#phd dissertation

[regulusrules]

To AJ Barner who wrote an entire PhD dissertation about fanfiction:

if you are here on tumblr, please i just want to talk (AND YOUR AO3 ACCOUNT)

From: "I Opened a Book and in I Strode": Fanfiction and Imaginative Reading

Edit: check the reblogs to see the series of me trying to find the fic

[phdthesisworld]

The Benefits of Using PhD Dissertation Editing Services for Grammar and Syntax

Completing a PhD dissertation is an extraordinary academic achievement, representing years of diligent research, analysis, and writing. However, the writing process does not end once you have finished drafting your chapters. The quality of your language, grammar, and syntax plays a crucial role in how effectively your research is communicated. No matter how strong the content of your dissertation may be, errors in grammar and syntax can undermine the clarity and professionalism of your work, potentially affecting your academic standing.

For doctoral candidates in India and around the world, PhD Thesis World offers comprehensive dissertation editing services designed to address these issues and ensure that your work meets the highest linguistic and academic standards. In this article, we will explore the benefits of using professional dissertation editing services to improve your grammar and syntax.

1. Enhancing Precision in Language

One of the main challenges doctoral candidates face is the complexity of the language used in a dissertation. A dissertation is not simply about presenting your research findings; it involves the precise and accurate communication of complex ideas. Any mistake in grammar or syntax can distort your message, leading to confusion or misinterpretation of your research.

How Editing Services Help: Professional editors possess a keen eye for spotting grammatical errors, punctuation mistakes, and inconsistencies in sentence structure. They review your dissertation meticulously to ensure that every sentence conveys your ideas clearly and correctly. They focus on aspects such as subject-verb agreement, proper tense usage, sentence fragments, and correct punctuation. By ensuring your language is accurate, PhD Dissertation Editing Services help make your dissertation easier to read and understand, enhancing the overall quality of your work.

2. Improving Readability 

Even if your research is thorough, a poorly constructed sentence can make it difficult for readers to follow your arguments. Long, convoluted sentences, awkward phrasing, or improper use of punctuation can make your dissertation challenging to read. This is particularly problematic when presenting complex theories, detailed data, or intricate arguments, where clarity is essential.

How Editing Services Help: Editing services focus on enhancing the readability and flow of your dissertation. They identify areas where sentences are overly complex or unclear and rework them to improve flow. By breaking up long sentences into more digestible parts or restructuring awkwardly phrased passages, professional editors help your dissertation become more readable. This improves the overall flow, making it easier for the reader to engage with your research and arguments.

Editors also focus on enhancing coherence across paragraphs and sections. They ensure that ideas are logically connected and that transitions between thoughts are smooth, which is crucial for maintaining the flow of the dissertation. This leads to a more polished and cohesive final draft.

3. Consistency 

PhD dissertations must be written in a formal, academic tone, and the language should maintain a consistent style throughout. Inconsistent use of formal language, casual phrasing, or varying levels of complexity can detract from the professionalism of your dissertation. This inconsistency can also confuse the reader and distract from the central message of your research.

How Editing Services Help: Professional editors ensure that your dissertation maintains a consistent tone and style from start to finish. They identify inconsistencies in word choice, phrasing, or sentence structure and make necessary revisions. Whether you are using overly complex language or switching between formal and informal tones, editing services will help standardize the language, ensuring that it adheres to the expectations of academic writing.

In addition, editors ensure that your use of terminology remains consistent throughout your dissertation. This is especially important when dealing with specialized subjects or technical jargon, as misused or inconsistent terminology can undermine the clarity of your research.

4. Addressing Mistakes

As you work on your dissertation, it's easy to overlook common grammatical errors due to the sheer volume of content you are writing. Even the most experienced writers can miss basic mistakes like missing commas, subject-verb disagreements, or misplaced modifiers. These errors, though seemingly minor, can disrupt the flow of your writing and impact the overall readability of your dissertation.

How Editing Services Help: PhD Dissertation Editing Services focus on catching even the smallest grammatical mistakes that could affect the integrity of your dissertation. Editors have an extensive understanding of grammar rules and can quickly spot errors that may be easy to overlook. They focus on issues like:

Tense consistency: Ensuring that your use of past, present, and future tenses is consistent throughout the dissertation.

