#Partial Discharge Detector

[electronalytics]

Partial Discharge Detector Market Analysis, Regional Segmented, Outlook & Forecast till 2033

The competitive analysis of the Partial Discharge Detector Market offers a comprehensive examination of key market players. It encompasses detailed company profiles, insights into revenue distribution, innovations within their product portfolios, regional market presence, strategic development plans, pricing strategies, identified target markets, and immediate future initiatives of industry leaders. This section serves as a valuable resource for readers to understand the driving forces behind competition and what strategies can set them apart in capturing new target markets.

Market projections and forecasts are underpinned by extensive primary research, further validated through precise secondary research specific to the Partial Discharge Detector Market. Our research analysts have dedicated substantial time and effort to curate essential industry insights from key industry participants, including Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), top-tier suppliers, distributors, and relevant government entities.

Receive the FREE Sample Report of Partial Discharge Detector Market Research Insights @ https://stringentdatalytics.com/sample-request/partial-discharge-detector-market/8129/

Market Segmentations:

Global Partial Discharge Detector Market: By Company • APM Technologies • Siemens • High Voltage Partial Discharge • ALTANOVA GROUP • OMICRON Electronics • Prysmian Group • Protec Equipment • Megger • Qualitrol Company • Doble Engineering Company • Eaton • Power Diagnostix • Dimrus • SNSK Company • EA Technology • LS Cable and System • Dynamic Ratings • HV Hipot Electric Global Partial Discharge Detector Market: By Type • Desktop • Portable Global Partial Discharge Detector Market: By Application • Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) • Transformers • Power Cables • Others

Regional Analysis of Global Partial Discharge Detector Market

All the regional segmentation has been studied based on recent and future trends, and the market is forecasted throughout the prediction period. The countries covered in the regional analysis of the Global Partial Discharge Detector market report are U.S., Canada, and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, and Rest of Europe in Europe, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific (APAC), Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, South Africa, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa (MEA) as a part of Middle East and Africa (MEA), and Argentina, Brazil, and Rest of South America as part of South America.

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Key Report Highlights:

Key Market Participants: The report delves into the major stakeholders in the market, encompassing market players, suppliers of raw materials and equipment, end-users, traders, distributors, and more.

Comprehensive Company Profiles: Detailed company profiles are provided, offering insights into various aspects including production capacity, pricing, revenue, costs, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption patterns, growth rates, import-export dynamics, supply chains, future strategic plans, and technological advancements. This comprehensive analysis draws from a dataset spanning 12 years and includes forecasts.

Market Growth Drivers: The report extensively examines the factors contributing to market growth, with a specific focus on elucidating the diverse categories of end-users within the market.

Data Segmentation: The data and information are presented in a structured manner, allowing for easy access by market player, geographical region, product type, application, and more. Furthermore, the report can be tailored to accommodate specific research requirements.

SWOT Analysis: A SWOT analysis of the market is included, offering an insightful evaluation of its Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

Expert Insights: Concluding the report, it features insights and opinions from industry experts, providing valuable perspectives on the market landscape.

Report includes Competitor's Landscape:

➊ Major trends and growth projections by region and country ➋ Key winning strategies followed by the competitors ➌ Who are the key competitors in this industry? ➍ What shall be the potential of this industry over the forecast tenure? ➎ What are the factors propelling the demand for the Partial Discharge Detector? ➏ What are the opportunities that shall aid in significant proliferation of the market growth? ➐ What are the regional and country wise regulations that shall either hamper or boost the demand for Partial Discharge Detector? ➑ How has the covid-19 impacted the growth of the market? ➒ Has the supply chain disruption caused changes in the entire value chain? Customization of the Report:

This report can be customized to meet the client’s requirements. Please connect with our sales team (sales@stringentdatalytics.com), who will ensure that you get a report that suits your needs. You can also get in touch with our executives on +1 346 666 6655 to share your research requirements.

About Stringent Datalytics

Stringent Datalytics offers both custom and syndicated market research reports. Custom market research reports are tailored to a specific client's needs and requirements. These reports provide unique insights into a particular industry or market segment and can help businesses make informed decisions about their strategies and operations.

Syndicated market research reports, on the other hand, are pre-existing reports that are available for purchase by multiple clients. These reports are often produced on a regular basis, such as annually or quarterly, and cover a broad range of industries and market segments. Syndicated reports provide clients with insights into industry trends, market sizes, and competitive landscapes. By offering both custom and syndicated reports, Stringent Datalytics can provide clients with a range of market research solutions that can be customized to their specific needs.

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[globalgrowthinsights]

Privacy Management Software Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends [2032]

Privacy Management Software Market provides in-depth analysis of the market state of Privacy Management Software manufacturers, including best facts and figures, overview, definition, SWOT analysis, expert opinions, and the most current global developments. The research also calculates market size, price, revenue, cost structure, gross margin, sales, and market share, as well as forecasts and growth rates. The report assists in determining the revenue earned by the selling of this report and technology across different application areas.

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth Rate of Privacy Management Software in these regions till the forecast period

North America

Middle East and Africa

Asia-Pacific

South America

Europe

Key Attentions of Privacy Management Software Market Report:

The report offers a comprehensive and broad perspective on the global Privacy Management Software Market.

The market statistics represented in different Privacy Management Software segments offers complete industry picture.

Market growth drivers, challenges affecting the development of Privacy Management Software are analyzed in detail.

The report will help in the analysis of major competitive market scenario, market dynamics of Privacy Management Software.

Major stakeholders, key companies Privacy Management Software, investment feasibility and new market entrants study is offered.

Development scope of Privacy Management Software in each market segment is covered in this report. The macro and micro-economic factors affecting the Privacy Management Software Market

Advancement is elaborated in this report. The upstream and downstream components of Privacy Management Software and a comprehensive value chain are explained.

Browse More Details On This Report at @https://www.globalgrowthinsights.com/market-reports/privacy-management-software-market-100578

 Global Growth Insights

Web: https://www.globalgrowthinsights.com

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[bestgolfcartbatteries]

Can Lightning Strike a Golf Cart?

Lightning is a natural phenomenon that, while awe-inspiring, can be extremely dangerous. Understanding lightning and its associated risks is crucial, especially in outdoor environments such as golf courses.

Understanding Lightning and Its Dangers

What is Lightning?

Lightning is a powerful electrical discharge that occurs between clouds, within a cloud, or between a cloud and the ground. It is caused by the build-up of electrostatic charges in the atmosphere. When the difference in charge between two regions becomes too great, the energy is released in the form of a lightning bolt.

How Does Lightning Strike?

Lightning follows a path of least resistance to discharge its energy. It can strike the ground, tall objects, or anything that conducts electricity. The bolt typically starts with a downward leader stroke, creating a channel that allows the electric current to flow. Once contact is made with the ground or an object, a powerful return stroke of electricity flows back into the cloud, producing the bright flash we see as lightning.

Common Myths About Lightning Strikes

Myth: Lightning never strikes the same place twice.

Fact: Lightning can and does strike the same place multiple times, especially in areas with high structures or conductive materials.

Myth: Being indoors protects you completely from lightning.

Fact: While being indoors significantly reduces the risk, lightning can still cause damage through electrical wiring, plumbing, and other conductive pathways.

Myth: Rubber soles on shoes or rubber tires on a car can protect you from lightning.

