#form follows function oder so

[kathastrophen]

Fanbinding »Triptychon«

geschlossen: 16,5 x 16,5 cm, offen: 16,5 x 49,5 cm

Kopierpapier auf Tonkarton.

[wisdomrays]

TOWARDS THE WORLD OF "RIGHTEOUS SERVANTS": Part 2

The fourth characteristic of the generation to whom the final inheritance of the earth belongs is to review and re-evaluate the established views of man, life and the universe. The following points should be considered in this respect:

Firstly, the universe is a book written by God for us to study over and over again. Man is a transparent index of all the worlds, a being able to discover the depths of existence. As for life, it is the manifestation of the meanings filtered from that index and book, and reflected by Divine Expression throughout the universe. If man, life and the universe are three aspects of a single reality with each having a genuine colour of its own, then a partial approach to them will be a disrespect to both man, in particular, and the whole creation, in general, as it will demolish the harmonious composition of reality.

As it is indeed incumbent upon man to study, understand and obey the Divine Revelation – the Scripture – derived from God's Attribute of Speech, so too it is necessary for him to perceive all things and events to which God gives existence through His Knowledge, Will and Power. Being the manifestation of the Divine Attribute of Speech, the glorious Qur'an is the spirit of existence and the sole means of happiness in this world and the Hereafter. The 'Book' of the universe is the embodiment of this spirit and is an account of the branches of science originating in it. It is therefore a very important dynamic of both worlds, direct in relation to this life, indirect with respect to the other. For this reason, there will be a reward for understanding both of these books and applying their principles in practical life. Those who neglect or ignore them will meet the consequences of their neglect.

Secondly, a man's humanity lies in his feelings, thoughts and character, which are also the standards in determining his esteem in the sight of both the Creator and the created. Sublime human attributes, depth of thought and feeling, and a sound character, are valued by everybody. The one who adulterates his faith and conviction with irreligious thoughts and causes distrust in his character, will neither be able to receive God's support and help nor preserve his esteem and dignity in the sight of people. It should never be forgotten that God Almighty, as well as people, evaluates a man according to his human character, and who lack human values are not able to perform great feats even if they appear to be good believers. On the other hand, it is impossible for those who are distinguished with laudable virtues and a sound character to be always subject to utter failure despite their apparent weakness in living in conformity with religious principles.

Thirdly, an Islamic goal can be achieved through Islamic means and methods only. It is absolutely incumbent on a Muslim to pursue Islamic goals and adopt Islamic methods in attaining his goals. As it is impossible to secure God's approval without sincerity and purity of intention, so too, neither can Islam be served nor Muslims directed toward their real targets through diabolic means and methods.

The generation who will take on the responsibility of bringing justice and happiness to the world should be able to think freely and respect freedom of thought. Freedom is a significant dimension of man's free will and a key to the mysteries of human identity.

The Muslim world has been under pressure for centuries from both within and outside. Under such conditions where restrictions have been put on our feelings, thoughts, culture, and education, it is almost impossible for a person to remain with human faculties, let alone realize a renewal and development. In a climate where it is difficult to remain even as a common man with human values, it must be quite impossible to bring up a person of true greatness. Only people with weak character, inactive disposition, palsied brains and paralyzed feelings grow in such climates. Distorted thoughts and wrong criteria produced and propagated in both families and surroundings and in educational institutions and art circles in the later phase of our history, have upset everything unique to us – our view of matter and spirit and our physical and spiritual worlds. In this critical period, the leading élite presented their prejudices as free thought, lived an egocentric life, showed no respect for other beliefs and opinions, and went so far in maintaining different assertions or convictions that they did not refrain from resorting to force whenever they deemed it necessary to crush the free will and free thinking of the people. We are not sure whether that period has ended, though it remains necessary for us to review, on the one hand, our centuries-old historical dynamics and to question, on the other, the 'changes and transformations' to which we have given impetus for the last one and a half centuries. We are still, in our decisions, under some ideological taboos, in which case it is impossible for us to re-shape our world according to the requirements of a bright future. Such conditions as these give rise to nothing but political disputes, internal struggles and international conflicts. That is why there is a continuous internal discord in our community, in particular, and unceasing savagery worldwide, in general. Were it not for the egoism, greed and ruthlessness of mankind, the world would most probably be more different than it is today.

If this is so, we should realize the need to be more tolerant and more altruistic when we move forward toward a better future. We need today more than anything else magnanimous hearts and open, profound minds which are respectful of free thinking and open to the sciences and scientific research and which are able to perceive the harmony between the Qur'an and the Divine laws of the universe and life. This requires the existence of a community in which genius can flourish. In the past, a single person of genius could succeed in leading a nation toward high objectives, but today when everything has taken on an incredibly elaborate form, and specialization has gained prominence, counsel and collective consciousness have replaced geniuses. This is the sixth point which should be given due consideration by the generation who aim to give a better shape to the world.

We have not been able, in the latest phase of our history, to establish a desirable coordination between the vital institutions of the society. At a time when modern schools concentrated on ideological dogmas; institutions of religious education (madrasas) broke with life; institutions of spiritual training (takyas) were immersed in sheer metaphysics, and the army restricted itself to sheer force, this coordination was essentially not possible.

It is, indeed, a fact that modern schools could not save themselves from the influence of modern 'scholasticism' and ideological dogmas; institutions of religious education were closed to sciences and scientific thought, devoid of the spirit and the power to bring about new formations. The representatives of spiritual training lost their love and enthusiasm, consoling themselves with virtues and wonders of the saints who had lived in previous centuries. As for the army, which had once been the representative of the religious energy and activity and the symbol of national subsistence, it has developed the complex of self-assertion in the internal arena. Consequently, everything was upset, and the 'tree of nation' was convulsed so violently that it nearly toppled. Sadly it seems that, until the fortunate representatives of the bright future reform these vital institutions in a way that they can perform their real functions, and bring forward the wedding of the mind and heart so as to make the ground propitious for the upbringing of the perfect man of thought, action and inspiration, such convulsions of different degrees will not cease.

Finally, the generation who aim to give a better shape to the world should be equipped with mathematical thought. Mathematical thought implies a comprehension of the enigmatic connection between creation and the 'laws' of mathematics, and a discovery of the mysterious world of numbers. Without mathematics, it is not possible to perceive the mutual relations between man and things; it is mathematics which, like a source of light, illuminates our way along the line from the universe to life and shows us the depths of the world of possibilities beyond human imagination, thus enabling us to attain our ideals.

In order to obtain a full perception of existence, we should follow the laws of mathematics in all fields from physics to mathematics, from matter to energy, from body to soul, and from law to spiritual training. This implies the need to adopt both spiritual training and scientific research. The West, in order to compensate for a real or true system of spiritual training, has had to have recourse to so-called mystical movements. But Muslims have no need to search for a foreign system to quench their thirst for spiritual satisfaction. Everything a person may need to design his life on sound foundations, scientific, spiritual, rational, sociological, economic, political and so on, can be found in Islam, provided that he is able to understand Islam in its pristine purity and original comprehensiveness.

Lastly, in oder to understand the thought of art which righteous servants whom God promised the final inheritance of the world, should have, we should have a much more developed intellectual capacity and refined feelings and sensitivity.

[tokoyamisstuff]

Guilt - Bucky x Reader

A/N: Here we are - the last chapter. I hope you like the ending! (:

Thank you guys for your love and support! Feel free to request any time! ❤︎

[Part 1] [Part 2] [Part 3]

Summary: You really hoped your anniversary would go a bit different than that.

Warnings: Violence. Near-death-experience. Self-loathing. Mild cussing. Constant change between Angst and Fluff. End gets fluffy af.

Words: 6005 Wait what?! Okay I’m supposed to do homework so I’m procrastinating lmao.

“Mission failed. The Agent is malfunctioning.”

One of HYDRA’s agents gave a status report to his superiors. Function. Like he’s a damn tool. But because of this, they were seriously considering just letting it be. A broken weapon needs to be thrown away as soon as it’s become beyond the point of repair.

You could just hope they’d really give up on him and not trying to get rid of either him or you...

“Oh, guess I’m still alive” you joked as you woke up, just to be met with a frowning Bucky.

A ray of sunlight hit his face, and the deep circles under his eyes were proof that he didn’t have any sleep. He sat on the bed, knees pulled to his chest. His brows were furrowed together and he seemed to be buried in thought.

“Bucky?”

No reaction.

Looks like it was still the Winter Soldier. “Ah, whatever” you thought, head still being a little fuzzy.

“I should not hurt you” he grunted, clenching his jaw. His voice was unsure at first, but his next words were more firm. “I won’t.”

“That’s sweet, darling” Your face split into a beautiful smile, cupping his cheek with both your hands to make him look at you. “Now give me a smile, would you?”

The Winter Soldier needed to remind himself to breath as you watched him expectingly, with those bright, beautiful eyes. When he watched you sleep the night before, he thought you must be what people call an angel.

Your boisterous laughter at him made his heart sink into his chest.

“I’m sorry” you chuckled, peppering small kisses among his face. “I’m sorry, it’s just...you looked so weird right now.” God, him awkwardly trying to smile was just more cutness than you could handle. It looked like a failed attempt to bare his teeth and snarl.

His eyes flickered from your eyes to your mouth - and before you could even say something, hips lips were on yours as he pulled you into his arms. A whimper escaped your mouth, but you shuffled closer to him to signalize that you’re okay.

“That was...not bad” you gasped, trying to catch your breath from the kiss that felt like it lasted forever - and still not long enough. Bucky on the other hand finally managed to position his mouth in the form of a smile, being proud of your praise.

When you shoved the covers aside and jumped out of the bed, you realized Bucky wanted to follow you.

Was it really good to leave him alone? Well, it was the Stark Tower - so what’s the worst that can happen? Tony is a control freak, so this place was heavier guarded than the Pentagon.

“Please, wait here” you odered your Soldier, gently putting your hand on his chest and feeling his muscles tense. “I’ll be back soon! Just a few minutes.”

“Morning, Y/N!”

You heared Tony’s obnoxious voice from behind you and were instantly reminded that you weren’t alone in the kitchen. Sure, you loved every single one of your teammates - but you’d give everything for S.H.I.E.L.D. to finally set Bucky free so you can live a normal life somewhere far away.

That would be a real way to start anew. He already told them about every plan, every single weapon HYDRA possessed - so it should be up to him when to retire.

“Hi” you muttered under your breath, a grumpy expression written on your face as you stepped into the kitchen bare-footed.

“Where’s the Tin Man?” he teased, giving you a questioning look. Usually, Bucky would follow you everywhere he could, just like a dog. You never minded it, though. “Relationship problems?”

“He’s not feeling so well, so I told him to stay at his room.” Gosh, you really weren’t in the mood to talk right now. So you’d just open the fridge and get something to eat, so you could return to your lover as soon as possible.

“He’s what?!” Oh no, Steve was here, too. You were so focused on Bucky you didn’t pay attention to who sat at the breakfast table.

“No need to worry, Rogers. I can watch your bestie on my own” you gnarled, making the others rise their eyebrows. It wasn’t like you to be so passive-agressive. Of course, you could become really sharp-tongued when it came to defending Bucky, but why are you being like that right now?

“You sure everything is alright?” Wanda asked with her usual, caring tone.

Instead of remaining cool, you buried your face into your hands. “Yeah, he’s really fine. If not, I’m going to call a doctor. Please just let him rest a little.”

Even though you already walked towards the door, but you still felt their piercing glares upon you.

Don’t let them notice something. They can’t see him right now.

You needed to protect him. At all cost!

“I’m back!” you cheered as you entered your shared room - just to find Bucky, still standing at his original position without having moved an inch. You were pretty sure he didn’t even shift his weight from one foot to another.

“You don’t need to take orders so literally...” Letting out a deep sigh, you took his hand into yours - and this time he was slightly squeezing it, making hum approvingly. “Let’s sit down! I’ve brought your favourite!”

The plates on the desk held a piece of plum pie with cream, together with a cup of fresh coffee. You were hoping that his favourite dish might help regaining a memory or two - but he didn’t seem to cooperate. Bucky sat down, mistrustful eyeing the contents of the cup he held in his hands.

Crossing your arms in front of your chest, you began to pout. “C’mon, Bucky! I’ve learned how to make this pie just for you! Don’t you dare to think it’s poisoned or something.”

He wordlessly hung his head and took a bite of the pie, and soon his frown turned into a more relaxed expression.

“Does it taste good? It’s leftovers from yesterday but I stood at the stove for hours just for you!”

“Yes” he mumbled, still a serious tone in his voice. He was simply confused. Why would a nice person like you make this much of an effort for someone like him?

The Winter Soldier didn’t need comfort - he didn’t deserve it. That’s what they told him, all those years. And it was still stuck to his mind like a tumor.

You sipped on your own coffee and placed a hand on his knee. “It’s okay, Bucky. I never knew what it’s like to experience such horrible things. But it must’ve been so hard. And I’ll make the rest of your life as enjoyable as humanly possible! I promise you!”

“I don’t deserve this.” The look he was giving you reminded you of one night, where you sat on the rooftop and talked about simply anything that ran through your heads. Out of a whim, you asked the all-brave soldier what’s his biggest fear - and his simple answer was “You.”

When you asked him to elaborate, he told something that still captures your heart until this day:

“I’m scared that one day, you’ll look at yourself in the mirror and see yourself as I see you. You’ll realize just how amazing you are, and that you deserve way better than me...I’m terrified that you’ll leave me alone.”

All the torture he’s been through, and this is the one thing he picks to say he’s afraid of?

You’d sacrifice everything to make him understand that you needed him just as much as he needed you.

That your life was incomplete when he wasn’t there.

To make him see himself as the wonderful, involuntary fallen angel he is.

“That’s not true and you know that. We’ve had this talk so many times before, even if you can’t remember. But I love you so much and I want you to have everything you desire!”

“I want you.”

His answer made you smile. It was a sad and small one, but still a smile nontheless. “Idiot. You already have me! I’m not going to go anywhere!”

Bucky carefully pressed you against his chest and you could feel him shake a little as he mumbled a sole word: “Mine.”

You chuckled as you interwined your fingers with his and looked him deeply into the eyes. “Yes. All yours. Happy Anniversary, Bucky!” you whispered, and as soon as the last syllable escaped your lips, he found himself interlocked in a passionate kiss. The tender way of you holding his face into your hands made Bucky feel like everything will be okay.

“Anniversary?” The interrogation in his eyes made clear he had no idea what you were talking about.

“Yes! Our anniversary! We’re together for four years now. Too bad you can’t remember...”

His head went to a shade of crimson due to the shame of not remembering.

“Did you really never ask yourself who I am to you?” You rose one eyebrow, but continued smiling softly.

“My handler” he gritted, looking down to the floor in embarassment.

“Oh dear god, never!” you blurted out with a shy chuckle. “Bucky, I am your girlfriend! I could never be one of those horrible people!”

“Don’t tell me he doesn’t know what a girlfriend is” you thought. But still, Bucky faced the ground.

“Dear” you cooed as you continued, “I’m in love with you. I want to be close to you and make you happy. I want to spend my life with you!”

“Why me?”

You grabbed on the fabric of your shirt, as if you were experiencing a heart attack. “Why you? Oh, Bucky! It has to be you! Because you’re simply the most wonderful man I know!”

“I’m not. I’m a bad person.”

You put your index finger under his chin to lift his gaze. “You don’t know just how wholesome you are. Those past years, I couldn’t have been any happier - because of you! And that fact won’t change, Bucky.”

Bucky bit his lip. He bit it so hard that it began to bleed again, until your voice  told him to stop.

Suddenly, he grabbed your shoulders. He seemed to have remembered something. An important matter he didn’t accomplished yet, but wanted to so soon. So he looked at you with genuine determination before asking:

“Then...Can I stay with you forever?”

Your moment got interrupted as your door suddenly sprung open and the Avengers bursted in.

“Bucky!!” they all yelled in unity, making him jump and pull out his hunting knife. Damn, you forgot even in casual wear he was still armed with some hidden weapons.

“What the hell, Barnes” Sam asked, giving a sniff at Bucky’s weird reaction. Not even with his usual PTSD he’d get so high-alerted.

You held your breath. Obviously the whole Avengers Crew were his targets. You asked him about the details of his mission last night. It was easy to trust him that he wouldn’t hurt you - but what about the others?

Seeing them made the image of his mission reappear clearly before his eyes. But they were all gathered here, and he was supposed to kill them one after another. Even though he already did take them on back at the UN, thee risk was too high.

“Sorry for bursting in” Natasha tried to defend them all, “We were just worried and wanted to pay him a visit.”

“Bucky, put that knife away” you said, and the Winter Soldier followed your order without questioning it, giving it into your hands. “Thank you, sweetheart” you cooed, raking your hands through his hair.

His eyes were startled, furious and loving - all at the same time.

“Y/N...what’s going on?” Wanda asked - but as she tried to put a reassuring hand on your shoulder, Bucky caught her wrist with his metal hand. He started cracking and twisting it, making her double over in pain.

“Bucky, no!!!” you yelled as you tried to free your friend’s hand from his grasp. “She’s a friend, it’s okay! Please!!!”

Your begging tone was enough to make him stop already. He was worried that Wanda might’ve intended to hurt you, and he didn’t want anyone else to touch you without permission. He was unaware of how physical contact works between people who like each other.

But one thing he did know. Right now, you were afraid of him. He recognized the look on your face immediately. Your fastened breath, the volume of your voice, as well as your trembling limbs.

Just like  all of his victims were - before he killed them.

Soon, he found himself to be surrounded by heavy armed heroes - and you unable to know what to do.

