#canarian native

[raging-guanche]

sometimes i feel bad cause of my indigenous/north African features, then i remember that crackers "transition" to my features and want to be me so much they made a whole label and flag for it.

[kandiwinged]

can white people start caring about something that isn't their fucking holiday homes. there's currently +3000 hectares burning down in a fire that was caused on purpose in Achinech (Tenerife in Spanish), but white people just seem to care about their fucking holiday homes to come here in the winter.

this fucking shit is the same from when the volcano in Benahoare (La Palma in Spanish) erupted. immediately trying to sell everything like a tourist attraction when it wasn't even SAFE.

just thinking about their fucking holidays. not about the people losing their home, crops, animals, their whole fucking lives.

but no, we're just a place to spend the holidays. just some tourist attraction. y'all go fuck urselves

[pedriscroquettes]

congratulations – pablo gavi

summary: a jealous gavi doesn’t help you move on.

warnings: toxic dynamics, cheating (reader is starting to move on but not necessarily in an established relationship), angst, asshole!gavi, & penetrative sex

listened to te felicito by shakira ft. rauw alejandro

you should’ve known that the dynamic between pablo and you would lead to nothing. even his friends warned you to end things before it was too late. even your gut kept telling you to leave before you fell.

but you never listened. your best friend said it was your worst trait growing up, it still was.

after about the fifth month of meaningless but wonderful sex you had managed to catch feelings for the midfielder. at first you decided it was best that you called things quit but then you got your hopes up like all the past couple of times with different people. he had started to take you out to eat, accompanied you to get groceries, and even got you a jersey with his name on the back. of course you didn’t know he had done the same to the other two girls he was sleeping with.

although you did end up finding out two weeks later at your birthday party. the birthday party that pedri had thrown for you. you vaguely remembered being so tired of wearing the mini dress you had gotten the day before and headed straight for your guest room where you kept your home clothes. instead of finding a comfortable hoodie you found gavi deep inside your now ex-friend.

pedri had to stop you from strangling the sevilla native that night.

pablo had blown up your phone for the next couple of days telling you how sorry he was. apparently he had forgotten how well you had gotten to know him because you recognized the texts as the same ones you had made for him whenever he had hurt pedri’s feelings. after about the second week his calls and messages started decreasing and soon enough you had blocked him on everything.

.

the next time you’d see pablo wouldn’t be months later but under different circumstances. pedri had been there for you throughout the whole ordeal and somehow both of you had managed to develop some sort of connection. you weren’t sure if what you felt for him was romantic or not but what you did know was that you were ready to move on. even if it was with gavi’s best friend.

you had walked in hand in hand with the canarian to the party anna, robert’s wife, was hosting simply for fun. it didn’t take long till you noticed pablo with a beer in his hand speaking to alejandro. quickly you shifted positions with pedri so that your back was now facing gavi instead of your face. pedri notices and instantly his eyes grow wide at the sight of his teammate’s glare at him.

“i think he wants to murder me.” pedri whispers.

“don’t worry, he’s all bark no bite.” you murmur.

you couldn’t help but turn around and look him straight in the eye. he had managed to somehow keep his good boy image in front of everyone else but not to you or pedri. you almost wanted to congratulate him with the way he had managed to play the role of innocent teenager this whole time. you also couldn’t help but resent the way his lips formed into a grin as if he was thinking the same thing.

you needed to head to the nearest bathroom, quickly.

“hey, i’m just gonna go to the bathroom real quick. i’ll be right back.” you calmly told pedri.

the walk to the bathroom isn’t confusing nor long. you’d been over to anna and robert’s house plenty of times as they both always hosted an event for everything. you figured the bathroom they had in the basement would be best as no one else would be down there and you would have all the privacy needed to do.. well you didn’t know exactly you just wanted to get away from pablo’s threatening stare. he had been watching you as if you’d suddenly become vini jr. over night.

somehow the thudding of your heart is too loud to hear footsteps behind you. it isn’t till you go to wipe your hands that you see his reflection in the mirror in front of you. your mind is too hazy to come up with an idea to flee and part of your mind also doesn’t want to leave so you stay still. you wonder what he can possibly have to say to you right now.

“never took you for a perv.” you turned around to face him. “oh wait, i do recall you being very turned on having sex in my house with another girl.”

“i was drunk and high.” he tries to defend himself.

“pedri’s been high and drunk at my house and he’s never been balls in deep another women in one of my rooms.” you argue.

“so you’re comparing me to him now?” he scoffs looking away for a second before bringing his gaze back to you.

“no i’m not because it’d be an insult to him if i compared you. you’re not even half the man he is.” you try to insult him the best you can.

you think that if you can hurt him well enough he can feel the same way you felt on your birthday.

“you deserve better.” is all he could muster out.

“yeah? like who? you?” you laugh. “you didn’t even care to tell me you were fucking other people! i couldn’t gotten an std or some shit.”

“okay first i always use protection. second we weren’t even together but if you gave me a chance i could give you what you want. pedri can’t give you that.” he tried to reason.

“can you get it through your thick skull that i don’t want to give you a chance. after we met i told you that i didn’t like being lied to.” you tried your hardest to maintain your confidence in front of him. “the first thing you did was lie to me.”

“if i had known that i would’ve hurt you i wouldn’t have done any of the things i did.” he whines.

“it’s funny because all your friends, god even fucking robert, had warned me that you were only going to hurt me. i ignored them obviously because we were only having sex so i didn’t think their warnings to me.” you paused wanting your words to sink in. “you just treated me like any other one of your hoes and you want to know the worst part? i thought i was receiving the treatment i deserved. that eventually you would start putting my feelings first. but you know how it ends.”

“i’m sorry.” you wanted to believe him but he had caused so much damage with his lies you didn’t know what to do.

you just scoffed at his words remembering how you felt after finding out you weren’t the only woman he was sleeping with. you remember pedri thinking you had done drugs by how red your eyes were but you had to explain to him that it was just because of all the crying you had done. it was embarrassing really.

“i need you.” he begs.

no, you don’t. we don’t need each other, you want to say but you can’t.

“fuck off gavi. i’m finally starting to form a connection with someone and now you want to apologize for everything you did. leave me alone.” you try your hardest to not let your emotions overtake you right now.

you want to seem confident and aggressive but the tears forming in your eyes are one slip away from betraying you.

“pedri doesn’t know anything about you.” he stepped closer to you causing you to be trapped between the sink and his body. “does he know how your moans sound like or the way you grip the closest thing around you when you get eaten out?”

your body shudders at his words suddenly remembering how good he made you feel. he was an asshole but at least he knew how to fuck.

“i bet he hasn’t even touched you yet. no, he doesn’t have the guts. he’s a gentleman but i’m not.” he slowly creeps his hand on the buttons of your shorts. “tell me to stop and i’ll leave you alone right now.”

“stop, don’t ruin what pedri and i have” are the words at the tip of your tongue yet you don’t say them.

“don’t stop.” you regret the words as soon as the come out but you don’t say anything.

it’s a matter of seconds before gavi’s lips are on yours and you’re reciprocating all his wet kisses. he quickly places you on top of the counter and doesn’t waste anytime taking your shirt off. he spends a good minute admiring the way your black lace bra fits you perfectly. although that doesn’t last very long because his fingers unhook your bra and a second later it’s laying on the floor.

“you look perfect.” he murmurs.

a couple of months ago you would’ve loved to have heard that come out of his mouth but not anymore. not after all the lies.

“she the fuck up and fuck me pablo.” you state.

he takes the hint and doesn’t waste too much time on foreplay. unbeknownst to you he manages to leave a couple of hickeys here and there before he starts unbuttoning his pants. you really just want him to hurry up, you’d been down here for several minutes and hoped no one would notice your absence.

“woah, don’t you have a condom?” you ask bewildered.

“i’ll pull out. i did it all the time.” he says it like it’s the most obvious thing in the world.

now it’s your turn to not waste anymore time so you pull him closer to you. he carefully pulls your panties to the side before looking you in the eyes as if asking if it was okay. you simply nod and he kisses you again. the kiss isn’t like the others it’s sweet not agreesive and tender unlike the tough ones he gave you. although your pulled away from your thoughts as you feel him enter you.

you gasp at the feeling and so does he. he fits so perfectly and you realize that you’ll probably never get over him. gently he places his forehead against yours and kisses you once more before thrusting harder into you. he starts to set a slow and steady pace and soon your gripping his forearms. the way his hard length dragged into your walls made your eyes roll in ecstasy.

“fuck, you feel so good around me.” gavi barely manages to say.

you feel guilty at how good it feels to have him inside you. he makes you feel complete, a feeling you’re sure no one else will make you feel. you also feel bad because you’re sure that you’ve broken the soap holder that fell in the process of gavi placing you on the counter. but none of that matters to you right now because gavi is making you feel like the only person in the world.

his thrusts start getting harder as he gets closer to his release and the way you pinch harder into his forearms makes him hiss. he can’t tell if he’s in pain or pleasure, he decides on the latter. he loves being inside you but most importantly he loves pleasuring you and he doesn’t think twice if bringing his hand down to your core. he slowly starts circling your clit and you’re sure you’re about to cum.

“let go for me.” and you do. you cum and at that moment you realize that he will always have the uttermost effect on you.

“fuck, my dick is soaked.” he quickly pulls out of you, to your dismay, and releases on your leg.

you both take a couple of minutes to come down from your high and regain your breathes. you conclude that this is the best quickie you’ve ever heard but that feeling doesn’t last long as you remember where you are and who you came here with.