Fact: The protection comes from the metal frame of the car, not the rubber tires. Rubber-soled shoes provide no protection against lightning.

Risks of Lightning Strikes on Golf Courses

Golf courses are particularly vulnerable to lightning strikes due to their open landscapes and the presence of tall objects like trees and flagpoles.

Lightning Strike Statistics on Golf Courses

Statistics show that a significant number of lightning injuries and fatalities occur on golf courses. According to the National Weather Service, about 10% of all lightning deaths in the United States happen while people are playing golf.

Why Golf Courses are High-Risk Areas

Golf courses are often expansive, open areas with minimal shelter, making golfers more susceptible to lightning strikes. Players may be far from safe shelters when a storm approaches, and the presence of metal golf clubs and carts increases the risk of attracting lightning.

Can Lightning Strike a Golf Cart?

Mechanism of Lightning Strikes on Vehicles

Vehicles, including golf carts, can be struck by lightning. The metal frame of a vehicle can offer some protection by directing the electrical current around the occupants and into the ground, a concept known as the Faraday cage effect. However, this protection is less effective in open or partially enclosed vehicles like golf carts.

Specific Risks for Golf Carts

Golf carts lack the enclosed metal structure that standard vehicles have, making them more vulnerable to lightning. The absence of a full metal frame means that the electrical current from a lightning strike can pass through the cart, potentially causing severe injuries to the occupants.

Safety Tips for Golfers During Thunderstorms

Recognizing the Signs of an Approaching Storm

Darkening skies: A clear indicator that a storm is brewing.

Increasing wind speeds: Often precede thunderstorms.

Distant rumbles of thunder: If you can hear thunder, you are within striking distance of lightning.

Immediate Actions to Take When a Storm Hits

Seek Shelter: Immediately move to a sturdy building or fully enclosed vehicle.

Avoid Tall Objects: Stay away from trees, flagpoles, and other tall structures.

Drop Metal Objects: Put down golf clubs and move away from golf carts.

Long-Term Safety Measures and Equipment

Install Lightning Detectors: These devices can alert golfers to the presence of lightning in the area.

Create Safe Shelters: Ensure there are adequate shelters spread across the golf course.

Education and Training: Regularly educate staff and players on lightning safety procedures.

Lightning Protection Systems for Golf Courses

Overview of Protection Systems

Lightning protection systems are designed to intercept, conduct, and disperse lightning strikes safely into the ground, minimizing the risk of injury and damage.

Installing Lightning Rods and Other Safety Devices

Lightning Rods: Placing lightning rods at strategic locations can help protect key structures.

Grounding Systems: These ensure that electrical currents are safely conducted into the ground.

Surge Protectors: Protect electrical equipment from voltage spikes caused by lightning.

Maintenance and Regular Safety Checks

Regular inspections and maintenance of lightning protection systems are crucial to ensure their effectiveness. This includes checking grounding connections, replacing worn-out components, and testing the system’s overall integrity.

FAQs

Can lightning strike a golf cart?

Yes, golf carts can be struck by lightning. The lack of a fully enclosed metal structure makes them less safe than standard vehicles during thunderstorms.

What should I do if I’m caught in a thunderstorm on a golf course?

Seek immediate shelter in a sturdy building or a fully enclosed vehicle. Avoid tall objects and put down any metal items you are carrying.

Are golf carts equipped with lightning protection?

Most golf carts are not equipped with adequate lightning protection. It is crucial to seek shelter rather than relying on the cart for safety during a storm.

How common are lightning strikes on golf courses?

Lightning strikes on golf courses are relatively common due to the open landscape and the presence of tall objects. Golfers should always be vigilant and prepared to take immediate action if a storm approaches.

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[peterwilson06523]

Mastering The Art Of Storing Lithium Batteries: Best Practices For Longevity And Safety

Lithium batteries have become ubiquitous in the modern lives, powering everything from smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. However, proper storage is crucial to ensure the longevity and safety of lithium batteries. Here are some best practices for storing lithium batteries:

Temperature Control: 

Lithium batteries should be stored at moderate temperatures to maintain their performance and longevity. Extreme heat can accelerate the degradation of the battery cells, while extreme cold can reduce their capacity and cause damage. Ideally, lithium batteries should be stored in a cool, dry place with temperatures ranging between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F).

Avoiding Direct Sunlight:

Exposure to direct sunlight can cause lithium batteries to overheat, leading to thermal runaway and potentially hazardous conditions. Store lithium batteries in a location away from direct sunlight, such as a closet or drawer, to prevent excessive heat buildup.

Proper Ventilation: 

Adequate ventilation is essential when storing lithium batteries, especially in confined spaces. Lithium batteries can release gases during charging or discharging, and proper ventilation helps dissipate these gases to prevent the buildup of pressure inside the storage area.

Avoiding Moisture: 

Moisture can corrode the terminals of lithium batteries and compromise their performance. Store lithium batteries in a dry environment, away from sources of moisture such as sinks, bathrooms, or basements prone to flooding. Consider using airtight containers or silica gel packs to absorb excess moisture and protect the batteries.

Individual Packaging: 

When storing multiple lithium batteries, it's essential to package them individually to prevent short circuits or accidental discharge. Use plastic cases or storage containers designed specifically for lithium batteries to keep them separated and protected from physical damage.

Charge Level: 

Lithium batteries should be stored at a partial state of charge (SOC) rather than fully charged or fully depleted. Aim for a charge level between 30% to 50% to minimise stress on the battery cells while still retaining enough charge for future use. Avoid storing lithium batteries at full charge for extended periods, as this can accelerate degradation and reduce their overall lifespan.

Regular Monitoring: 

Periodically check the condition of stored lithium batteries to ensure they remain in good working order. Inspect for any signs of physical damage, leakage, or swelling, which may indicate a potential safety hazard. If any abnormalities are detected, safely dispose of the affected batteries following proper recycling procedures.

Fire Safety Precautions: 

In the event of a lithium battery fire, it's essential to have appropriate fire safety measures in place. Store lithium batteries away from flammable materials and have fire extinguishing equipment readily available, such as a Class D fire extinguisher designed for lithium battery fires. Additionally, consider installing smoke detectors and fire alarms in storage areas for early detection of potential hazards.

By following these best practices for storing lithium batteries, you can maximise their lifespan, maintain their safety, and ensure optimal performance when they are needed. Whether storing spare batteries for electronic devices or backup power supplies for emergencies, proper storage is essential for getting the most out of your lithium batteries.

[jcmarchi]

Using AI to Understand How Healthy Older Adults Are Aging at Home - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/using-ai-to-understand-how-healthy-older-adults-are-aging-at-home-technology-org/

Using AI to Understand How Healthy Older Adults Are Aging at Home - Technology Org

University of Toronto nursing researcher Charlene Chu wants to know how older adults age at home – and she’s using artificial intelligence to help. 

Elderly woman. Image credit: Piqsels, CC0 Public Domain

An assistant professor in the Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Chu is examining the intersections of technology and older adults’ health and well-being. Her current research uses a multi-modal AI-based sensor system called MAISON (Multimodal AI-based Sensor platform for Older iNdividuals) to help fill in knowledge gaps in the field.

MAISON uses a wearable watch and various sensors such as sleep mats, motion detectors and chair mats to collect information on the wearers’ physiology, including heart rate, blood pressure and quality of sleep. It also detects participants’ levels of activity, including how far they can travel from home.