“Please, just leave already. Guys, I’m begging you! Wanda, I’m sorry, but-”

“Y/N, go away from him. He’s dangerous.” Hearing those words coming out of  Bucky’s best friend’s mouth made your heart split in two.

“No, he isn’t!” you yelled as you pulled his head onto your chest, in an attempt to keep him calm. “He is nice and gentle and just afraid, and you just have to leave!”

Still, your heartbeat was fastened. Bucky thought it might as well just break out of your ribcage, that’s how loud it was hammering against his ear.

Actually, it was just your fear of him getting hurt.

But he thought that right now, you see him as the monster he is.

How naive to think that HYDRA might’ve lied - they were right all the time. He was an unloveable abomination that was only good for bringing agony over everyone he’s affected with.

Right now, the void in his heart became bigger than ever before.

The small ember of hope you placed inside of him was crumbled down by a wave of guilt and self-loathing. 

He should just die.

Why not right now, by the hands of the Avengers?

Doesn’t make any difference if he takes down on or two of them. They made you happy and a strange sensation came up in him that he couldn’t quite decipher: It was jealousy. Of them having what he can never have: Being able to be close to you without hurting you.

As he freed himself from your hug, you could see his desparation written clearly on his face.

“I’m sorry.”

The first one he’d send flying was Steve, who caused the wall he flew into to crumble until only a giant hole was left.

The other’s instantly reacted, with Nat jumping onto him, her legs wrapped around his neck, just like back at the UN. Why did she think the trick that didn’t work the first time would help now?

It was easy for Bucky to destroy the main piece of Tony’s emergency suit, leaving him unable to fight. Steve was still unconscious by the blow that went directly for his head. Nat was also knocked out by him having choked her - until Sam kicked his jaw before he could break her neck. Only a brief moment later, you saw Sam lying on the ground too - covered by blood.

Screaming so distraught that you thought the whole tower could hear, you begged both parties to stop.

But no one would listen. And you couldn’t do anything to help.

You were weak. Too weak to save the only person you ever loved, even though he was standing right in front of you.

But there was another problem: Clint didn’t have his weapons with them, and neither any protection wear. When Bucky was done with the others, he turned to face the Hawkeye and approached him with firm steps. You knew that in close combat, Clint had a major disatvantage.

A yell made it’s way to his ears and finally also into his mind. “Bucky, STOP!!!”

But it was too late.

His cybernetic arm went straight towards Clint’s chest, meaning to break his ribcage and destroy his heart. The swung was so powerful, he couldn’t pull back now. The metal in his arm was too heavy to do so.

The last thing you felt was the way of a strong, dull pain hitting the side of your chest. No matter how hard Bucky tried to back off when he saw you going between Clint and himself, he couldn’t prevent the tragedy that was about to happen.

The last thing you heared was the sobbing of the others as you fell to the ground. Before your head hit the floor, someone catched you, screaming in agony - it was Bucky. Your Bucky.

And then, everything went black.

“Welcome back, Y/N.”

The voice was Natasha’s, and as you opened your eyes you realized to be in the medical facility of the Stark Tower. Nat was sitting next to your hospital bed and was reading a book, waiting for you to regain your senses.

“I could hit you so hard right now...” she grumbled, putting the book aside. You wanted to sit up, but even the slightest bit of moving was just too much for you. It was so painful. And even more painful was the fact that you didn’t wake up to see Bucky being here.

“Do you know how much you worried us?!” Nat continued. “You can’t stay so naive forever!”

“How are the others?”

“No major injuries. Just a few bruises and Steve’s jaw is broken.” Her glare was piercing holes into your very being. This was how mad she was about your behaviour. “You should’ve told us the very second you realized it was the Winter Soldier.”

“You’d just have locked him away!” you yelled, but your voice cracked already. "I...I was sure he’d never hurt me...” you mumbled. “It was an accident. He didn’t want to do this.”

“How many times do you want to defend him, Y/N?! He’s a good ally, but you can’t be too close to him!” Tears ran down her face. That’s very unusual for a person so restrained and collected as Natasha was one.

And you knew why.

She was still madly in love with Bruce, alias the ‘Hulk’. But they could never be together - or at least he was thinking like that. Just like Bucky, he thought of himself as a dangerous being that wasn’t meant to find love.

And then, there was you - being happy with the Winter Soldier. Even controlling his murderous side to a certain extend. And it drew her crazy. That was just too much for her - to bear to look at you having what she couldn’t have. And like that, your friend distanced herself from you further and further.

Her excuse was always that she didn’t feel comfortable around Bucky, because he shot her back then. Oh god, how bad Bucky felt for leaving her with that scar.

But you knew it was a lie. Yet you never confronted her about that. What a bad friend you had become.

“Natasha, you always understood my feelings better than anyone. Would you stay away from Bruce if he wanted you to be together?”

You hit a weak spot there. Right in the bull’s eye.

“That’s just irrational! Y/N, you almost died! Stop talking about my issues, think about yourself! It can’t go on like this!”

Your voice was so weak and husky, and every breath hurt. What exactly did he do to you?

Looking around, you saw a giant box, and a pipe connecting it to your thorax.

“He broke some ribs and one of them popped your left lung like a balloon. You were still luck, though. He could’ve easily burst your whole chest open. Blood was filling your thorax and compressed your heart, so it stopped beating for a few minutes. That’s what the doctors say, at least. We all cried for you. We thought we were losing you! Do you understand that?!”

“Where is he?” you whimpered, tears rushing down your face.

“Where is Bucky?!”

“He doesn’t want to see you” Natasha said, standing up and shaking her head about how selfless you were. But she kinda liked that part of you, too. She just wanted to protect you.

“He’s talking to no one ever since the accident. But I was meant to tell you...He wants to break up.” She walked towards the door, just like that.. Of course she knew she should be staying with you after delivering such a message. But she just couldn’t. It pained her too much to see you like this.

“Then he should say it to my face” you said, now a blank and emotionless stare. You knew this was just his self-hatred speaking, but it still hurt so bad. Way worse than the physical pain.

All this time, you were giving it your best to keep him at your side. But it seemed he can throw it away without second thought.

“But...Nat?” you said, even managing to get up for a second to face her. The hope of you becoming friends again was still present in your mind. “Thank you.”

“He’ll come back” Your former best friend cracked a knowing smile.

“Bucky can’t live without you.”

He didn’t. No matter how long you’ve waited, he just wouldn’t come back to you.

It has been a few weeks now, and because your healing ability doesn’t work on yourself, you had to rely on modern medicine to do the trick. The giant bruises sure took their time to disappear, but it was alright. Now being single, you had all the time in the entire world anyway

Clint was visiting regulary, still feeling bad for you having saved him. Even though you assured him a thousand times that you would always put your life on the line for a friend. And that you knew he’d do the same.

You all would risk your life for one another. And that’s why you loved your friends so much. No one would talk badly about Bucky, even after he whiped the floor with them.

The others came by occasionally, scolding you for not going to the X-Ray examines or other stuff meant to uplift or control your recovery. It was hard for them to see you in this state, and knowing they provoked the Winter Soldier into doing so.

But you just didn’t felt like it. Without Bucky, you didn’t felt like anything at all. Even if it meant unnecessarily putting your health and even life in danger.

“God, Y/N! How many times do I have to tell you to not leave the medical ward?!” Steve yelled from somewhere behind you. You were lying on the rooftop of the Stark Tower, which was - thanks to you - covered by grass and many flowers. A garden on top of a skyscrapper, watching the sunset - what could be better for your mental health right now?

You didn’t open your eyes at his scolding, simply enjoying the fading but warm sunlight on your skin. The sound of the machine that kept your lung working for as long as it needed to heal was interrupting the peaceful silence.

“Leave me alone, Rogers. Please. Nothing you say can change my mind anyway. So don’t bother.”

“He wouldn’t want you to be so reckless” Steve mumbled as he walked away.

“If he’d care, he’d be here - with me” you whispered, biting your tongue to stop the tears from reappearing. How was he doing right now?

The lack of knowledge about his situation drove you into insanity. Not that he hurt you, but the fact that he could hurt himself.

Little did you know Steve was just on his way to the Winter Soldier’s room, trying to talk some sense into him.

He had mantled the whole room in darkness, and didn’t leave ever since you were injured and he carried you to the medical station. For how many hours did he cry his heart out until they told him you were stable?

At this moment, he was already prepared to lose you - because of his own selfisness. He needed to leave you as long as he was still able to. No matter what this meant for himself.

When Steve entered the room and turned on the lights, he saw that Bucky had destroyed most of the furnance - except for the photos of you. He could clearly see the patterns of his fist having hit the wall on several spots.

Never before he’s seen his friend so devastated. He couldn’t bear to look at the dark circles under his eyes and the hollow cheeks. Bucky was staring into the void, still mentally debating if he should just jump out of the tower to end this farce that’s his life.

“Bucky” Steve said firmly and with sympathy. But he didn’t even do so much as looking at him. Did he even notice someone was there? Didn’t look like it.

And he couldn’t face his friends anyway. He hurt every last one of them. Even though they gave him a second chance and tried to treat him like he wasn’t a homicidal maniac. That was beyond redeemable.

“Y/N is in danger.” He knew this would bring Bucky back and out of the dark corners of his mind. And it succeeded. Bucky looked up, desperation clearly visible in his eyes.

“You’re the only one able to talk sense to her! She’s being careless about her health ever since you’ve left, and we fear she might soon overdo it...or...well, maybe start harming herself. She’s changed without you, man. I’ve never seen her so gloomy. It scares me.”

Bucky’s voice was sore from being underused for weeks, but the words he spoke were still strong and determined.

“Where is she?”

“I told you to leave me alo-”

Your words got stuck in your throat when you realized just who came to your rescue. Sitting on the ground with your feet crisscrossed, you wished the world could just stop right now. Having that talk right now just was too much for you.

“What are you doing here, Y/N?” This was what he wanted to say - but honestly, he didn’t feel like he’s got the right to intervene with your life any further, in any kind of way. So he just sunk down to the ground next to you, looking at the view of the city at night - together with you.

He thought you’d be furious with him. That you’d beat him and yell at him. Or even worse: That you’d ignore him. Tell him to go away, that you didn’t care and didn’t love him anymore.

“You know” you started, still looking into the distance. “Hospitals are pretty boring. Especially when your supposed boyfriend doesn’t even come to visit.” Turning around to look at him, you saw pain written clearly on his face.

But your own, rock-hard expression dropped the moment you saw tears fill the rim of Bucky’s eyes, as he fought them from spilling down his face.

“I’ve missed you so much, you goddamn asshole!” you said as you tackled him over, repeatingly beating on his chest. “How could you?! How could you leave me alone for so long?!”

“Y/N...I hurt you. I’ve hurt you so bad, how am I ever supposed to look into your eyes again without feeling like the monster I am?!” Bucky lay with his back on the cold floor, keeping himself from the urge to embrace you to ease your pain.

“Didn’t I tell you already that you’re not a-”

“No!” he interrupted you. This was the first time he’s ever raise his voice at you, and you instantly felt all the air being sucked out of your lungs.

“I knew this would happen one day! I knew it, Y/N, yet I still let you persuade me into trying a relationship with you! Now I can’t lie next to you without fearing to crush your body any second! I can’t be around strangers because I have to fear them knowing the words! I can’t touch your skin without seeing that scar and being remembered about what I am! Everything you and the others told me about me being one of the good guys - it’s all bullshit!”

You wanted to protest, to say something. Anything! But your words wouldn’t roll over your tongue as easily as they usually did. So you couldn’t do anything else than just to lie on your former lover’s body, and breaking out in convulsive sobbing as he talked so badly about himself.

“I’m so messed up!” he whimpered, covering his face with his flesh arm. “I can’t even trust my own mind! I’m too dangerous to be with you! And yet, I can’t stay away from you! I’m the most selfish piece of shit!”

“So am I” you finally regained your ability to speak. If it was for Bucky, you could overcome even the most difficult hardships. “I know you feel bad because of me, but you can’t change my mind. I’ll stay with you until my dying breath.”

“You mean your death, which would probably be on my hands” he hissed angrily. Angry of himself.

Still, you pressed your body to his, making it feel as if you could never be separated again. “I need to show you something. Could you help me get to our room?”

Your weak, pleading eyes made it difficult to say no to your wish. And so he did, thinking it would be the last time he’d be together with you. Bucky picked you up and curled you into his muscular arms, while you held the machine with your own ones.

Arriving at the room, you saw what Bucky had done. He mumbled a quiet “Sorry...” as he let you down on the still intact bed. Seems like he just destroyed his own belongings.

“Wait” you mumbled as you searched for something under your bed, then finally grabbing something covered by gift wrap. “Here it is!”

Bucky shot you a quizzing look as you held the present into his face. “It was meant to be for our anniversary, but, well...You know.”

Both of you sat down on the edge of the bed as he carefully unwrapped what you had so beautifully decorated.

It was a giant book. Just his name as the title in a beautiful font. Even his favourite colour. And when he opened it, he gasped:

There were photos not even he knew have been made of him and his former life. From his school to his time in the army, and part of Captain Americs’s special forces. Many old and new newspaper clippings, telling the story of the courageous deeds of Sergeant Barnes, as well as some praising the White Wolf. Reports of him having served his duty in WWII formidably, and so on...Even a copy of his birth certificate. Photos of his parents, which he barely even remembered. Most of the photos and documents were were old and wrecked, but still beautiful - broken, but they still had their own charm. Just like him.”

“What the hell is this?” he whispered in awe, looking through it with eyes as wide as a child’s.

"It’s you” you shrugged with a wide smile on your face, watching every reaction of him closely. “I know it’s cheesy, but I thought...Well, I thought that...You know, very time you’re thinking badly about yourself, or maybe times when the Winter Soldier went on a rampage again. Even just when you’d have another nightmare - you can just open up this book and see you - the real Bucky.”

For a while, Bucky’s glare shifted from the book to your face over and over again, his jaw dropped.

“It was really hard to get some of these” you chuckled. “Most of them were in S.H.I.E.L.D’s or even HYDRA’s databases only. Gosh, good thing some of my favourite spies helped me so well with getting them. Even Nat was willing to assist me. And Cap’s girlfriend send me everything she got from S.H.I.E.L.D, beause she still owed me one for bringing Steve back to her unharmed from that one mission!”

Suddenly, you felt two strong hands - one on your waist, the other on the back of your neck, Bucky’s body was finally close to yours again. “Y/N...” was everything he managed to get out before he cried to his heart’s content. So many times he’d surpress the emotions he held, but right now, he was an open book - literally.

“Hush now, darling” you hummed to soothe him, stroking his messy hair. “I love you so much, it hurts when you’re not at my side. It’s just impossible for me not to be with you. There’s no other choice for us than to be together.”

Both of you needed hours of simply lying in the bed, crying over everything that had happened those past weeks.

It made him remember just how he cherished those quiet moments with you. With you, he wasn’t forced to talk much, or act all happy like he did for Steve’s sake. He could relax, stay silent and enjoy some peace and quiet. It was not bad for him to be sad. And still, you wouldn’t just tiptoe around him because you feared that he was too sensitive. You’d speak your mind at any time, because you trusted he could take it. With you, he felt normal.

He could be himself, and you’d love him for this - for whatever reason. Bucky didn’t know why you did. He was simply glad that you did.

“I’m sorry our Anniversary was such a failure...”

“At least we had some plums” you snickered, his face still on your chest. He could listen to your heartbeat forever. It was prove that he has a reason to continue living - and that this life wouldn’t be a bad one.

Bucky forced a hesistant laughter, before he stuttered “Well, I-, umm, I mean....”

“Don’t you dare to try and break up again, Barnes” you gnarled as you felt him trying to stand up.

“No! It’s just...” he turned around to his nightstand, a small package hidden behind it. “I know it’s not much, but...This was supposed to be my gift for you.”

Suddenly, he jumped out of the bed - and fell on one knee.

“B-Bucky?”

All sense of words stumbled out of his brain, but he tried to pull himself together:

“I-I know I’m demanding much with this step, but...uh, probably not a good way to start, but - my therapist testified that I’m not able to fight any more. He convinced the UN to let me go, and..well, now that I’m finally free...I want to bind myself to the only person I willingly paid loyality to. You.”

He didn’t even end his speech, but you were already on the ground with him too, hugging Bucky so tightly he could think that you wanted to crush him. Your warm tears were wetting the skin on his neck before you started to cover him in kisses.

“That’s not everything! There’s a part two for my gift - I’ve talked to T’Challa, and bought a small farm in Wakanda. We’re safe there, even from HYDRA! I mean, only if you want-”

“Of course I want to, you dumbass!” you whimpered loudly, your eyes swollen from tears but not less captivating for him. You were the only one who’d look at him with those eyes - ones that didn’t see the Winter Soldier, the danger.

And like that, he remembered those past days trapped inside his own mind.

How kind and gentle you were, nevertheless. Every touch you comforted the broken Soldier with was lingering on his skin as he relived the memory. You were never afraid of him.

“Spending my life with you was all I ever wanted!” Your words made the ice around his heart melt in an instant, and all the doubts got washed away with it. Bucky looked at you - his future wife - before asking the question he already knew the answer to.

“Y/N, will you make me the most luckiest man in the galaxy...and marry me?”

If you want to get on the taglist feel free to ask! ♡

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[fabiansteinhauer]

Neuste Medien

West of everything is post-law. It comes after the book, outside of the court, as an angelological norm, a byte, a pixel, a tweet, an emoji, a gif attaching and separating, assembling and freeing in the novel networks of the social media and their collectivities made possible through exponential modes of connectivity.

