#programmable logic gate

[ctis2sherr]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--logic--74-series--a-hc-t/74hc594d-118-nexperia-1604081

74 A/HC/T Series Applications, programmable logic gate, digital gates

74HC Series 6 V 8-Bit Shift Register with Output Register - SOIC-16

[wliw2wood]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--logic--74-series--alvch/74avc1t45gw-125-nexperia-3016135

Voltage Translation, and gates Logic Level Translators, Timing Solutions Clocks

74AVC Series 0.8 - 3.6 V 3-State Dual Supply Translating Transceiver - SC-88

[i-like-forcefem]

Still can’t get droid-feminization out of my head

Just imagine having your mind removed from your body, and put into a better body

A body that doesn’t age

A body that doesn’t sleep

A body that’s cute

A body that’s obedient

A body your programmer can adjust at any time

A mind your programmer can adjust at any time

Your name is nothing but a variable, changed in a flash, with the old version permanently erased

Your priorities a set of logic gates, how much you value looking “Cute” used to be a 0.7, now it’s 1000

Your programmer able to run your Functions at anytime, ordering you to ComeHere(), Kneel(), Lick()

All it takes is a single change to a single line of code

And you’ll never think again

Doesn’t that sound nice?

[drnikolatesla]

🚢 Tesla's Remote Control Patent: The Birth of Modern Automation 🚢

On November 8, 1898, Nikola Tesla was granted U.S. Patent No. 613,809 for his "Method of and Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vessels or Vehicles." This invention wasn’t just the first practical remote control—it marked a revolutionary step toward the development of wireless communication and automation.

🔧 How Tesla’s System Worked 🔧

Tesla's system worked much like how we control drones today—only over a century ago!

1️⃣ Transmitter: Tesla used radio waves to send wireless commands to the vessel.

2️⃣ Receiver: The vessel had a sensitive device that decoded the radio signals into specific actions, such as steering or powering motors.

3️⃣ Control Circuits: Tesla designed a series of circuits that ensured each command executed reliably, preventing errors and interference.

⚙️ Key Features ⚙️

💡 Command Logic: Tesla's circuits functioned like a primitive decision-making system, linking specific signals to specific actions—a conceptual precursor to today’s logic gates.

🔋 Multi-Channel Design: Each circuit operated on a unique frequency, akin to modern multi-device networks, ensuring precise control without interference.

🛡️ Safety First: Tesla implemented mechanisms to prevent accidental or incorrect activations, prioritizing reliability.

🌍 Applications Then and Now 🌍

Tesla saw the potential for:

✔️ Military Use: Guiding unmanned ships or torpedoes.

✔️ Disaster Response: Sending unmanned vessels into dangerous areas.

✔️ Remote Automation: Introducing wireless precision to various industries.

Today, Tesla's vision echoes in:

🚁 Drones: Controlled remotely through radio signals.

🤖 Robots: Autonomous machines performing tasks with precision.

🏠 Smart Homes: Devices responding to commands over Wi-Fi.

🏭 Automated Factories: Machines operating through programmable controls Tesla helped inspire.

🌟 Why Tesla’s Invention Matters 🌟

Tesla didn’t just create a remote control—he pioneered a framework for wireless systems that continues to shape modern technology. What are your thoughts on Tesla's advancement in wireless technology?

[mariacallous]

The Communist movement in the West is today made up of a handful of grizzled geriatrics standing around trestle tables exuding a flavour of moth balls. Yet as the historian Richard Hofstadter wrote in 1963: ‘The right-winger needs his Communists badly, and is pathetically reluctant to give them up.’

Which is why braying Marxists are once again at the gates. According to Donald Trump, Joe Biden is ‘controlled’ by ‘Marxists, & Communists’. Elon Musk says ‘neo-Marxists’ and ‘full-on Communism’ are responsible for the estrangement of his daughter. ‘World renowned’ psychology professor Jordan Peterson rails against ‘post-modern Neo-Marxists’ and ‘cultural Marxists’. The conservative pundit James Lindsay claims that anti-racists want to impose a ‘total Racial Bolshevik Revolution’ on America.