“We know a lot about older adults who are ill or who have multi-morbidities, but we don’t have much insight into older adults who are aging in positive and healthy ways,” Chu says. “With the rapid advancements in AI and its deployment across multiple sectors, thoughtful examination is required to determine how we can ensure older adults benefit from AI so that no one is left behind.”

Chu is the recipient of a multi-year National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant, which supports innovation in engineering science.

This will fund three interrelated projects including the design and deployment of the MAISON app interface that will help Chu and co-investigator Shehroz Khan, a scientist at the KITE Research Institute, University Health Network and an assistant professor at U of T’s Institute of Biomedical Engineering, develop a database that will provide a nuanced understanding of how healthy older adults age actively in their communities.

The database will be the first of its kind in Canada to include information on the age, sex, gender and socio-economic status of older adults and how this correlates to their ability to age at home.

The overarching goal, Chu says, is to make the database accessible to researchers from around the world, creating the potential for machine learning models to accurately predict outcomes of active aging and inform the design of new technologies – all with older adults acting as key partners in the process.

“These three projects and the app we are creating will be focused on gathering data from people who manage their own health conditions,” says Chu. “We hope to gain a holistic perspective of aging, incorporating feedback from older adults about what they think is important to include in an app that measures their lifestyle and health.”

The detailed information collected by MAISON increases the researchers ability to understand how factors like socio-economic status, geographic location, community features, age, sex and gender impact the aging process, Chu adds. This is important, she notes, because technology for older adults is often subject to bias or digital ageism – problems she has highlighted in earlier research. 

“There is a difference between older adults who are 65 versus those who are 75. We cannot lump together everyone who is 55 and older when we design technology and applications for older adults, but this is what is happening now,” Chu says.

The MAISON system and app interface is currently being used to assess and monitor the activity of older adults who have been discharged from inpatient rehabilitation following hip surgery, helping to demonstrate the technical feasibility of Chu’s latest project.

“Digital ageism partially stems from a lack of data on older adults, including poor labelling and lack of access to technology,” Chu says. “With this project I’m hopeful that we will begin to overcome those barriers.”

Source: University of Toronto

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[ruggedmonitoring]

Guidelines to Perform Online Partial Discharge Measurements in Underground Power Cable

What is Power Cable?

A power cable consists of different layers of insulation sandwiched between High Voltage conductor and metallic sheath which as ground of power cable. The purpose of these insulation screens is to control electric field stress due to High Voltage applied on conductor. Any defect to these layers will decrease dielectric strength of these layers and can result in insulation failure of power cable. Due to reduced dielectric strength partial discharges can happen in insulation that can keep on continue before actual insulation breakdown.

Why there are Partial Discharges in power cables?

A partial discharge is a localized electrical discharge that only partially bridges the insulation between conductors, and which can or cannot occur adjacent to a conductor

Consider below cross section of power cable. In absence of any defect it electrical representation is equivalent to an ideal capacitor between High Voltage conductor and metallic sheath.

However, in presence of a defect, e.g., a cavity in insulation, the equivalent electrical representation of power cable will change. Due to series capacitance of cavity, overall capacitance and hence dielectric strength of power cable insulation will decrease.

Due to decreased dielectric strength, when induced voltage on cavity surpasses its dielectric strength, it collapses resulting release of different forms of energies. This release of energy is equivalent to Partial Discharge phenomenon. One of the energies is release of High Frequency Pulses which travel along the length of power cables on both conductor and metallic sheath. Both fields on conductor and metallic sheath are equal in magnitude and opposite in polarity. The High Frequency pulses can be detected by using High Frequency Current Transformers that can be clamped around cable metallic sheath, mostly at the ends/terminations of power cables.

Guidelines to perform Online Partial Discharge Measurement?

Online Partial Discharge measurement refers to the procedure which is used to perform partial discharge monitoring in power cables while the cable is energized under normal operating conditions. For the purpose of test, a temporary de-energization might be required where safe access to power cable metallic sheath is not available. Below are some general guidelines to perform online partial discharge testing.

1. Installation of High Frequency Current Transformer sensors

High Frequency Current Transformer (HFCT) are clamp on inductive sensors that can be clamped around power cable metallic sheath that is connected to substation earth. While installing HFCT sensors, the polarity of these sensors should be pointing towards earth direction. This will later help in analysing partial discharge signals and their direction. A positive pulse travelling in the direction of polarity of High Frequency Current Transformer will give output as positive pulse and vice versa.

It is very important that High Frequency Current Transformer sensor should be clamped around metallic sheath which is coming out of power cable, passing though HFCT and then connected to earth. It is very important for online partial discharge measurement as mistakes do happen. Such mistakes should be avoided.

Simultaneous sensors measurement is done with help of 3x HFCT on each cable ground, it helps to identify the source of partial discharge, whether PD is coming from outside of power cable or from one of phases of power cables.

A Transient Earth Voltage sensor can be connected to inside or outside of medium voltage air insulated metal clad switchgear to detect local termination defects. Application of HFCT together with TEV can help identify internal versus local PD at termination

2. Solving the challenge of High noise during online partial discharge measurement

It is very well known that Online partial discharge measurements are challenging as compared to Offline partial discharge measurements due to presence of huge noise. Noise can be present in power supply which is powering up equipment. It can be power cable system noise or can be coming from environment. Noise can vary from site to site.

A PD measurement equipment must be equipped with different sets of filters as two different sites are never same. There are different techniques available in commercial systems that can help in eliminating or minimizing noise on site.

3. Select the right partial discharge monitor to analyse multiple signals

When doing online partial discharge measurements, there can be multiple signals; multiple PD sources or multiple noise signals. Most of these noise signals can be eliminated if a PD monitor is equipped with string denoising features like HPM601 PD Monitor from Rugged Monitoring.

Phase Resolved Partial Discharge Graphs also known as PRPD graphs are one the best tools to identify type of defect. Different types of defects have different patterns of PRPD. Hence a knowledge of these patterns will help in better analyzing PD activity.

4. Make sure to perform partial discharge measurement during soak test

It is common procedure to perform a 24-hour or 48-hour soak test on new installation of power cable or a cable with new/replaced termination or joint. During 24 hours, cable is energized but not loaded.

In most of these soak tests by cable installation companies or cable owners, a major element is missing, which is PD measurement during initial 24 hours or 48 hours of soak test. Most of these soak tests on power cables are performed without PD measurement. It is recommended to perform partial discharge testing during complete soak test to ensure that power cable and its accessories are partial discharge free.

Click here to know more: https://bit.ly/3dbnTjC

[beau--roy]

HZJF-9021 Partial Discharge Detector adopts WINDOWS series operating platform, which can freely select elliptical, linear and sinusoidal display, two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphic analysis methods, spectrum window and QVF three-dimensional characteristic window, and can statically measure the partial discharge pulse of the one-wave test voltage.

[thesextheorist]

External Female Genitalia

Female Genitalia – Vagina, Vulva, Pussy, Yoni, C*nt and whatever you want to call it.

In this post we will cover the anatomy of the external female genitalia, it’s purpose and how you can get to know your own.

The full reproductive system (ovaries and womb) will NOT be included – post for a later time.

(WARNING: Contains anatomical diagram and one NSFW pic - thank you to our lord and saviour Betony Vernon.)