“wish pedri could see you right now. all fucked out because of me.” he’s smirking.

and it clicks. he didn’t miss you.

“oh my god has this all been some sort of sick game to you?” you scoff before grabbing the toilet paper nearby and wiping his load off of you.

“what?” he feigns confusion.

“you only fucked me because you’re intimidated by pedri, right? you’re not known as the teams starboy, he is. this was the only way you could get back at him. all your friends are right you’re an asshole and a sicko.” you quickly dress yourself ready to head back to the party.

“no that’s not-” but you don’t bother to let him finish you quickly head out and ignore all his pleas behind you.

when you get back to the party you head straight for pedri, who at first is delighted to see you but his facial expression quickly changes. he gently grabs all your hair and places it to the right side of your neck. your eyes widen.

“figured you don’t want anyone else here to see that mark on your neck.” you’re surprised at the calmness in his voice.

“pedri i-”

“it’s okay. we don’t have to talk about this here. just find another ride home i think i’ll be drinking a lot today.” he turns around and heads for the kitchen.

you can’t help but just stand there mortified. you want to go home but you don’t have a ride and no one will want to leave the party early. you curse yourself for getting yourself into this situation. but most importantly you curse gavi, the person who managed to break you. the man you wish you had never met. and the man you had to congratulate because even after this he’d still be viewed as the golden boy to his teammates.

[footballlover8]

Hii!! I have an idea that reader is a pro Olympic ice skater and that Gavi and Pedri are in the same ice rank as reader is practicing for the Olympics and Pedri or gavi is admiring readers skill in ice skating

Thank you for reading this ❤️❤️

La campeona || Pedri

A/N:Hi! I’m so sorry this took so long, I’ve been really busy with exams but I’m finished with everything now and have summer vacation now.

Hope you don’t mind me using Carlos sainz as her brother. He won’t be mentioned, I just needed a Spanish last name and he was the first I thought of. I hope you still like it though!❤️ And please remember that English is not my native language🫶🏼

Warnings: cursing? Bad translated Spanish. Let me know is there’s anything else

Genre:Fluff

Requested?: yes/no

(Gif is not mine, all credits too the owner)

____________________________________

"So it's not completely empty today but I can assure you she won't pay attention to you as she's busy practicing for the olympiques" One of the worker there told the small group of boys.

The boys including pedri, Gavi, Ansu, Alejandro, Ferran, Eric and Dembélé . They figured since they had a little break before national duties they would do something fun together. So here they were, at Barcelona's local ice rink.

"That's okey, thank you so much" Ansu thanked the man before he left, they went to put on the skates and made their way onto the rink.

As soon as pedri laid his eyes on the girl, he couldn't look away. She looked gorgeous, her long, beautiful hair flowing in the wind as her feet danced on the ice.

He was so lost in his own little world he hadn't noticed his friends had already made their friends at on the ice.

"Pepi! You coming!?"

"Yeah, yeah" He breathed out making his way onto the ice.

The girl had yet to notice the group of boys that was goofing around on the ice.

It wasn't until the canarian boy ran into her zone that she noticed them.

But it was too late pedri had already ran into her making her fall on top of him.

"I'm so sorry, I didn't mean too, I don't know what I'm doing honestly" pedri apologized immediately, embarrassed by his actions.

"It's okey, don't worry about it. Happens" She laughed a little, feeling her face heat up from embarrassment.

She quickly got up before helping him up as well.

"I'm pedri by the way" He reached his hand out for her too shake it.

"I'm y/n" She smiled shaking his hand.

************************************

"You've been going there constantly! You never hangs out with us anymore!" Alejandro complained to pedri who was currently on his way too his car that was Parked outside the training ground.

"You'll survive without me" pedri shrugged not really listening too them.

"Oh come on pedrooooo" Ansu whined.

"Oh come on guys, let him be with his girlfriend" Gavi smirked knowing the exact reason why he had been going too the rink constantly.

"Girlfriend!?" His teammates yelled surprised.

"Gavi!!" Pedri hit the younger midfielders chest earning a groan from him.

"What girlfriend??" Ferran asked

"The girl pedri basically fell on top off when we were ice skating" Gavi teased with his familiar smirk.

"She's not my girlfriend cabrón” Pedri scoffed.

“Yeah right” Gavi laughed.

“No way, she wants to hang with you! You have no game mano!” Eric exclaimed making the others laugh.

“Oh shut up, besides all the girls you follow on Insta, none of them wants to be with you, so shut up” Pedri snapped back.

(Im sorry Eric, I love you, it’s just for the story😭🫶🏼)

“Hey!” “That’s rude!” Eric rolled his eyes as the little group oooe’d at them.

“Okey but she can join us?” Dembélé suggested.

“I doubt she wants too hang out with you Imbéciles. Besides she has a medal to win” (assholes)

“I forgot she was a professional at that” Ansu hummed.

“When’s the competition?” He asked Pedri who was smiling thinking of the girl.

“Tomorrow, so she needs all the time she can get”

“Can we go!???” Alejandro asked excitedly, he really wanted too see the girl Pedri had been hanging out with constantly.

“I mean I’m already going, but you guys have too figure that out yourself” Pedri shrugged slightly, not really wanting them there. He wanted too be with her alone.

“Oh come on! Can’t you get us in?” Ferran groaned

“No” He answered simply.

“Whyyyy!???-“

“I’ve already fixed it” Gavi announced cutting Eric off.

“What do you mean fixed it?” Dembélé asked.

“I’ve got us tickets, but some of you have too sit away from us, there were barely any seats left” He explained.

“You’re a genius!” Eric slapped the back of Gavi’s head.

__________________________

“You’ll nail it, I know it. You’re the best okey?” Pedri assured the girl who was quite nervous, this was her second time being in the Olympics.

She was 18 so she had competed once when she was 17. She got second place then.

“What if I fall or something?” She questioned him as her hairstylist was finishing up her hair.

“If you fall, which I know you won’t, you get right back up again. You always do okey?” His hands reached to lightly rest on her shoulder and rubbing soothing circles to make her calm down a little.

“Okey” She nodded letting out a breath.

“Good, vamos, show them who you are” He smiled, helping her up on her feet.

“Thanks pepi” She smiled giving him a light kiss on his cheek.

“Y/n! You have to go” one of the workers told her making her nod.

Pedri followed her down to the rink where one of the competitor were finishing up.

She was completely lost in her own thoughts when she heard the announcer.

“Y/n sainz! 18 years old and representing her home country Spain! Give her a warm welcome!”

(Don’t bully me, I don’t know how that works😭)

Pedri gave her a warm and reassuring smile.

She quickly hugged him, making sure not to bury her face in his chest like she usually would, to not ruin her make up.

“Break a leg” He smiled as she let go making her way onto the ice.

“Wait! Not literally though!” He yelled after her, making her laugh.

He quickly found his place besides his friends and watched the girl as she did what she was best at. His friends were doing the exact same. Not only did she look breathtaking, but she was good at what she was doing.

Pedri couldn’t keep his eyes off her, like quite literally. With every move she did, his eyes followed in a heart beat. She was so enchanting.

Before he even knew it, everyone was clapping and she was making her way off the rink.

“Yo! Pedri! Your girl is tale-“

Ferran couldn’t even finish his sentence before Pedri was running down too her. His friends just laughed at him.

“¡Te lo dije! ¡Te lo dije, joder!” He yelled pulling her into his arms as she had just taken of her skates. (I told you! I fucking told you!)

She laughed at him before hugging him back.

“Anything can still happen pepi, I haven’t won” She chuckled softly

“Not yet, but you will, it’s obvious!”

“Don’t jinx it González” She warned as the two let go of the hug

“Yeah, yeah” he rolled his eyes playfully making her hit his arm lightly.

***

“Hey, do you guys think our kid will be more into football or figure skating?” Pedri asked randomly as they were waiting for the judges too announce the winner.

“Pedri what?” They all looked at the canarian confused as fuck.

“You guys aren’t even dating!?”

“Oh we will, don’t worry” Pedri assured him.

“But like what do you guys think?”

“Football”

“Figure skating”

“It’s too early!”

“What the fuck?”

“Cooking”

“Me”

The answers came everywhere.

“Who said ‘me’?” Pedri asked disgusted.

“Eric” everyone pointed at him.

“Not me” Eric defended

“You perv! I’m gonna get y/n too cut your throat with her skates” Pedri hit Eric’s chest.

“I was joking, you ass”

That’s when the announcer started talking none sense, too them at least, that was until they announced the third place.

“Second place goes too…Dimitri Muranóvic!”

(Completely random name)

Pedri crossed his fingers for the girl.

“First place, goes too the youngest competitor this year! Y/n Sainz!”

She jumped up in surprise, she honestly didn’t expect that that.

As she made her way up on the podium Pedri let out a breath of relief as he cheered on her.

Later that night, Pedri decided too drop the question as he drove her home.

“So…what do you say? Me, you on Friday, I’ll pick you up 6 o’clock?” He was quite confident she would say yes so he wasn’t really nervous.

“It’s a date” She smiled leaning over and kissing his cheek.

“Thanks for the ride pepi” She smiled softly reaching into her pockets too get her house keys.

She furrowed her eyebrows in confusion.

“Everything okey y/n/n?”

“Yeah, yeah. Two seconds” She chuckled nervously.