Neue Medien sind neuste Medien. Nicht erste heute gibt es neue Medien. Neue Medien sind gegenwärtig Medien von heute Morgen. Man erkennt sie daran, dass sie das vorletzte Medium, das eben oder gestern Abend noch neue war, alt aussehen lassen. Eben oder gestern soll das Bild oder die Kamera, der Film oder die Videotechnik die Gerichtsöffentlichkeit fundamental geändert haben. Kaum ist aber das Smartphone erfunden, sehen diese neuen Medien alt aus und werden durch das neuste Medium ersetzt. So merken die Kommentatoren an:

The camera, the first new technology to intrude into the courtroom, initially functioned to bring the world into the space of trial in the form of photographs and visual evidence. The image impacted upon proceedings but did not fundamentally challenge or disrupt the ordered character of the process or the dignity of the ritual as a secluded and sanctified liturgical enactment separate from the quotidian socius, protected still by architectural columns, courthouse steps, costumes, ushers, officials and closed doors.

2.

So wie Theodor Mommsen das pomerium, die gründliche römische Linie, vorgeschoben nennt, so muss man die neusten Medien Vorgeschobenes nennen.

Sie schieben jeweils die große Trennung vor, aber nur für diejenigen, die dem Dogma der großen Trennung folgen. Mit jedem neusten Medium sind diese Follower dann plötzlich von der Vergangenheit getrennt. Als Gegenleistung verschmilzt und versöhnt ihnen das neuste Medium, das Medium von heute Morgen, das Medium von gestern Abend mit einer großen und langen Vergangenheit.

Eben noch erschüttert das Bild das Recht, jetzt aber ist das Bild ein Teil der rechtlichen Tradition. Dafür vibriert nun das Handy und das Gericht bebt mit. Das ist strange, seltsam, isn't it?

Kann die Architektur nur vor jener Kamera schützen, die kein smartphone ist? Versagt der Schutz nur vor jener Kamera, die ein smartphone auch dann noch ist, wenn es nur black box ist und seine Technik nicht unbedingt genutzt wird, um Fotos zu machen, sondern um Emojis, GIFS oder Texte die Sperre zwischen Innen und Außen überspringen zu lassen?

Die Frage mag kompliziert formuliert sein, aber kompliziert ist die Frage, welche Medien und welche Techniken in Apparate involviert sind und wo genau jeweils die Grenze zwischen alt und neu verläuft. Das ist schon immer kompliziert, nicht erst, seit dem die Fotografie in der Moderne mit dem eitlen Anspruch auftrat, Bilder auf eine Art und Weise herzustellen, wie es vorher nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Mein Argument ist nicht, dass sich nichts ändert und das Medien, Bilder oder Recht keine Geschichte hätten, nicht auch diskontinuierlich sich aufschichten würden. Nicht unbedingt das Gegenteil, etwas anderes ist der Fall. Mein Argument ist, dass das Dogma großer Trennung die Historiographie ausdünnt und damit den Sinn für Ambiguität und, im warburschen Sinne, für eine Polarität, die auch durch die Zeit läuft.

3.

Goodrich/ Delage und Man greifen die Rhetorik der Fragmentierung und auf, aktualisieren sie mit dem neuen Begriff der disruption. Sie greifen gleichzeitig Ideen auf, die sich in Nähe zu einem Schlagwort von Aby Warurg bewegen, der das Telegramm und den Telegraphen in einer seiner Notizen zum Kreuzlinger Vortrag als Fernraumzerstörer bezeichnet hat, eine Wendung, die nicht technikfeindlich verstanden werden darf, vor allem müssenWarburg Launen zwar in Rechnung gestellt werden, aber um Leidenschaften zu privatisieren, sondern um mit Warburg einen Sinn für Polarität zu entwickeln. Den Formulierungen von Warburg ist möglichst viel Zweideutigkeit herauszukitzeln und das auch noch in allem mulitpolare Richtungen. Fernraumzerstörer können Fernräume sein, die nicht unbedingt Fernräume zerstören oder aber etwas anderes als Fernräume sein, durch dass unbedingt Fernräume zerstört werden. Das knappe Komposition, dass Warburg verwendet, ohne es zu entfalten, ist eine Wendung, eine wendige Formulierung. Die Zerstörer können einen Fernraum, sie können den Fernraum zerstören, können Platz für neue Fernräume machen oder aber die Bildung neuer Fernräume verhindern. Die Zerstörung kann dem Raum tun, was der Tod dem Leben tut, sie kann für den Fernraum tödlich sein, ihn nicht leben lassen, dann aber diesen Fernraum nachleben lassen. Sie kann nicht schöpferisch sein, sie kann schöpferisch sein.

Das Smartphone, also das device, mit dem man auch innerhalb des Gerichts 'außerhalb des Gerichts' recherchieren, posten, kommunizieren und agieren kann, ändere etwas fundamental am Gerichtsraum, der zur Architektur des Distanzschaffens gehört, der also auch eine symbolische, bildliche Funktion hat. Diese These von Goodrich/ Delage und Wan erinnert an Warburg, sie ist auch dann ernst zu nehmen, wenn der Hinweis auf das Fundamentale nach vierzig Jahren New Media fatal an die Texte von Ethan Kath erinnert, der in seinen frühen Texten so 'erschüttert' vom fundamentalen technischen Wandel erschien, dass er vergaß zu schreiben, was genau sich eigentlich ändere. Probleme sind nicht dafür da, weggeredet zu werden, sie sind auch nicht unbedingt da, um gelöst zu werden. Zuerst sind sie da, um geteilt zu werden und um sie herum Wahrnehmbarkeiten zu entwickeln. Das gelingt dem erwähnten Band fantastisch, auch mit dieser Passage aus der Einleitung.

3.

We will see, we will hear from it, we will taste it, it will touch us. Die oben zitierten Passagen stammen aus einer Einleitung und Einleitungen leiten nur ein. Der Sprung von Theorie zur Geschichte oder von Geschichte zur Theorie ist nicht einfach zu handhaben, zuviel Skrupel darf man auch nicht haben, wenn man Beobachtungen für symptomatisch, repräsentativ oder sogar für gründlich halten will, sonst kommt man ja überhaupt nicht mehr dazu, irgendeine Einleitung zu schreiben. Das haben Goodrich, Delage und Wan gut gemacht, vor allem haben sie fantastische Aufsätze gesammelt, die zeigen, wie lebendig die Diskussion um neue Medien und Recht in der internationalen Rechtswissenschaft ist.

Exkurs: Es ist nicht schade, es ist eine Katastrophe, wie das Staatsexamen in Deutschland und das Personal (sog. Professorinnen und Professoren/ Assitentinen und Assistenten/ Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter) an den Fakultäten und Fachbereichen die Kanäle zu diesen Diskussionen für die Studentinnen und Studenten verstopfen. Es ist ein Glück, dass es aber immer noch neben den verstopften Lehranstalten Orte gibt, für die das Studium des Rechts nicht bedeutet, Fähigkeiten zu erwerben, um das Staatsexamen zu bestehen. Aber (Vorsatz seit Januar 2018, erste Übungen darin seit Ende 2019 und erste Erfolge seit heute morgen um 6.30 Uhr): Bevor ich mich aufrege ist es mir lieber egal. A propos: Wer will als Gast/ Stipendiatin oder Doktorantin zum Max-Planck-Institut kommen?

4.

Lesenswert sind alle Artikel in dem Band. Emanuele Coccia macht noch einmal das Argument stark, dass die monotheistischen Rechtsordnungen und ihre Wissenschaften ohne Bild nicht zu denken sind, dass montheistische Rechtswissenschaften also auch Bildwissenschaften sind. Das freut mich natürlich, vor allem deswegen, weil er, anders als viele andere Autoren, auf die doch etwas hohlen Argumente der wundersamen Bildvermehrung und der Bildmacht verzichtet, sondern schlicht mit Texten, kanonischen Quellen argumentiert.

[rowac]

#rowactalks – Thomas König vom Automusuem Prototyp im Interview.

Teil 3/4

Jedes eurer Fahrzeuge erzählt Geschichte. Auch jedes Rowac-Produkt erzählt Geschichte. Kennst du die ein oder andere davon und magst sie mit uns teilen?

Thomas: Ende der 60-er/Anfang der 70-er Jahre hat ein Freund von mir die HANOMAG-Fabrik entrümpelt. In diesem Werk standen tatsächlich sowohl Rowac-Hocker als auch Rowac-Schränke. Als ich eines Tages bei ihm die Dinger gesehen habe, konnte ich ihm zumindest ein paar davon abluchsen. Das ist die Geschichte hinter meinen ersten Rowac-Hockern.

Wie bist du eigentlich auf Rowac gekommen?

Thomas: Irgendwo in Berlin Mitte, in einem ganz kleinen Café, was es heute nicht mehr gibt, habe ich Rowac zum ersten Mal bewusst wahrgenommen und mich sofort fasziniert. Rowac spricht eine form-follows-function-Sprache, die immer mega charmant aussieht. So ein Rowac passt einfach überall hin. Ich finde es selbst immer wieder erstaunlich: Zuhause habe ich ganz unterschiedliche Räumlichkeiten: einige sind eher schick, einige sind eher roh, - aber egal wo ich den Hocker hinstelle oder was auch immer an Rowac-Möbeln - es passt einfach immer. Rowac schafft eine Verbindung zu den anderen Dingen, die ich schön finde. Das spricht eine Sprache. Ja, vielleicht auch gerade dieses Natürliche, Holz, und dieses Rohe, Blech, - eine tolle Addition, die ich total reizvoll finde.

- Letzter Teil foflgt am Sonntag -

[crispyblizzardinternet]

Korg M1 Vst Download Free

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Although similar in many ways, the M1 Le software synthesizer has some minor differences from the M1 software synthesizer. For full details of these differences,. Download Korg M1 Vst Download Free - best software for Windows. KORG M3 Plug-In Editor VST: M3 Editor and M3 Plug-In Editor are applications for. KORG Collection - M1. SOFTWARE INSTRUMENTS. * Downloadable version only. You will be emailed a product code(serial number) and a link to download. Wavestation ((((Important Note for Korg Legacy users only.)))) If you wish to load the files contained in this part of the download section, you should Click Here to visit our Legacy Forum to obtain the necessary tools and information you need to successfully load these files. All the files contained in this part of the download section are in Sysex Format.

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KORG M1 Le antivirus report. This download is virus-free. This file was last analysed by Free Download Manager Lib 37 days ago. Korg Legacy Collection Digital Edition - 88MB VST AU v1.32 MAC OSX UB-ArCADE Introducing the Korg Legacy Collection -- Digital Edition; stunning software versions of 2 Korg digital synthesis masterpieces -- the M1 and Wavestation -- plus the MDE-X multi-effect plug-in.

The year is 1988, and the electronic music industry is at a turning point. Knob-laden analogue synthesisers have faded into memory, and the sample-based wavetable synthesis so beautifully presented by PPG is about to be whitewashed for the masses in the form of the soon-to-be-ubiquitous ROMpler. Roland's entry for 1987, the D-50, combined sampled attack transients with sustained synthesised waveforms, and slathered the lot in a gauzy haze of reverb. It was a mighty success, with the instrument seeming to be on perpetual back-order.

But the D-50 was only the start. Korg, too, had dabbled in sample-based synthesis back in 1985 with their DW-6000 and DW-8000 units, both of which contained a handful of single-cycle sampled waveforms that were pumped through filters, envelopes and even - on the flagship model - a built-in digital delay. With the D-50 selling like hot cakes, it was only natural that Korg would up the ante by tapping once again into sample playback technology.

Mar 15, 2018 - Dell has never made Windows 7 available for download on these. Recovery Tool particularly business models shipped with Windows 7 Pro. Dell windows 7 pro 64 bit iso download.

The result was the M1, which did nearly everything the D-50 did and more, with class, sophistication and refinement. Where the D-50 relied on sampled attacks and novel loops, the M1 offered up a then-burly 4MB of meticulously multisampled real-world instruments that actually made it sound like you were playing the real thing. Like the D-50, the M1 also boasted a full range of effects - and even multieffects - that could be used by its two built-in processors.

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Korg M1 Vst download free, software

There were two inclusions that were crucial to the astonishing success of the M1. The first was a complete and sophisticated eight-track sequencer (the M1 was eight-part multitimbral) that allowed users to cobble together complete arrangements via a familiar pattern/song paradigm. It was friendly and powerful, that power being reinforced by the inclusion of some excellent sampled drum sounds. The M1 was, truly, a musician's workstation.

Users looking to create their own sounds could combine a pair of oscillators (no sync or cross-modulation, alas) and shuttle them through a non-resonant filter, modulating them with envelopes, LFO, keyboard, pedal and joystick. This simple pathway allowed the original samples to shine through.

Those who didn't want to do too much back-end tweaking could avail themselves of a veritable industry of support that grew up around the M1. Third-party patches and add-ons were common currency even into the 1990s. By that time, the M1 had become the biggest-selling synth ever produced, that popularity made evident by its instantly recognisable sounds popping up on radio and TV, and in the cinema. The M1's Pole, Magic Organ and Universe patches have become (perhaps overly) familiar, and its slap bass will resonate forever thanks to Jonathan Wolff's Seinfeld theme. Serie enterprise discovery download torrent. And then there's that iconic piano sound - still popular today with dance music producers.

Today, the M1 continues to sell in virtual form from Korg themselves. However, its spirit also lives on in every hardware workstation and software ROMpler on the market.

Three great M1 emulations

Korg Legacy Collection M1

Containing all the sounds of the M1 and all 19 of Korg's optional add-on cards, the Legacy Collection M1 provides more than 2700 preset sounds in all. Coming in standalone, VST, AU and RTAS formats, it also adds filter resonance. The effects are ramped up, too, with dual dedicated effects processors available for all eight multitimbral parts.

FULL REVIEW:Korg Legacy Collection Digital Edition

Korg iM1

A different beast to the desktop version, Korg's iM1 for iPad offers the additional after-market cards as in-app purchases (for a total of over 3300 sounds), but adds a keen KAOSS pad controller in addition to filter resonance and beefed up effects. The touchy-feely interface answers any and all complaints about the original's lack of physical controls.

FULL REVIEW:Korg iM1

Sonic Cat Luxonix Ravity

A conscious attempt to offer a virtual equivalent to the M1 and all of the hardware ROMplers that followed it, the Windows-only Ravity and its big brother, Purity, provide a collection of bread and butter sounds, along with neat electronic timbres and percussion in a trim, easy-to-use package. It's a bit dated, but still useful. Just like the M1, then!

READ MORE:Sonic Cat Luxonix Ravity

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[ornadean]

makam

Wiki: “The Turkish makam os a system of melody types used in Turkish classical music and Turkish folk music. It provides a complex set of rules for composing and performance. Each makam specifies a unique intervalic structure (cinsler) and melodic development (seyir). Whether a fixed composition (beste, şarkı, peşrev, âyin, etc) or a spontaneous composition (gazel, tasim, recitation of Kuran-i Kerim, Mevlid, etc.) all attempt to follow the melody type. The rhythmic counterpart of makam in Turkish musik is usul.

 Yöre: Maqam in Music as a Concept, Scale and Penomenon

Its Arabic meaning is a rank or a place in a scale o quality or value (269)

Maqam is also defined musically within two approaches: the first apporach is a melodic pattern, whereas the other apprach is a scale (270)

Because maqam music spreads from ear to ear and is based on experience within the framework of a master and an apprentice relationship called meşk (meshq). It is the traditional oral and experiental teaching method of maqam music. The Western style maqam theories show that maqam is a scale, but traditional maqam music theory explains that maqam is a melodic cycle of the pitches and melodic nuclei. This situation is a dilemma between acstractness and concretness of maqam. (271)

Definition aus der “Encyclopaedia Britannica” (1977): “In Islamic music, a set of pitches and of characteristic melodic elements or motives, and traditional patterns o their use forming a system for the melodic and tonal constraction of performances”. The definition includes concepts such as melodic motives, patterns, construction and a set o pitches which are the basic features of maqam and the deinition does not include scale concept. The framework of maqam is explained by a set of pitches instead of scale concept. Even if maqam-s are written symbolically asa  scale accroding to the WEstern style maqam music theore, they should be explained as a melodic pattern in accordance with performance (273) FRAGE: Was ist der Unterschied zwischen “scale” und “set of pitches”?

Therefore, maqam-s are a combination and a ccyle of maqam nuclei. This makes each maqam a phenomenon. [...] If the scale of a maqam is not performed through melodies, then the maqam does not occur. (273)

??? Even if a maqam is exhibited within a musical form and a rhythmic pattern, the tonal-spatial component is not fixed, but the rhythmic-temporal organization is fixed owing to performers’ imrpovised ornamentation. (274)???

Also, when maqam is evaluated penomenologically, there are some concepts that generate maqam such as melodic pattern, model, group, structure, procedure, phrase, matric and combination of melodic nuclei. These eight concepts can be accepted as the codes of maqam within the framwork of semiology and musiculogy. (282)

There aer six features regarding the maqam pehomenon hich emerged in this study: improvised ornamentation (vibration, glissando and appoggiatura), melodic contour, unfixed pitches, transposed timbres, modulation and alteration. [...] So all of the findings show that maqam is a nonlinear phenomenon. (282)

Ertan: Cycles and Peripheries: An Ottoman “Kitâb- el-Edvâr”

One major aspect with such primarily ora traditions as Turkish art music was loyalt: the ancestors as well as to the ideological principles and presuppositions that united different generations. The continuity of tradition constituted the basis of the meşk tradition of conveying musical knowledge through teacher-student relationship, which lasted from about the fifteenth [if not earliert] to early twentieth century. (36) → »trags weiter« usw., Funktion von Reim; Vielleicht meine Gedichte hinzufügen

As recent as teh 1930s Ibnülemin M. K. Inal urged hattats (calligraphers) and composers in his Hoş Sadâ (published in 1958) primarily so serve science and not personal interests, commenting that »Science does not serve worldly pleasures and comforts (keyf). Pleasure has an bligation towards science«. The poetic text exemplified by Edvârs sugests not ony the acts of learning but also of contemplation. The Ikhwân aimed »to release the bonds of the reader's soul by awakening in him the knowledge that man will progess beyond material experience«.