Sentence fragments and run-ons: Breaking up incomplete sentences and fixing overly long, rambling ones.

Pronoun agreement: Making sure that pronouns agree with their antecedents in both number and gender.

Word choice and spelling: Correcting any spelling mistakes, typos, or misuse of words that could lead to confusion.

By addressing these errors, editing services help you present a polished, error-free dissertation that meets academic standards.

5. Improving Sentence Structure

PhD dissertation writing often involves presenting complex ideas and arguments. While these ideas may be solid, they can become difficult to follow if the sentence structure is poor. Sentences that are too long, unclear, or awkwardly constructed can make it hard for the reader to understand your points.

How Editing Services Help: Professional editors rework sentences to improve their structure and clarity. They identify areas where sentences are overly complex or confusing and break them down into simpler, clearer constructions. Editors ensure that your sentences are not only grammatically correct but also precise and easy to follow. By refining your sentence structure, editing services enhance the clarity of your ideas, allowing you to convey your research in the most effective way possible.

6. Making Accessible to a Wider Audience

PhD dissertations are not only read by experts in your field but may also be accessible to a wider academic audience. A dissertation that contains numerous grammar and syntax errors can be a barrier for readers who are not specialists in your subject. Clear, error-free writing ensures that your research is accessible to those with varying levels of expertise in your discipline.

How Editing Services Help: By improving your grammar and syntax, editing services help make your dissertation more accessible to a broader audience. They ensure that your ideas are presented clearly and in a manner that can be understood by scholars from diverse fields. This enhances the academic reach of your work and ensures that your research can be appreciated by a wider group of readers.

7. Meeting University Guidelines 

Most universities have strict guidelines regarding the quality of academic writing and language proficiency. Submitting a dissertation with grammatical errors, awkward phrasing, or inconsistent syntax may result in a rejection or request for revisions. In some cases, these issues could delay your graduation.

How Editing Services Help: Editing services ensure that your dissertation meets the specific language and grammar standards required by your university. They review your work to ensure it complies with the formatting, style, and linguistic guidelines set by your institution. This helps you avoid unnecessary delays and ensures that your dissertation is ready for submission on time.

The Last Words

The grammar and syntax of your PhD dissertation play a critical role in communicating your research effectively and professionally. While the content and depth of your research are essential, the clarity, accuracy, and readability of your language are equally important. PhD Thesis World offers expert dissertation editing services that focus on enhancing your grammar, improving sentence structure, and ensuring consistency throughout your dissertation. By working with professional editors, you can be confident that your dissertation will not only be free of errors but will also present your research in the most polished and academically rigorous manner possible. This will greatly improve your chances of success and contribute to a more impactful dissertation overall.

[official-linguistics-post]

on reconstruction and historical linguistics

to follow up on today's reblog, i want to comment briefly on the apparent misapprehension that linguistic reconstruction is just guesswork with a fancy name, because that's not accurate!

reconstruction is based on specific, well-attested constraints of linguistic development. we know from centuries of investigation that languages tend to change in predictable ways. we also have a decent understanding of the complexities introduced by phenomena like language contact, which can result in borrowing on multiple structural levels. our methods are well established and borne out by evidence.

comparative reconstruction involves applying these known constraints ("rules") in reverse on a collected body of words in related descendant languages. when possible, we also incorporate historical written evidence, which often provides midpoint references for changes in progress. it is always recognized by historical linguists that reconstruction can be imperfect; we cannot know what information has been lost.

the results of reconstruction can be mixed, but i'll let campbell (2013:144) explain:

How Realistic are Reconstructed Proto-languages? The success of any given reconstruction depends on the material at hand to work with and the ability of the comparative linguist to figure out what happened in the history of the languages being compared. In cases where the daughter languages preserve clear evidence of what the parent language had, a reconstruction can be very successful, matching closely the actual spoken ancestral language from which the compared daughters descend. However, there are many cases in which all the daughters lose or merge formerly contrasting sounds or eliminate earlier alternations through analogy, or lose morphological categories due to changes of various sorts. We cannot recover things about the proto-language via the comparative method if the daughters simply do not preserve evidence of them. In cases where the evidence is severely limited or unclear, we often make mistakes. We make the best inferences we can based on the evidence available and on everything we know about the nature of human languages and linguistic change. We do the best we can with what we have to work with. Often the results are very good; sometimes they are less complete. In general, the longer in the past the proto-language split up, the more linguistic changes will have accumulated and the more difficult it becomes to reconstruct with full success. (emphasis mine)

or, to quote labov's (1982:20) pithier if less optimistic approach:

Historical linguistics may be characterized as the art of making the best use of bad data, in the sense that the fragments of the literary record that remain are the results of historical accidents beyond the control of the investigator.

in sum, historical linguists are very realistic about what we can achieve, but the confidence we do have is genuinely well earned, because linguistics is a scientific field and we treat our investigations with rigor.