She checked her bags, before remembering she gave them too her coach.

“Joder” She sighed, she just wanted too go too bed, she was exhausted. (Fuck)

“What is it?” Pedri asked seeing the exhausted look on her face.

“I forgot my keys, I gave them too my coach” She said.

Pedri thought for a little, would it be that bad too let her sleep at his place. ‘Nah fuck it’ he thought

“You can sleep at my place, I’m sure my brother won’t mind” He offered, trying too not sound too excited.

“I don’t wanna bother you guys”

“You won’t, trust me. Just please? Besides where else are you gonna go?” He asked her as she realized she didn’t have that many friends and the few she had, didn’t live in Barcelona, and the ones that did had boyfriends.

“Are you sure?”

“Positive” He smiled.

***

“Thanks pedri, for everything” She smiled, he had offered her a shower and fed her and just everything a girl could imagine.

She breathed in the scent of his shirt that smelled so much like him. It was so comforting.

“It’s no problem corazón” He didn’t even realize the pet name that slipped out.

She smiled as a little blush formed across her cheeks.

He followed her too his bedroom which was oddly clean, despite being a footballers bedroom. She excepted it too stink like sweat everywhere, but it didn’t. It smelled like him.

“I’ll go sleep on the couch, I don’t have any guest bedrooms”

“What? No,no,no,no,no,no” “I’ll take the couch, you sleep here. It’s your bedroom after all” She quickly denied his offer of sleeping in his bed, she didn’t want him too be uncomfortable on the couch.

“Trust me, you don’t wanna sleep on the couch, fer’s snores like a hombre loco”

She laughed a little.

“That’s fine I’m used too my brothers snores anyways”

“Yeah,Nope, there’s no way I’m letting you sleep on the couch” “not only would my family kill me if they knew I let a pretty girl sleep on the couch but I would too. So…”

Before she even knew it, he picked her up making her squeal, not expecting him too do that.

He carefully threw her on the bed and tucked her in, basically trapping her inside the covers.

“Hey!” “That’s very rude of you González”

He laughed and shrugged.

“Buenas noches, mi campeón” He smiled kissing her head softly. Despite them not dating, they were quite affectionate. (Good night, my champion)

“No, wait Pedri?”

“Yeah?”

“Can’t you sleep here too then?” “I really don’t want you too sleep on the couch” She said as he smiled at her request.

“I don‘y wanna make you uncomfortable or anything” He said, and he wasn’t lying.

“You won’t. I really want you too”

He smiled slightly and nodded his head before telling him he would just change real quick.

Usually he just slept in either his boxers or his shorts because of the warmth. But today he put on a shirt as well as some simple shorts. Only because he didn’t want to make her uncomfortable.

“Isn’t that really hot?” She asked seeing him coming out from his closet.

“A little, but it’s fine” He answered.

“If it’s because of me you’re wearing a shirt, I don’t mind. All the times we’ve fell asleep on FaceTime, not once have you worn a shirt” She laughed a little

“You sure it’s okey?”

She quickly nodded her head.

“Besides if we’re going on a date soon, then this will be more than just sleeping in the same bed” She shrugged her shoulders making Pedri laugh and shake his head.

He pulled his shirt off and threw it on his gaming chair. She tried not too stare too much so he wouldn’t notice, but of course luck wasn’t on her side.

“Eyes up here corazón” He chukled seeing her hiding her face in his pillow

He got in on the other side of the bed and pulled some of the covers on him as well.

“Buenas noches pepi” She yawned, giving him a soft smile as the two laid face too face. (Good Night)

“Buenas noches preciosa” he smiled as the two closed their eyes. (Good night gorgeous)

The word thing both of them were so tired, but none of them could sleep. Pedri could feel her inching closer and closer too him so as an instinct he wrapped his arm around her waist too pull her closer too him and caressed the back of her head.

She smiled tiredly, burying her face into his bare chest, resting one of her arms across his torso.

He gave her one last kiss on her forehead before the two drifted off too dreamland.

(This is not edited, so please don’t mind if there is any spelling mistakes❤️ Thank you for reading!)

[bestiarium]

The Tibicena [native Gran Canarian folklore]

An angry dog, especially a wild one, can pose a serious danger to both people and livestock. So it comes as little surprise that large, evil dogs are a very common recurring motive in folktales and myths from around the world.

In the legends of the native population of Gran Canaria, a large monstrous dog called the Tibicena plays an important role. This creature takes the appearance of a large dog with long black fur and bright red eyes. Tibicenas were evil spirits and after the arrival of Europeans, the Tibicena was also known as a form of the devil, but in the belief system of the original inhabitants these monsters were descendants of Guayota, a kind of demon or major evil spirit. Though the people of Gran Canaria use dogs as guardians and pets, wild dogs are also known to attack herds of livestock (which was a problem considering these animals were often the owners’ sole means to make a living) and supposedly even break into tombs to eat human corpses. The evil mythical creature likely originated from these negative connotations.

The monsters were said to live in caves, and even today some of the caverns in Gran Canarias are referred to as a ‘den of the Tibicena’. At night, they left the comfort of these caves to hunt, attacking both people and animals alike.

The Tibicena is analogous to the Cancha of Tenerife. Note that it’s unclear whether the Tibicena is supposed to be a singular demonic entity or a species of monsters, as this seems to vary between different sources.

Sources: De Lavigne, G., 2015, Les Chiens Célèbres, Réels et Fictifs, dans l’art, la culture et l’histoire, Lulu, 572 pp. De Abreu Y Galindo, J., 1632, The history of the discovery and conquest of the Canary Islands. Alberto-Barroso, V., Delgado-Darias, T., Brito-Mayor, A. and Velasco-Vázquez, J., 2021, The ritualized use of dogs: considerations about their role in the mortuary belief system of the ancient Canarians, Canarias Arqueológica, 22:653-660. Rodríguez, A. M. D., 2005, Recuperación y reconocimiento formal de la raza canina pastor garafiano, Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma, 1. (image source: HoboMango on Twitter)

[spanishskulduggery]

I took that dialect quiz too and got the same results as you: Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias. I am a native English speaker from the US who learned Spanish in school + European Spanish media. It makes me wonder if other people who fit this profile will have the same results.

It's definitely possible

In my very limited experience, Andalusia (and Canary Islands) tends to be closest to Latin American Spanish especially Caribbean Spanish. As an example, Andalusia sometimes uses ustedes more than vosotros (and/or conjugates ustedes with vosotros forms)

The Cuban accent is notoriously very similar to the Andalusian and Canarian accents

There have been a lot of waves of emigration from the south of Spain to Latin America for centuries

The majority of all Spanish trade even during the Spanish Empire was centered in Sevilla and Cadiz which are in the south of Spain, along with the Canary Islands too

And though I couldn't say for sure, it may also have something to do with the various kinds of discrimination that existed in Spain - against moriscos which were heavily in southern Spain and in Valencia (Kingdom of Aragon at the time). The south also suffered heavily under Franco especially when Franco was beginning to take control of Spain

And there was a lot of immigration to Latin America from Asturias and they were often called indianos since they went to the "Indies"

I'm not too surprised that people learning Spanish in school would have more Spain-leanings since they teach castellano and so many countries have a strong history of Spanish emigration

[papirouge]

I was going to send you an ask about your thoughts on american evangelicals now claiming that Jesus is too liberal and weak for them (LOL) but I want to help out that Corsica anon You have.

A huge part of my family also are from corsica! Like a big part. They left the island to live elsewhere but my generation (like myself and cousins) decided to visit and see it throughout my life. The language is like a blend of French and Italian but more Italian. If you learned French though it wouldn’t be that bad but yeah, I agree that Italian might help better since the sound of the language is more similar. Your ear will be better at picking up certain words if that makes sense. Honestly, the island is beautiful and the people are proud but I wouldn’t fear them. Unless you came and tried to start drama with the locals. Like one time I saw a guy get slapped by a restaurant owner for acting rude, trying to smoke without a tray and leaving a mess. They DONT PLAY😂 there are some who don’t care about the mainland, some who find jobs in France and are fine and others that hate that France still owns the island and wants independence now. Having a family that are native to the island might help you out since you have a purpose of visiting. I’m not fully white either so the locals assuming I was a Parisian was slim. So my experiences have been my own. I overall thought it was nice to visit but I can also sense stress too from the locals whenever France exercised control on the island like banning the local native language from government. The idea is that the people are Corsican first, not French. (Like Apple hasn’t even released a Corsica flag emoji yet so they have to use France)

I’ve lived on other islands like hawai’i and the Canary Islands too for a bit and I saw some similarities. The people native to island are Hawaiian first with their own culture and language. Same with locals of the Canary Islands to Spain. They are first Canarian, then Spanish. But I don’t see them hate Spain that much like in Corsica, they’re just upset over dumb, entitled tourists.

I think the feelings of resentment is the price paid for being an islander owned by bigger, richer countries.

Oohhh it was so interesting!! Thanks for sharing anon!!

I love when anons use my blog to communicate between each others #papisatellite 📡🌍

And I'm curious about what you wanted to say about crazy evangelical seething against "liberal Christianity" 👀 I know for a fact that some White supremacists despise Christianism out of antisemitism but also because their think its teachings (of love and universalism) weakened the West which instead should be back to its native pagan worship and aggressiveness (think viking, Caucasus barbarians, etc.)