Clasical Ottoman verse functioned like a gate or a channel through which life and art could »flow«, serving as a reservoir of text, signification, illustration, and knowledge. Within this literary tradition, which was fully established by the latter half of the fifteenth century, the divân poetry became »the poem-text sung by a whole culture – centuries in the making, the labor of many minds«. Further, the manzum (versified) style with the rythmic aspect of aruz facilitated the process of learning, sustaining the cultural »memory«. Poetry and music were particularly regardes as Divine art forms, often to be contemplated with respect to cosmological theories. Victoria Roew Holbrook notes that Ottoman poetry »in general assumes a distinction between 'this world' and 'that,' this temporal world and that divine eternity … [and] the structure of teh universe, or macrocosm, corresponds to that of the human microcosm«. (36-37) → Literatur auschecken → Inwiefern geht es um »Realisierung« des Gedichts im Sprechen oder Lesen? → Meine eigene Erfahrung »les doch mal pathetischer«; vielleicht lassen sich ja interessante Beispiele bei lyrikline finden, bzw. tatsächlich Noor?

Mirroring the nature of content of Edvârs, »Truth«, in the East, tends to be presented not through the pressure of having to produce original or individualistic work, buth rather as a collective and egalitarian service that prioritizes the continuity of tradition. Such interpretations often draw on both the intuitive aspects and the formalistic properties as the internatl »order« within music becomes a metaphor for a possible reconciliation o the mundane and celestial realms. Although the argument can be made that music should and does only signify itself, in this context, it is not regarded as something absolute but as a connective medium and a set of meanings revisited through and for the collective. In a fifteenth-century Ottoman music treatise the relationship between music and other firelds is mirrored through a tradition of poetics without »quantifying« or translating musical meaning into a definitive logical discourse; (49-50) NOTIZ: Mediation of Ornament ??

This is significant, particularly because whether it is the dervish, the musician or the scribe/author, the subject becomes just another medium, a mere »object«. The passage from being the subject to being an object creates a possible link between the two distinct worlds of »this« and the other« (51)

[rbzpr]

Barère’s report on the reorganisation of the Convention’s Committees (14 Thermidor, Year II)

Citizens,

Since three days, everything around us is fortunately changed. A terrible storm has suddenly cleared the political horizon of France. The overthrown tyrant has revealed all the strings of this infernal conspiracy against the national representation & the rights of the people. We have seen, in the remains of this counter-revolution [that has been] meditated for a long time, we have seen tyrannical or ignorant constitutional authorities; the force of public opinion [being] misled by the manoeuvres of hypocrites in patriotism & of dishonest tyrants; the interests a faction prevailing over the general good; the public spirit [being] changed into slavery & censorship; real patriotism [being] put into servitude patriotically; the national energy [being] constricted with atrocious violence; public morality [being] transformed into religious superstition, & the reputation of three men [being] changed into political fanaticism in an instant: the people has been fooled. The National Convention has fought them in an instant; it rose, & they have disappeared.

It is up to public wisdom to reap the benefits of your energetic virtue; it is up to you to fertilise them again by making all vestiges of this usurpation of the national authority disappear; by destroying the decrees that they had seized through circumstances [that had been] forced & prepared by themselves; by making rights return into the domain of national representation, which, confided to it alone by the French people, never should have left its hands; by shattering the bonds of civil oppression which enchained all citizens & terrified all consciences; by restoring the liberty & the confidence to the citizens which one had stolen from them through manoeuvres [that have been] reduced to a system; by replacing stupid terror with inflexible justice; by bringing back true morality instead of hypocrisy, & by returning the corrupt agents & the cadaverous souls, which weigh upon a free land, to the tomb of torture victims.

Terror was always the weapon of despotism; justice is the weapon of liberty. Superstition was the instrument of everyone [who is] ambitious to reign; morality is the means that the true republican employs. The tyranny of opinion, the censorship of writings, exclusive and usurped reputations, have always been the symptoms which would announce the loss of liberty; the unrestricted right to think, to write & to believe what one wants, the modesty of the public functionaries, & the mutual confidence of the representatives & the citizens, are the signs by which one will recognise that there is a popular representation, which was able to strike down the tyrants twice, & which has destroyed all factions several times.

The united committees, deliberating over the fortunate change which occurred, & over the salutary influence that it must exercise on the happiness of the people & on the dignity of the national representation, believed that they [were] fulfilling a sacred duty by presenting the means to improve the organisation of the committees to you.

Citizens, the work that I was charged to present to you in the name of the Committee of Public Safety, aims for a delegation of powers which the National Convention must not relinquish, either for the interest of its authority, or for the interest of the people. Yet, according to the perfidious intentions of the dictator, & through his manoeuvres in the Assembly, he made you decree that the Committee of Public Safety would appoint all members of the committees; a difficult, tiresome and odious operation which tends towards degrading the national representation & disadvantaging the members of the government even in the eyes of their colleagues.

Robespierre, in accordance with his plans, incessantly had to have two means in front of him: the one of making [the people] abhor the authority given to the two committees, & the one of reducing & weakening the National Convention. He sought to make us hate [each other] by forcing us to make choices that, by the way, he partly made himself, by criticising all those [decisions] that we made. He attempted to make us hate [each other] by reducing the committees to a small number, & by diverting, from this reunion of deputies, other known workers, other real talents & other modest patriots; he degraded the Convention by taking away the most necessary of its right, the one to leave the making of legislative works only to citizens who possessed its confidence; he weakened the representation by isolating it from the committees, by depriving it of work, by paralysing its thoughts, & by reducing it to simple approval, when it had [the right to] a luminous discussion. How many times have we moaned [because of] this theory, which has helped us a lot when it was carried to a certain excess! Because it has helped us to recognise & to notice the secret & ambitious views of this tyrant. Thus, he prompted [the Convention] to grant the Committee the right to appoint the commissioners & the assistants of the executive commissions, in order to take possession of its choices, to seize all arms of the empire & and all means of administration; to draw, as he pleased, from the finances [that had been] attributed to each commission, & to surround us with his own commissioners in order to ruin us with a single blow.

Centralisation is truly a means of government; but total centralisation is monarchy or despotism. Robespierre dried out all branches of the administration that he could not bend or cut off; he diverted, into a common basin, all forces of power [and] all derivations of public authority, in order to seize them more easily.

Caligula desired that humankind had only one head, in oder to slaughter it with one blow. Robespierre worked so that the national authority had only one point in order to seize it, only one centre in order to usurp it.

Today, the powers must return to their legitimate force; the National Convention must take back immediately what the secret counter-revolution  had imperceptibly taken from it. Each of you would undoubtedly have acted as we did, when observing the usurpators of national authority, when noticing their violent, bold or astute acts; each of you would have looked for the favourable moment in order to disabuse the people & to enlighten the Convention. But, in secret, we fought against this new tyranny everyday; we opposed this fortunate resistance to it, which unmasked it, & we courageously protected the national representation from the attacks which one wanted to carry out against it. If we have had the useful policy of not denouncing the usurpator at the Assembly sooner, it was in order to not bring about dangerous rifts, which would have been endured with difficulty while public opinion was entirely misled, or rather hoarded exclusively by Robespierre, & while we did not yet count as many victories. But, in this moment, we propose to you to remove the Committee of Public Safety from legislative matters, which do not naturally belong to it; to remove the obligation from it to control every executive commission, & to unleash, into the twelve committees, the works & operations relating to each of these commissions.

It is beyond the human strenght of the twelve members of the Committee of Public Safety to constantly work alone in so many disparate & successive matters. It is contrary to sane politics to give so much influence & power to a single committee. If, for some time, the circumstances made this tolerable, it is because your confidence was turned towards it, & because your favourable looks always encouraged, supervised and supported its work, [which were] taken to an energetic centre by these unfortunate circumstances.

It is, furthermore, contrary to the intentions of the people to let men without work who have been sent in order to work; to rob deputies, that the people has chosen, of confidence; to leave the various talents uncultivated that the citizens have assemblied in the Convention.

It is impolitical and dangerous to let functions & works rest upon the same head, & to allow influences of habit to be born when it is only necessary to receive those of reason.

Through the experience of the revolution, we have come [to the point where we] no longer trust in enormous reputations of patriotism, no more than in these men who take a brutal & rough tone for republicanism, ignoble clothes & apparel for the outfit of a free man, & great luxury of civic words for love of the patrie.

Through the experience of the revolution, we have come [to the point where we] remain attached to principles, instead of deriving to all political & dishonest considerations.

We have come [to the point where we] hold little esteem for brilliant qualities, & personal talents, [which are] more dangerous than all the others, if they are not joined by sure [and] inalterable probity, which, as an Ancient said, can sometimes compensate for all qualities, & which cannot be compensated for by any [quality].

Robespierre's fate will teach us to do our work as representatives without another hope than the pleasure of having fulfilled a duty: this exemple will undoubtedly ensure that each of us will henceforth know no other power but the one of the People, no other authority but the one of the National Convention, no other means but those that the laws gives to the constitutional authorities. He who wants the good of his country knows neither intrigues nor coalitions; he who has pure intentions does not fear being isolated, or rather, he is never [isolated], because the vows of all good citizens follow & defend him. The tyrants join forces; the intriguers need to assemble; the scoundrels form troops: the true citizen is naturally linked to the laws, to the public powers, to the constitutional authorities, & even better, he is tacitly united with all upright citizens, [and] with all faithful public functionaries; & this civic reunion is more than equal to the other bizarre reunions of small ambitious [persons] & great aristocrats.

Through the decree that we propose, the Convention will appoint all the members of the committees & all those of the executive comissions. You will return the choices to where wisdom is, the place where the People has placed ist confidence; you will return the responsibility for the choices to where People wanted it to be. It has appointed you in order to make the laws & the administration through you, or through committees & commissions, & not in order to abandon to other hands the right to elect them: to seize these elections again is to follow your mandate, in order to delegate them no more.

Who could respond that a no new ambitious [person], than no other petty tyrant will be born from similar abuses, & [that he] will not be resurrected from the remains of so many conspiracies, if you do not proscribe them today? Power corrupts; it has destroyed the best principles & misled the best citizens: thus, you owe it to your members to take away this subtle poison.

You do even more: by exercising a droit conventionnel, you will exercise it publicly; & your roll call, which suits only republicans, is at the same time the guarantee that you give & that you owe to the People, of the goodness of your choices, of the goodness of your views & of the purity of your intentions.

What good will you do at the same time! You will destroy the odious [burden] of nominations which weighs on the Committee of Public Safety;

To restore to the Assembly the responsibility of its choices, & a duty to fulfil;

To give to the people the guarantee of your choices through roll calls;

To drive away the ideas of usurpation that someone could have, in spite of so many useful examples;

To assure to each deputy the exercise of his functions, & the awareness of his mission;

To employ the various talents & the virtues of all members of the Convention;

To respond to the intentions of the people, which has chosen seven hundred representatives for itself, in spite of twenty or thirty;

To preserve the National Convention's rights of nomination & of direct influence on all works;

To spare the Committees from the dangers & the concerns of personal ambitions [that are] to be observed or to be destroyed;

Not to overburden the few committees with the works of legislation, mixed with those of government ;

To reduce the Committee of Public Safety to the thought & to the measures of the government, to political matters, & to the direction of the forces of the Republic;

To simplify the machines of the government to the point where they can neither serve the intriguers, nor be the echelon of the ambitious, nor harm liberty, into whatever hands the functions of the committee pass.

The Committee of Public Safety will be the point of centralisation of the operations, in terms of thought, in order to put unity into the works of legislation & harmony into the executive means.

The committee will continue, in accordance with the Law of 12 Germinal, its immediate surveillance over the twelve executive commissions, who are the arms that the Convention gives to the national government.

You want to establish the unity of the Republic: thus, one needs a spirit of unity in laws & measures; one needs, not works [that are] exclusively made at the committee, it will only do those of the government; but it must have a means of knowing what is done in all diverse parts of the Republic & of legislation; otherwise, we will have twelve governments, twelve legislations, & moral federalism instead of republican unity.

The committees will have the same number which corresponds to the one of its commissions. The commissions will bear the names of the committees that you will establish.

The twelve committees will [be responsible for] the legislation; the Committee of Public Safety will [be responsible for] the administrative part & the surveillance of the commissions. The latter will be obliged to provide to the committees all communications, all details [that are] necessary in order to prepare the laws of each part; & this is how you will organise a genuine assembly of free men, all [of whom] are laborious, useful & able to finally respond to the honourable mandate that has been given to them.

The Committee of General Security that Saint-Just & Robespierre had despoiled, under the pretext of establishing a General Police Bureau, was nearly annihilated or at least paralysed: thwarted in a part of its measures, it was almost overthrown. Today, it is necessary to restore its duties to it & to assure everything in its domain to it: its duties are clearly determined in the good that it has done, in the security that it has given to the Republic, in the punishment of the aristocracy that it ordered amidst its schemes; but they are positively outlined in the law of 14 Frimaire, a law that Robespierre had reduced through posterior decrees, which have to be revoked.

The Committee of Archives, Decrees & Reports, the Committee of Correspondence & Dispatches, as well as the Committee of the Inspectors of the National Palace, have to be preserved: their functions are too essential for dividing them or for attacking them.

The committees will be composed of twelve members. The one of finances, overloaded with various operations of national treasury, liquidation, accountancy, national incomes, assignats & currencies, must be composed of a number [that is] considerable enough for being able to furnish at least seven members to each section of this committee. The section of the classification of laws will be conferred into the Committee of Legislation.

For a long time, the exterior relations have appeared to the National Convention not to deserve operations [that are] different from those of the government, which they belong to much more naturally.

You know it, citizens: since the coalition of the tyrants, since the war that the Republic has waged with so much success, our ambassadors are armies, & our diplomatic means [are] cannons, and bayonets & gunpowder. The consular agency of commerce can easily be established by a executive leader. The relations with the neutral nations are more economical & commercial than political. The bravery of the Republicans has changed the diplomacy of Europe. The dishonest & brilliant art of the plenipotentiaries can only suit monarchies; & the priests of diplomacy cannot stir trouble among us any more than the preachers of fanaticism.

The decrees of national opinion are pronounced for liberty and equality. The French revolution will bring about, in its impetuous & terrible march, the revolution of all of Europe. The former equilibrium of forces & alliances, this famous balance, this political charlatanism, is broken. A new order of relations & interests will be formed by the successes of the war.

These are the views, which the united committees believed that they had to present to the National Convention today, so that it takes back its entire dignity, & that it invariably seizes its rights again, in order to give useful activity and the necessary energy to the revolutionary movement. The simpler the government apparatuses are, the easier they are to operate; the safer their results, the smaller their danger.

When reorganising the government, you will surely not forget that it is, by your decrees, revolutionary until peace. The people which sees its salvation there, the citizens [who see] the end of their sorrows, & the armies [who see] the guarantee of their triumphs, will not be able to forget the existence of this government, [which is] transitional between the revolution & the constitution; which ensures us the accelerated enjoyment of all goods which have to derive from it.

In vain, malicious [people] from outside would like to make the step of the revolutionary government go backwards, or halt it, or slow it down; the people, like the Convention, saw inevitable calamities & dangers for its liberty: it was in vain that one wanted to destroy the very principle of its activity by altering it. The revolution can be compared to a plant whose growth cannot be stopped without making it perish, & we have all sworn that liberty is indestructible among the French.

This is the draft for the decree:

The National Convention, after having heard the report of the Committees of Public Safety & of General Security, decrees:

Article I.

There will be 12 committees of the National Convention, whose works will be related to the operations of the executive commissions, & whose nomenclature follows:

1. Committee of Civil Administration, Police & Tribunals.

2. Of Public Instruction

3. Of Agriculture & the Arts.

4. Of Commerce & Supplies.

5. Of Public Works.

6. Of Transports, Posts & Couriers.

7. Of the Organisation & the Movement of the Land Army.

8. Of the Navy & the Colonies.

9. Of Armaments, Powder & Mining.

10. Of Finances.

11. Of Archives, Decrees & Reports.

12. Of the Inspectors of the National Palace.

Article II.

Each of these committees will particularly take care of the legislation, of the complement & of the improvement of the laws relating to the duties of each of the commissions.

Article III.

The measures of government will continue to be taken by the Committee of Public Safety.

Those who concern the police and general security will belong to the Committee of General Security, in accordance with the assignment which has been made by the Law of 14 Frimaire.

Article IV.

All members of the Committees of the Convention will be appointed by it, & renewed by a quarter every month, as from the day of their nomination, & in order of their length of service.

Article V.

Every committee will be composed of twelve members; the one of finances will be [composed] of thirty-five members.

Article VI.

The Commission of National Incomes, the National Treasury, the Office of Liquidation, the one of Accountancy, will correspond with the same committee, which will bear the name Committee of Finances. There will be a section for assignats & currencies.

Article VII.

The Committee of Correspondence & Dispatches will continue the functions that are attributed to it.

Article VIII.