---

Campbell, Lyle. 2013. Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Labov, William. 1982. "Building on Empirical Foundations." In Perspectives on Historical Linguistics. Winifred P. Lehmann and Yakov Malkiel, eds. Pp. 17-92. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

[fatehbaz]

weekly navel-gazing update: this week is most consequential event in long time. keyword search: "scared" "is it ok to be scared" "beaten and tortured by the ogre"

[penandpaper-love]

July 11th, 2024

It's hard to focus, especially as I have an allergic reaction in my eyes... However, the end is near. Two days left!

[therepublicofletters]

What you think archival research will be: immediate amazing discoveries about exactly what you’re working on

What archival research actually is: well now I want to know about all of the socks that the Archbishop of Florence sent to the Pope in 1512.

[jemiswumbo]

works in progress:

twitch streamer!luke x reader

- luke is a gamer that streams on twitch with his friends (percy, annabeth, etc etc). they don’t know he has a girlfriend as she wants to remain out of the public eye. during one stream luke acts a little off, making his friends and his chat suspicious (18+)

UPDATE: this is now complete! you can read it here

hockey player!luke x reader

these NHL playoffs got me feeling some type of way (go oilers go)

luke and reader go on a quest

reader’s godly parent sends her on a quest during the lightning thief. she takes luke with her (much to his dismay due to his previously failed quest And bc he’s already stolen the master bolt). fluff and angst and adventure and also maybe 18+ !!!!

[shitacademicswrite]

[mearcatsreturns]

I have a bookstagram, and I recently followed someone because they posted about the overconsumption issue that most bookish social media seems to have. Today, though, they posted another controversial "opinion": that listening to audiobooks isn't reading, and people who claim to have read a bunch of books that they listened to as audiobooks are lying and/or deluded. Listening to audiobooks, she said, is just consuming books.

I disagreed in a fairly politely worded reply, and I intend to unfollow/block, because I find it unlikely this person will change their mind, especially since I'm far from the only person to point out that this is exclusionary and ableist. But this is tumblr/my house, and now I'm going to be as blunt as I want to be.

I'm a librarian and archivist. So much of the work I and others in my field do focuses on making books and reading more accessible and less exclusionary. It is, in fact, incredibly ableist to negate how important audiobooks are for people who have certain disabilities or challenges, and I would in no universe say they aren’t reading. For that matter, a busy person who only has time for audiobooks and for people who just prefer them--it still counts, as far as I'm concerned.

See, there's a difference between an audiobook and a podcast or long song or radio program. An audiobook is still a book--it was written with a particular narrative structure, and the author plays a defined but limited role (once the book is written, it's written; the author isn't tuning in next episode with comments and corrections based on what listeners said). An audiobook is a book, ergo, listening to one is reading. Using braille is reading, and listening to audiobooks is reading.

The part that has me in full Captain Raymond Holt "apparently that is a trigger for me" mode is that this bookstagrammer called listening to audiobooks consumption. In the context of her other posts about overconsumption as an issue in the bookish community (again, agree, but also...mind your own business), this seems particularly insidious to me. Conflating influencer-driven (and capitalist hellscape) consumption with listening to an audiobook (again, a massive boon for the visually impaired and those with disabilities like ADHD, dyslexia, etc.) is rude at best and dangerously exclusionary at worst. Stop letting comparison be the thief of joy; mind your own business and stop looking at the pages that bother you. Focus on the kindness of leaning towards inclusion, meeting people where they are, and leaving judgment behind.*

*This person also said "feel free to comment if you disagree but please don't be mean or judgmental," as if they hadn't just posted the most ableist and judgmental sludge I've seen today.

tl;dr: don’t be a gatekeeping shithead, mind your own business, and

(gif by matalyn on tenor, couldn't find on tumblr)

[saintcirce]

Please do a whole post about phd applications, funding applications, fellowships, TAships etc. Would love your take on it. Thanks

I'm chronically horrible at responding to asks, so this is coming later than you probably expected!