I was in tears when Conservatives started calling Fox News "woke"(!!?!?) because they fired Tucker Carlson 😭 Conservatives cannibalizing each other is truly something....and what's really ironic is that they couldn't blame the big bad liberals this time considering that it was Tucker who got the channel condemned for spreading misinformation in his show 💀

They have such a primitive "if you're not with us you're against us" mentality that they are shouting stupidities bigger than themselves.

The "everything I don't like is woke" mentality is ruining public discourse and critical thinking I swear...

[ker4unos]

ROME & ROMANCE RESOURCES

The Anthropological Masterlist is HERE.

Rome was a European civilization that, at its peak, extended into many European, Asian, and African regions. Its impact has heavily influence many modern cultures.

ANCIENT ROME ─ “Ancient Rome (Roman Republic, Roman Empire, etc) was a Roman civilization that lived from the 8th century B.C.E. to 476 C.E., dissolving at the fall of the Western Roman Empire. They lived in much of western and eastern Europe at the peak of the Roman Empire.” ─ Roman Culture & History (Lectures 11-14) ─ Life of the Romans ─ The Founding of Rome

GALLIA AQUITANIA ─ “Gallia Aquitania was a region of the Roman Empire. It was located in southwest France.” ─ Aquitaine Information ─ Aquitaine Culture

GALLO-ROME ─ “Gallo-Roman is a term used to describe Gaulish culture under the rule of the Romans.” ─ Gallo-Roman Phonology

HISPANIA GALLAECIA ─ “Gallaecia, or Hispania Gallaecia, was a Roman province. It was located in modern-day Galicia.” ─ Gaels in Galicia

ROMAN BRITAIN ─ “The Romano-British period was a British period of time when large portions of Great Britain were under control of the Roman Empire, from 43 C.E. to 410 C.E.” ─ Roman Britain Information ─ Roman Britain Culture ─ Roman Britain History

Romance languages, or Latin languages, are the languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. The cultures that Romance languages are native to have many cultural and linguistic influences to Ancient Rome. The Italic people were one of the most prominent Latin tribes that went on to form the Ancient Roman civilization, and from that, the Romance cultures branched out from them.

ARAGON ─ “The Aragonese people are a Romance people. They are native to the Aragon region in northeastern Spain.” ─ Aragon Information ─ Aragonese Language (in Aragonese)

THE CANARY ISLANDS ─ “The Canary Islands is a group of Spanish islands that belong to Spain. It is off the coast of Morocco.” ─ Canarian Spanish

CATALAN ─ “The Catalan people are a Romance people. They are native to Catalonia.” ─ Catalan Information ─ Catalan Language

ETRUSCA ─ “The Etruscan civilization was an Italic civilization that lived from 900 B.C.E. to 27 B.C.E. They lived in Tuscany.” ─ Etruscology ─ Etruscan Art ─ Etruscan Language

ITALY ─ “The Italian people are a Romance people that share the Italian culture. They are native to Italy.” ─ Italian Culture ─ Italian History ─ Italian Dictionary

OSCO-UMBRIAN ─ “The Osco-Umbrian group is an extinct Italic language group. They were native to southern and central Italy.” ─ Osco-Umbrian History (in Italian)

PORTUGAL ─ “The Portuguese people are a Romance people that share the Portuguese culture. They are native to Portugal.” ─ Portuguese Folktales ─ Portuguese History ─ Portuguese Language

ROMANIA ─ “The Romanian people are a Romance people that share the Romanian culture. They are native to Romania and Moldova.” ─ Romanian Culture ─ Romanian History ─ Romanian Grammar

SABINE ─ “The Sabines were an Italic people that lived until the 1st century B.C.E. They lived in the central Apennine Mountains in the Italian Peninsula.” ─ Rape of the Sabine Women (Pages 9-13)

SAMNITE ─ “The Samnites were an Italic people that lived from the 6th century B.C.E. to 298 B.C.E., when they were Romanized. They lived in the land of Samnium.” ─ Samnite Information ─ Samnite Culture (in Italian) ─ Samnite Religion

SARDINIA ─ “The Sardinian, or Sards, people are a Romance people. They are native to Sardinia.” ─ Sardinian Culture (in Italian) ─ Sardinian Dictionary

SPAIN ─ “The Spanish, or Spaniard, people are a Romance people that share the Spanish culture. They are native to Spain.” ─ Spanish Culture ─ Spanish History ─ Spanish Language (in Spanish)

VENETI ─ “The Veneti, or Heneti, people were an Indo-European people that lived from 900 B.C.E. to 182 B.C.E., when they slowly become Romanized. They lived in northeastern Italy.” ─ Venetic History (in Italian)

[raging-guanche]

"the revolution must be pacific" my people blew up a british marine's arm for fucking up with us

[nightsidewrestling]

M.L.B Bios: Mz Lola / Dolores Yasmina Park

M.L.B's First Vocalist Mz Lola (Jan 1989)

The first vocalist of the M.L.B (Mega Level Bitches), Lola, is the only mixed race member of the group, and the only member of the group born in Fairbanks, she's also the only member born in Alaska. She moved to Compton in the last year of high school, slowly getting used to the chaos of the neighbourhood. Lola met Aza, Deja and Hutch after moving in, then meeting Kris after she (Kris) moved onto the street.

"Yeah, and…"

Name

Full Legal Name: Dolores Yasmina Park

First Name: Dolores

Meaning: Means 'Sorrows', taken from the Spanish title of the Virgin Mary 'María del los Dolores', meaning 'Mary of Sorrows'

Pronunciation: do-LO-rehs

Origin: Spanish, English

Middle Name: Yasmina

Meaning: Variant of 'Yasmin', which means 'Jasmine' in Arabic and Hebrew, derived from Persian 'Yasamin'

Pronunciation: yas-MEE-nah

Origin: Arabic, Spanish, French

Surname: Park

Meaning: Either (1) From Middle English 'Park' from Latin 'Parricus', of Frankish origin. Or (2) From the medieval name 'Perkin', a diminutive of 'Peter' (Derived from Greek 'Petros', meaning 'Stone'.)

Pronunciation: PAHRK

Origin: English

Alias: Mz Lola

Reason: Stage Name

Nicknames: Lola, Lolita, Dollie/Dolly, Yaz, Mina, Parky

Titles: Miss, Mz

Characteristics

Age: (As of Jan 1989) 18

Gender: Female. She/Her Pronouns

Race: Human

Nationality: American-Canadian. Dual Nationality USA-CAN

Ethnicity: Mixed (Canarian) African-American & French-Canadian (White)

Birth Date: May 4th 1970

Sexuality: Bisexual

Religion: Christian

Native Language: English

Spoken Languages: English, Spanish, French

Relationship Status: Single

Astrological Sign: Taurus

Voice Actor: Shailene Garnett

Geographical Characteristics

Birthplace: Fairbanks, Fairbanks, North Star Borough, Alaska, USA

Current Location: Compton, Los Angeles County, California, USA / On Tour

Hometown: Compton, Los Angeles County, California, USA

Appearance

Height: 5'3" / 160 cm

Weight: 124 lbs / 56 kg

Eye Colour: Blue

Hair Colour: Black

Hair Dye: None

Body Hair: N/A

Facial Hair: N/A

Tattoos: (As of Jan 1989) 1

Piercings: Double Helix (Both), Double Lobe (Both)

Scars: None

Health and Fitness

Allergies: Mustard, Celery

Alcoholic, Smoker, Drug User: Clean

Illnesses/Disorders: None Diagnosed

Medications: Antihistamine (Tablets)

Any Specific Diet: Avoids her allergies

Relationships

Friends: Azahar Gutiérrez, Deja Dickson, Esther Hutchinson, Kristine Cobb, Nālani Kekoa

Colleagues: Azahar Gutiérrez, Deja Dickson, Esther Hutchinson, Kristine Cobb, Nālani Kekoa, James Kelly, Ikaika Kekoa

'Rivals': Andre Young, Antoine Carraby, Eric Wright, Lorenzo Patterson, O'Shea Jackson

Closest Confidant: Marie-Hélène Park

Mentor: Yeray Park

Significant Other: None

Previous Partners: None of Note

Parents: Yeray Park (60, Father), Marie-Hélène Park (55, Mother, Née Noel)

Parents-In-Law: None

Siblings: Yurena James (31, Sister, Née Park), François-Marie Park (28, Brother), Soraya Watson (25, Sister, Née Park), Jean-Christophe Park (22, Brother)

Siblings-In-Law: Noam James (33, Yurena's Husband), Socorro Park (30, François-Marie's Wife, Née Ramirez), Pascal Watson (27, Soraya's Husband), Rocío Park (25, Jean-Christophe's Wife, Née Cruz)

Nieces & Nephews: Prosper James (8, Nephew), Reyes James (2, Niece), Raoul Park (5, Nephew), Olvido Watson (5, Niece), Régis Watson (2, Nephew), Nélida Park (2, Niece)

Children: None

Children-In-Law: None

Grandkids: None

Great Grandkids: None

Music Career

Debut: 1988

Retired: N/A

Genre: Rap / Hip Hop

(Fictional) Records, Albums & Singles: 'Mega Level = Major Label' (Album, October 1988), Untitled Work in Progress (Due To Be Released Late 1989)

Songs (Record/Album/Single - Song Title - Track Length): 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Fighting Words' - 2:52 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'In My Feelings' - 2:24 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Twins' - 3:32 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Strong Female Leader' - 3:05 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Use Your Voice' - 3:58 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Booty' - 3:22 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Silence, Please' - 2:27 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Go Away (Come Back)' - 3:18 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Broken Dreams' - 4:20 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Touching You' - 3:20 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'No Other' - 3:48 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'My Man' - 2:50 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Mind Melting' - 3:28 'Mega Level = Major Label' - 'Go My Way' - 3:32

[tenerifeweekly]

A Canarian family asks for help to prevent their daughter from dying of anorexia

A Canarian family asks for help to prevent their daughter from dying of anorexia

A Canarian family asks for help to prevent their daughter from dying of anorexia. Jenny Arteaga Cowper, 26 years old and native of Tenerife, She has suffered from purging anorexia nervosa for years., an eating behavior disorder (ED). His family, with his father Tony Arteaga, denounces the abandonment to which these patients are subjected in Canary Islands and asks for help to prevent the disease…

[soft-deceitful-wiles]

You know what?

