorough examination by the parliamentary standing committee to prevent arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.

Historical Background of Parliamentary Committees

The Indian Parliament commenced in 1952, and since then, several reforms have been made to enhance its effectiveness, including the establishment of parliamentary committees. The concept of legislative committees in India dates back to the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919. Initially, these committees were formed at the provincial level and later extended to the national level by 1933. Among the earliest and most significant committees is the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), established in 1921. Over time, the PAC and other committees evolved to include members from both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

In May 1964, the Committee on Public Undertakings (CPU) was formed to oversee the growing number of public enterprises. By 1993, a joint committee of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha approved the creation of Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) to enhance legislative scrutiny.

Understanding the Role of Parliamentary Committees

Parliamentary committees in India are categorized into Standing Committees and Ad Hoc Committees, authorized by Article 118(1) of the Indian Constitution. Ad hoc committees are temporary and dissolve after completing their assigned tasks. They include Advisory Committees and Inquiry Committees, such as select and joint committees focusing on specific bills.

In contrast, standing committees have a fixed term and operate continuously. There are six types of standing committees: financial committees, departmental standing committees, committees for inquiries, committees for scrutiny and control, committees related to daily House affairs, and housekeeping or service committees. These committees play a permanent and crucial role in the legislative process.

Significance of Parliamentary Committees and Their Recommendations

Parliamentary committees are vital for scrutinizing bills and examining their implications. However, recent trends indicate a decline in their utilization, which undermines the effectiveness of India's parliamentary democracy. A report by Hindustan Times estimates that between 2009 and 2014, around 71% of bills were referred to parliamentary committees. This practice sharply declined to 25% between 2014 and 2019, raising concerns about the legislature's ability to effectively scrutinize laws.

The reduced use of parliamentary committees signifies a shift away from comprehensive bill examination and consultation. Data from PRS Legislative Research highlights the decline in committee referrals, especially in the 16th Lok Sabha (2014-2019), raising questions about transparency, accountability, and the inclusivity of the legislative process.

Current Status

One notable example of a parliamentary committee's significant work is the development of the Digital Data Protection Bill. Following the Puttaswamy judgment in 2017, which recognized privacy as a fundamental right, the Justice Srikrishna Committee was established to craft a data protection framework for India. Based on its report, the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, was introduced in the Lok Sabha and later referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee. This committee's insights and recommendations were crucial in shaping the bill, leading to the introduction of a new Draft Digital Data Protection Bill for public consultation in November 2022.

Conclusion

The three bills introduced by Union Home Minister Amit Shah aim to modernize India's criminal laws, replacing colonial-era frameworks. Despite facing criticism, these bills have been sent to the standing parliamentary committee for review. The declining utilization of parliamentary committees, as highlighted by reports from Hindustan Times and PRS Legislative Research, is a concerning trend. To strengthen India's parliamentary democracy and ensure transparent and effective lawmaking, it is imperative to recognize the significance of parliamentary committee recommendations. These recommendations should be considered binding to enhance accountability, transparency, and inclusivity in the legislative process.

[protoslacker]

Peace Circles have been used by our indigenous ancestors since time immemorial. It has really been our way of life. [In] resolving disputes, talking it out, making things right, the sacred space of the peacemaking circle allows for fairness and healing to not just the family and community, but also to the individual.78

Justice Cheryl Fairbanks quoted in an article by Nic Rossio et al. * in the Wayne Law Review--via Turtle Talk. Restructuring American Law Schools: Peacemaking in the First Year Curriculum

*Nice Rossio (sic), Tim Connors, Margaret Connors, Cheryl Fairbanks, William Hall, and Brett Shelton have published “Restructuring American Law Schools: Peacemaking in the First Year Curriculum” in the Wayne Law Review.

It's really encouraging to me to see many posts on my Tumblr fee on the SUpreme Court overturning the Chevron. People know this is important. I have no idea how I ever found Turtle Talk, but I am glad I did. It's given me new ways to look at important lssues. I am not a lawyer, and don't think like a lawyer, yet I understand that the law is important. I've been slowly learning mor about abolition. I thik I've barely scrathed the surface. One insight about the movement, repeated over and again, is that abolition is less about tearing down and more about building anew. This law review article fits. I found it persuasive, practical and heartening at a time when news about the law is so bad.

[snrlaw]

Environmental Laws in India: An Overview

Introduction

The evolution of environmental jurisprudence in India has been a remarkable journey, marked by significant milestones and groundbreaking judgments. From the early days of environmental awareness to the current era of environmental activism, the Indian legal system has played a crucial role in shaping the country's approach to environmental protection.

The Early Days of Environmental Awareness: A Shift in Perspective

Environmental consciousness in India emerged in the early 20th century, when concerns over deforestation and wildlife conservation began to gain public attention. This newfound awareness led to the enactment of the first environmental legislation in India, the Indian Forest Act of 1927, which aimed to regulate forest management and protect wildlife.

The Post-Independence Era: A New Legal Framework for Environmental Protection

In the post-independence era, India's environmental jurisprudence underwent significant transformation. The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, included provisions that emphasized the importance of environmental protection. Article 48A, introduced in 1976, explicitly states that "The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country."

The Rise of Environmental Litigation: A Force for Change

The 1970s and 1980s witnessed a surge in environmental litigation in India, as public interest groups and activists challenged the government and industries for their environmental transgressions. Landmark cases such as the Ganga River pollution case and the Bhopal gas tragedy brought environmental issues to the forefront of public discourse and highlighted the need for stricter environmental regulations.

The Emergence of New Environmental Principles: Embracing Sustainable Development

The 1990s and 2000s saw the emergence of new environmental principles in Indian jurisprudence, such as the precautionary principle, the polluter-pays principle, and the concept of sustainable development. These principles guided the courts in their decisions, leading to a more comprehensive and holistic approach to environmental protection.

The Significance of Environmental Jurisprudence in Protecting the Environment

The evolution of environmental jurisprudence in India has had a profound impact on the country's efforts to protect the environment. By providing a legal framework for environmental protection, empowering citizens to raise environmental concerns, and establishing new environmental principles, the courts have played a vital role in safeguarding India's natural heritage.

Conclusion

The evolution of environmental jurisprudence in India is a continuous process, adapting to the ever-changing environmental challenges. As India continues to grapple with issues such as air pollution, water pollution, and climate change, the role of the legal system in protecting the environment remains more crucial than ever.

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