One will successively proceed to the nomination of the members of the twelve committees, as well as to the nomination of the commissioners & of the assistants of all the national executive commissions.

Source: Rapport et projet de decret [...]

[catsbest-uk]

What is the Fastest Way to Litter Train a Kitten

Do you want to train your cat to use the litter box – but are not sure how? 

– Here are some tips and tricks for you! 

German songwriter and comedian Helge Schneider wrote a satirical song about litter box happiness (“Katzeklo”): The cat toilet belongs to the cat household’s basics and is essential when it comes to cleanliness within the four walls.

This also applies if your cat is an outdoor animal, spending most of its time outside the flat, including “doing its business”. Outdoor cats also like to have the option of their own loo once they come back in. Do not be surprise if you find droppings on the carpet, bed or elsewhere, if no litter box is supplied.

Basic rules for the minimum number of cat toilets available.

 Number of cat toilets = number of cats + 1

Why is my cat unclean?

Once the expensive Persian rug or the new designer sofa is wet, even the most serene cat lovers will get irritated and worried.

Why has my feline friend suddenly become “unclean”? 

Until it seemed to be fine with using the toilet!

Nothing irks a cat owner more than the fact that the animal has become unclean. First of all, try to stay calm! Drastic measures such as yelling at the cat, following it with a water pistol or pressing its nose in the dirt are not only cruel and unproductive but can also lead to ultimate loss of trust. The result may be the exact opposite behaviour than the one you want to achieve

– therefore never do such things!

NEVER!

If your cat changes its behaviour, there certainly is a cause behind it! Try to find its source and you will be able to avoid any repetitions of “mishaps” in the future.

Immediate action required

If your cat has chosen a new spot outside the litter box, this calls for immediate action: 

You immediately need to make the place as unattractive as possible – either by keeping the door to the room closed at all times or by moving the furniture.  You can also move the feeding spot right there – cats never soil the spot where their food is.  You can also cover it temporarily with a plastic or aluminium foil to make it uninteresting for the cat.  You also need to set up a litter box near the “no-go” spot – which then needs to be moved closer to it bit by bit, every day. 

If even the most thorough cleaning has no effect, the respective blanket or carpet need to be completely removed, because the spot is likely to be used again in the case of any remaining odours.

Thorough cleaning

If something got spilled...

use hot water and a neutral cleaner first. 

then use a cloth wetted with 40% rubbing alcohol from the pharmacy – rub in thoroughly.

conclude with a special enzyme cleaner (available in the pet shop). 

It will dissolve both the fat and the urine crystals – meaning that the odour will vanish completely, even to a sensitive cat nose!

Possible reasons

Unsauberkeit oder das Markieren der Katze kann viele Gründe haben: 

Uncleanliness and marking can have many reasons: Did you move the litter box, is the litter too rough and hurts the velvet paws? Or maybe the box is too small, badly positioned or not clean enough? Does the animal have health problems or is it stressed out by a recently changed situation?

– There is a whole range of possibilities which need to be checked! More often than not, changes in the immediate environment are the reason for unwanted behaviour.

Or does the cat avoid the litter box and its content because it is not filled properly or even unclean? Soiled litter puts cats off, which comes to no surprise as they have highly sensitive noses and react to the stinging smell of urine even more strongly than humans do.

Psychological stress

  Is your cat stressed out by a changed living situation due to relocation, competition or new furniture, family growth, grief, divorce, changing presence times, etc.? Or is it maybe processing traumatic experiences (e.g. aggressive dogs, New Year’s Eve?) Maybe intruders have used the cat flap to enter your cat’s territory? Does your cat need more affection?

Health problems

Does the animal have any health problems (e.g. bladder infection, diarrhoea)?  Is it old and/or incontinent? You know your cat best and will find out the reason on closer inspection.  If your cat looks or acts differently – you will know immediately that something is up! If you are unsure and  suspect an organic problem to be the reason for your cat’s neglect of the litter box, make an appointment with a vet who can check its state of health thoroughly and in detail. 

Marking behaviour

A sexually mature, non-castrated cat is prone to marking behaviour.  The urine of a grown tomcat has a strong, stinging smell as it contains hormonal odours signalling its current state. Male cats also use it to mark their territory. Even daily cleaning of the litter box only helps to a point and there is no need to try and cover the odour with a different smell – it will always come through! Only efficient litter and castration will fight the strong odour in the end. 

Untrained cats

Kittens usually learn how to use the cat toilet from their mum and siblings. They simply observe and copy what they see.  If a kitten is separated from its family too early, it may have missed out on the lesson. In that case, you have to take over and show your feline friend what the box and its content is meant for. During play time, in the heat of the moment so to speak, it may happen that the little ones forget to use the litter box – not much of a difference there to small humans!

House-training your cat

If a kitten learns how to behave e.g. through enthusiastic praising and cuddle rewards from an early age, the co-living will be much more harmonious from the beginning. However, it is very hard to train adult cats, especially when it comes to changing behavioural patterns. Cats love routine and can be quite obstinate. 

They may not understand the reason behind your wishes – and how should they, if things were always fine the way they were? It did not seem a problem until now, did it?

Here are some valuable tips for making the co-living with your kitten work out smoothly from the very beginning:

Kittens and the cat toilet

At the age of three to six weeks, kittens are old enough to be trained to use the cat toilet. 

To this end, special plastic bowls are available at the pet shop which feature a low cut-out of the rim as well as a rippled entry help, making it easier for the little ones to access and leave. As soon as the kittens start to eat substantial food, the cat mother stops cleaning them. Now, you should have the litter box at the ready, placing it in close vicinity to the nesting box.  It is essential to keep the kitten-loo extremely well cleaned, otherwise alternatives may be sought-for in unwanted places throughout the apartment. Praise and cuddles will help to connect the litter box use with positive feelings!

Use the breeder’s litter

The big day has come: Your cat is moving in! The new inhabitant will need a toilet with species-appropriate litter that guarantees perfect hygiene and safety.

To make sure that the kittens recognise it, you may want to use the same litter as the breeder for your own cat toilet.  – Thus, they will feel more at home immediately!

Do not use clumping litter for kittens

Young cats are naturally curious and will inspect the litter box on their own accord. To avoid unwanted effects from accidental swallowing of pellets, a plant-based, non-clumping litter is the best choice for kittens.

Start with the training at once

Just after opening their eyes for the first time, kittens will start observing their mother’s behaviour. What on earth is she doing in that box? Once they are mobile, they will go and copy her actions.

Place the litter box in close vicinity to the nesting box or sleeping spot so that the kittens can watch the proceedings. Once they need to do their business for the first time, they may already have understood its purpose. 

Activate your kitten’s digestion

Usually, the cat mum activates her kittens’ digestion. From a certain age onward, this should not be necessary any more.  However, you can use this behavioural pattern for litter box training once the kittens are in your own home. Simply imitate the mother’s licking by gently massaging their belly after the meal – and put them in the litter box right afterwards. Things will function a little easier that way and after a few times, the little ones will know that this is the place to “do their business”.

Mind the size of the litter box

While choosing a cat toilet for the offspring, make sure not to buy a “mini toilet”. It may serve the purpose just fine for a little while – however, after only a few weeks it will have become much too small already.  Obviously, the market offers a variety of “cute” variations! However, even if you are tempted to go through with the purchase, mind that you cannot expect too much! Because this is about your cat and its comfort. Form, colour and design may appeal to you but in the end it is your cat – who uses the toilet. Therefore, lids and flaps are to be avoided – they may only present hindrances for your cat.

Put the kitten in the box after feeding

Shortly after feeding, place the kitten in the litter box:  The possibility of immediate relief after a meal is very high. Also, behaviour like withdrawal to a quiet space, or repeated turning and scraping of the floor means you should put your cat in the toilet.  However, don’t overdo it! Jumping up and putting your cat immediately in the box after each small treat may turn the toilet theme into a trauma at some point.

Carefully dispose of the droppings

Kittens are as odour-sensitive as their grown relatives – bad smells are disturbing to them and they will always steer clear of anything smelly.  Therefore, you should try and keep the toilet spotless! To make sure that the kitten feels comfortable, you should get rid of the droppings several times a day: Faeces and soiled spots should be removed and the box refilled with fresh litter. That way, the litter box will stay a place of well-being which the kitten will be glad to use. 

Do not clean too often in the beginning

Has the kitten done its business in the litter box for the first time?  Great! – pet and praise it excessively – thus, the result will be marked as positive. If the excretions have not been covered completely, you can do the rest: Simply cover them with litter to show the kitten how this is done. However, do not clean the box immediately afterwards and leave everything as it is for a while. Even the weekly complete change can sometimes be skipped in the beginning. Odour and process will thus be connected to a unit in your kitten’s brain. They learn quickly and after a few repetitions, they will soon have understood the purpose of the litter box.

Vinegar against uncleanliness?

Once a mishap has happened – how do we get rid of odour and urine spots the best way? 

Take a kitchen roll or an old towel at first to mop up the moisture; then proceed to clean the spot with a neutral soap or ammoniac-free cleaner – otherwise the smell will make the cat use the spot even more! Then, you may try and tackle the odour with a vinegar solution – however, this may backfire, as cats abhor the smell of vinegar and in some cases might try to “erase” it by using the spot even more excessively.

Ultimately, an enzyme-based cleaner is always the best choice, as it will not only clean the spot but also eliminates the odour.

Training older cats to use the toilet

With a bit of patience and empathy, also grown cats can be trained to use the litter box. 

Before a cat moves in with you, make sure that you are acquainted with its former living situation and preferences:

Is the cat used to a litter box already or is it an outdoors roamer who has never seen one in its entire life?

Are there specific cat toilets the shape and design of which are known to your cat from before? 

Are there familiar smelling cleaners – or any that the cat hates? Some cats only accept a toilet cleaned with familiar products – or they need it to be cleaned immediately after doing their business – otherwise it is a no-go!

What litter does the cat prefer? Maybe there is a favourite brand? 

The more information you can gather upfront the easier the change will be – for the both of you!

Use the same litter as the pre-owner!

The content is as important as the litter box itself. On adopting a cat you should ask the pre-owner what brand they use. If you use the same litter in the beginning, your new cat will feel right at home. 

In case you don’t like the brand and decide for a change, try the “salami technique”:  To introduce a new type of litter, simply start by adding a little of the new to the old, increasing the amount step by step.  That way, the cat will hardly realise the change and will be able to accept the new brand without a problem. 

Use earth and sand as cat litter

Out in nature, cats do their business by digging a hole in the ground and covering it afterwards. 

The most comfortable way is using a spot with loose, dry sand. Thus, the favourite spots are – to no surprise – sand pits and flower beds. Here, loose sand and earth are already at hand! No excess energy is needed to provide easy, comfortable relief.

If your cat stems from a household where no litter box was available and the cat was forced to use the bushes – you can imitate the familiar conditions by filling the litter box with earth and sand in the beginning. That way, the cat feels more comfortable as it is familiar with the content and knows what to do with it!

Provide several litter boxes

As a rule of thumb, you should always set up more boxes than there are cats present in the household. One cat should always have a choice of at least two boxes, two should have three, and so on.  Several boxes are the right choice also for cats that like to urinate in a different place than the one used for their droppings.   This separation is only achieved by using several sanitary facilities.

If your house or apartment has more than one level, it also makes sense to install at least one box per floor.

Put the droppings in the litter box

A cat that has never used a litter box before may sometimes not know what to do with it. You can help by showing it the purpose: If the cat has no outside access and, not knowing where to go, has done its business indoors; simply pick up the droppings and put them in the litter box. 

Stay calm and gentle and keep a certain distance to the faeces. This is not a punishment, it is meant to be a nice way of introducing your cat to the box and its purpose! And as such it should also be perceived by your cat. They are sensitive beings and will learn quickly – however, be patient and allow a few days to pass until the cat has learnt to use the litter box on its own accord.

Scrape the litter with your hands

A cat who has never experienced the use of litter will not instantly know what to do with it. Use your hands to scrape around in it a little – and make sure that the cat is nearby to observe the action.   The scraping will remind it of the familiar task of scraping the ground before and after doing its business in the wild. It is used to digging a hole and covering its faeces afterwards. On entering the new territory, your cat should be made familiar with the litter box and get a chance to scrape around in it. Using it playfully will make it easier to acknowledge its real purpose.

The perfect litter box

What makes the cat toilet a perfect retreat? Basically, the litter box is perfect once the cat has accepted it as comfortable.  If it doesn’t like the box there is no way of making it use it. 

Cats, just like humans, like their facilities to be clean as well as spacious. The cat needs enough room to turn inside the box. Some animals like their remnants not only to be covered but thoroughly buried – in that case, make sure that the box is robust and sustainable enough to endure excessive scraping.

Urine and faeces are often left in separate spots and corners; the box should therefore provide enough room.  What else should a species-appropriate living environment provide?

Choosing the right litter box

Cat toilets are available in various formats and designs.  It is not that easy to choose the right one. Think about what your cat really needs. Don’t be tempted to purchase a litter box for its fancy style – here, function definitely forms the design and the “taste” of your cat is a lot more important than your own!

The type of breed makes no difference.  However, bigger cats obviously need more space to move around freely without hurting their tail on the walls. The entry height also is a factor to consider: Very young as well as old cats may have problems with entering a high-sided box. 

Some cats do not appreciate a lidded box or one with a flap  – in case you want to make sure, it is better to skip those extra features. Dark hues may be considered stylish and hip, however your cat may have different ideas. A dark cave would never be chosen by smart cats in nature as it may hide dangerous enemies! Better choose friendly, light colours for the cat toilet.

Variation of litter boxes

Open or closed?  Many cats don’t like the hooded variation – in nature, they would also make sure not to use a cave for their business. Other cats may not mind a roof over their heads. However, all of them will appreciate easy access. Ideally, an open litter box should have a rim which is curving inwards: That way, most of the litter will stay inside. For spilled pellets, a special mat can be put in front of the cat toilet. Also, keeping a small, battery-operated vacuum cleaner nearby is always a good idea. 

Best spot for the litter box

Humans spend much thought about placing the WC in the right spot inside of the house.  This should also be the case with a cat toilet. 

Choose a quiet spot where your feline friend will not be disturbed – never set it up right in the middle of the corridor!

Imagine having to use a toilet at a busy traffic junction – what would that feel like?  Exactly the same goes for your cat!  It will appreciate a discrete refuge to do its business as much as any human. 

Separate from sleeping and feeding 

Would you eat a snack on the toilet? No? – Why not? OK – there may be certain exceptions but there are none for your cat:  Cats will never eat at the same spot where they relieve themselves – which also goes for the sleeping area.  It is therefore never a good idea to set up the litter box in close vicinity to either the feeding or the resting areas.

Draught-free area

Make sure that your feline friend finds a separate space for its toilet – far away from the bustle, protected from both noise and draught.  On the balcony or right below a window for example never are good spots for the litter box.  Imagine having to go outside to do your business – that would not be appealing to you either. That kind of chilly outdoor experience should be left to the die-hard fellows – and even those would always choose a milder climate. 

Quiet place

The right spot should meet the cat’s need for discretion and peace. An environment prone to sudden disturbance or noise  – e.g. behind doors or next to the washing machine or dryer –  should be avoided completely. Otherwise it might happen that the cat will leave the toilet in complete shock or panic and never use it again on future occasions.

Free access

The cat toilet should always be easy to find.  No gauntlet through the whole house should ever be necessary – as this will quickly lead to accidents on the carpet. Cats usually never wear – well, anything – so...Especially kittens, who are not used to the litter box yet, may not reach it in time:  In that case, a leaking incident may occur.  For the same reason, both kittens and older cats should not have to climb stairs to find the toilet.

Keep the litter box in the same place

“Never change a winning team”! Cats like routine.  They will always stick to well functioning processes and love their rituals. Likewise, they hate any unexpected incidences and change is never a good thing if it concerns their immediate environment. Once the litter box and its space has been accepted, don’t change it. Leave everything as it is and you will be rewarded by a thoroughly relaxed companion whenever it comes to household hygiene.

Cleaning the litter box

Smells decide on both the social and territorial behaviour of our feline friends. 

If a cat doesn’t like the scent of the litter it might ignore the cat toilet altogether. Too little or soiled litter may put the animals off as well – especially since their noses are very sensitive and they react to the stinging smell of urine accordingly.

Always make sure that the cat toilet is clean and welcoming.  Before each complete litter change, you should clean the box thoroughly:

Cleaning steps

Empty the tray and dispose of the content 

Put the empty plastic box in the tub or shower and fill it with hot water and a neutral cleaner.

Leave everything to soak for 10-20 mins

Empty the box and scrub remnants with a brush or sponge

Reibe die Schale anschließend mit Handtuch oder Küchenrolle schön trocken

Put the box in its usual spot and refill it with fresh litter

If hood or lid are part of the cat toilet, these should also be cleaned!

Is human offspring expected? In that case, make sure to always use gloves when cleaning the cat toilet. If you are pregnant, there is a risk of toxoplasmosis infection which is transferred via cat faeces. This means that the cat toilet should be cleaned thoroughly on a daily basis to avoid contact with infectious material. Dispose of used litter and remnants in sealed plastic bags via the household waste.

Cleaning rhythm for cat toilets

The litter box should be cleaned and refilled with fresh litter on a regular basis. It depends on the type of litter how often this should be done. There are vast differences which obviously have an effect on both intervals and economy. Functionality also plays a role: If you are using non-clumping litter, you will not escape a weekly complete change. Clumping litter however makes things a lot easier: You only need to exchange the entire content every 4-6 weeks and – depending on the brand – will save a lot of money.

High summer temperatures will worsen the smell; here you can learn how to fight it:  High summer temperatures will worsen the smell. 

Daily cleaning

Soiled clumps, faeces and excretions should be disposed of on a daily basis.  Refill the respective spot with fresh litter. If you don’t get rid of the excretions, your cat might ignore the litter box altogether, even if a complete change has been done only recently. Therefore, it is always better to frequently check for any clumps and to dispose of them immediately. But don’t worry! – There is no need to get your hands dirty. The best way is to use a special scoop.

Weekly cleaning

If you are using traditional, mineral cat litter based on bentonite, lime quartz sand or silicate, a weekly standard cleaning of the cat toilet will be inevitable.  Completely empty the tray, dispose of the entire content and refill it with fresh litter. 

You can also use a neutral, non-perfumed cleaner. However, never use chemicals or strongly scented products! Otherwise the plastic surface of the shell may start corroding – or the cat may refuse to enter the toilet altogether. 

Replace the toilet once a year

Every litter box should be replaced annually or – at the very least – every other year.The scraping and scratching causes little cracks in the plastic surface, resulting in the build-up of residue over time. Plastic foil inlays are not advisable – the claws get caught in them, and through the resulting holes and slits, urine can easily collect underneath.

What cleaner do I use for the cat toilet?

Cats are highly sensitive animals by nature. Their sense of smell is strong and they perceive their environment even through their paws. Rough surfaces, sharp edges, a slippery substance or an artificial smell will all be regarded as disturbing. For cleaning the cat toilet, hot water and a neutral cleaner are the best choice.

Use a litter scoop

The best way to dispose of litter clumps is using a special litter scoop with a lattice spacing of 7 to 9 mm: Thus, only the soiled bits will stick – the clean litter simply drops back into the box.

Use warm water

Use warm water for cleaning the litter box. The higher the temperature, the more efficient the cleaning process. Grease and grime will simply dissolve more easily.

Use a mild cleaner

Chemical smells will put cats off the idea of using the cat toilet.  Skip on pine-scented or acid-based cleaners, disinfectants or any products containing ammonia.  The cleaned cat toilet should then be refilled with 5-7 cm of fresh litter.  

What type of cat litter should I use?

In the wild, cats would do their “business” in soft, loose soil. 

A hollow will be dug in the ground and the excrements will be thoroughly covered after “going to the toilet” in nature. House cats will try and copy this behaviour by instinct indoors as well; eager scratching and digging will send the litter sailing out the box at times – or it may stick to hair and paws. 

How can we create a natural environment at home so that the cat’s instincts will be met as much as possible? Is there such a thing as a “natural” cat toilet for the human living environment? Many cat lovers spend a long time searching and trying out different brands of litter on the search for the perfect natural litter, which also provides an optimum in hygienic levels: The range of products is as diverse as the cats’ and cat owners’ preferences. 

Choosing the right litter

The cat litter market can be divided by using several criteria:  The used raw materials, e.g. minerals as opposed to plant fibres – or functional factors, e.g. clumping or non-clumping. Further criteria are the consistency, e.g. coarse, fine-grained or pelleted – or the use of supplements (scent, colour or chemicals added to boost the performance).

Mineral-based litter

The raw materials used for mineral-based litter – bentonite, lime quartz sand or silicate – are mined in open pits. In the areas with exhausted bentonite resources, gigantic pits are being left behind and the massive destruction of the environment takes years to heal. Mineral litter has a high net weight, high dust levels and is not compostable. This litter has to be disposed via the household waste – a major strain on landfills.

Mineral clumping litter

Mineral litter is available in both clumping and non-clumping quality.  If you are using non-clumping mineral litter, a complete change is frequently needed; it is thus a lot less economic than other types. In addition to the high consumption levels this litter is also less efficient regarding its odour-absorbing performance. However, clumping and clumping are not the same!  There are extreme differences in consistency, clump isolation, moisture and odour-absorbing performance as well as efficiency.

Silicate litter

Granulated or pelleted silicate litter consists of silica gel.  You may know this material from the small silica packs used to ensure dry environments. Litter based on silica gel binds odours relatively well and has low dust levels. It also weighs less compared to bentonite based litters. It is a hard material which makes a loud rustling noise due to its consistency, which may have a disturbing effect on some cats. This litter is never available in a clumping quality. It therefore needs to be changed frequently (short intervals) and disposed of via the household waste. 

Organic litter made of plant fibres

Plant-based litter – such as e.g. Cat’s Best – uses the special capillary effect of plant fibres. Moisture and unwanted odours are absorbed and encapsulated deep inside of the fibre. Plant-based litter is especially light in weight and very efficient. It is available in both clumping and non-clumping quality. Plant-based litter decomposes naturally and is therefore completely compostable. 

How often do I have to change the litter?

The normal cat diet consists of a lot of meat so that a high amount of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide is being released: the main reason behind the strong smell of cat urine. A high quality litter such as Cat’s Best will tackle bad odours actively on a natural basis:  Moisture is immediately absorbed by the microscopically fine capillaries and encapsulated deep inside. If you are using one of the clumping Cat’s Best litters – e.g. Cat's Best Original, Cat's Best Smart Pellets or Cat's Best Sensitive – you simply have to take out the soiled clumps only (best by using the Cat’s Best litter scoop) and discard it via the house toilet* or the compost.

*please observe local disposal laws

How and where do I dispose of cat litter?

Every type of cat litter can be disposed of via the household waste.  Those who prefer comfortable handling in combination with protecting the environment as well as saving money in the long run will not decide for mineral litter and rather choose plant-based brands. A purely plant-based product such as Cat’s Best is made of raw materials from secondary wood sources: No tree plantations but rather naturally grown trees from sustainable, regional forestry. The raw materials travel only short distances. The disposal therefore is sustainable in itself – the material is biodegradable and completely compostable. To any gardener’s delight, the plant-based cat litter thus turns into a valuable fertiliser, boosting the garden’s soil life and fresh, green splendour.

[4yourfitness]

Neuer Beitrag auf https://www.4yourfitness.com/blog/muskulaere-dysbalance

Wie du muskuläre Dysbalancen durch strukturell balanciertes Training verhindern kannst

Muskuläre Dysbalance?

Ein wichtiges Thema, wenn es darum geht, dein Training richtig zu steuern.

Das Gegenstück – also strukturelle Balance – ist nämlich auch extrem wertvoll für einen gesunden, leistungsfähigen Körper.

Noch nie gehört?

Dann wird es aber wirklich Zeit.

Legen wir los!

Strukturelle Balance – die Basics

Lass uns zunächst einen kleinen Ausflug ins Thema Ernährung machen.

Dort kann ich dir das Konzept der strukturellen Balance am besten erklären.

Stelle dir vor, dass du dich so ernährst, wie ich es in meinen richtig fit für immer Prinzipien vorschlage: Die Basis deiner Ernährung sind naturbelassene Lebensmittel, vorwiegend pflanzlicher Herkunft. Du führst dir außerdem ausreichend Kohlenhydrate, Fette und Proteine zu und deckst deinen Bedarf an Vitalstoffen wie Vitaminen, Mineralstoffen und Spurenelementen. Zudem bist du gut mit Wasser versorgt und legst dir keine absoluten Verbote auf, sondern du kannst auch genießen, dir etwas gönnen.

Wahrscheinlich würdest du in dem Fall davon sprechen, dass du dich ausgewogen ernährst.

Und da kommen wir wieder zurück zu deinem Körper und was strukturelle Balance in dem Zusammenhang bedeutet.

Es dreht sich nämlich alles um ein Schlagwort: Ausgewogenheit!

Im Bezug auf deinen Körper heißt das Folgendes:

Gutes Zusammenspiel zwischen Agonisten und Antagonisten über den gesamten Körper

Denken in Bewegungsmustern und dementsprechendes Anpassen des Trainingsplanes

Bewegungsumfang der Gelenke ausnützen – Bewegungen im FROM (full range of motion = voller Bewegungsumfang)

Wenn du nicht darauf achtest, deinen Körper ausgewogen zu trainieren, kann es schnell als du denkst zu einer muskulären Dysbalance kommen, die deinen Trainingserfolg und langfristig sogar deine Gesundheit gefährdet.

Aber natürlich ist nicht nur das Training ein Faktor, der eine muskuläre Dysbalance

Was ist eine muskuläre Dysbalance?

Zur Definition der muskulären Dysbalance habe ich mir den nächsten Absatz von Wikipedia ausgeliehen, die haben das dort ganz gut definiert:

“Unter Muskulären Dysbalancen (Ungleichgewicht) versteht man verstärkte Muskelverkürzungen und/oder Muskelabschwächungen zwischen Agonist (= Spieler) und Antagonist (= Gegenspieler) durch einseitige Kraftentwicklung bei gleichzeitiger Vernachlässigung ihrer Dehnungsfähigkeit. Sie werden hervorgerufen durch mangelnde bzw. fehlende körperliche Beanspruchung, einseitige Belastung beim Sport oder im Alltag, ungenügende Regeneration, falsche Bewegungsausführung, aber auch Verletzungen am Bewegungsapparat.”

Grafisch dargestellt sieht das Ganze dann so aus (schematisch).

Muskuläre Dysbalance schematisch dargestellt (Infos: Creative Commons License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/, Bild Dr. Klee https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Klee_Muskulre_Balance.jpg)

Im linken Bild siehst du schematisch dargestellt, wie zwei Muskeln – Agonist und Antagonist – an einem Gelenk in Balance sind und so die gleiche Kraft ausüben. Das mittlere Bild zeigt dir ein Gelenk, bei dem eine muskuläre Dysbalance durch Überbeanspruchung des Muskels B entstanden ist. Im dritten Beispiel hat sich Muskel A einer niedrigen Spannung angepasst und abgeschwächt – auch dadurch kann die strukturelle Balance gestört werden.

Wie entsteht eine muskuläre Dysbalance

Wenn es um eine muskuläre Dysbalance geht, ist ein Merksatz daher besonders wichtig:

Form follows Function!

Dieses Zitat stammt ursprünglich aus der Architektur. Hat aber auch im Bezug auf deinen Körper seine Richtigkeit. Er ist ja in Wirklichkeit auch nichts anderes als ein biologisches Gesamtkunstwerk.

Was bedeutet das nun genau?

Nun, ganz einfach: Dein Körper passt sich dem an, das du tagtäglich mit ihm machst.

In der Kategorie der muskulären Dysbalance heißt das, dass deine Muskeln dazu neigen, bei Überbeanspruchung zu verkürzen. Nicht wortwörtlich, sondern die Spannung und der Tonus verändern sich so, dass am Ansatz des Muskels immer ein größerer Zug entsteht, als normalerweise in Ruhe entstehen sollte.

Ein Klassiker dabei ist ein durch häufiges Beach-Muskel-Training – du weißt schon, pumpen im Fitnessstudio was das Zeug hält von Muskeln die dein Gegenüber sieht, wenn du es siehst – verkürzter Brustmuskel, der dann damit beginnt, langsam aber sicher auch deine Schultern nach vorne zu ziehen und dir einen feinen Rundrücken beschert. Strukturell balanciertes Training schützt dich davor, weil es dieser horizontalen Oberkörper-Druck-Übung eine horizontale Oberkörper-Zug-Übung entgegensetzt.

Selbst wenn gewisse Symptome einer muskulären Dysbalance schon sichtbar sind – sich also bereits auf die Struktur auswirken – kannst du mit strukturell balanciertem Training – in dem Fall dann mit Fokus auf das Kräftigen des Gegenspielers – und einem ordentlichen Dehn- und Mobilityprogramm noch sehr viel machen und dich wieder “geraderichten”.

Im folgenden Video der genialen YouTuber “Strong & Flex” bekommst du noch viele weitere Infos mehr über die muskuläre Dysbalance, vor allem was links-rechts Dysbalancen betrifft.

Lass uns diese Punkte nun genauer ansehen um auch einschätzen zu können, was sie für dein Training bedeuten, wenn du nach struktureller Balance – und damit der Vermeidung von muskulären Dysbalancen strebst.

Das Zusammenspiel von Agonisten und Antagonisten

Kurz erklärt: Jeder Muskel braucht einen Gegenspieler, damit er wieder in seine ursprüngliche Position zurück gelangen kann. Hätten wir keinen muskulären Gegenspieler (=Antagonisten), wären wir von der Schwerkraft oder anderen externen Kräften abhängig, kein wirklich erbaulicher Gedanke. 🙂

Wenn du nun aber immer nur einen Muskel trainierst, aber nie seinen Gegenspieler, kann das zu einer muskulären Dysbalance führen.

Der erste Punkt, den du in deinem Trainingsplan beachten solltest, ist daher ein gutes Verhältnis zwischen Agonisten und Antagonisten, vor allem was die großen Muskelgruppen bei Armen und Beinen betrifft.

Wenn du beispielsweise den Fehler machst und dich nur auf die vielzitierten Beach-Muskeln (Brust, Bizeps, Bauch) fokussierst, vernachlässigst du die jeweiligen Antagonisten, hier vor allem den Rücken.

Achte also darauf, dass du deine Muskeln ganzheitlich trainierst, wie mit einem meiner Ganzkörper Trainingspläne.

Denken in Bewegungsmustern

Nun weißt du schon, dass du dich nicht auf einzelne Muskeln fixieren solltest, sondern immer auch ihren Gegenspieler beim Training im Blick haben solltest.

Dieses Wissen kannst du mit dem der Bewegungsmuster noch erweitern und so dein Training wirklich komplett machen.

Aus Mark Laurens gutem Buch Fit ohne Geräte* – das eine meiner erste Lektüren zum Thema Bodyweight Training war – habe ich auch für meine Trainingspläne die Einteilung in folgende Hauptkategorien von Übungen übernommen:

Oberkörper Drücken

Oberkörper Ziehen

Unterkörper

Core

Für den Einstieg ist das Buch auch deswegen super zu empfehlen, weil du dort auch viele unterschiedliche Trainingsmethoden kennen lernen kannst.

Diese Einteilung lässt sich allerdings noch etwas erweitern und bildet dann die 8 Bewegungsmuster ab, auf die wir uns im Training fokussieren sollten:

Oberkörper Drücken horizontal

Oberkörper Ziehen horizontal

Unterkörper knieorientiert

Unterkörper hüftorientiert

Oberkörper Drücken vertikal

Oberkörper Drücken horizontal

Core linear

Core seitlich/drehend

Lass uns das kurz mit ein paar Beispielen füttern.

Horizontal drücken kannst du zum Beispiel beim Liegestütz, horizontal ziehen bei Inverted Rows, vertikal drücken bei Pikes oder Handstandliegestützen, vertikal ziehen bei Klimmzügen.

Den Unterkörper forderst du knieorientiert mit Kniebeugen und Progressionsstufen daraus – wie zum Beispiel Pistol Squats – und hüftorientiert zum Beispiel mit dem Poheber bzw. Hip Thrust.

Was den Core betrifft kannst du ihn linear beispielsweise mit Beinheben oder Planks fordern, drehend oder seitlich am besten mit Rotationsbewegungen im Rumpf.

In der 2. Auflage meines P.A.T. Bodyweight Training Komplettpakets decke ich bereits 7 dieser Bewegungsmuster ab – das 8. kommt mit dem nächsten Update. Der Preis wird sich dann wieder erhöhen, also am besten gleich zuschlagen und sparen (du bekommst das Update kostenlos).

FROM nützen und erweitern

FROM bedeutet Full Range of Motion, also voller Bewegungsumfang.

Dieser Begriff wird auf das arbeitende Gelenk bzw. die arbeitenden Gelenke angewendet. Dein Ziel sollte es sein, jede Übung, die du durchführst, im vollen Bewegungsumfang zu absolvieren, der dir zur Verfügung steht. Noch besser trifft es dann die Abkürzung AROM – das steht für Active Range Of Motion – also das aktive komplette Bewegungausmaß, das im Gelenk realisierbar ist (aktuell durch dich realisierbar ist).

Am Beispiel Liegestütz erklärt heißt das, den vollen Bewegungsumfang ausnutzen, indem man runter bis auf den Boden geht und sich beim Hochdrücken auch noch etwas aus den Schultern herausdrückt. So wirkst du einer muskulären Dysbalance entgegen. Erweitern kannst du deinen ROM, wenn du zum Beispiel die Hände auf Parallettes aufsetzt und so noch weiter nach unten kommst.

So läufst du viel weniger Gefahr, dass sich eine muskuläre Dysbalance ausbildet.

Der einzige Punkt, an dem du etwas schummeln darfst, ist wenn du auf einen neuen Skill trainierst und noch nicht stark genug bist, die Bewegung als Ganzes auszuführen. Nehmen wir einmal an, du möchtest einen Pistol Squat lernen, kommst auch schon gut hinunter, aber sobald du zu weit hinunter gehst, kommst du nicht mehr hinauf.

In dem Fall hilft es auch, diese halben Wiederholungen zu trainieren, um stärker zu werden.

Noch besser sind dann assistierte Varianten mit z.B. Bändern, damit du unterstützt den ganzen Bewegungsumfang durchlaufen kannst.

Durch das Ausführen der Übungen im FROM kannst du diesen letztendlich auch erweitern. Ein zusätzliches Mobility Training ist trotzdem immer zu empfehlen, als eine Art Gelenkshygiene.

Fazit

Muskuläre Dysbalancen solltest du am besten gar nicht entstehen lassen.

Dein Trainingsplan sollte daher darauf Rücksicht nehmen, möglichst viele – am besten alle innerhalb einer Trainingswoche – Bewegungsmuster zu beinhalten.

Selbst kannst du dann noch Anpassungen vornehmen, was deine Alltagsbelastung betrifft: Für Menschen, die viel am Schreibtisch sitzen ist ein vermehrtes Training des horizontalen Zugs und des drehenden Cores zum Beispiel eine Wohltat für die Wirbelsäule und hilft gegen Beschwerden vom langen Sitzen am Schreibtisch. Hm, das wäre doch auch eine gute Idee für das nächste Update meines E-Books – ein Trainingsplan extra für Menschen, die viel am Schreibtisch sitzen …

Ein gutes Buch kann ich dir zum Thema Training mit struktureller Balance auch noch empfehlen. Dort findest du jede Menge Übungen und du verstehst, wie die Muskeln zusammenspielen.

Es heißt Bodyweight Training Anatomie und stammt aus der Feder von Bret Contreras.

45 Bewertungen

Bodyweight Training Anatomie: Der vollständig illustrierte Ratgeber für mehr Kraft, Leistung und Muskelaufbau*

Bret Contreras

Herausgeber: Copress Sport

Auflage Nr. 3 (16.05.2016)

Taschenbuch: 224 Seiten

22,00 EUR

Bei Amazon kaufen

Viel Spaß und Erfolg weiterhin beim Training!

Und bleib in struktureller Balance!

[azobit]

Teelöffel - multifunktional und unentbehrlich für Tee-Genießer - der Tee-Löffel

Teelöffel - unentbehrlich nicht nur für den stilvollen Genuss von Heißgetränken und Desserts

Teelöffel

Neue Teelöffel (https://www.tee-loeffel.de/teeloeffel/) - frisches Design trifft auf hohe Gebrauchstüchtigkeit Die aktuellen Tafelgeschirr- und Besteckkollektionen präsentieren sich schnörkellos in minimalistischer Formgebung. "Form follows function" lautet das Designer-Prinzip bei der Gestaltung vom Teelöffel über das Glas, die Tasse, das Teesieb bis hin zur Teekanne. Schlicht-geradlinige Teelöffel überzeugen optisch und haptisch: Gefertigt aus legierten Edelstählen wie Chrom wirken sie wertig und liegen gut in der Hand. Ob gewerblich als Bestandteil von Gastrobesteck oder privat im Einsatz: Eines der wichtigsten Qualitätsmerkmale alltagstauglicher Teelöffel, Dessertlöffel oder Kaffeelöffel ist Pflegefreundlichkeit - ebenso, wie andere Besteckteile sowie Gläser und Geschirr sie erfordern. Rostfrei hergestellt aus Edelstahl dürfen qualitativ hochwertige Teelöffel in die Spülmaschine und oxidieren im Gegensatz zu Besteckteilen mit einer Legierung aus Silber nicht an der Luft. So entfallen arbeits- und kostenintensive Reinigungsprozeduren mittels ökologisch bedenklicher Pflegemittel. Der bienenfleißige Tee Löffel / tea spoon - ein unterbewertetes Multifunktionstalent (https://www.amapodo.com/amazon-de) Man kann im Detail darüber nachdenken, ob der Inhalt des Vorratsschrankes eine große Portion Abendessen und ein Getränk hergibt oder ganz allgemein darüber, ob der neue Infuser unterwegs zuverlässig dichthält. Ich habe neulich in Hinblick auf eine funktional ausreichende, aber reduziert ausgestattete Küchenausstattung darüber philosophiert, welche 10 nicht-batteriebetriebenen Gegenstände am wenigsten entbehrlich sind. Darunter war der Teelöffel. Nicht das vollständige Besteckset, der filigrane Espressolöffel, der rustikale Holzlöffel oder der zerbrechliche Löffel aus umwelt-belastendem Plastik, sondern der klassische Teelöffel aus robustem Material. Ist der Teelöffel gerade nicht zu Tisch inmitten Seinesgleichen und dem Teeservice, so ist er hart an der Basis beschäftigt: Der Teelöffel dient im Küchenbereich beispielsweise zum Probieren kalter und heißer Lebensmittel und hilft bei der Dosierung von Medizin oder Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln in Tropfenform. Der Teelöffel kommt zum Einsatz, wenn Koch- oder Backzutaten nicht auf das Gramm genau abgewogen werden müssen. Fazit: Des Teelöffels Bestimmung im Alltag ist nicht das Rühren in einer Teetasse allein! Flüchtige Teelöffel - kleine Löffel rutschen offensichtlich öfter durch ein Sieb Alles hat seine Zeit - it´s Tea Time now: Das Wasser kocht. Die Tassen erwarten den Tee, daneben die Zitrone. Nicht aufzuspüren indes sind Teelöffel. Die kleinen Löffel gehen statistisch betrachtet häufiger verloren als andere Besteckteile. Teelöffel landen beispielsweise versehentlich mitsamt Joghurtbecher im Mülleimer, werden dauerhaft zum Schulbesuch aus dem Haushalt entführt oder verbergen sich jahrelang unter Schränken. Erscheinen Preis und Qualität für das Produkt stimmig, so macht es Sinn, das Besteck rechtzeitig vor dem nächsten größeren feierlichen Anlass um einzelne Teelöffel oder Teelöffel im Set zu erweitern. Weitere informationen finden Sie im Shop (https://www.amapodo.com) posted by HR-Gateway

[stilbruchantik]

Bauhaus Pendel Wandleuchte ungewöhnliche Pendelleuchte zum Akzentuieren bestimmter Raumteile oder Anstrahlen von Objekten. Diese Lampe ist in Ihrer Funktion wirklich aussergewöhnlich! Der drehbare, asymmetrische Schirm ermöglicht die Einstellung des Lichtkegels um die Längsachse. Das Knickgelenk der Pendelstange eine Ausrichtung der horizontalen Lichtrichtung. Ausserdem ist auch eine Montage als Wandlampe möglich, sodass der Pendelstab horizontal steht und die Lampe als Bibliotheksleuchte oder über einem Sitzmöbel als Leseleuchte montiert werden kann. Dieses Leuchtobjekt stammt eindeutig aus der der Zeit des Bauhaus, hier folgt die Form der Funktion , keine störenden Elemente zerstören hier die schlichte Designsprache. Das Gestänge ist aus verchromtem Messing, der Schirm ist emailliert. Die Lampe ist neu elektrifiziert. D: 20 cm H: 95 cm G: unter 5kg   Bauhaus pendant wall lamp Unusual pendant luminaire for accentuating certain parts of the room or illuminating objects. This lamp is really extraordinary in your function! The rotating, asymmetrical shade allows the light cone to be adjusted around the longitudinal axis. The articulated joint of the pendulum rod allows an alignment of the horizontal light direction. It is also possible to mount it as a wall lamp, so that the pendant rod stands horizontally and the lamp can be mounted as a library lamp or above a seat as a reading lamp. This luminous object clearly originates from the Bauhaus period, here the form follows the function, no disturbing elements destroy the simple design language here. The rods are made of chrome-plated brass, the shade is enamelled. The lamp is newly electrified. D: 20 cm H: 95 cm G: less than 5kg https://shop.antik-stilbruch.de/produkt/bauhaus-pendel-wandleuchte (hier: Stilbruch Antiquitäten & Schmuck) https://www.instagram.com/p/Bvey08tHFNV/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=19sjlau3akp5y

[clarkhannahgraphics-blog]

Lost&Found Workshop 07/03/19

Type Specimen

The specimen, or each of a set of specimens, on which the description and name of a new species is based.

We needed to consider whether the type face was going to be readable or legible. It didn't in this case need to be readable because it was more for aesthetics as we weren't going to be writing a paragraph with the type face. 

Readability:

About the message our text sends as a body.

Ledgability:

About the letters individuality and it’s form.

A display type is not a functional type face. However, it can be used for posters, logos, headers and magazines. 

In order to create a successful type face I will need to embrace the style in order to keep the consistency. As well as this I will need to ensure the size and scale remains consistent.

My challenge was to create the alphabet with tin foil. I found this task relatively easy due to the fact that it was malleable and easy to manipulate. In oder to think about the consistency, I used the same amount of foil each time so that the thickness was the same. I believe this worked really well and would be a good type face for maybe a space advert as it has that shiny, rough look to it. 

Following on from is I chose diamanté stickers as my next source to create the alphabet with. I began by using a ruler and pencil to divide the page up ensuring all letters where going to be the same size. From this, I began sticking the diamanté's down. This task was very time consuming and fiddly as the gems were very little, however I really liked the way they turned out and they shined from a distance. On the hand, when scanning this into the computer the outcome isn't as impactful as I would've liked it to be. Therefore I do think the foil material was more successful as it created a good texture against the flashlight on my phone.

Potentials:

This was a really fun task in which I enjoyed taking part in. I think this would be a good thing to do when titling my decided topic/brief. I will ensure I incorporate the theme into my typeface.

[galeriefuermodernefotografie]

For English version please scroll down

Die kompakten Möbellandschaften und farblich aufeinander abgestimmten Einrichtungswelten, die in einer Leipziger Messehalle Ende der1960er Jahre arrangiert wurden, geben einen Eindruck vom Wunsch nach fortschrittlichem und effizientem Wohnraum in der DDR. Die Wände der Wohnräume sind verstellt mit Schrank- und Regalkombinationen, die es erlauben auf möglichst wenig Raum, viel zu verstauen. Die abgebildeten Möbelmodule sind mitunter Bestandteile eines individuell und pragmatisch zusammenstellbaren Baukastensystems des Möbelherstellers Kehr und entstammen der klassischen Serie „Das Baukasten-Programm“. In einer Broschüre des Herstellers wurden diese Wohnversatzstücke optimistisch und zukunftsorientiert beworben: „Das Baukasten-Programm ermöglicht die Einführung einer hochmodernen Fertigungstechnologie vom Zuschnitt bis zur Ausführung.“ Auch die Wohnkultur war in der DDR dem Fortschrittswillen unterworfen. Als Werbefotograf lichtete Ludwig Schirmer diese Einrichtungen auf der Leipziger Möbelmesse mit einer Großformatkamera ab und bewahrte dabei den Anblick der strengen, linearen und oft symmetrischen Anordnung der Möbelstücke. Kombiniert wurden sie mit den heiteren, blumigen und manchmal fast psychedelischen Motiven von Wohntextilien und Tapeten, die den geordneten Aufbau der Wohnansichten auflockern. Um auf den Bildern zu betonen, wie es sich in diesen Arrangements leben und wohnen lässt, brachte Ludwig Schirmer auch persönliche Gegenstände mit und platzierte sie auf den Tischen und Sideboards der Einrichtungsansichten. Somit sind neben den Produkten von der Stange auch verspielte, mitunter folkloristische Gegenstände wie eine Matrjoschka zu sehen, oder Fotobildbände, die Ludwig Schirmer durch seine guten Kontakte zur Leipziger Buchhandlung Internationales Buch besaß.   Ludwig Schirmers Aufnahmen der Leipziger Möbelmesse waren ursprünglich als Werbefotografien - für Kataloge oder Broschüren - gedacht. Ihren werbenden Charakter haben die Bilder jedoch hinter sich gelassen. Aus heutiger Sicht rückt ihr dokumentarischer Anteil in den Vordergrund und lässt die Bilder als Zeitzeugnis einer noch nicht allzu lang vergangenen Epoche und ihrer Ästhetik erscheinen. Daher ist das Central Berlin am Strausberger Platz ein so passender Ausstellungsort für den Salon No 9 der Galerie für Moderne Fotografie, der der Wohnkultur und dem Design der DDR gewidmet ist. Denn hier, in der Galerie Central auf der Karl-Marx-Allee, der ehemaligen Prachtstraße Ostberlins, werden neben den authentischen Aufnahmen Ludwig Schirmers auch Möbelstücke, vielleicht sogar Design Klassiker des Ostens, ausgestellt sein, die von Kstar seit Jahren zusammengetragen wurden.   Ludwig Schirmer wurde 1929 in Wenigenehrich bei Sondershausen (Thüringen) geboren. Nach einer Landwirtschafts- und Müllerlehre arbeitete er einige Jahre als Müller. 1949 kaufte er sich eine Primaflex-Kamera und wurde wenige Jahre später als Amateurfotograf in eine Fotogruppe des Deutschen Kulturbundes in Sondershausen aufgenommen. Ab 1955 wurden Ludwig Schirmers Fotografien in Zeitschriften und Tageszeitungen veröffentlicht und 1959 wurde er in den Verband der Deutschen Journalisten aufgenommen. 1961 beendete Schirmer seine Tätigkeit als Müller endgültig und zog er mit seiner Familie nach Berlin um, wo er weiterhin erfolgreich als Werbe,- Porträt und Landschaftsfotograf arbeitete. Nach seinem Tod im Jahr 2001 entdeckte Ludwig Schirmers Tochter Ute Mahler den umfassenden fotografischen und dokumentarischen Nachlass ihres Vaters. Gemeinsam mit ihrem Mann Werner Mahler, der wie sie ebenfalls Fotograf ist, arbeitet Ute Mahler den Nachlass ihres Vaters auf. Text: Constanze Hager   Die Galerie für Moderne Fotografie wurde 2008 von Kirsten Landwehr gegründet und befindet sich in Berlin-Mitte. Der Schwerpunkt des Galerieprogramms liegt vornehmlich auf dem Medium Fotografie und konzentriert sich dabei sowohl auf die Präsentation internationaler renommierter Künstlerinnen und Künstler als auch auf die Entdeckung junger Positionen.  Die Ausstellungen in den Räumen der Galerie werden in regelmäßigen Abständen vom Veranstaltungsformat „GFMF Salon“ begleitet. Mit Vorträgen, Buchvorstellungen oder Künstlergesprächen an verschiedenen Orten in Berlin sowie im In- und Ausland stellt es eine Möglichkeit dar, sich ergänzend mit künstlerischen Arbeiten zu befassen und diese zu diskutieren.   Die Galerie Central Berlin zeigt Designklassiker der ehemaligen DDR ergänzt um Möbel aus der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts der ehemaligen Tschechoslowakei, Polen, Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, England, aus der UDSSR und den USA. Der Standort der Galerie passt zum Programm: Auf der Karl-Marx-Allee Richtung Alexanderplatz am Strausberger Platz treffen sowjetischer Zuckerbäckerstil, Bauhaus und Einflüsse der Schinkelschule aufeinander. Betreut wird die Galerie Central von Stephan Schilgen (Interior Berlin), der die sich ständig wechselnden Gestaltungskonzepte aus seinem riesigen Möbel- und Requisitenfundus KStar Berlin entnimmt. Der in der Galerie Central Berlin stattfindende GFMF Salon No 9 hat nun schon zum zweiten Mal in der Skjerven Group einen Partner gefunden, der nicht nur den historischen und architektonischen Wert des Strausberger Platzes zu würdigen weiß, sondern auch aktiv im Bereich Fotografie großzügig unterstützend wirkt.   Für weitere Informationen wenden Sie sich bitte an Kirsten Landwehr mail@galeriefuermodernefotografie.com English version: Space-saving furniture displays and color-coordinated furnishings arranged inside a Leipzig trade fair hall in the late 1960s provide an impression of the yearning in the GDR for progressive and efficient living spaces. Combinations of cabinets and shelves covering living room walls allow for ample storage in as little space as possible. The furniture modules depicted also function as modular system components, which are combinable in individual and pragmatic ways. Produced by furniture manufacturer Kehr, they form part of the Das Baukasten-Programm [modular program] series. One of the manufacturer’s brochures promotes these versatile living room components in an optimistic and future-oriented fashion: “With the modular program, implementing state-of-the-art production technology from cutting to length to finished product is now possible.” A commitment to progress was also highly valued in GDR home décor. Commercial photographer Ludwig Schirmer captured these furnishings at the Leipzig Furniture Fair with a large-format camera, preserving in the process their austere, linear, and frequently symmetrical arrangements. The ordered compositions of living spaces were livened up with the addition of cheerful, floral, and at times almost psychedelic patterns of living room textiles and wallpapers. In order to convey in the images what living with these arrangements is like, Ludwig Schirmer also brought personal items with him, posing these on tables and sideboards in his views of the furnishings. Thus, in addition to the off-the-shelf products, playful, at times folkloristic items such as a matryoshka doll can be seen, as well as photography books, which Ludwig Schirmer acquired via his close contacts at the Leipzig bookstore Internationales Buch. Ludwig Schirmer’s photographs of the Leipzig Furniture Fair were originally conceived as advertising photographs—for catalogs or brochures. However, the images have since shed their advertising character. From today’s point of view, the documentary value of the images comes to the fore, allowing them to read as a chronological record of a not-so-distant era and its aesthetics. This is what makes Central Berlin on Strausberger Platz such a fitting venue for the Galerie für Moderne Fotografie’s Salon No. 9, which is dedicated to GDR home décor culture and design. Inside Gallery Central on Karl-Marx-Allee, East Berlin’s former grand boulevard, furnishings and perhaps even design classics of the East are on display alongside Ludwig Schirmer’s authentic images. Ludwig Schirmer was born in 1919 in Wenigenehrich near Sondershausen (Thuringia). Following an agricultural and milling apprenticeship, he worked for several years as a miller. In 1949, he bought a Primaflex camera and several years later he appeared in a group portrait of the German Cultural Association in Sondershausen as an amateur photographer. Starting in 1955, Ludwig Schirmer’s photographs were published in magazines and daily newspapers, and, in 1959, he was admitted to the German Federation of Journalists (DJV). In 1961, Schirmer stopping working as a miller and moved with his family to Berlin, where he continued to work successfully as an advertising, portrait, and landscape photographer. Following his death in 2001, Ludwig Schirmer’s daughter Ute Mahler discovered her father’s extensive collection of photographic and documentary works. Together with her husband Werner Mahler, who is also a photographer, Ute Mahler manages her father’s estate. Text Constanze Hager   The Galerie für Moderne Fotografie was founded in 2008 by Kirsten Landwehr and is located on Schröderstraße in Berlin’s Mitte district. The gallery program focuses specifically on the medium of photography and concentrates on presenting internationally established artists as well as discovering young photographic talents. Featuring exhibitions such as the GDR fashion photography of photographer Roger Melis from the 1960s and 70s, the program encompasses not only fashion photography from the past forty years and rare vintage photos, but also presents current works by established contemporary artists such as Camille Vivier, Ingar Krauss, or Albrecht Fuchs. The gallery is also always on the look out for exciting new positions and shows newcomers such as Karoline Klüppel, a former student of Bernard Prinz, and other singular artist personalities working in portraiture and landscape photography. In focusing on fashion photography as well as conceptual positions in current (staged) photography, the gallery and its program seek to convey the diversity of approaches in contemporary photography today. The shows at the gallery’s exhibitions spaces are augmented by regularly programmed presentations of work at the GFMF Salon in various locations around Berlin and abroad.     Central Berlin gallery showcases design classics from the former GDR, augmented with mid-twentieth century furniture from former Czechoslovakia, Poland, Germany, France, Italy, England, the USSR, and the US. The gallery’s location suits the program: Strausberger Platz on Karl-Marx-Allee heading toward Alexanderplatz is a convergence of architectural influences from Soviet “gingerbread style” to the Bauhaus and Schinkel schools. Central Berlin is run by Stephan Schilgen (Interior Berlin), who draws the ever-changing design concepts from KStar Fundus Berlin, his enormous furniture and props warehouse. Central Berlin gallery’s hosting of the GFMF Salon No 9 marks the second partnering with Skjerven Group, which not only recognizes the historical and architectural significance of Strausberger Platz but generously supports the field of photography through its active engagement. For further information, please contact Kirsten Landwehr mail@galeriefuermodernefotografie.com

[mathematicianadda]

Self studying - how to know if i am on the right track?