I'm 100% sure i wouldnt be alive if white people hadnt been some conquering, imperial assholes (im white, from the Canary islands un Spain, look it up) but if you have me a button to undo all white conquering un history i would push it NO QUESTION RIGHT NOW.

I wouldnt even have been born

Thats how much i hate imperialistic conquerer bullshit history

[osmanthusoolong]

This is absolutely fascinating, full text under the cut. (Obvious CNs for racism, colonial violence, Hitler mention and white supremacy.)

When he stepped ashore in October 1492, in what he understood to be part of India or Japan, Christopher Columbus’s first act was to claim possession of the land for the Spanish crown. After that, he distributed cloth caps, glass beads, bits of broken crockery, “and many other things of little value” to its inhabitants, recording in his diary that they were a “very simple” people, who could easily “be kept as captives…[and] all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them.” They reminded him of the aboriginals of the Canary Islands, the most recent victims of Castilian conquest, Christianization, and enslavement. “They are the colour of the Canarians, neither black nor white,” he observed.

Columbus also believed that the “Indians” regarded him and his crew as celestial beings. His earliest description of this, two days after landfall, was unsure: “We understood that they asked us if we had come from heaven.” But speculation soon hardened into certainty. Though the natives “were very sorry that they could not understand me, nor I them,” Columbus nonetheless confidently surmised that they were “convinced that we come from the heavens.” Every tribe he met seemed to think the same: it explained why they were all so friendly.

Over the decades that followed, this notion became a staple of Europeans’ accounts of their reception in the New World. According to the sixteenth-century Universal History of the Things of New Spain, compiled by a Franciscan friar in Mexico, Hernán Cortés’s lightning capture of Moctezuma’s empire in 1519 was made possible by the Aztecs’ misapprehension that he was “the god Quetzalcoatl who was returning, whom they had been and are expecting.” The following year, while rounding the tip of South America, Ferdinand Magellan’s crew encountered a giant native, “and when he was before us he began to be astonished, and to be afraid, and he raised one finger on high, thinking that we came from heaven.” The Incas of Peru initially received Francisco Pizarro as an incarnation of the god Viracocha, so one of his companions later wrote, and venerated the conquistadors because “they believed that some deity was enclosed within them.”

It was a popular, endlessly elaborated trope. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, white men colonizing other parts of the world were hardly surprised anymore to encounter similar instances of mistaken deification. After all, the error seemed to encapsulate the innocence, intellectual inferiority, and instinctive submissiveness of the peoples they were born to rule. What’s more, as Anna Della Subin explores in her bracingly original Accidental Gods, unsought divinity was a remarkably widespread phenomenon that spanned centuries and continents.

I In Guiana, the long-lived prophecy of “Walterali” commemorated Sir Walter Raleigh’s supposedly providential exploits against the Spaniards. In Hawaii, the death of Captain James Cook came to be regarded as the tragic apotheosis of a man mistaken for a god. Across British India, shrines sprang up around the graves and statues of colonists who were worshiped as deities with supernatural powers. The tomb of Sir Thomas Beckwith in Mahabaleshwar acquired a clay doll in his image, which received offerings of plates of warm rice. In Bombay, the effigy of Lord Cornwallis, the former governor-general, came to be permanently festooned with garlands and beset by pilgrims performing darshan, the auspicious ritual of seeing and being seen by a god who was present inside his likenesses.

Even as they battled to convert the local heathens from their misguided ways, Christian missionaries met the same fate. Long after he’d returned to Scotland, a portrait of the first chaplain of St. Andrew’s Church in Bombay, the Presbyterian James Clow, became the object of pagan veneration. In the church vestry, the congregation’s “native servants” offered up ritual homage to it and tried to carry off pieces of the canvas as personal talismans.

An especially celebrated cult grew up around the ferocious soldier John Nicholson, a staunchly Protestant Northern Irishman who’d begun his career in the disastrous British invasion of Afghanistan in 1839, then rose to become deputy commissioner successively of Peshawar and Rawalpindi. He was an unspeakably brutal man, who kept a severed human head on his desk, frequently expressed his immense hatred for the entire subcontinent, and begged his superiors to allow him to flay alive and impale suspected rebels—so instinctively violent were his proclivities that “the idea of merely hanging” insubordinate Indians was “maddening” to him. Yet before he died, while leading the pitiless British invasion, slaughter, and looting of Delhi in 1857, he had inspired a cult of hundreds of indigenous “Nikalsaini” followers, army sepoys and ascetic faqirs alike, who surrounded his unwilling figure at all hours, solemnly chanting prayers and rendering obeisance to their idol.

Something similar befell General Douglas MacArthur, the conquering hero of World War II. From Panama to Japan, Korea to Melanesia, his persona was made to take on divine properties of different kinds, in the form of wooden ritual statues, shamanistic shrines, and spirit persons, and as an avatar of the Papuan god Manarmakeri, whose return will herald the age of heaven. Even Western anthropologists not infrequently became enmeshed as involuntary deities in the very value systems they were trying, as neutral, external observers, to describe.

Resistance was always futile: disclaiming one’s divinity never seemed to dispel it. Nicholson was deeply revolted at being worshiped. He raged against the Nikalsainis who followed him around, kicked them into the dirt, beat and whipped them savagely, and imprisoned them in chains, yet they interpreted all this as “their god’s righteous chastisement.” “I am not God,” Gandhi repeatedly yet fruitlessly declared from the early 1920s on, as ever more elaborate tales began to spread about his supernatural powers, and he was pestered incessantly by people wishing to touch his feet. “The word ‘Mahatma’ stinks in my nostrils”—“I am not God; I am a human being.”

In 1961 a group of Jamaican Rastafarians traveled to Addis Ababa to meet for the first time with their living god, Haile Selassie. They were unfazed by the aging Ethiopian emperor’s own stance on the matter: “If He does not believe He is god, we know that He is god,” his apostles maintained. In despair, the Jamaican government invited Selassie for a state visit, hoping that his public disavowal of their delusions would sap the movement’s growing strength and political clout. “Do not worship me: I am not God,” the diminutive septuagenarian politely beseeched his dazzled followers when he arrived in the Caribbean. But this only had the opposite effect, for Rastafarian theologians knew full well what the Bible taught: “He that humbleth himself shall be exalted, and he that exalteth himself shall be abased.”

What are we to make of such episodes? As Accidental Gods brilliantly lays out, European observers were quick to jump to obvious-seeming conclusions. Accidental divinity bespoke the natives’ recognition of the personal greatness of their overlords: Nicholson was adored because he epitomized “the finest, manliest, and noblest of men,” as a typical Victorian paean put it. The question of why such worship sometimes alighted on arbitrary, obscure, and unheroic figures (violent sadists, deserters, anonymous memsahibs) was submerged beneath the general idea of effeminate natives in thrall to their masculine conquerors.

It was also believed to testify to their intellectual inferiority. As the academic study of religious beliefs developed over the course of the nineteenth century, European scholars defined “religion” in ways that classified the practices of “uncivilized races” as superstitious, backward, or “degenerate”—thereby further justifying colonialism. Compared to “real” religions with fixed temples, scriptures, and “rational,” monotheistic worship, above all Christianity, the beliefs of “the lower races,” they theorized, were stuck in an earlier stage of development. The worship of deified men was a primitive category error, “the irrational, misfired devotions of locals left to their own devices,” in one of Subin’s many luminous turns of phrase: proof of their inability to rule themselves.

In reality, from Columbus onward, Europeans repeatedly blundered into situations they didn’t properly understand and whose meaning they then invariably recast as vindicating their own actions. Across the Americas, the Pacific, and Asia, the indigenous terms and rituals applied to them were in fact commonly used of rulers and other powerful figures, not just of deities, and signified only awe, not some separate, nonhuman, “godlike” status. Likewise, because sudden death precluded reincarnation, people in India had for millennia been accustomed to appeasing the powerful spirits of those who were therefore eternally trapped in the afterlife—that, not reverence for white superpower, was why they singled out many random, prematurely deceased Britons for the same treatment. Nor was the apotheosis of living colonists usually intended to honor them, let alone to reflect some personal virtue: it was simply a way of mediating and appropriating their power, one way of creating collective meaning in the midst of imperial precarity and violence.

Above all, the very idea of a binary division between humanity and divinity was itself a peculiarly Christian dogma. In most other belief systems, the two were not strictly separated but overlapped. Reincarnations, communications with the spirit world, living gods, avatars, demigods, ancestor deities, and the powers of kings and lords—all were part of an interwoven spectrum of natural and supernatural authority. Much the same had been true in European antiquity. The ancient Greeks thought it normal for men to become gods. Among the Romans, apotheosis became a tool of statecraft, the ultimate form of memorialization. Cicero wanted to deify his daughter, Tullia; Hadrian arranged it for his wife and his mother-in-law, as well as for his young lover, Antinous. For emperors, it became a routine accolade—“Oh dear, I think I’m becoming a god,” Vespasian is said to have joked on his deathbed in 79 CE.

Similar ideas circulated among Jesus’ early followers. It was only from the Middle Ages on that the notion of humans being treated as gods came to be regarded by Christians as absurd, despite the fact that their own prophet, saints, and holy persons embodied similar principles. And so it happened that modern Europeans ventured abroad and began to impose their own category errors on the views of others. As Subin tartly observes, “correct knowledge about divinity is never a matter of the best doctrine, but of who possesses the more powerful army.”

Though Accidental Gods wears its learning lightly and is tremendous fun to read, it also includes a series of lyrical and thought-provoking meditations on the largest of themes. How should we think of identity? What is it to be human? How do stories work, grow, and stay alive? Belief itself, Subin suggests, is as much a set of relationships among people as it is an absolute, on-or-off state of mind. European myths about the primitive mentalities of others served to justify colonization and theories of white supremacy, and still do. Regarding indigenous practices as antithetical to the “reasoned” presumptions of “developed” cultures has always allowed Western observers to overlook their complicity in creating them—to see them only as the errors of “superstitious minds, the tendencies of isolated atolls, rather than a product of the violence of empire and the shackling of peoples to new capitalist machineries of profit.”

It also serves to mask the extent to which Western attitudes depend on their own forms of magical thinking. Our culture, for example, fetishizes goods, money, and material consumption, holding them up as indices of personal and social well-being. Moreover, as Subin points out, none of us can truly escape this fixation:

Though we may demystify other people’s gods and deface their idols, our critical capacity to demystify the commodity fetish still cannot break the spell it wields over us, for its power is rooted in deep structures of social practice rather than simple belief. While fetishes made by African priests were denigrated as irrational, the fetish of the capitalist marketplace has long been viewed as the epitome of rationalism.

To see a myth is one thing; to grasp it fully, quite another. It turns over, changes its shape, slips away, fades out of view. The further back in time Subin ventures, the more fragmentary her sources become, the larger the gaps in what they choose to notice. But more than once she is able to illustrate, almost in real time, how indigenous and Western mythmaking can be intertwined, codependent, and mutually reinforcing.

Following its “discovery” by Captain Cook in 1774, the Melanesian island of Tanna was devastated by centuries of colonial exploitation: its population kidnapped to provide cheap labor, its landscape stripped bare for short-term profit, its culture destroyed by missionary indoctrination. By the early twentieth century this treatment had provoked a series of indigenous messianic movements that looked forward to the expelling of the colonizers and the return of a golden age of plenty. The messiah would incarnate a local volcano god, it was believed, though the exact human form he would take was not clear.

One perennially popular idea was that the savior would appear as an American (perhaps Franklin D. Roosevelt, perhaps a black GI). This was because the island was under British and French control—movements of deification provoked by colonial injustice often sought to access the power of their tormentors’ rivals or enemies. In 1964 the Lavongai people of the occupied Papua and New Guinea territory sabotaged the elections organized by their colonial masters by writing in the name of President Lyndon B. Johnson, electing him as their king and then refusing to pay taxes to their Australian oppressors. On similar grounds, midcentury Indian and African religious sects sometimes deployed avatars of Britain’s enemies—in India, Hitler was seen as the final coming of Vishnu, while Nigerians worshiped “Germany, Destroyer of Land”: My enemy’s enemy is my friend.

During World War I, indigenous populations in far-flung Allied colonies independently developed cults of Kaiser Wilhelm II, who, it was said, would shortly sweep away the English-speaking whites who had stolen their land and were exploiting their people. High above the Bay of Bengal, on the plateau of Chota Nagpur, tens of thousands of Oraon tea plantation workers gathered at clandestine midnight services and swore blood oaths to exterminate the British. They spoke of the Germans as “Suraj Baba” (Father Sun), passed around the emperor-god’s portrait, and sang hymns to his casting out of the British and establishing an independent Oraon raj:

German Baba is coming,

Is slowly slowly coming;

Drive away the devils:

Cast them adrift in the sea.

Suraj Baba is coming…

The salient point is not that such hopes were untethered from reality, but what they expressed. For what can the powerless do? To what can they appeal to restore the rightful order of things, in the face of endless loss? “Do you know that America kills all Negroes?” a Papuan skeptic challenged one of LBJ’s apostles in 1964. “You’re clever,” the apostle replied. “But you haven’t got a good way to save us.”

Around this time, the British colonizers of Tanna were indoctrinating its inhabitants in the goodness of their young queen Elizabeth II and her handsome consort—a man, they learned, who was not actually from Britain, or Greece, or anywhere in particular. As it happened, the legend of the volcano god told that one of his sons had taken on human form, traveled far, and married a powerful foreign woman. Prince Philip vacationed in the archipelago and participated in a pig-killing ritual to consecrate a local chief. He was the Duke of Edinburgh, and Tanna’s island group had once been called the New Hebrides. In 1974 one of the many local messianic factions realized that he must be their messiah.

It proved to be a match made in heaven, for the British monarchy itself, in the twilight of its authority, was ever more reliant on invented ritual and mythmaking. Once Buckingham Palace learned of the prince’s deification, it began to celebrate and publicize the story for its own purposes, deftly positioning it as evidence of the affection in which the royal family (and by inference the British) were supposedly held all across the former empire, and as a counterweight to the prince’s well-deserved domestic reputation as an unregenerate racist. This Western interest in turn produced an unceasing stream of international attention and visitors to Tanna, to investigate and report on the islanders’ strange “cult,” which not only helped to strengthen the myth’s local appeal but even influenced its shape.

In 2005 a BBC journalist arrived on the island to report the story, bringing with him a sheaf of documents compiled by the prince’s former private secretary, including official correspondence from the 1970s, press clippings, and other English descriptions of the islanders’ beliefs. His sharing of these papers, and his lengthy discussions with the locals, inadvertently seeded new myths, many of which, as Subin dryly notes, sounded “much like palace PR describing philanthropic activities in an underdeveloped land.” Myths stay alive by constantly adapting, encompassing, and feeding off one another. This was a classic case of mutual mythmaking: the deification of Prince Philip was produced in Buckingham Palace and Fleet Street, as well as in the South Pacific. To this day, white men from Europe and America keep turning up on Tanna, claiming to be fulfilling the prophecy of the returning god.

In Subin’s irresistible medley of history, anthropology, and exhilaratingly good writing, the most powerful stories are those of indigenous mythmaking as outright political revolt. For in many instances in which white men were turned into gods, the purpose was wholly subversive: not just to channel the strength of the colonial imperium for one’s own ends, but to grasp the colonizers’ power and turn it against them. In 1864 a Maori uprising led by the prophet Te Ua Haumene killed several British soldiers. The head of their captain, speared on a pole, became the rebels’ protective talisman against other white invaders and their divine conduit to the angel Gabriel. Just as they reinterpreted the Bible to mean that Maori land should be restored and the British driven out, so too they appropriated a colonist’s actual mouth and made it speak their truth.

Even more unsettlingly, across their newly conquered African territories, from the 1920s onward British, French, and Belgian administrators found themselves faced with a strange contagion of spirit possession, in which the locals took on the colonists’ identities. People would fall into a trance and then claim to be channeling the governor of the Red Sea or a white soldier, secretary, judge, or imperial administrator. They demanded pith helmets and libations of gin, marched around in undead formations, issued commands, and refused to obey imperial edicts, calling themselves Hauka, or “madness,” in the Sahel, and Zar in Ethiopia and the Sudan.

One version in the Congo claimed to have created deified duplicates of every single colonial Belgian. Each time an African adept joined the movement, he’d adopt the name of a particular colonist, and his wife that of the spouse. In this way, Hauka captured the entire colonial population, from the governor-general down to the lowliest clerk. On entering their trance state, the locals usurped the colonists’ power: the wives went around with chalked faces and wearing special dresses, screeching in shrill voices, demanding bananas and hens, clutching bunches of feathers under their arms in representation of handbags.

Precisely because spirit possession was unwilled and painful, this was a means of resistance that mechanisms of imperial power could not easily counter. Early on, a district commissioner in Niger named Major Horace Crocicchia decided to suppress it by force. He rounded up sixty of the leading Hauka mediums, brought them in chains to the capital, Niamey, and imprisoned them for three days and nights without food. Then he forced them to acknowledge that their spirits could not match his own power, taunting them that he was stronger and that the Hauka had disappeared. “Where are the Hauka?” he jeered repeatedly, beating one of them until she acknowledged that the spirits were gone.

It only made things worse. Almost immediately a new, extremely powerful specter joined the spirit pantheon. All across Niger, villagers were now possessed by the vengeful, violent avatar of Crocicchia himself—also known as Krosisya, Kommandan, Major Mugu, or the Wicked Major. Deification of this kind was a form of ritualized revolt, a defiance of imperialist power that not only mocked but appropriated its authority.