For context, I'm now a second year PhD art history student about to take her doctoral (comprehensive) exams in April. I applied for PhD programs during the last semester of my master's program, which was a terminal degree through a different university than the one I currently attend.

I applied to two PhD programs in the United States and two in the United Kingdom: the processes are different, particularly when it comes to funding. The former will automatically consider you for funding and it's expected, at least in the humanities, that they will grant you tuition remission and a stipend for at least four years (potentially more, depending on your particular program). It's also possible to win additional fellowships, either through your university or a third party. For example, I have departmental funding (ie. a stipend that I receive for being a Graduate Assistant) and an outside fellowship from my university's Graduate School. My department applied for that fellowship on my behalf before I even enrolled. The other American university to which I applied also offered me tuition remission and a stipend, but it was less than the university I currently attend.

Two general notes about funding in the United States: (1) it often changes to account for rising cost of living but that does not necessarily mean you will be making a living wage, and (2) it often changes depending on whether your school has a Union. Graduate workers at my university are currently working to unionize, which would not only guarantee a living wage for union members but also offer protections for international students and student parents. There are a lot of benefits but the TLDR for funding is that unionizing often means the difference between $28,000 and $45,000 yearly stipend (see this article from the Boston Herald about BU's graduate student union). Graduate Assistants are often not allowed to hold a second job outside of the university and it's also difficult to do so when you are (a) working, (b) completing coursework, and (c) independently researching. My museum fellowship, which I'm due to begin in a couple days, jeopardized my funding status and I had to fight my university for them not to take away my fellowship. It ultimately worked out because I had my department chair's support but not all students are similarly supported—and not all departments are willing to advocate for their students.

Pivoting to UK schools: the TLDR is that they offer very little funding for international students and the funding that is available, either through the institutions themselves or outside organizations, is often not enough to cover the cost of living. Tuition is largely cheaper than in America but the difference was not significant enough for it to factor into my decision. If you're interested in more detail, I'd recommend reaching out to @therepublicofletters who actually attends a UK institution. She can also tell you more about how their programs are structured. Unlike American PhD programs—which involve at least two years of coursework, doctoral exams, and graduate assistantships before defending your prospectus and beginning dissertation research—UK programs ask you to apply with a prospectus that you will use as the basis for dissertation research that you begin immediately upon entry. The difference is that American programs typically take 5-7 years to complete whereas UK ones are only 3-4 years. While this may seem convenient in the short term, I was advised that American institutions (museums, universities, etc) often prefer PhDs from American institutions because of the extra work completed.

Setting aside this technical information, I chose the four programs to which I applied based on vibes. I had a master list of schools and advisors and I contacted each one to see if we fit in terms of academic interests and personalities. I did not want to work with an advisor I didn't like and who didn't like me—or who had so many students that they had no time for me. Aside from speaking with them personally, I also reached out to their current advisees: students will often give you a more honest perspective on faculty and the department as a whole. I would almost lend more weight to what the students say than any of the professors because they are and/or will be your peers. They are also the people who will give you the most honest information about how professors and the department view students of color, women, queer students, etc. Art history and the humanities are fairly white, straight, and male dominated, so it's important to get a read on how non-normative (for lack of a better collective term) individuals are treated. I used this information to narrow down my master list to four schools, each of which I would be happy to attend. Whether I was admitted to one or to all four, I would have a place to go where I would be content and able to find community.

This is a personal note but something to consider when it comes to advisors is gender. That should not be a determining factor but I realized after committing to my current school that this is the first time I've worked with a male advisor. I love him dearly and he is one of the most encouraging scholars I have met but there have been occasions where there is a disconnect based on life experience. That said, I know many people who have had no issues at all!

Throughout this whole process, the name value of the schools was functionally irrelevant. In my experience—and that of the numerous individuals who advised me during the application process—your advisor is far more important than your school. While this will necessarily vary by discipline, you want to work with someone who has connections and/or knows how to network. For example, an older scholar will likely know everyone and their mother whereas a younger scholar will know fewer people but likely be more present at conferences, etc.