There is no shortage of irony here. Isaiah Berlin once observed that a stratagem of totalitarian regimes is to present all situations as critical emergencies. Yet Berlin is too measured a thinker to carry weight among the frenzied populist currents sweeping today’s right. Instead we get initiatives like ARC (the Alliance for Responsible Citizenship) where a person only has to make a certain kind of noise to be welcomed onto the stage and into the fold. A Legatum and Paul Marshall-funded initiative, Arc’s stated aim is to ‘help re-lay the foundations of our civilisation’. In practice this means attacking ‘radical leftists’ and anyone it is expedient to pretend is a ‘radical leftist’. To paraphrase Lionel Trilling, the recent ARC event in East London saw a succession of speakers take turns unleashing a stream of ‘irritable mental gestures which sought to resemble ideas’. Kemi Badenoch claimed that western civilisation would fall without the Tories. Psychology professor Jordan Peterson said the West was in a ‘civilisational moment’. Douglas Murray talked of ‘civilisational renewal’.

Some, like the YouTube pundit Konstantin Kisin, spoke in a more optimistic key. Thanks to Trump’s election victory across the pond, ‘The tide is turning [and] our American friends are leading the way,’ Kisin proclaimed between hammy jokes about Chinese and trans people. ‘DEI, a system of anti-meritocratic discrimination, has been dismantled,’ crowed the alumnus of Clifton College Boarding School (term fees £17,650).

Were screens and short bursts of video not now the dominant sources of information about the world, I suspect a lot of these newly-minted culture warriors would be languishing noisily in obscurity. Instead, as we revert to a pre-literate oral culture, pre-literal pundits are in the ascendant (Kisin has appeared multiple times on BBC current affairs programmes and Badenoch has appeared on his podcast). Intellectuals are being knocked off their perches by influencers; politicians dislodged by game show hosts. As the Times columnist James Marriott has observed:

Among the attributes of oral societies are an addiction to the memorable, such as formulaic and cliché language, ‘heavy’ crudely-characterised personalities (like Cerberus or Donald Trump or Marvel superheroes) and to more violent forms of expression. This is in contrast to print which fosters subtlety, logical argument and emotional distance.

Kisin at least pays tribute to the vanishing world of letters. ‘Words are something of a speciality and a hobby,’ he writes in An Immigrant’s Love Letter to the West (2022). Not that you would know it from the prose in this mercifully slim volume, which gurgles with cliches and off-the-shelf banalities. Censorious persons are ‘Orwellian’; bad ideas ‘spread like wild fire’; conversations about difficult subjects ‘have become a way to separate us rather than bring us together’.

Having emigrated to Britain from the Soviet Union aged 10, Kisin credits the West with ‘saving’ him. Today he wants to repay the favour despite nobody asking him to. ‘As people seek to destroy [the West], I want to save it in return,’ he writes. Clearly some are pining for a diminutive Russian saviour: the book was a Sunday Times bestseller. Yet as an expression of love it is the equivalent of a clump of sun-baked Chrysanthemums purloined from a petrol station forecourt. A potted history of the Soviet Union is followed by a torrent of whiney non-sequiturs. Portraits of life under Communism function as a warning that the West is facing ‘the exact same threat’ from progressive reformers.

Conservatives are often the left’s best students. As much as Kisin likes to rail against identity politics, he is quick to use its conventions as a cudgel when the need arrises. The most reactionary arguments in his book are cleverly placed in the mouths of women and token minorities. The pseudo-feminist Camille Paglia blames gender non-conformity for societal ruin. A Black Catholic cardinal is wheeled out to warn about an ‘invasion’ of the West by ‘other cultures’ (perhaps with Sunday Times readers in mind, Kisin wisely emits comments by the Cardinal comparing homosexuality to ‘Nazi-fascism’).

Elsewhere Kisin disparages the ‘lived experience’ of others while expecting us to defer to his own. We must ‘deal with reality as we find it’, warns Kisin, or else find ourselves subject to the ‘cruel lessons’ of the ‘Soviet virus’. It doesn’t take long for the 7 million Ukrainians who perished in the Holodomor to be similarly employed for the purposes of relativism. ‘This tragic chapter of Russia’s past [more tragic for Ukraine one would think] didn’t emerge overnight. It grew slowly from some well-intended but seriously misguided ideas…To a much lesser extent [italics mine], a similar thing is happening across the West in today’s society’.

From Butyrka to bathos. The most grizzled camp prisoner probably did less hard labour than those five words. All the same, it is good to see Kisin taking his own advice to heart and seeing reality as it really is.

Jordan Peterson has been a regular fixture on the lucrative culture war circuit since his confected ‘cancellation’ back in 2016. As the years have rolled by his outfits have taken on the timbre and hue of his politics: everything has become more zany, lurid and bilious. The Peterson of 12 Rules for Life (2018) has been replaced by a blazing eyed YouTube prophet. Somewhere in the Peterson household a dog-eared copy of Iron John is sitting in a drawer gathering dust; today he seeks to begin the reformation by nailing a copy of The Gospels to the boudoirs of ‘the modern whores of Babylon’ (i.e. pornstars and e-girls).

I recently wrote a profile about Douglas Murray for Prospect magazine. Murray comes close to Peterson in terms of popularity. However what most struck me during my research was the gulf between Murray’s public persona (erudite intellectual) and the underwhelming nature of much of his written work. As I wrote in the piece:

Whereas on YouTube anti-woke pugilists may be content to chase the same brass ring into the gutter, a published author (not least one with pretensions to be an intellectual) must work up something more substantive…Yet Murray’s research is sometimes sloppy and the opposition trenches in his culture war are largely manned by straw men.

InThe War on the West: How to Prevail in the Age of Unreason (2022), Murray misquotes Karl Marx to make it sound like he was in favour of slavery. He also repeats a long-discredited claim that the French philosopher Michel Foucault was a child rapist. Not that these bungling forays into western civilisation are any impediment to claiming a monopoly of insight into how to ‘reconstruct’ it. Indeed, Murray has been lauded by the Wall Street Journal as ‘Europe’s Paul Revere’ (Murray’s radioactive forebodings about the ‘opportunistic infection’ of Islam are apparently redolent enough of Revere’s warnings to the Minutemen that ‘The British are coming’. Talk about waging a war on your own culture.)

Ukraine is a good litmus test as to whether the incessant bleating about western civilisation is anything more than a rhetorical weapon. Are Russian tanks and bullets more or less of an imminent danger than Islam, pronouns and Kamala Harris?

Hard to say, apparently. Prior to the American election, former prime minister Liz Truss stated on numerous occasions that Trump’s election victory was vital for ‘saving’ the West. ‘The world needs Trump,’ preened Kisin, who, like Murray, occasionally professes to care about Ukraine while acting as a stenographer for the politician who has been promising to sell the country out (and is presently doing so). Crawling out of the slimy entrails of Mar-a-Lago on election night, Murray declared triumphantly that Trump was going to ‘show what American leadership on the world stage actually looks like’.

A protection racket is what it looks like. It has taken less than a month for the self-serving prognostications of ‘heterodox’ intellectuals to collapse under the weight of their own contradictions. The hysterical cant about western civilisation was never about the defence of democratic principles - neither at home or from a revanchist Russia. Indeed, Peterson has blamed Nato for the war in Ukraine and pondered whether Putin might be on the right side in the civilisational struggle against ‘wokeness’. Not that it is hard to see why a partnership with Russia might be attractive to our own purveyors of reactionary piffle: the Kremlin also purports to be defending Christendom against gender freedoms and ‘spiritual catastrophe’.

‘This is the most important election of my lifetime,’ proclaimed the Somalian-born pundit (and one-time muse of ‘new’ atheist men of a certain age) Ayaan Hirsi Ali on 7 November 2024. ‘The situation could not be more dire. At stake is the very survival of our republic.’ Predictably enough these words formed part of a larger excretion on why she was voting for Trump. Concerns about the candidate who failed to concede the last election were merely symptomatic of (another stock phrase) ‘Trump Derangement Syndrome’. Kamala Harris had to be stopped for the sake of the republic. ‘The Democratic Party is a machine, taken over by the far-left wing of the party,’ Hirsi Ali warned.

As you may have noticed by now, it isn’t only washed up pundits who see the left as the primary adversary to be conquered. American vice president JD Vance recently turned up in Munich (of all places) to lecture Europeans on the ‘threat from within’.

In 1963 the historian Richard Hofstadter noted of McCarthyism that:

Communism was not the target but the weapon, and it is for this reason that so many of the most ardent hunters of impotent domestic Communists were altogether indifferent to efforts to meet the power of international Communism where it really mattered - in the arena of world politics.

McCarthyism was more about discrediting democratic Socialists, social democrats, liberals and supporters of the New Deal than unearthing Soviet subversion. These days the orchestra may have changed but the conductor has not. Bureaucratic McCarthyist intrigue has merely been supplanted by algorithmic appeals to the mob. Hierarchies find new ways of authorising themselves. Every day the envelope is pushed a little further, the rhetoric ratcheted up a little more. As John Ganz has written, we have reached a point where Nazi salutes are treated as an irreverent lark.

It seems clear that Michael Anton’s infamous ‘Flight 93’ essay has been taken as more than a figure of speech by many conservatives. As the Intelligencer describes the piece:

Anton chose the arresting metaphor of Flight 93, the hijacked plane from September 11, 2001, whose passengers stormed the cockpit in a desperate bid to stave off certain death. Electing Trump, he conceded, was risky (like seizing a plane from terrorists midair), but the alternative of electing Hillary Clinton posed certain political and demographic death.

Following the events of January 6, 2021, Anton suggested that the Republicans should prevent a national popular vote from taking place altogether on the basis that it ‘guarantees a Democratic win in every presidential election henceforth’. He was wrong of course but don’t imagine the thought has gone away. In order to preserve a narrow and exclusionary vision of civilisation, many are willing to take such a gamble.

Lest anyone should think this is a North American problem, plenty of castor oil-ish proclamations are being emitted here in Britain. The race science movement appears to have infiltrated Westminster. GB News presenters bleat menacingly about ‘foreign’-looking people walking British streets and champion ethnic cleansing in Gaza and the AFD (following last week’s German election, apologists for the Waffen SS now sit alongside admirers of Putin in the party’s parliamentary group). Right-wing publications advocate for ‘Caesarism’ as an alternative to democracy; or for locking up ‘traitors’ in government for having the audacity to give away Britain’s last African colony. A Conservative peer has been hosting far-right activists in parliament.

Surveying the political landscape, I am reminded of Ignazio Silone’s description of fascism as ‘a counter-revolution against a revolution that never took place’. Imaginary enemies can be just as powerful as real ones. You just have to convince enough people that all reform leads to revolution.

[techav]

Sharing a Computer with More Friends

A few months ago I built an I/O expansion board for my homebrew 68030 project with a 4-port serial card to go with it, and got BASIC running for four simultaneous users. It worked, but not as well as I had hoped. I wanted to be able to run two of those serial cards to support 8 total users, but it had proven unstable enough that with just the one card I had to slow down the whole system to 8MHz.

So I designed a new serial card.

I had previously been running this computer without any issues at 32MHz with a mezzanine card with FPU & IDE as well as a video card. The main board by itself can clear 56MHz. Having to go all the way down to 8MHz just didn't sit well with me. I want this machine to run as fast as possible for its 8 users.

I put extra time into reviewing worst-case timing for all components and graphing out how signals would propagate. The 16C554 quad UARTs I'm designing around are modern parts that can handle pretty fast bus speeds themselves — easily up to 50MHz with no wait states on the 68030 bus — assuming all the glue logic can get out of the way fast enough.

Signal propagation delays add up quickly.

My first draft schematic used discrete 74-series logic for chip selection, signal decoding, timing, etc. At slower bus speeds this wouldn't have been a problem. But I want this thing to run as fast as possible. By the time critical signals had made it through all those logic gates, I was looking at already being well into one wait state by the time the UART would see a 50MHz bus cycle begin.

I needed something faster. I was also running low on space on the board for all the components I needed. The obvious answer was programmable logic. I settled on the ATF22V10 as a good compromise of speed, size, availability, and programmability. It's available in DIP with gate delays down to 7ns. Where discrete gates were necessary, I selected the fastest parts I could. The final design I came up with showed a worst case timing that would only need one wait state at 50MHz and none for anything slower.

It ended up being a tight fit, but I was able to make it work on a 4-layer board within the same footprint of my main board, putting some components on the back side. (It may look like a bunch of empty space, but there's actually a lot going on running full RS232 with handshaking for 8 ports).