Hello guys, i am a mathematical physics student in the mid of my second year and currently starting to learn about differential forms, integration on manifolds and functional analysis. prior to that i have studied proof based linear algebra and real analysis up to measure and integration theory.

while looking for books to study from i realized how vast mathematics really is beyond basic topics like real analysis and somehow i have the feeling that i am not grasping the new topics as good as the old ones.

for example, in linear algebra most theorems make sense intuitively when you imagine them in 3 dimensions with subspaces being lines and planes. in integration theory you define integrals as the limit of integrals of simple functions and you can then proof things like fubinis theorem by proofing it for simple functions and extending it to integrable functions by limit theorems etc. most of the time you can see why things are true and what the theorems mean intuitively and they seem like important statements to know about the objects youre dealing with.

now in those courses i felt like i am just studying familiar objects like integrals in greater detail. on the other hand, in functional analysis it seems to me that you just proof how random spaces are related to each other or how integral operators are continuous in different norms. the "applications" of the big theorems in my textbook consist of proofing such things most of the time. while there are sometimes also interesting statements about how you can solve integral oder differential equations using this, i just dont know why i would e.g. need to separate convex sets by continuous functionals.

i think differential forms make kinda sense to me after i read terence taos pdf and some things people wrote on stackexchange. still, learning about the lemma of poincare yesterday, i have no idea why it is true neither how one would come up with the idea to proof it or why it is related to the space being contractible or why the constructed form is the "antiderivative" (my book used a pullback from the space X to XxI using the projection to X and defined an integral form on XxI by just integrating the termins involving dt).

as i try to look up why this is true i find explanations on stackexchange involving things that seem very advanced to me at that point, like cohomology groups and cannot really follow them without getting lost in a rabbit hole of looking up definitions. most of the time i give up because it would just take too long. this feels wrong, because the authors of my books usually tell the reader that the books are written for self study and i have to move on without really having the feeling that i grasped the theorems. the book which covers differential forms for example, is the last book of a 3 book analysis series which starts from the basics like set theory and i read all the previous books and chapters, so i should get the theorems without looking up things from other sources for hours right?

often, authors hint to further topics and to me they all seem important to understand the material well, like category theory to understand de rham cohomology, yet i feel like i cant learn about all of them during my degree. when i look up how to get into category theory, i hear that i first have to read a book about algebra (which would take me like 3+ months probably, maybe more if im doing regular coursework parallel to it) and then about category theory (another 3 months), then maybe about topology and only then i can get started with a book about how those tools are used in manifold theory. so it would roughly take over a year TO GET THE BASICS. namely of one field (differential geometry). or do i just mistake pretty advanced stuff for "basic"?

or is it really supposed to take so long to undestand something well? this would mean that i could only reasonably learn about one field during my degree. but the description of the graduate level courses at my university states that prerequisites from many different fields are needed, mainly differential geometry, functional analysis, partial and ordinary differential equations and complex analysis. this is bothering me, because how could i possibly pick all of that up when i already need 1 year to learn the basics about the first field? am i just confusing the "basics" with pretty advanced topics? i cannot really tell how important things are and what i should know yet and what can wait until later.

so my questions are:

is it normal to move on in books without having the feeling of really understanding things well? do i just have to be patient and go on and eventually as i learn more about a topic and read more than one book about it i will slowly understand it more intuitively?

do you think i should ignore that feeling and things will suddenly clarify during a second read? or should i rather focus on getting intuition on the constructions etc as far as i can before moving on?

are these hints to further topics like category really intended for the average student, or are they aimed to people possibly specializing in this field later?

or should i consider to study different topics which are easier for me, like statistics oder progamming?

tldr; i am self studying and dont really know how to tell wether im doing good. solving exercises doesnt mean i understand the theorems intuitively, it just tells me that i can do computations. sometimes i have the feeling that im only progressing very slowly because there is so much (essential) math to learn. how much math does the average graduate/masters student know and how long should it take to pick that knowledge up? for example i consider the areas of differential geometry of curves and surfaces, integration of on manifolds, functional analysis, complex analysis and ordinary and partial differential equations to be something i should know at least at the level of an 300 page introductory textbook before applying to a masters, is that true? graduate course descriptions and the amout of classes some fellow students take make me think this is true.

i am sorry for the long post, but as i am self studying i do not really have anyone else to ask or any other way to know if i am doing good or i need to improve my study habits/the way i approach math.

thanks for reading this and (maybe) helping me!

submitted by /u/yellowclown [link] [comments] from math https://ift.tt/2ufuW8G from Blogger https://ift.tt/3baLmj9

[actnoweco]

Auf der Jagd nach den Wirbeln – Die #MOSESeddyhunt startet / The #MOSESeddyhunt starts

(English version below) Langsam wird es spannend. Forscherinnen und Forscher aus Kiel, Geesthacht, Kaiserslautern, Bremen, Aachen sowie von den kapverdischen Inseln legen derzeit im tropischen Nordostatlantik ihre Daten-Netze aus. Netze, in denen sie einen Eddy fangen wollen. Am besten sogar mehrere.

Eddy? Wer – oder was – ist das eigentlich? Also, bevor wir die Jagd genauer beschreiben, ist es vielleicht angebracht, diesen geheimnisvollen Eddy kurz vorzustellen.

Es handelt sich dabei um die englische Bezeichnung von Wirbeln in Meeren und Ozeanen. Sie können, je nachdem wo und wie sie entstehen, Größen von wenigen hundert Metern bis zu mehreren hundert Kilometern erreichen. Je mehr sich die Forschung mit diesen Wirbeln beschäftigt, desto mehr erkennt sie, dass Eddies eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verteilung von Energie, Sauerstoff oder auch Nährstoffen im Ozean haben.

Ein Beispiel: Früher hat man sich die großen Ozeanströmungen (z.B. den Golfstrom) als durchgehende Bänder vorgestellt. Heute wissen wir dank zahlreicher Messdaten und Satelllitenbeobachtungen, dass die Strömungen in Wahrheit eine ziemlich verwirbelte Angelegenheit sind. Ähnlich ist das übrigens, wenn man mal mit der Hand durch das Wasser in der Badewanne eine Linie zieht – auch dort bilden sich an den Rändern kleine Verwirbelungen.

Doch es gibt noch andere Arten von Eddies im Ozean. So bilden sich zum Beispiel an der Westküste Afrikas aufgrund des Zusammenspiels von Winden, Strömungen und der Küstentopographie Wirbel von bis zu 100 Kilometern Durchmesser, die von der Küste aus monatelang über den Atlantik nach Westen wandern können. 2010 konnten wir an einer Langzeitbeobachtungsstation nördlich der kapverdischen Inseln, dem Cape Verde Ocean Observatory (CVOO), erstmals nachweisen, dass solch ein Wirbel in seinem Inneren nahezu sauerstofffrei war. Damals war es allerdings reiner Zufall, dass der Wirbel genau das CVOO passierte. Das zeigt schon das Problem bei der Untersuchung dieser Wirbel. Sie sind räumlich begrenzt und beweglich. Einige von ihnen lösen sich nach einiger Zeit auch einfach wieder auf. Wenn wir uns also nicht auf Glück und Zufall verlassen wollen, müssen wir die Untersuchung eines solchen Wirbels gut vorbereiten.

Im Jahr 2014 ist es uns in einer internationalen Kooperation unter Leitung des Kieler Exzellenzclusters „Future Ocean“ und des GEOMAR erstmals gelungen, einen dieser exotischen, nahezu sauerstofffreien Wirbel im Atlantik gezielt und detailliert zu beproben. Bei der Auswertung der Daten konnten wir Prozesse nachweisen, die im Atlantik so bisher nicht bekannt waren. Dazu gehört zum Beispiel die natürliche Produktion erheblicher Mengen von Treibhausgasen im Meer aufgrund besonderer biochemischer Prozesse in den sauerstofffarmen Zonen.

Doch noch sind lange nicht alle Fragen zur Rolle und Funktionsweise von Wirbeln allgemein, und den sauerstofffreien Wirbeln im Atlantik im Besonderen, beantwortet. Deshalb haben wir uns wieder mit Kolleginnen und Kollegen der Universität Kiel zusammengetan, und noch weitere Institute an Bord geholt, um 2019 erneut mehrere dieser Eddies mit dem Forschungsschiff METEOR genau zu untersuchen. Dieses Mal sind zum Beispiel Kolleginnen und Kollegen des Helmholtz-Zentrums Geesthacht dabei. Sie führen ähnliche Untersuchungen an kleineren küstennahen Wirbeln durch. Bei der Expedition Uhrwerk Ozean im Sommer 2016 haben die Küstenforscher derartige kurzlebige Wirbel sozusagen von der Geburt bis zum Zerfall beobachtet und vermessen. Die FH Aachen wird die Wirbeljagd mit ihrem Forschungsmotorsegelflugzeug Stemme S-10 VTX unterstützen. An Bord der METEOR sind außerdem Kolleginnen und Kollegen des Marum aus Bremen und der TU Kaiserslautern.

Start der Schiffsexpedition M160 ist der 23. November. Damit wir dann nicht unnötig Zeit mit der Suche nach geeigneten Wirbeln verlieren, werten wir schon seit Wochen Satellitenbilder aus, um Kandidaten auszumachen. Ein ganzer Schwarm autonomer Geräte ist inzwischen unterwegs im Untersuchungsgebiet, um diese Eddies vorab auf Herz und Nieren – pardon: auf Wassertemperatur, Salzgehalt und Sauerstoffkonzentration ‒ zu prüfen. Das ist das (Mess-)Netz, das wir aktuell ausgelegen, um ab 23. November per Schiff und Flugzeug das System der Wirbel und ihre Auswirkungen auf den Atlantik gezielt vermessen zu können. Finanziert wird das Projekt übrigens vom MOSES-Programm der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft und vom Projekt REEBUS, das das Bundesforschungsministerium finanziert.

Wer diese Eddy-Jagd mitverfolgen möchte, kann dies online auf diesem Blog, auf Twitter, Facebook oder Instagram unter dem Hashtag #MOSESeddyhunt tun. Das Netz der autonomen Messgeräte, die jetzt schon unterwegs sind, könnt Ihr unter https://navigator.geomar.de live verfolgen.

Viele Grüße,

Dr. Björn Fiedler / Prof. Dr Arne Körtzinger

Arbeiten am CVOO, einem Meeresobservatorium nördlich der kapverdischen Inseln. / Working on the CVOO, a marine observatory north of the Cape Verde Islands. Photo: Toste Tanhu/GEOMAR

Die Grafik zeigt einen Schnitt durch einen am CVOO beobachteten Wirbel (Eddy). Die unterschiedlichen Farben geben den Salzgehalt des Wassers an. Da das Wasser im Inneren des Wirbels von der afrikanischen Küste stammt, ist es deutlich weniger salzhaltig als das umgebende Ozeanwasser. Die Zone mit extrem geringem Sauerstoffgehalt (“dead-zone”) entwickelt sich im Zentrum des Eddys in etwa 20 bis 100 Metern Wassertiefe / his plot shows a salinity section of the upper 350 metres of sea water observed across an eddy passing through the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory mooring. As the water in the eddy originates from the African Coast it is much lower in salinity than the surrounding water. Graphic: J. Karstensen, GEOMAR

Ein ozeanographischer Gleiter wird am Ocean Science Centre Mindelo auf die Jagd nach den Wirbeln vorbereitet / At the Ocean Science Centre Mindelo an oceanographic glider is being prepared for the eddy hunt. Photo: Mario Müller /GEOMAR

Mit einem kapverdischen Fischerboot wurden die Gleiter ausgesetzt / With a Cape Verdean fishing vessel the gliders were launched. Photo: Mario Müller/GEOMAR

Auch ein Waveglider, eine autonome, von der Wellenbewegung angetriebene Sensorplattform, kommt bei der Wirbeljagd zum Einsatz / A waveglider, an autonomous sensor platform driven by the wave movement, is also used for the eddy hunt. Photo: Mario Müller/GEOMAR

Im GEOMAR Navigator kann man die Kurse und Aktionen der autonomen Geräte live verfolgen / In the GEOMAR Navigator you can follow the courses and actions of the autonomous devices live.

The #MOSESeddyhunt starts

It’s getting exciting. Researchers from Kiel, Geesthacht, Kaiserslautern, Bremen, Aachen and the Cape Verde Islands are currently laying out their data nets in the tropical north-east Atlantic. Nets in which they want to catch eddies.

The size of eddies in the ocean can range from a few hundred metres to several hundred kilometres. The closer research is looking at the role of eddies in the ocean, the more we realize that this role is fundamental. One example: In the past, the large ocean currents (e.g. the Gulf Stream) were seen as continuous bands. Today, thanks to numerous measurements and satellite observations, we know that the currents are in fact quite turbulent. It is similar, by the way, if you draw a line with your hand through the water in the bathtub – also there, small turbulences form at the edges.

But not only the large currents form eddies. On the west coast of Africa, for example, winds, currents and coastal topography create eddies up to 100 kilometres in diameter, which can propagate from the coast to the west across the Atlantic for months. In 2010, a long-term observatory north of the Cape Verde Islands, the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory (CVOO), provided the first evidence that the interior of such an eddy was almost oxygen free. However, we owe this discovery to pure luck . It was pure coincidence that the eddy passed exactly the CVOO.

This fact shows the challenge if you want to do research about ocean eddies. They are spatially limited and mobile. Some of them simply dissolve after some time. So if we don’t want to rely on luck and chance, we have to get well prepared if we want to study them in a systematic way.

In 2014, in an international cooperation led by the Kiel cluster of excellence “Future Ocean” and GEOMAR, we succeeded for the first time in sampling such an exotic, almost oxygen-free eddy in the Atlantic in a targeted and detailed manner. By evaluating the data, we were able to identify processes that were previously unknown in the Atlantic. This includes, for example, the natural production of considerable amounts of greenhouse gases due to special biochemical processes in the oxygen-depleted zones.

But not all questions about the role and function of eddies in general, and the oxygen-free examples in the Atlantic in particular, are answered yet. For this reason, we have again joined forces with colleagues from the Kiel University and other institutes in order to study several of these eddies again in detail with the research vessel METEOR in 2019. This time colleagues from the Helmholtz Centre Geesthacht are part of the team. They are carrying out similar investigations on smaller coastal eddies. During the Clockwork Ocean Expedition in the summer of 2016, coastal researchers observed and measured such short-lived eddies from birth to decay. The University of Applied Science (FH) Aachen will support the eddy hunt with its research motor glider Stemme S-10 VTX. Colleagues from the Marum Bremen and the University of Kaiserslautern will also be on board the RV METEOR.

Start of the ship expedition M160 is on 23 November. In order not to waste time searching for suitable eddies with the ship, we have been evaluating satellite images for weeks to identify candidates. A whole swarm of autonomous devices is now on their way to have a closer look at these candidates before the actual expedition begins. This is the measurement net that we are currently setting up. The project is financed by the MOSES programme of the Helmholtz Association and the REEBUS project, which is financed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

If you would like to follow this Eddy hunt, you can do so online on this blog, on Twitter, Facebook or Instagram under the hashtag #MOSESeddyhunt. You can follow the network of autonomous measuring instruments, which are already on their way, live at https://navigator.geomar.de .

Yours,

Dr Björn Fiedler / Prof. Dr. Arne Kötzinger

source http://www.oceanblogs.org/capeverde/2019/11/15/auf-der-jagd-nach-den-wirbeln-die-moseseddyhunt-startet-the-moseseddyhunt-starts/