In the end, what matters most is your happiness and stability. Will you like working with your chosen advisor? Will you like taking classes in other disciplines within your department? Will you be able to make friends and/or have civil relationships with other graduate students (ie. will people steal books you need because they know you need them, like at Columbia)? Can you afford to live in whatever city in which you school is located? Are they paying you a living wage and/or offering you alternate opportunities to apply for funding?

I chose my school based on the graduate community, my advisors (I now have two), and the funding package. There have been incidental issues that I could not have anticipated, but on the whole, I do not regret my decision because I prioritized my happiness when I was applying and did not make decisions based on what I thought other people would want. This is a huge commitment and you need to be self-motivated, to rely on your love of the subject, to make it through the hard times.

My last bit of advice, which I received from my undergraduate advisor: don't go into debt for art history! If a program isn't paying you and/or isn't paying you enough, then they're not worth your time. Know your worth and ask for what you deserve, never be afraid to negotiate funding.

Let me know if y'all have any other questions! This was a long one but I hope it was helpful.

[thevintagetheologian]

Still proofreading…

[phdthesisworld]

Common Pitfalls in PhD Dissertations and How Editing Services Can Help Avoid Them

Completing a PhD dissertation is the culmination of years of research, critical thinking, and intellectual rigor. However, even the most well-researched dissertation can suffer from a number of pitfalls that undermine its quality and clarity. These issues often arise in the final stages of writing when the pressure to meet deadlines and the fatigue from the lengthy process can cloud judgment. This is where professional editing services, such as those offered by PhD Thesis World, can be invaluable in helping you avoid common mistakes and ensure your dissertation meets the highest academic standards.

In this article, we’ll explore some of the most common pitfalls in PhD dissertations and how editing services can help you steer clear of them, improving the overall quality of your work.

1. Lack of Clear Structure

One of the most frequent issues in PhD dissertations is a lack of clear structure. A dissertation is a complex document with multiple chapters, sections, and subsections, and it needs to be well-organized for the reader to easily follow the flow of ideas. Without a logical structure, your arguments can become disjointed, and your research may lose its impact.

How Editing Services Can Help: Professional editors are adept at identifying organizational issues and can suggest improvements to your structure. They can help reorganize sections, refine chapter transitions, and ensure that each chapter serves a specific purpose in supporting your overall thesis. Editors can also help you clarify your introduction and conclusion, ensuring that they align with the rest of your dissertation. This makes your document more coherent, ensuring that your ideas flow logically from one section to the next.

2. Inconsistency in Writing Style and Tone

Academic writing requires a formal, clear, and consistent style. One common mistake is the inconsistent use of tone or writing style throughout the dissertation. You might switch between passive and active voice, use informal language in some parts, or have a mix of writing styles that disrupt the overall flow of the document. This can detract from the professionalism of your dissertation and make it harder for readers to focus on the research itself.

How Editing Services Can Help: Professional editors specialize in maintaining a consistent writing style throughout your dissertation. They will ensure that your language is formal, consistent, and appropriate for academic writing. Editors will help you choose the correct voice (active vs. passive) and make sure that the tone remains professional and consistent across all sections. This attention to detail improves the overall readability and credibility of your dissertation.

3. More Complex Language

PhD dissertations are often filled with technical terms and complex ideas, but excessive use of jargon can alienate readers or make your work difficult to understand. It’s easy to fall into the trap of overloading your dissertation with technical language, especially if you're deeply immersed in your field. While technical language is sometimes necessary, overuse can create confusion and prevent the reader from fully engaging with your research.

How Editing Services Can Help: A professional editor can help ensure that your dissertation strikes the right balance between technical language and clarity. Editors can help simplify overly complex sentences and remove unnecessary jargon without compromising the depth of your research. They can also identify areas where you can provide clearer explanations or examples to make complex concepts more accessible to a wider audience. This makes your dissertation more approachable and increases its overall impact.

4. Poor Grammar and Syntax

Grammatical errors, awkward sentence structures, and typos are common pitfalls in dissertations. After working on a long document for an extended period, it’s easy to overlook small mistakes, which can detract from the professionalism of your work. Even minor errors in grammar or syntax can undermine the clarity and credibility of your dissertation.