All this also explains why, toward the middle of the twentieth century, the rise of a powerful, proud, anti-imperialist black ruler at the heart of Africa was so intoxicating to people on the other side of the globe who had been dehumanized for centuries because of the color of their skin. For black people in the Babylonian captivity of the New World, Ethiopia had long been held up as Zion, the land of their future return. Even before its dashing new emperor was crowned in 1930, American and Jamaican prophecies had begun to foretell the coming of a black messiah. Rastafarianism became a religion for all who opposed white hegemony: to worship Haile Selassie as a living god was to reject colonial Christianity, racial hierarchy, and subordination, and to celebrate black power. No wonder its tenets have spread across the globe and attracted nearly a million followers. As Subin’s rich, captivating book shows, religion is a symbolic act: though we cannot control the circumstances, we all make our own gods, for our own reasons, all the time.

[admelioraii]

Seven beautiful wildflowers rising from the bottom of the ocean

Gran Canaria

The Canary Islands have as many names as they are diverse, the entire archipiélago is an astonishing patchwork of extreme wild landscapes and micro-climates.

Apart from that they have a generous supply of small paradises, surprises and adventures alike.

The group of seven islands, seven wildflowers, off the coast of North-West Africa are blessed with a warm subtropical climate, all year long, an eternal spring!

It is difficult to find words to describe their beauty, each one is a volcanic jewel, a priceless treasure.

The islands are just the top of a gigantic subaquatic mountain chain, rising a phenomenal 7.500 metres from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, as a result of ferocious volcanic eruptions.

The Canaries have a particularly interesting history, dramatic geography and is a veritable goldmine of fascinating and surprising small sites.

The islands are themselves a revelation, unique and dissimilar from anything else in the world.

In addition to being distinct from anything you have ever seen they are also different from each other.

The Canary Islands are located 100 kilometres (62 miles) from the African coast, and an astonishing 1.056 kilometres (1.700 miles) from the Spanish mainland, even though they belong to Spain.

The archipiélago consists of seven larger inhabited islands or thirteen including the smaller uninhabited ones.

As each island is unique, and differs greatly from the others, a deeper description is needed to familiarise oneself with each island, representing each one by a special Canarian wildflower, so we can discover the flora a bit more too. The islands are ordered from oldest to youngest.

Fuerteventura 

The island of the golden beaches

Fuerteventura beach and Hypericum Canariensis

Fuerteventura is the oldest of all the islands in the archipelago, and is at its ripe age a paradise of beaches.

The island lacks some of the enormous mountains and high peaks that characterises many of its sisters but instead its topography is perfect for a myriad of water activities, such as : snorkelling, windsurfing, kite surfing, yachting, sport fishing and waterskiing.

The beautiful sandy island of Fuerteventura has a rugged beauty, exceptional beaches and a dramatic coastline, it is the second island in size after its bigger neighbour Tenerife.

The entire island has been declared a biosphere reserve, thanks to the diversity of its flora and fauna, its many microclimates are evident all around the island.

Its name is subject to wide discussions, Fuerteventura in Spanish means “strong winds” a reference to the windy conditions around the island that sometimes endanger nautical adventurers.

However, it might also refer to wealth, luck or destiny, a third theory suggests that the name derives from Latin “Fortunatae Insulalae” (fortunate islands).

In ancient times it was called Maxorata which means “children of the country” in ancient Canarian Berber, by the native inhabitants, the Guanches.

Lanzarote

The Island with the moon landscape

Grape trees in Lanzarote and Attaraylis Preauxiana

The distinct arid island of Lanzarote offers a volcanic moonscape, best compared with the actual landscape of the moon.

Nevertheless, it also has its invisible secrets, El golfo cráter is a volcanic crater on the shore of the peculiar island.

Inland, just a few metres from the coast, is a pool of water that has developed a green hue. The green comes from an algae living in the salt water in the pool.

The waters in the pool are still connected to the ocean via underground fissures, which keeps the water at sea level, and ensures that the pool doesn’t evaporate away.

Cooking food over a volcano.

On Lanzarote where the last volcanic eruption took place in 1824 there is still a significant amount of heat just below the surface.

In the National Park of Timanfaya you can visit a restaurant * , with a nine metres hole, dug to access the heat, and is used to grill.

The temperature of the grill reaches 400 degrees C and uses no energy.

Further, the island has some of the oddest vineyards in the world, as the island is volcanic, arid and has almost no soil or natural vegetation, to grow grape vines here takes quite a bit of effort.

Unlike most vineyards, where vines are planted in rows, on Lanzarote each vine is placed in a small depression with a semicircular wall of lava stone around it, to help protect it from the winds. The plants take root in the lava rock, where they get water from the moisture that condenses on the rocks.

Gran Canaria

The miniature continent

Roque nublo, Gran Canaria and Helianthemum inaguae, plant species considered in danger of extinction

Gran Canaria has a landscape forged by volcanoes.

The island rose from the bottom of the sea as a result of the force of volcanoes.

Then the volcanoes, the winds and the rain came together and sculpted the island of cliffs, fertile plains, deep ravines, black and golden fine sand beaches, natural pools, galleries, caves, stone arches, valleys and monoliths.

Such a geographical diversity of microclimates makes it possible for Gran Canaria to have so many different faces.

From its high altitudes, when looking down from the Pico de las Nieves (the snowy peak) and feeling the vertigo, as you stand at an altitude of almost two thousand metres the island looks very different from what it does when you see it from the coast, while hugging the ocean.

But it is the same island nonetheless: the heir of the volcano.

Today as the volcano has been sleeping for millennia and we can approach it without fear, we can see the island's volcanic heritage reflected in its nature.

Even higher up, where the island pierces the sky, lies the protected landscape of Las Cumbres de Gran Canaria (the summit), the high mountain region where a series of volcanoes that erupted three thousand years ago are aligned.

Inside the protected landscape of the sacred mountains of the island, declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO, we can observe the indigenous heritage the way natural caves or caves made by humans in the volcanic tuff were used as dwellings, barns, astronomy sites or sacred places for rituals.

These high peaks, covered in pine forests, marks the separation between the semi-deserted south and the lush, densely vegetated north.

When seeing the different climates, so paradoxical, like opposites, that is when you realise that this small island is truly home to several worlds, a continent in miniature.

Tenerife

Starry nights on Mount Teide

Mount Teide and Tajinaste rojo

Tenerife is the largest and most populated of the tropical archipelago, with a generous variety of landscapes: golden sand beaches, misty volcanoes, and a dense pine wood.

Mount Teide is not only the highest point in the entirety of Spain and the world’s third highest volcano, but with its peak measuring an astonishing 3.718 metres above sea level ( 7.500 metres from the ocean floor ), it also casts the longest shadow over the sea in the world. It is spectacular!

As that is not enough, Teide’s national park is the most visited park in all of Europe and it is, of course, home to Mount Teide, as well as a Natural World Heritage site.

Furthermore, Mount Teide literally separates the island in two different climate zones: the semi-deserted south and the rich, flourishing northern parts.

The waters in the southwest of the island are exceptionally rich in marine life and one of the few places in the world where you can actually see and interact with turtles and dolphins that live here all year long. This region is also visited by blue whales and orcas. 

A true sanctuary for these incredible mammals that find ideal conditions for feeding and reproduction here.

The curious shadow of Mount Teide

The Canaries are due to their location, climatic conditions and mountain peaks blessed with the clearest and most unpolluted skies, excellent for stargazing, in the world.

In addition, Mount Teide has another secret: when the sun rises the Mount casts a curious pyramidal shadow over the Atlantic Ocean which disappears into the distance like a train truck.

The shadow changes as the day grows.

At dawn a silhouette is projected towards the island of La Gomera, while at dusk the shadow is pushed out towards Gran Canaria.

Views of the shadow are particularly good from the peak of Mount Teide itself. The silhouette on the ocean is in the shape of a perfect geometric triangle, which is astonishing especially as it is considered that the actual peak of Mount Teide does not have a pyramidal shape at all.

The shadow therefore seems to defy reason.

La Gomera

The forgotten island that was lost in time

La Gomera and Digitalis (Isoplexis) canariensis

From a distance La Gomera appears as an impenetrable fortress, ringed with soaring rock walls. Noodle thin roads wiggle along cliff faces, and up ravines.

The white spots on this prehistoric landscape turns out to be houses impossibly placed on inaccessible escarpments.

Up close, however, the rough landscape turns out to be lush valleys, dense rainforests, glittering black pebble beaches and bold rock formations sculpted by volcanic activity and erosion.

Simply put, La Gomera’s shape is rather like an orange that has been cut in half then split into segments, which has left deep ravines or barrancos in between them.

By the coast beaches are set between the cliffs, this wild, mountainous landscape is filled with contrasts, it is a paradise for nature lovers.

Considering the inaccessible landscape it is not difficult to understand why the thousand years old whistle language still is especially deep rooted here.

They really needed it to communicate through rough mountainous terrain, and it has lived on since ancient times until now.

La Gomera’s prime attraction is the magical often misty National park “Garajonay”.

Clever though by gorges and filled with laurel rainforest, this prehistoric forest is responsible for the labyrinth of vegetation in the park, a park that is bewitching like a fairytale.

Here you will find more than a thousand species that, thanks to their isolation, include a large proportion impossible to find elsewhere.

Lush and dense laurel rainforests once grew across most of Southern Europe and North Africa but now they are only found here in the Canaries and the rest of Micronesia.

An interesting note, La Gomera is the only island that still uses its ancient native “Guanche “ name.

The legend of Gara and Jonah

The Canarian Romeo and Juliet

The Canaries is famously known as the land of  legends and volcanoes, this special legend comes from La Gomera.

Long, long time ago, in the time of the Guanches, the first native of the archipiélago, a beautiful princess lived in La Gomera, her name was Gara.

This island was famous for its water springs that still exist  (los chorros de Epina), which could predict if someone would find true love: if the waters remained quiet, without movement, it meant The person would find true love but if the waters got turbulent, the answer was negative.

During the Guanches New Year's feast, princess Gara and her friends visited the spring, as Gara approached, the still water started to become so turbulent that it was shaking, then a sun appeared in the waters and told her: What will happen will happen, run away from the fire Gara, or it will consume you.

The same day, Jonay, a handsome young Guanche and son of the king of Tenerife, visited the island with his father and other noblemen as they were invited to the new year’s feast in La Gomera.

When their eyes met, it was love at first sight!

They immediately announced to their parents that they wanted to get engaged.

It was then that the ocean got filled with fire, the big, powerful volcano Teide on Tenerife had erupted, and such was his fury that you could see it even from La Gomera.

That was when they remembered Jonay was from Tenerife, the island of fire and Gara was the princess of the holy springs.

Fire and water don’t mix! Their love was impossible.

It was first when their parents forbade the engagement that the volcano calmed down.

Back in Tenerife, Jonay couldn’t forget Gara and in the middle of the night he threw himself in the ocean and swam across to the island of La Gomera and Gara, where he and Gara ran together up the mountains, to the very highest top but as they discovered they were followed they took a stick and sharpened its two extremes.

Holding it in between themselves to their chests, they hugged, the sharpened stick pierced their hearts and they died together.

Since then the mountain is called Garajonay, in memory of the two lovers that preferred death rather than continue living separated.

This same place is nowadays a National park: "Garajonay”.

La Palma

The beauty (La bonita)

La palma and Pericallis hadrosoma

There are places that will give you unique, magical moments, moments when you think: this is what I always wanted to experience, places made just for you.

La Palma is one of those places.

From the top of the mountains you get a spectacular view, and if that is not enough you might even, if you are lucky, get to see a sea of clouds.

The heat from the sand almost burns your feet but the cool waters from the Atlantic quickly repairs the damage.

The pleasure is complete with the calming, soft and fresh scent of canary pines, from the abundant pine woods, that fill your senses and relax your body.

The beautiful, green La Palma is like a big, natural spa!

A natural spa that regenerates, revitalises you, and fills you with energy and good vibes.

It is mainly in December and January that snow appears on the highest points of the island, surrounded by pine trees.

With the top of the island covered by a white snow blanket, you wonder: is this really a subtropical island?

It is even possible to enjoy a snowball fight in the morning and finish the day with a warm, relaxing sunset swim in the Atlantic, life can not get much better than that!

El Hierro

The island with soul

Tajinaste Azul 

It is the youngest and it is tiny but overfilled with incredible natural wonders.

El Hierro is indeed the smallest of the fortunate (inhabited) islands, but it is an island with soul.

The island is more remarkable for what it doesn’t have than for what it has.

There is very little traffic here, the island has no hotel complexes, no buildings higher than two floors, no lifts and only one set of traffic lights.

Furthermore, it is almost completely self sufficient.

Since a while back El Hierro has been working towards making the entire island self-sufficient and they have almost reached their goal, other islands are following their example but are somewhat behind.

Beaches here are rare, to swim you either have to jump from the cliffs or enjoy the many natural pools, as a substitute for beaches, but the island's wonderful landscapes make up for the lack of beaches.

Ancient civilizations were just as impressed and fascinated by this array of exotic islands as we are today.

The archipielago forms a part of the Macronesian eco region and it is further referred to as “the islands of eternal spring” , the reason for that is that they are regulated by the Gulf Stream and trade winds, which contribute to their subtropical climate.

With little difference between seasons, they truly have an eternal spring! 

Loved by countless civilizations, each one giving them a nickname, the islands have got as many names as there are stars in the sky, we find many names for those we love!

Tenerife

Canary Islands- the Romans.  

The fortunate islands-the Numidians

The islands of eternal spring - the Greeks.    

The everlasting islands- the Arabs.

The blessed islands-the phoenicians. 

The islands of the fortunate-

The islands of the Guanches-the Guanches.

The islands of hope-

The Macronesian islands 

The canary birds were named after these islands and not the other way around.

Caught in between volcanoes, legends and reality, they are marvellous islands on the limit of the world.

The sweet charm surrounding them and their positive energy works as a magnet!

You visit once and you are stuck, you fall in love and nothing else is comparable.

Their diversity is staggering, no other place in the world offers so many treasures compressed in such a small place.

It is truly an archipelago of a thousand experiences!

*El Diablo restaurant in Timanfaya.

[realmadridfamily]

Actress, writer and full-time mother. Shortly before the film's premiere, Sara Sálamo makes her debut as a new ambassador for the jewelry company Tous. With special brilliance in her eyes and distinctive racial beauty, the Canarian tells us about this exciting stage she is experiencing. Nothing stands in the way of Sara. A mother of two children under 30, just before the premiere of the "El refugio", a native of Tenerife, doesn't hesitate to demand 100% professional development without neglecting her personal and family life. Demanding and in line with the life of her choice, Sarah enjoys this stage and uses every minute. She admits that there are more coats in her wardrobe than she needs them "because in Tenerife I never needed them, and now I am passionate about them", and as a confident vegetarian, she declares that she is a fan of brands that care about animal welfare. When Tous asked her to be part of the Tous Squad, the actress wanted to return to adolescence. Being the face of Tous takes you back to teenage life ... This relationship is especially exciting for me. For several years, the first gift I asked for in a letter to the Three Wise Men was a Tous ring. For me, it's a brand with values and committed to women. What kind of jewelry do you wear every day? I always wear two rings on the ring finger of my right hand. My mother gave me the first one when I was a teenager, and I got the second one for my eighteenth birthday. This month, the movie "El refugio" has its premiere. What kinds of scenarios are you missing? I miss characters written by us and for us. I would love to play a woman with conflicts, apart from supporting the male story or being hypersexual. I miss choosing characters that challenge me. You are demanding on yourself, you try to be at the top on all levels. How do you do that? I'm going through a stage where I'm learning to let go of the guilt that generates so much self-esteem. If I work a lot, I feel bad that I am wasting time that I could spend with my children. If I'm with them for twenty-four hours, I feel terrible not to be producing ... My parents are a fundamental part of my work-life balance. Children always accompanied me in filming so that I would not have to give up breastfeeding ... Last year you wrote your first novel : "El ocaso del mono que arañaba la pared". Since when do you write? Writing is therapeutic. I write from an early age, thanks to a very strong reading habit. It was a beautiful experience that I would like to delve into. How do you organize yourself with your two children? I love being a mother, although at every step I ask myself if I am doing it right. It's like improvising in fear of everything. I try very hard to make them happy and use all the time I can give them. Are you only guided by instinct? I question everything I read, hear or study about parenting and then apply. I don't feel that there is an absolute truth about motherhood ... One thing works for all of us. The most important premise is that they are happy, independent, and feel they always have me. You have been a vegetarian for seven years. How did this need arise in you? Both for the love of animals and because of diagnosed endometriosis. It has greatly improved my quality of life. And how do you do it with the children? My children are also vegetarian. Whether they eat animals or not, it is an imposition of the parents. I am incapable of cooking an animal, so I inquired to see if it was feasible for them to eat this type of food. I did it with pediatric nutritionists and I went to courses and classes, I didn't want them to have any kind of deficiency... I was surprised to find the support of all the professionals, including several pediatricians. Is it difficult to be consistent nowadays? Quite. There are many obstacles. But if you want, you can. You just have to put in an effort. You've had some controversy on social media and you seem to be a brave woman who clearly says what she wants and doesn't mind raising her voice. How do you live inside? There are no respectful debates, insults or quarrels. Hiding behind an avatar and crossing any red line is becoming a common thing that we have to face once and for all.

[jackredfieldwasmyjacob]

EXAMPLES OF SPANISH ACCENTS (PART 1)

I'm gonna make this in different parts as I want to show y'all videos with examples and I can only include five in a post. I won't include all accents cause I don't want to make this too long, but here's a map that sums up pretty well all the accents:

In the bluish colours you have the Northern dialects, while in the redish ones you have the Southern ones. And, of course, the Canarian one is it's own thing. Again, I won't go through all of these, as some are very similar and not distinctive enough imo. I want non-natives to be able to hear the differences, so that's why I'm going with the most notorious ones (I'll cover a lot of them tho so don't worry)

Anyways, let's start with the first ones:

CASTILLIAN:

The standard Castillian, spoken in the northern section of the Central Plateau, roughly corresponding to the autonomous community of Castilla y León. It's the standard accent so there's also a lot of it in other communities and such.

MURCIAN:

Located in the autonomous community of Murcia, this accent is similar to the Andalusian ones but more rough and it can be a bit hard to understand.

(from 0:22 you can hear the accent)

CANARIAN:

Based on the Canary Islands, it is actually very similar to Caribbean Spanish, and sometimes you can't easilly tell if someone is Canarian or Caribbean by their accent.

MADRILEÑO:

It's located in Madrid, and even though it's similar to the Manchego and Castillian accents, it has some noticeable differences.

(the accent starts in 1:04)

BASQUE:

Based on the area of Euskal Herria and extending to neighbouring areas, this accent is modified by the Euskera language, just like happens with the Galician and Catalan accents.

PART 2