Being from the UK, of course my favourite term for Female Genitalia is c*nt. During my time at Secondary School, or High School for my American followers, I was barely taught anything about my vulva, not it’s anatomy or how it worked. I only found out there were two holes when one of my friends told me and I’d never been more embarrassed that I didn’t know how my own body worked or how I was built.

Ok, first lesson - what is the anatomy of the external genitalia? I’ve drawn a really bad diagram for you to look at as I explain the different parts of the external anatomy:

Vulva – The vulva is the term for the area which includes the Vaginal opening, the Labia Majora, the Labia minora and the clitoris.

Mons Pubis – The mound of fatty tissue which covers the pubic bone. It is this area that grows pubic hair.

Clitoral Hood – A fold of skin that surrounds the head of the clitoris (sometimes it can fully cover the clit – no wonder anyone can’t find it). This is designed to protect the clitoris from uncomfortable friction or rubbing.

Clitoris – Located under the clitoral hood and slightly between the labia minora. This is the ‘fun’ area. This little nub is very sensitive and is the go to when engaged in sex. Much like a penis, the clit becomes ‘erect’ with blood when stimulated and with the proper attention can result in orgasm.

Urethra – Located above the vaginal opening. It is a small hole, so small you’ll barely even be able to see it. This is the ‘pee’ hole. It can be engaged in sex – when the elusive ‘squirt’ happens during a female climax, you squirt from the urethra, not the vaginal opening.

Labia Majora – These are the outer lips, these also grow pubic hair and it’s main function is to protect the other external organs, mainly from infections.

Labia Minora – These are the inner lips. They are far more pink in colour than their sisters (Majora) due to the number of blood vessels present in the area, and in moments of sexual arousal the area swells with blood increasing their sensitivity. Sometimes these lips can ‘spill’ out in between the Labia Majora – this is perfectly normal! The minora only surround the area with the urethra and vaginal opening.

Vaginal Opening – This is the hole where the magic happens (where whatever object – in the realms of safe and sane, can be inserted, from dicks to tampons. You can even squeeze a baby through there. Ouch.)

Bartholin Glands – These are located just inside the vaginal opening (lining the sides), and these secrete a thick liquid which is used for lubrication during sex. So, these are what make you ‘wet’. Please, before anything is being inserted (sexually) into the vaginal opening, make sure you are wet and use plenty of lube (blog posts on this to come).

Hymen – Let me make this clear…The Hymen is NOT a virginity detector! The Hymen is a very thin piece of skin that only partially covers the vaginal opening (if it covered the whole opening then you wouldn’t get your period). It can stretch or tear during sex, causing the infamous blood on the sheets for 'first timers' (and unfortunately where the term ‘popping your cherry’ came from. Silly really, not all first timers bleed, just more romanticised bullshit from a culture that fetishises virginity and 'purity'). BUT, it can also stretch and tear from swimming, horse riding, sports or the excursions of daily life. For some women, their hymen is too small to see, or it can be non-existent. Much like other skin, the hymen can repair itself.  

Perineum – Located between the Labia Majora and the Anus. It can vary in size, between 1 – 2+ inches. Contains internal structures which help with bodily functions which include sex and childbirth – so don’t be afraid to use it during sex, just be careful!

Now, one thing you will have taken from my diagram is that it’s not perfect, and that’s ok, because no c*nt is cosmetically perfect. Everyone’s c*nt is different and you should embrace that. It’s yours and no one has any right to say to you ‘Oh it’s ugly’, ‘oh it smells funny’, ‘are you sure it should look like that?’ – fuck them! They clearly don’t know shit (although if you notice it smells different than usual, or your discharge is coming out different than usual then please go see a doctor - more posts to follow on this!)

My advice to you…

Dim the lights, light some scented candles, stick on some mindless Netflix program or any song by The Weeknd, get a mirror, stick it down there and take a good look at you. Explore you. I say this because I see it this way; how can you expect anyone to give you a good time during sex if you don’t even know how you’re built and where everything is. It seems weird at first, and it’s ok to back out the first few times. Baby steps. You don’t have to dive in all at once. It’s your body, you set the time and you set your boundaries. However I do highly recommend exploring, and not just for beginners, it’s good for even the most experienced amongst us to refresh ourselves every once in a while. 

(Image: Betony Vernon and François Berthoud, ‘The Boudoir Bible’, 2013).  

My next post will be on the clitoris (because boy is that thing bigger than we thought).

Hope this helps, and stay sex positive my lovelies.

-     Love, TheSexTheorist xxx

[wisdomrays]

TAFAKKUR: Part 404

SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES: A NOVEL PERSPECTIVE: Part 2

TEFLON

From non-stick frying pans to space suits to artificial heart valves, Teflon has found several areas of application. Its discovery resulted from an apparently ‘accidental’ observation by a young chemist, R. Plunket, working in Du Pont laboratories. On April 6, 1938, Plunket opened a tank of gaseous tetrafluoerothylene in the hope of preparing a non-toxic refrigerant from it, but no gas came out, to the surprise of Plunkett and his assistant. Plunkett could not understand this because the weight of the tank indicated that it should be full of the gaseous fluorocarbon.

Instead of discarding the tank and getting another in order to get on with his refrigerant research, Plunkett decided to satisfy his curiosity about the ‘empty tank’. Having determined that the valve was not faulty by running a wire through its opening, he sawed the tank open and looked inside. There he found a waxy white powder and, being a chemist, he realized what it must mean.

The molecules of the gaseous tetrafluoroethylene had combined with one another ‘polymerized’ to such an extent that they now formed a solid material. The waxy white powder did indeed have remarkable properties: it was more inert than sand - not affected by strong acids, bases or heat and no solvent could dissolve it - but, in contrast to sand, it was extremely slippery.

X (ROENTGEN) RAYS

Physicist W. Roentgen discovered the rays which were later to be named after him, in an unexpected and unplanned manner. Roentgen was repeating experiments by other physicists in which electricity at high voltage was discharged through air or other gases in a partially evacuated glass tube. We now know that cathode rays are actually streams of electrons being emitted from the cathode, and the impact of these electrons on the walls of the glass tubes produces the phosphorescence.

In 1892, it was demonstrated that cathode rays could penetrate thin metallic foils. Discharge tubes having thin aluminium windows allowed the cathode rays to pass out of the tube where they could be detected by the light they produced on a screen of phosphorescent material (such screens were also used to detect ultraviolet light), but they were found to travel only two or three centimetres in the air at ordinary pressure outside the evacuated tube.

Roentgen repeated some of these experiments to familiarize himself with the techniques. He then decided to see whether he could detect cathode rays issuing from an evacuated all-glass tube, that is, one with no thin aliminium window. Na one had observed cathode rays under these conditions. Roentgen thought the reason for the failure might be that strong phosphorescence of the cathode tube obscured the weak fluorescence of the detecting screen. To test this theory, he devised a black cardboard cover for the cathode tube. To determine the effectiveness of the shield, he then darkened the room and turned on the high voltage coil to energize the tube. Satisfied that his black shield did indeed cover the tube and allowed no phosphorescent light to escape, he was about to shut off the coil and turn on the room lights so that he could position the phosphorescent screen at varying short distances from the vacuum tube:

Just at that moment, he noticed a weak light shimmering from a point in the dark room more than a yard from the vacuum tube. At first, he thought there must be, after all, a light leak from the black mask around the tube, which was being reflected from a mirror in the room. However, there was no mirror. When he passed another series of charges through the cathode tube, he saw the light appear in the same location again, looking like faint green clouds moving in synchronism with the fluctuating discharges of the cathode tube. Hurriedly lighting a match, Roentgen found to his amazement that the source of the mysterious light was the little fluorescent screen that he had planned to use as a detector near the blinded cathode tube, but it was lying on the bench more than a yard from the tube.