How Editing Services Can Help: Professional PhD Dissertation Editing Services can catch these small but important mistakes, ensuring that your dissertation is grammatically sound. Editors will go through your dissertation with a fine-tooth comb, correcting punctuation, sentence structure, and grammar. They can also suggest improvements in clarity by adjusting word choice, improving flow, and refining awkward phrasing. This attention to detail enhances the overall quality of your writing and ensures that your ideas are conveyed clearly and correctly.

5. Inadequate Proofreading

A PhD dissertation requires accurate citations and references to demonstrate the foundation of your research. Common errors in this area include improper citation formats, missing references, or inconsistencies in how sources are cited throughout the document. Failure to properly proofread and format references can lead to significant issues, as even minor mistakes in citation can be flagged by your committee.

How Editing Services Can Help: Professional editors are well-versed in citation styles (such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and others) and can ensure that your references are correctly formatted. They can check that all your sources are properly cited both in the body of the text and in the bibliography or reference list. Editors can also ensure that citations are consistent throughout your dissertation, reducing the risk of mistakes that could undermine the scholarly credibility of your work.

6. Presentation of Unfocused Arguments

Another common pitfall in PhD dissertations is the presentation of arguments that are either too complex or not clearly focused. It's easy to get lost in the details of your research and fail to keep the broader argument in view. When arguments are overly complicated or not clearly articulated, readers may struggle to follow your main points, which weakens the overall impact of your dissertation.

How Editing Services Can Help: Editors can help you refine and focus your arguments, ensuring that they are clearly defined and well-supported by evidence. They can help you eliminate tangents or sections that distract from your main thesis, ensuring that every part of your dissertation directly contributes to the overarching argument. By helping you clarify your research findings and arguments, professional editors ensure that your dissertation is not only academically rigorous but also engaging and easy to follow.

7. Improper Introduction and Conclusion

The introduction and conclusion of your dissertation are arguably the most important sections. The introduction should set up the context for your research and clearly state your research question, while the conclusion should summarize your findings and discuss their implications. These sections must be clear, concise, and well-written to leave a lasting impression on your committee.

How Editing Services Can Help: Editors can ensure that your introduction clearly outlines the scope of your research, while the conclusion effectively summarizes your findings and suggests avenues for future research. They can help you avoid vague language and ensure that these sections are focused, impactful, and aligned with the rest of your dissertation.

8. Failure to Meet Formatting Guidelines

Formatting guidelines are often strict and detailed, varying from one institution to another. If your dissertation fails to meet these guidelines, it may be rejected or require significant revisions. These guidelines often cover page numbers, font sizes, margins, citation style, and more.

How Editing Services Can Help: PhD Dissertation Editing Services ensure that your dissertation meets all formatting requirements, whether it's aligning your references with a specific citation style or adjusting the layout to meet institutional guidelines. By having a professional editor handle the formatting, you can avoid the stress of having to check every detail yourself and focus on refining your content.

Final Words

Completing a PhD dissertation is a monumental achievement, but even the best research can be hindered by common pitfalls. By working with professional editing services like those offered by PhD Thesis World, you can avoid these common mistakes and ensure that your dissertation is polished, clear, and impactful. From improving structure and clarity to ensuring proper grammar, citation, and formatting, professional editors play a critical role in helping you produce a dissertation that meets the highest academic standards and makes a lasting impression on your committee.

[sword-wielding-sapphic]

I just need to inform you nerds about absolute madlad academic Joseph Brennan

most notably, he wrote a paper about a queer reading of Mordred in BBC Merlin which heavily cites his own (poorly photoshopped) pornographic slash manips

but he also edited a whole book about queerbaiting, including chapters about: Supernatural, Xena Warrior Princess, One Direction RPF, Supergirl, and the fucking Johnlock Conspiracy

all the rest of his work is about gay porn

I fucking love academia

[penandpaper-love]

June 25th, 2024

Yesterday I made some progress with my preparations for the exam. I still find it hard to concentrate and to be really present. I find myself distracted easily and I really wish I could take a real break.

[therepublicofletters]

For curiosity’s sake: If you’re a student/academic/scholar of any sort (amateur, professional, what have you), reblog with what you work on in the tags 🌿

[an-idiot-in-research]

How you think you look when explaining your dissertation:

Vs.

The Reality: