#Nuclear reactors

[datarep]

Top countries by nuclear reactor capacity (in gigawatts electric)

(by invest.billionaire/instagram)

[mandareeboo]

I promise this isn't jest I just don't understand physics- why don't we just use heat to boil the water to make the fans go? Why do we use nuclear stuff for it?

[stone-cold-groove]

Atoms for peace.

[sailorsol]

Thinking about Pacific Rim on the way to work this morning, as one does, and how there is a fundamental misunderstanding of how nuclear reactors generate power. They would be terrible power sources for mechas, not just because of radiation concerns, but because of how much stuff they require. Like, inherently, you need the reactor but you also need a cooling system that generates steam to power a steam turbine to generate power in an electrical motor. Even a small reactor system like in a nuclear powered submarine is significantly larger than most people think.

Like, a Los Angeles class fast-attack submarine is 350 ft long. Almost half of that space is taken up by the power plant system. That's 175 ft, or over 50 m. That's roughly equivalent to a 14 story building. Gypsy Danger is 260 ft tall. If 1/3 of its height is the torso, that's ~80 ft. Not enough room for a small nuclear power plant. And that's with what we were capable of building in the early 2010s. That space also doesn't take into account all of the coolant needed, whether it's a water-cooled reactor or a sodium-cooled reactor. And that's not even considering the weight of all of that stuff. Plus the fact that, while a sodium-cooled reactor may be more efficient, it is also highly flammable. There's a reason Jimmy Carter refused to allow sodium-cooled reactors on US nuclear submarines, and he was basically considered the father of the nuclear navy.

On top of all of that, nuclear reactors are fussy. They don't like getting knocked around. There's a lot of delicate instrumentation, and the entire system is running at high temperatures and high pressures. We're talking 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) and >2000 PSI (136 atm, or 136 times normal outside pressure). You need a very robust system of pipes and pumps to handle that sort of thing, and if any of it breaks, at best you're getting irradiated water and at worst you could be looking at a hydrogen or sodium explosion depending on the type of cooling system.

All of these concerns regarding weight and size are basically why nuclear-powered jet engines never took off (hah). Yes, they were actually being designed, by both Pratt & Whitney and General Electric, the two major jet engine manufacturers in the US. While the GE design was "relatively" small, it was a direct air cycle, which means that the air powering the turbine was heated up directly by the nuclear reactor, meaning that the exhaust from the engines were irradiated. So using it meant spewing radiation behind it.

That's not even taking into account that the first nuclear-powered jaeger was built in ~2014, a time when nuclear power was especially contentious. If it had been pre-Fukushima, when the "nuclear renaissance" was still holding strong, I could believe that they may have tried for a nuclear-powered jaeger. But post-Fukushima? Not so much.

So yes, it's highly unlikely that we would have developed nuclear-powered mecha. What's more likely is that we would have seen huge advances in rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, and electric motors. We are just now seeing in the early 2020s an electric motor that can generate power on the same scale as a combustion jet engine, but the amount of power to run that motor is still beyond the capacity of what we have for battery storage. And the problem we see, of course, with the rechargeable batteries being used in electric cars is that they tend to catch on fire.

All that being said, yes, I recognize that it is a sci-fi movie and the science aspect is more or less just ignored. But this is what happens when you have a bored writer who has also been in the power generation industry for nearly 17 years.

Tl;dr. We wouldn't have used nuclear-powered mecha, we probably would have advanced electric motors and batteries by leaps and bounds.

[atomicastrid]

Big news for fans of arguing with your sibling

[abigailment-a]

so embarrassing that it’s called a meltdown. like that word cannot be taken seriously enough because people use it when talking about upset toddlers(though I do think that children should be taken more seriously because sometimes their points are valid). this post is about autism btw but nuclear reactors are free to reblog

[turtleislandhistory]

January 3, 1961

The SL-1 reactor in Idaho explodes after reactor operator John Byrnes withdraws a control rod too far during a maintenance procedure which causes the reactor to go prompt critical. All three workers in attendance, Richard Legg, Richard McKinley, and Byrnes, are killed.

[nuclearplutonium]

Sometimes we just explode.. it happens.

[el-ffej]

Back In The Day, when I was at Reed College, the word was that as long as you didn't go below ~10 feet (I don't remember the exact depth -- check with your local reactor rep before diving in), you were fine.

I never did; but I always loved the reactor room for 2 things:

The life preserver hanging on the side of the railing around the reactor (see above).

A big, fancy late 19th-century "old west" lead safe, that was used to store isotopes in.

The Forbidden Pool

[greatprinceofabraham]

@zerohedge

"The White House wants to deploy 300 GW of net new nuclear capacity by 2050 and have 10 large reactors under construction in the U.S. by 2030."

#Constellation #Meta #Microsoft #datacenters #AI #nuclearreactors

https://www.zerohedge.com/ai/meta-signs-nuclear-power-deal-constellation-fuel-ai

[ratbits]

"Los Angeles, Fin de Siècle" by Maurya Simon

Maurya Simon’s “Los Angeles, Fin de Siecle” is a transmission from a Los Angeles that no longer exists but also hasn’t changed. Sherman Oaks Galleria, 1981. Photo: Wayne Thom discovered via @LAExplained. In many ways, Los Angeles is America. If the East Coast is the body, the inheritance of custom and traditions passed down from Europe like a rare congenital illness, Los Angeles is the…

[frnwhcom]

Fission vs. Fusion: Understanding Key Differences in Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy has long been a topic of fascination and debate. At its core are two fundamental processes: fission and fusion. Both processes release energy, but they operate in distinct ways and have different implications for energy production and safety. This article delves into the differences between these two nuclear reactions, their applications, and their potential for the future. What…

[aurianneor]

40 years, a nuclear risk under control?

Is using 40-year-old nuclear power stations a controlled risk? When will other energy sources be available? Vote!

For more information:

Nucléaire : mais dans quel état sont nos centrales ! – Le Parisien: http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/actu/mais-dans-quel-etat-sont-nos-centrales-nucleaires-16-03-2016-5630383.php

Diagnostic alarmant d’EDF sur les diesels de secours des réacteurs nucléaires -Le journal de l’énergie: http://journaldelenergie.com/nucleaire/diagnostic-alarmant-edf-diesels-secours-reacteurs et http://journaldelenergie.com/nucleaire/systemes-secours-depasses-reacteurs-nucleaires-edf/

– L’OCDE: https://www.oecd.org/fr/presse/la-france-s-est-fixe-des-objectifs-ambitieux-en-matiere-d-environnement.htm 

et le rapport complet: http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/environment/examens-environnementaux-de-l-ocde-france-2016_9789264252592-fr#.WRxi9FKB3NA#page1

Emmanuel Macron se révélera-t-il aussi médiocre que François Hollande sur l’écologie ? – Bastamag: https://www.bastamag.net/Emmanuel-Macron-se-revelera-t-il-aussi-mediocre-que-Francois-Hollande-sur-l

– FI: https://laec.fr/section/39/100-d-energies-renouvelables-en-2050 

Climate change means we have to move away from energy sources that emit greenhouse gases. Nuclear power is not a solution for the future. It does not resolve any issues: neither the independence of supply, nor the safety of the installations, nor the management of waste, nor the financial costs. We must therefore move away from it. It is an exciting technical and human horizon. Several studies (NegaWatt, Ademe, etc.) have shown that it is possible by 2050. All that is lacking is the political will.

The program of La France insoumise proposes to implement the following measures:

Adopt an energy transition plan with a dual focus on energy efficiency and the transition to renewable energy.

Develop all renewable energy sources.

Phase out carbon-based energy, starting with an end to subsidies for fossil fuels and all exploration for shale gas and oil and coal.

Stop the privatization of hydroelectric dams.

Abandon nuclear power.

Immediately close Fessenheim, guaranteeing the employment and training of employees to turn it into a pilot site for decommissioning.

Abandon the major overhaul operation aimed at extending the life of nuclear power plants beyond forty years.

Abandon the EPR projects (Flamanville and Hinkley Point) and the burial of nuclear waste in Bure.

Make public the data on the burial of nuclear waste over the last sixty years and provide information on proven and/or potential health hazards.

Create a public energy center to pursue a coherent policy, by renationalizing EDF and Engie (formerly GDF) in conjunction with local renewable energy production and consumption cooperatives and by promoting self-production and the sharing of surpluses.

Reverse the liberalization of the electricity market and repeal the NOME law.

– Les Suisses approuvent l’abandon progressif du nucléaire – Le Monde : http://mobile.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2017/05/21/les-suisses-appeles-a-se-prononcer-sur-l-abandon-progressif-du-nucleaire_5131268_3214.html

– Les centrales nucléaires françaises ne sont toujours pas aux normes post-Fukushima – Le Monde: https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2019/03/11/les-centrales-nucleaires-francaises-ne-sont-toujours-pas-aux-normes-post-fukushima_5434350_3244.html

Translated with Deepl

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40 ans, un risque nucléaire maîtrisé?: https://www.aurianneor.org/40-ans-un-risque-maitrise-votez-pour-defendre/

Useful Ecology: https://www.aurianneor.org/useful-ecology/

Tomorrow – Chap 2: L’énergie: https://www.aurianneor.org/tomorrow-chap-2-lenergie-demainlefilm/

Fund: https://www.aurianneor.org/fund-according-to-the-latest-international/

Overconsumption of lithium: https://www.aurianneor.org/overconsumption-of-lithium/

Solidarité Helvétique: https://www.aurianneor.org/solidarite-helvetique-democratie-semi-directe/

Yes to the popular referendum!: https://www.aurianneor.org/yes-to-the-popular-referendum/

[outer-space-youtube]

The Needed Power?

Is nuclear power needed? Is a cleaner climate needed? If you answered yes to either of those two questions, you can not have one without the other. One more question, do we need more power to support the massive server farms that are being created for AI? Microsoft is refurbishing Three Mile Island…for AI…development!

[rubyrachal4]

Naval Warfare Revolution: The Power and Future of Modern Warships and Nuclear Carriers

The Evolution of Warships

Warships have undergone a remarkable transformation from the age of sail to the modern era. Early warships, such as the galleons and frigates of the 16th and 17th centuries, were primarily wind-powered and armed with rows of cannons. The advent of steam power in the 19th century revolutionized naval warfare, allowing ships to operate independently of the wind. The transition to steel hulls and the introduction of explosive shells further increased the power and resilience of warships.

The 20th century saw the rise of the dreadnought battleship, which dominated naval strategy during World War I. These ships were characterized by their heavy armor and large-caliber guns. However, World War II highlighted the strategic importance of aircraft carriers, which could project air power far beyond the range of ship-based guns. The post-war era ushered in the nuclear age, fundamentally altering the design and capabilities of modern warships.

Modern Warships: Types and Capabilities

Today’s most powerful warships include aircraft carriers, destroyers, cruisers, and submarines. These vessels are equipped with advanced technologies and weapons systems, making them formidable assets in any navy.

Aircraft Carriers

Aircraft carriers serve as the centerpiece of modern naval fleets. These floating air bases can launch and recover aircraft, providing unparalleled flexibility and reach. The U.S. Navy’s Nimitz-class and the newer Gerald R. Ford-class carriers are prime examples of the power and sophistication of modern carriers. These ships displace around 100,000 tons and can carry over 60 aircraft, including fighters, reconnaissance planes, and helicopters. Their nuclear reactors provide the power needed for extended deployments without the need for refueling, allowing them to operate continuously for over 20 years.

Destroyers and Cruisers

Destroyers and cruisers play crucial roles in fleet defense and power projection. Equipped with advanced radar and missile systems, these ships can engage air, surface, and submarine threats. The Arleigh Burke-class destroyers and Ticonderoga-class cruisers of the U.S. Navy are notable for their versatility and combat power. They carry an array of guided missiles, torpedoes, and anti-aircraft guns, making them essential components of Carrier Strike Groups (CSGs).

Submarines

Submarines are the stealthy hunters of the seas, capable of launching devastating attacks from beneath the waves. Modern submarines are divided into attack submarines (SSNs), ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), and cruise missile submarines (SSGNs). Nuclear-powered submarines offer significant advantages in endurance and speed. The U.S. Navy’s Virginia-class attack submarines, for example, are designed for a variety of missions, including anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, and special operations.

Nuclear Carriers: The Pinnacle of Naval Engineering

Nuclear carriers represent the zenith of naval engineering and power projection. These vessels are equipped with nuclear reactors that provide virtually unlimited range and endurance. This capability allows them to remain at sea for extended periods, maintaining a continuous presence in critical regions around the globe.

Nimitz-Class Aircraft Carriers

The Nimitz-class carriers, commissioned from the 1970s onwards, have been the backbone of the U.S. Navy’s carrier fleet. Each ship in this class is powered by two nuclear reactors, providing a speed of over 30 knots. Their size and capability allow them to carry a diverse air wing, including strike fighters, electronic warfare aircraft, and airborne early warning systems. These carriers have participated in numerous conflicts, demonstrating their versatility and resilience.

Gerald R. Ford-Class Aircraft Carriers

The Gerald R. Ford-class represents the next generation of aircraft carriers. The lead ship, USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78), was commissioned in 2017. This class incorporates advanced technologies, such as the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) and Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG), which enhance the efficiency and capability of flight operations. The Ford-class carriers are also designed to operate with a smaller crew, reducing long-term operational costs.

Nuclear Reactors in Naval Vessels

Nuclear reactors provide a significant advantage in naval propulsion, offering unmatched endurance and power. Unlike conventional ships that require regular refueling, nuclear-powered vessels can operate for decades without needing to refuel, a crucial capability for extended deployments and strategic flexibility.

Pressurized Water Reactors

The most common type of reactor used in naval vessels is the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). These reactors use enriched uranium as fuel and water as both coolant and moderator. The heat generated by nuclear fission is used to produce steam, which drives turbines connected to the ship’s propellers. The reactors are heavily shielded to protect the crew from radiation, and multiple redundant safety systems are in place to prevent accidents.

Safety and Maintenance

Safety is a paramount concern for nuclear-powered ships. The reactors are designed with multiple layers of safety systems to prevent and contain any potential incidents. Crew members undergo rigorous training to operate and maintain the reactors safely. Regular maintenance and inspections ensure that the reactors remain in optimal condition throughout the ship’s operational life.

Naval Warfare in the Modern Era

Strategic Importance of Naval Power

Naval power remains a critical component of national defense and global influence. Control of the seas allows nations to protect trade routes, project military force, and deter potential adversaries. Powerful warships, particularly aircraft carriers and submarines, serve as strategic assets that can respond rapidly to emerging threats and crises.

Carrier Strike Groups

A Carrier Strike Group (CSG) is a key element of naval strategy. A typical CSG includes an aircraft carrier, supported by destroyers, cruisers, and submarines. This formation provides a balanced mix of offensive and defensive capabilities, allowing for flexible and sustained operations. The carrier’s air wing can conduct a wide range of missions, from air superiority and ground attack to reconnaissance and electronic warfare.

Submarine Warfare

Submarines play a crucial role in modern naval warfare due to their stealth and versatility. Attack submarines (SSNs) are designed to seek and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships. Ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) serve as a strategic deterrent, capable of launching nuclear missiles from undetected positions. Cruise missile submarines (SSGNs) provide additional firepower, launching precision strikes against land and sea targets.

Advanced Weaponry and Technology

Modern warships are equipped with an array of advanced weaponry and technologies. Guided missile systems, such as the Aegis Combat System, enable ships to track and engage multiple targets simultaneously. Anti-submarine warfare capabilities, including sonar and torpedoes, protect fleets from underwater threats. Electronic warfare systems disrupt enemy communications and radar, enhancing the survivability of naval forces.

Challenges and Future Developments

Technological and Operational Challenges

Despite their advantages, nuclear-powered warships face significant challenges. The complexity of nuclear reactors requires highly trained personnel and meticulous maintenance. The development and deployment of these vessels also involve substantial financial investments. Furthermore, the potential for nuclear accidents, although minimal, necessitates stringent safety protocols.

Environmental and Political Concerns

The use of nuclear power in naval vessels raises environmental and political concerns. The potential for radioactive contamination and the disposal of nuclear waste are critical issues. Additionally, the proliferation of nuclear technology poses strategic challenges, as more nations seek to develop or acquire nuclear-powered vessels.

Future Trends

The future of naval warfare will likely see continued advancements in technology and strategy. The development of unmanned systems, including drones and autonomous submarines, is poised to transform naval operations. The integration of artificial intelligence and cyber capabilities will enhance the effectiveness of naval forces, enabling faster and more accurate decision-making.

Sustainable and Hybrid Propulsion Systems

To address environmental concerns, research into sustainable and hybrid propulsion systems is ongoing. Alternative fuels, energy-efficient designs, and the integration of renewable energy sources are being explored to reduce the environmental impact of naval operations. These advancements will ensure that modern warships remain a cornerstone of military strategy while addressing the challenges of the future.

Conclusion

The evolution of warships, particularly the advent of nuclear-powered carriers and submarines, has dramatically transformed naval warfare. These vessels offer unmatched capabilities, allowing navies to project power globally and maintain strategic dominance. While they face technological, environmental, and political challenges, ongoing advancements promise to shape the future of naval warfare. The integration of new technologies, coupled with sustainable practices, will ensure that modern warships remain a cornerstone of military strategy in the years to come.

[sustainableyadayadayada]

November 2023 in Review

Most frightening and/or depressing story: An economic model that underlies a lot of climate policy may be too conservative. I don’t think this matters much because the world is doing too little, too late even according to the conservative model. Meanwhile, the ice shelves holding back Greenland are in worse shape than previously thought. Most hopeful story: Small modular nuclear reactors have…