Roentgen realized immediately that he had encountered an entirely new phenomenon. These were not cathode rays that lit up the fluorescent screen more than a yard from the tube! With feverish activity, he devoted himself single-mindedly in the next several weeks to exploring this new form of radiation. He reported his findings in a paper published in Wunburg, dated December 28, 1895, and entitled ‘A New Kind of Ray, a Preliminary Communication’. Although he described accurately most of the basic qualitative properties of the new rays in this paper, his acknowledgement that he did not yet fully understand them was indicated by the name he chose for them, X-rays. (They have also often been called Roentgen rays.)

He reported that the new rays were not affected by a magnet, as cathode rays were known to be. Not only would they penetrate more than a yard of air, in contrast to the two or three inch limit of cathode rays, but also (to quote his paper):

‘All bodies are transparent to this agent, though in very different degrees. Paper is very transparent; behind a bound book of about one thousand pages I saw the fluorescent screen light up brightly. In the same way the fluorescence appeared behind a double pack of cards. Thick blocks of wood are also transparent, pine boards two or three centimetres thick absorbing only slightly. A plate of aluminium about fifteen millimetres thick, though it enfeebled the action seriously, did not cause the fluorescence to disappear entirely. If the hand be held between the discharge tube and the screen, the darker shadow of the bones is seen within the slightly dark shadow image of the hand itself.’

He found that he could even record such skeletal images on photographic film. This property of X-rays captured the attention of the medical world immediately. In an incredibly short time X-rays were used routinely for diagnosis in hospitals throughout the world.

INSULIN

If a relative or a friend of yours has diabetes, you will probably know how important insulin is for them. As a partial remedy for most diabetics today, insulin was discovered as an answer to the prayers of hundreds of thousands of diabetics by the Most Merciful One. Perhaps, even better relief and remedy are awaiting discovery in some unexpected time or place.

In 1889, while studying the function of the pancreas in digestion, two researchers removed the pancreas from a dog. The very next day a laboratory assistant called their attention to a swarm of flies around the urine from this dog. Curious about why the flies were attracted to the urine, they analysed it and found it was loaded with sugar. Sugar in urine is a common sign of diabetes.

The researchers realized that they were seeing for the first time evidence of the experimental production of diabetes in an animal. The fact that this animal had no pancreas suggested a relationship between that organ and diabetes. The researchers subsequently proved that the pancreas produces a secretion that controls the use of sugar, and that lack of this secretion causes defects in sugar metabolism then exhibited as symptoms of diabetes.

Many attempts were made to isolate the secretion, with little success until 1921. A young Canadian medical student extracted the secretion from the pancreas of dogs. When they injected the extracts into dogs rendered diabetic by removal of their pancreases, the blood sugar levels of these dogs returned to normal or below, and the urine became sugar-free. The general condition of the dogs also improved.

Until recently, all insulin used for the treatment of human diabetes came from the pancreases of some animals. As a result of genetic engineering, based on knowing how DNA controls protein synthesis, a major pharmaceutical firm has begun to produce human insulin by using bacteria. The fact that a microscopic creature, like the bacterium can be made to work for the wellbeing of human beings is a subject worthy of study on its own.

Of course, these are by no means the only examples worth mentioning of ‘happy, chance discoveries’. Here are some more to add to the list: the discovery of molecular structure of organic compounds, saccharin and nutra-sweet (sugar substitutes, again for diabetics), ‘safety glass used in automobiles and planes, oxygen and several other chemical elements, radioactivity, astronomical discoveries like pulsars and background Big Bang radiation, many mathematical theorems, high temperature superconductors, synthetic dyes, etc., etc.

Can one really call all of these marvellous discoveries simply ‘happy, chance accidents’? I believe human conscience and reason must resist such a misconception. Surely, any person of common sense would say: ‘I am thankful to the Merciful One, who has bestowed upon us the favour of these discoveries, enabled us to benefit from them, among His innumerable other bounties’.

[inputgarlic92]

Outstanding Ideas to Look after your Smart Phone

It is truly harder to change out your phone's lithium ion battery than it is to deal with it directly in the first location. Most cell phones do not provide easy user access for their batteries. Including all iPhones and many flagship Android phones from brandnames like Samsung. Formal battery substitutes might be costly or aggravating (take to getting a formal battery alternative at an Apple Store this season ). There are also ecological issues. Mobile phones are, truthfully, an environmental disaster and boosting the lifespan of your phone battery will help offset this. Here are some steps you can take to keep and expand the life span of your battery. By battery lifespan I mean the number of years and months your battery life will last before it needs to be replaced. By comparison, battery life denotes the amount of days or weeks that the phone will last on a singular recharge. How Come Our Mobile Device Battery has Gone Weak With each charge cycle your mobile battery degrades marginally. A bill cycle is the complete release and control of this battery, from 0% to 100 percent. Partial charges count as a fraction of a bicycle. Charging your phone from 50% to 100 percent, as an instance, would be fifty per cent of a fee cycle. Do that two and it's a complete charge cycle. Some phone owners proceed through more than a complete charge cycle each dayothers go through less. It depends on how far you utilize your mobile and what you do with it. Battery pack makers express after roughly 400 cycles a telephone battery capacity will deteriorate by 20%. It will just have the ability to save 80 percent of their power it'd originally and will continue to hamper with added charge cycles. The fact, however, is the fact that smart phone batteries almost certainly degrade faster than that. 1 on the web site asserts some mobiles realize that 20% degradation tip after merely 100 fee cycles. And just to be more clear, the phone battery doesn't stop degrading just after 400 cycles. This 400 cycles/20% figure is always to provide you with a good notion of the rate of corrosion. In case you can slow down those charge cycles -- if you can extend the everyday battery life span of your mobile -- then you can prolong its battery lifespan also. Fundamentally , the less you drain and charge the battery, the longer the battery can survive. The issue is, you bought your phone to utilize it. You've got to balance saving battery life and lifespan together with usefulness, using your cellphone and when you would like it. Some of my strategies below might not work for you. On the other hand, there could be things which you're able to put into action quite easily that don't cramp your style. There are a few general kinds of ideas in this article. Guidelines to get your phone even more energy efficient, slowing battery deterioration by slowing down those power cycles. Reducing screen light would be a good example of this kind of suggestion. Additionally, there are hints to decrease tension and stress to a own battery , affecting its life span much more specifically. Steering clear of extremes of heat and cold would be an example of this second option. Watchful with the Weather Condition Should your mobile phone becomes very hot or cold it can breed the battery and reduce its lifespan. Leaving it into your automobile would most likely be the worst offender, even whether it's hot and sunny outside or freezing in winter. Make Use of the Fast Charger Only If Imperative Charging your mobile fast pressures the battery. Unless you actually need it, then avoid employing fast recharging. In actuality, the slower you charge your battery the higher, therefore if you don't mind slow charging overnight, do it. Charging your phone from your own computer in addition to certain smart plugs could limit the voltage going in your phone, slowing its rate. A few external battery packs may slow down the speed of charging, however I'm not sure about this. Be Watchful about Cell phone Batteries Recharges Elderly kinds of rechargeable batteries have'battery memory'. If you didn't bill them to full and discharge them into zero battery they'recalled' and reduced their useful selection. It had been better due to their lifespan in case you always emptied and charged the battery completely. Newer mobile batteries work in an alternative way. It disturbs the battery to drain it thoroughly or charge it thoroughly. Phone batteries are equal if you maintain them above 20 percent power and below 90 percent. To be exceptionally precise, they're happiest around 50% capacity Short charges are likely nice, incidentally, so if you're the sort of person that finds yourself frequently topping up your mobile for quick charges, that is fine for your battery. Paying a lot of attention that one can be too much micromanagement. Nevertheless when I owned my very first smartphone I thought battery memory applied therefore I typically emptied it low and charged it to 100 percent. Now that I know more about the way the battery works, I usually plug it before it gets below 20% and detach it completely charged easily think of it. Keep It In the 50% The most economical charge for a lithiumion battery appears to be roughly 50%. If you're likely to save your phone for an extended duration, fee it to 50 percent before turning it off and keeping it. This is easier on the battery compared to charging it to 100 percent or allow it to empty to 0% before firing. The battery, by the way, continues to degrade and release if the phone is turned away and not being used in any way. This generation of batteries was intended to be applied. If you were to think about it, turn the device on every few months and also top up the battery to 50 percent. The Way to Increase My Smart Phone Battery Health A mobile phone's display is the component that ordinarily utilizes the maximum batterylife. Turning down the screen brightness can conserve energy. Employing Auto Brightness most likely conserves battery for most people by mechanically reducing screen settings whenever there is less light, even though it can involve more work with the light detector. The thing that would truly save the most battery within this area is to manage it manually and fairly obsessively. That is, manually set it into the bottom observable level every time there is a big change in ambient lighting levels. Both Android and i-OS offer you options to turndown entire screen brightness even if you're also using Auto Brightness. If you leave your monitor on without the need for it, it will automatically turn off after a period of time, usually one or two moments. You can conserve energy by reducing the Screen Timeout period (called Auto-Lock on iPhones). Automatically, in my opinion Iphones put their AutoLock to 2 minutes, which may possibly be more than you require. You may be fine with 1 second, or even 30 minutes. On the other hand, should you reduce AutoLock or screen time out you may find your screen dimming as soon whenever you're at the midst of reading a news story or recipe, so that is a call you will have to produce. I utilize Tasker (an automation program ) to change the screen timeout in my Galaxy S 7 depending on what program I'm using. My default is a relatively brief screen timeout of 35 seconds, however for apps where I'm likely to be looking at the screen without the need for itas note-taking and news apps, I expand that time out to a minute. My cellphone, the Galaxy S 7, has an OLED screen. To produce black it will not block the back light using a pixel such as some I phones and a number of other types of LCD displays. Alternatively, it doesn't display anything at all. The pixels revealing black simply don't turn on. This produces the comparison between black and colour very sharp and lovely. It also means that showing black over the screen utilizes no energy, and darker colours utilize less energy than bright colours like whitened. Deciding upon a dark motif for the phone, if it has an OLED or even AMOLED screen, can save energy. If your display doesn't possess an OLED display -- and this comprises all i-phones before the iPhone X , a dim motif will not make a difference. I came across a dark theme I like in the Samsung store, and there are a number of excellent free icon pack apps for Android out there that focus on darker-themed icons. I use Cygnus Black, Mellow Dark, Moonrise Icon Pack, and Moonshine. I utilize the Nova Launcher App to customize the look of program icons and often get rid of the name of this program if it's evident enough from the icon what it's. That removes off white space of the screen, and that I think it looks nice and can be less annoying. Some people today find a darker motif is easier on the eyes in terms of preventing eyestrain, and not as light complete may possibly mean less blue lighting, which can affect sleep patterns. Many programs feature a dark motif within their own preferences. By way of instance, I've Google Books setto a dark motif, where the virtual'page' is black rather than white as well as the letters are all white. Most of the pixels display large (are deterred ) and utilize no energy. I'm less comfortable with black and customization themes for I phones. My perception is that iPhones are harder to personalize. So far, however, only the i-phone X series have OLED displays so they are the sole I phones that could see energy savings by a dark motif. Face book is just a notorious resource hog, both on Android and iPhones. If you want to use face book, go into preferences and restrict its permissions like video autoplay, usage of a local area, and alarms. Do you truly want Facebook checking your own location? Autoplaying videos in Facebook (they play automatically, if you decide on them not) uses data and energy, and will be annoying and intrusive sometimes. There could be relevant settings either in the app it self and in your mobile settings. If Facebook came pre-applied on your phone (because it did on mine), then it may not be possible to delete it completely because your phone believes it that a system program. If that's the scenario, you may disable it if you wish. Look over your own battery settings for other programs which work with a disproportionate level of energy and delete, disable, or restrict permissions where possible. For apps that you want to continue using, you'll be able to restrict permissions that you never require. There's also'light' versions of a few popular apps that generally take up less space, use less data, and could utilize less power. Face book Messenger Light is one example. Generally speaking, however, the programs which use the maximum battery is going to be the programs you use the majority of therefore reducing or deleting use might well not be that easy for you. rastrear celular android Your phone gets a number of energy saving modes. These limit the operation of this CPU (and other features). Look at with them. You can get better performance but far better battery lifetime. You could not mind the trade-off. Many apps exist because both free and paid versions, and also the difference is often that the free version is supported with ads. Banners advertising uses marginally more data and slightly longer energy. Purchasing a software you use often instead of using the free of charge ad-supported version may payoff in the long run by reducing data and battery usage. You free up screen space by eliminating distracting ads, usually gain additional attributes, and support app developers. You are able to turn off radios that you rarely use and soon you want them. If you can't ever use NFC there is no reason to keep it on. On the flip side, radios like GPS, Bluetooth, and NFC, do not really make use of a lot of energy in standby mode but only as long as they are actually operating. In other words, any energy savings from micromanaging radios will probably be limited. Another issue to consider with respect to radios is that the poorer your phone or WiFi signal, the more power your phone needs to access this signal. To access cellular data or WiFi your phone desires to receive and send information. If you're not getting a strong signal this means that your phone needs to boost its own signal to reach that remote cell-tower or WiFi router, using more energy. In the event that your house has a solid output but a feeble WiFi signal, it may help save energy to utilize cellular data rather than of wi fi. Similarly, if you get a strong WiFi signal but weak cell signal, then it's much better to stay glued to WiFi. If you are outside of selection of cell service and wi fi, turn air plane mode on. Smartphones are always on the lookout for cell and WiFi signs if they do not ask them to. If no signal is available, your phone will really go mad looking for one. Most online sources state altering up your email from push to fetch helps you to save battery. Push means your apparatus is listening for new email, and those get pushed through immediately. This means that your apparatus checks for new messages at a particular period, every fifteen minutes such as. The very energy efficient action to take is to bring manually, that can be the apparatus only checks for email when you manually open your email program. There is disagreement about whether fetch does indeed save energy. It likely is dependent upon amount of email along with patterns of mail usage. I utilize push. It is efficient enough for me personally. Current versions of i-OS will show you your battery health. There's absolutely no such aspect in Android, but there are thirdparty programs that'll conduct this role. I use AccuBattery which monitors battery health insurance and other stats, in addition to giving you a notification once your phone charges into some certain point which means that you may unplug it. So far, AccuBattery is apparently affirming my understanding of battery degradation. AccuBattery urges charging to 80 percent. Plenty of sources I've read indicate the wholesome range extends to 90 percent and that is usually a target I plan to get as a good agreement between keeping battery in the very long term and not running out of battery life in the brief time.

[beau--roy]

HZJF-9041D partial discharge detector is a new type of digital partial discharge detector developed by our company. It retains the advantages of HZJF-9041 partial discharge detector, reduces the volume and optimizes the performance. It uses 10.1 inch touch screen to replace the traditional operation mode of oscillograph and physical knob, making it more convenient to use.

[oliverbrownn-blog]

Partial Discharge Testing (PD Testing) - PD are evidence of a degrading insulation system as well as bigger, transportable diagnostic products.

[omc-juniperpublishers]

Maintaining the Fill Value Consistent In the GALT Process of Tobacco-JuniperPublishers

                  Journal of Chemistry-JuniperPublishers

                            Abstract

The GALT (Expand) process is a parallel process in the manufacturing of cigarettes which converts the cut tobacco at moisture content of about 26% to expand tobacco by treating it with liquid and gas CO2 in pressure vessel at 23 bars. The tobacco moisture content is increased from 11% to 13.5% and this is blended back in the production line at any conventional step. The expanded tobacco should have a firm value (fill value) of 75cc/10gm, which is according to the estimated sensory and delivery targets of consumers. But the firm value observed in the process is in between 65-85cc/10gm. the co-relations study were made between firm value and variation parameters in graphical and theoretical method.

Keywords: Tobacco; Galactosyltransferase; Surface properties; Borgwaldt digital densimeter

Abbreviations: PREPS: Potential Reduced-Exposure Products; GALT: Galactosyl Transferase; VOV: Voice Of Tobacco Victims; HAG: Hot Air Generator; ROC: Re-Ordering Cylinder; MC: Moisture Content; Moisture Content (MC)

Introduction

Cigarettes contain blends of different types of tobaccos such as Virginia, Burley and Oriental. These main tobaccos are further classified into subgroups depending upon where the tobacco is grown, which part of the plant it is taken from and other characteristics like colour, maturity, uniformity etc [1-3]. These sub-groupings are called tobacco “grades”. One tobacco plant can produce several grades of leaf. The sensory, physical, chemical and visual properties of a tobacco grade are generally determined by the leaf position on the plant like if the leaves at the top of the plant are more exposed to the sun than the ones at the bottom and typically contain higher levels of nicotine and other alkaloids [4-8].

Leaf is bought from growers, sorted by grade and sent for threshing to separate the stem and lamina parts of the leaves. The threshing process also enables the moisture content to be controlled, which is important as the tobacco is subsequently stored for several months to mature. The chemical content of the leaf is widely depending on the nature of tobacco, the soil and environmental conditions where it will be grown, the way it is cured [9]. Our research to develop Potential Reduced-Exposure Products (PREPs) includes looking at the factors that might lower tobacco toxicants in the blends used. Virginia or flue-cured tobacco is named after the US state where it was first cultivated [10-13]. It is also called bright tobacco because it turns in to yellow orange color during curing. It grows particularly well in subtropical regions with light rainfall. Flue-curing is a heat driven process that creates a dry manageable product, reduces the risk of mould and promotes chemical changes that improve the sensory quality [14].

It also produces a change in leaf color. Virginia tobacco can contain a wide range of levels of nicotine - 1% to 3.5% - and have reasonably high levels of naturally occurring sugars - 5% to 25%. Virginia blends contain only flue-cured Virginia tobaccos and no flavors or additives are included [15,16]. Owing the above facts, we made an attempt to determine the variations in the processing of expanded tobacco for cigarettes and its synergetic effects and cause by the tobacco processing to improve the sustainability and better-quality of health.

Experimental Details

Materials and Methods

The expansion of cut tobacco was carried out in an impregnator by using liquid and gas CO2 for particular holding time so that the liquid & gas CO2 should enter into the cells of tobacco for the purpose of expansion. The expanded tobacco should have a fill value of 75cc/10g.

Process Description

Leaf is issued from the go down as per a tobacco standard (BOM: 500151). Only certain grades are used for GALT process: WR2, WS2, MO2W, MS2M, and MFS2M as per the % composition of the blend. A standard clamp truck brings the requisite bales from the leaf go down. The bales are manually delaminated (hand teased) and fed to a band conveyor. Galactosyl Transferase (GaLT) grades are weighed before feeding into the in feed band using a load cell. Conditioning of product is achieved by two mechanisms, which occur simultaneously with in the DCC process. These are two factors such as conditioning by condensation and direct water addition from water sprays [17]. The condensation process is controlled by regulating the dry bulb temperature of the airflow within the conditioning cylinder. The airflow is concurrent i.e., in the same direction as the product flow along the cylinder and is re-circulated to the in feed end of the cylinder via a duct and a fan. There is no exhaust from the cylinder [18].

The dry bulb temperature of the process air is sensed by a fast responding temperature sensor within the re-circulating air duct. An automatic temperature controller compares the temperature set point with an actual value and out puts a signal to a control valve positioned [19]. Process Parameters should be maintained throughput 1080 Kg/hr, process air temperature 70oC and water Spray flow rate is manually controlled by operator. Then the feed moves into the bulking and blending bin. The Purpose of blending bin is to blend various grades of tobacco by sandwiching one grade on top of the other, and mixing with the use of a set of specially designed doffers while discharging. By this maximum blending is achieved. Also serves the purpose of bulking to even out moisture across the layers. Tobacco at 30% moisture after conditioning is fed to lamina bins. For 2 hours, the tobacco is bulked in these bins to even out the moisture content between various layers. The atmosphere around the bins is maintained at a constant relative humidity of 80 % using air atomized water sprays. Once the bulking process is over, the product is discharged via two doffers [20,21].

After discharge from the lamina bins, the tobacco is carried via a Voice of Tobacco Victims (VOV) to a rising band conveyor and towards the cutting section. Prior to the Unicutter is a metal detector to remove all metallic particles, and prevent them from damaging the cutter knives. Finally, the tobacco reaches the trough of the cutter Cutters are comprised of two sections, a packer or feeder and a cutter Tobacco is fed in to the cutter by an automatic compacting unit [13]. As the tobacco leaves the mouthpiece, it is cut by the rotating knife drum. The basic rotational speed is adjusted by means of a potentiometer on the control console. Cutting width is adjusted by manually altering the speed ratio between transport chain and knife drum.

The cutting capacity in kg/ hr depends on cut width, blend, tobacco moisture and compression. Process parameters should be in the cutting section as follows, Cut Width 1.16 mm, Variation of cut: 0.04mm, Throughput is1000 kg/hr. From the Unicutter, cut tobacco is fed to the Impregnator Once the tobacco is filled up to the top of the impregnator, a sensor fitted to the pneumatic chute closes to the impregnator top will sense the high level and stop the feed hopper At this stage, a continuous process diverges into a batch process.

The Impregnator is a pressure vessel used for impregnating cut tobacco with liquid CO2. The Impregnator is charged with cut tobacco through a chute by opening the top door; and after closing the top door, the air inside the Impregnator is purged with carbon dioxide gas until pressure inside the impregnator rises to a value of 22-23 bars. Thereafter, liquid carbon dioxide is pumped through a reversible pump into the impregnator from a process vessel. After the impregnation operation the excess liquid carbon dioxide from the Impregnator is drained by a pumping action to a process vessel maintained at the same pressure. Then the vessel is depressurized by opening the vent valve to atmosphere. After this operation the bottom door is opened and the impregnated tobacco is fed to an insulating band conveyor for further processing. Then the top door is opened, cleaned with compressed air and kept ready for the next batch.

Process parameters here are, Throughput: 220 kg/hr and Batch Size: 85 Kg. After the Impregnation operation, the impregnated tobacco will be taken through an insulated Discharge Band Conveyor, a Gravity Flow Pipe and an insulated Metering Band Conveyor There is a Doffer provided at the discharge end of the Discharge Band Conveyor, which will control smooth filling of the GFP. A Metering Band is provided below the GFP, the speed of which could be set as per the requirement to get the required output by the AC drive, to feed the Pneumatic Conveyor Dryer through a venturi provided on the conveying duct. Process air from the Centrifugal Blower is blown through the Hot Air Generator (HAG) and the hot air at 320oC carries the impregnated tobacco and dries the product instantaneously and takes it to the product cyclone, where the solid gas separation takes place.

The hot air duct from the HAG is partially insulated to so that the hot air and the tobacco entering the product cyclone are maintained at 140 to 160oC. The GALT Product discharges out of the product cyclone through an airlock. Process parameters are output moisture content: 4-5 %, Output Fill Value: 85-95 cc/10 g, Throughput: 300 kg/hr. After drying, the GALT product discharge at 4-5% moisture from the Product Cyclone airlock will pass through a Two Way Divider chute so that the discharge product is shared on to a Dual Band Conveyor equally. The Dual Band has a Top and Bottom Band; the Top Band is reversible. As the product starts discharging, the Top Band will move in the opposite direction until it gets filled up, which is equal to 50% of the total discharge. The other 50% will be discharged onto the bottom band, which will be feeding the dried tobacco to the ReOrdering Cylinder (ROC).

Once the top band gets fully filled, it reverses its direction and keeps feeding into the ROC. The band conveyors are controlled by sensors for stopping and conveying depending on the tobacco on the Band Conveyors. In the ROC, the GaLT product gets conditioned to approximately 13% moisture content using air atomized water spray nozzles. The water flow is controlled through a manually operated rot meter, adjusting the water flow reading through a Moisture Meter (TM 710). This is fixed at a suitable elevation on the band receiving conditioned tobacco from ROC. The conditioned tobacco is discharged onto a VOV and then onto a band conveyor. GALT product is packed in a CFC placed on the Roller Conveyor

Results and Discussion

Determination of tobacco moisture content was carried out as follows. Weigh 10 + 0.01 g of the sample for analysis into tins. Note down the tin numbers pertaining to the sample. Switch on the ovens at least 1 hour before use. Ensure that the oven is empty. Check that the oven fans are operating and that the oven thermometer reads 110 + 0.5oC. Place the tins on the five trays, along with the 5 oven comparison test tobacco sample tins. Switch off the oven. Place the trays in as rapidly as possible. Switch on the oven and leave for 31/2 hours. After 31/2 hours recheck the oven fan and thermometer reading 110 + 0.5oC. Switch 'OFF'. Transfer the trays to the dessicator. Reweigh the tins after 30 minutes one tray at a time.

The percentage moisture for the sample is calculated from the following formula.

Where W1 = Weight of the tin, W2 = Weight of the tin + tobacco before moisture test, W3 = Weight of the tin + tobacco after moisture test.

Then tobacco firmness is measured using a Borgwaldt densimeter. The instrument is specifically designed to measure cigarette and tobacco firmness (Fill Value). Remove the sample from the conditioning cabinet. Weigh 20 + 0.1 g of sample and transfer this to the cylinder with minimum handling. Ensure that shorts are evenly distributed with the bulk of the sample. Do not press the sample in the cylinder more than is necessary for the whole sample to be added. Slide the cylinder into place under the piston.

Press the 'Start' button to initiate the test cycle. On completion of the test cycle record the reading on the digital display. This is a direct reading of residual height in mm. The reading will remain displayed until the next test cycle is started. Slide out the cylinder. Remove the sample and transfer to a moisture jar with an identifying ticket. Seal the moisture jar. Clean the cylinder thoroughly before the next sample is introduced. Repeat the above procedures for all samples to be tested. Then the tobacco firmness (Fill Value) can be calculated by using below mathematical expression of the form: The internal radius of the cylinder is 3 cm.

Therefore V, the volume of the sample after testing is: Px 3 x 3 x ((h)/10) cm3

Where, h = dial reading (mm), Tobacco firmness may be expressed in one of two ways: FV = V x 10/W (cm3/10g sample) and FV = W x 10/V (ng / cn3) Where, W= weight (g) of sample used. For finding out the accurate cut width and the cuts per inch (cpi), wax bar test is undertaken. Here a wax bar of length of about 2 inch is taken. The wax is let adjacently into the cutter for an operation. The cut wax pieces coming out of the cutter is collected and the cut width of each piece is found out using  screw gauge and the corresponding cuts per inch is calculated.

Graphical Analysis

The equation of fill value was modified to make out the relations between the fill values (FV), moisture content (MC) and height (H) as follows.

By assuming FV=75cc/10g the relation obtained between but the graph obtained from data. (Figure 1)

By assuming MC=12.2% the relation obtained between FV and H is

FV=2.655*H (Figure 2)

By assuming H=29 the relation obtained between FV and MC

is

FV = (7092.53*(MC /13.5)0.8) / (100 - MC)

The ideal graph obtained is shown below (Figure 3).

From the ideal graph graph H vs MC we observed that as Moisture Content (MC) gradually increases height of the tobacco in Borgwaldt digital densimeter decreases, accordingly the fill value of tobacco simultaneously varies as shown in (Figure 1). The ideal graph between FV vs H gives us information about that as height of tobacco increases simultaneously the fill value of tobacco also increases accordingly as indicated in (Figure 2). The ideal graph between FV VS MC shows that as the moisture content increases accordingly the fill value of tobacco also increases. By comparing the ideal graph Vs graph obtained from data we concluded that the fill value of tobacco varies with height & moisture content of tobacco as shown in (Figure 3). We observed from the graphs that to maintain the fill value consistent in the GALT process of tobacco need to maintain the height of tobacco around 29cm & moisture content of tobacco around 13.5%. After maintaining these parameters constant we get the full value of tobacco around 75cc/10g.

Conclusion

In this communication, we have concluded that the bulking time should be kept for exactly two hours, because the observed S.D after giving the bulking time of exact two hours has been reduced. The efficiency of the cutter should be kept up to the target, because the cut width must be 0.04 mm whereas after the wax bar test, it has been observed that it is more than the tolerance level (0.06mm) and While filling the CFC box, compression of the product by hand should be avoided. Measures should be considered to make the impregnator fully atomized, according to the tobacco feed, CO2 inlet and CO2 holding time. The whole HAG system should be replaced, because the temperature set point of HAG is 290oc, but it is observed that the temperature maintained is 260oc. The moisture level in the EX-ROC should be automated by using the feed forward loop and feedback loop system since the moisture level is not maintained according to the tobacco flow rate and inlet ROC moisture.

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