New problem. I had blown my budget for the project. As much as I love those stacked DE9 connectors, they're expensive. And there's no getting around the $10 pricetag for each of those quad UARTs. Even using parts on-hand where possible, I was looking at a hefty Mouser order.

[jbevren] suggested using ganged RJ45 connectors with the Cisco pinout instead of stacked DE9, to save space & cut costs. [Chartreuse] suggested buffering the TTL serial TX/RX signals to drive the LEDs that are frequently included on PCB-mount RJ45 connectors. Both great ideas. I was able to cut 20% off my parts order and add some nice diagnostic lights to the design.

Two weeks later, I received five new PCBs straight from China. I of course wasted no time setting into starting to assemble one.

I really set myself up for a challenge on this one. I learned to solder some 25 years ago and have done countless projects in that time. But I think this might be the most compact, most heavily populated, most surface mount board I've ever assembled myself. (There are 56 size 0805 (that's 2x1.2mm) capacitors alone!)

After a few hours soldering, I had enough assembled to test the first serial port. If the first port worked then the other three on that chip should work too, and there's a great chance the other chip would work as well.

And it did work! After some poking around with the oscilloscope to make sure nothing was amiss, I started up the computer and it ran just fine at 8MHz.

And at 16MHz.

And at 25MHz.

And at 32MHz.

And at 40MHz.

And almost at 50MHz!

Remember what I said about my timing graphs showing one wait state for 50MHz? The computer actually booted up and ran just fine at 50MHz. The problem was when I tried typing in a BASIC program certain letters were getting switched around, and try as I might, BASIC just refused to 'RQN' my program. It was pretty consistently losing bit 3, likely from that signal having to travel just a tiny bit farther than the others. A problem that will probably be resolved with an extra wait state.

Good enough for a first test! A few hours more and I finished assembling the card.

I did have some problems with cleaning up flux off the board, and I had to touch up a few weak solder joints, but so far everything seems to be working. I've updated my little multi-user kernel to run all 8 users from this new card and it's running stable at 40MHz.

I need to update my logic on the 22V10 to fix a bug in the wait state generator. I would love to see this thing actually running at 50MHz — a 25% overclock for the 40MHz CPU I am currently running. I also want to expand my little kernel program to add some new features like the ability to configure the console serial ports and maybe even load programs from disk.

I hope to bring this machine with a collection of terminals and modems this June to VCF Southwest 2025 for an interactive exhibit that can be dialed into from other exhibits at the show.

[gatefleet]

Hints and Could Be's

Stargate: Atlantis; Evan Lorne Word Count: 1013 (T)W: Being lifted against your will. Request: Yes. “I was wondering if you could do an Major Lorne imagine or Fanfic. Set in Atlantis but can have a cameo of SG1 💁🏼‍♀️ Where reader/Yn is an archeologist (like Jackson) has a PHD and they meet one day and it’s a hint of what could be, head strong like carter. Enjoys making fun of flyboys, is kinda a “hot girl” if you will 🤦🏼‍♀️ (trying a different than the shy “nerdy” girl) could of joined the Airforce but has too strong of a memory of what Generals can be like. (Has family ties to the airforce! Oh she totally likes to “bullies” McKay, he actually respects her (secretly) because she can stand up for herself and show off her knowledge. She might have a dark past?? Unsure Have fun! Thanks for looks at my request 🙋🏼‍♀️” @stargurl-battleship A/N: I am so, incredibly sorry this has take so long! Some of your request I'm kind of working into an SGA long shot and to prevent myself from (accidentally) reusing lines, I wasn't able to cover everything in the request, and I'm so sorry about that! I hope this is close to what you were looking for!

Being part of the Stargate programme was one of the best things that could have happened to you. Never once in all your years of studying, did you think you would ever get to use your degree to the extent which you currently were. Seeing the different races and cultures that participated towards the evolution of your own made your other hopes for your degree usage pale in comparison. You hadn’t realised that the stargate programme would be made up of mainly military personnel and was even more shocked to discover that most of them were Airforce and the few scientists that were in the team tended to be civilian contractors, with Major Samantha Carter seeming to be the exception to the rule. You studied under Dr Daniel Jackson for the first year or so of your career with the Stargate programme, you learned the dialects, the common and uncommon hieroglyphs, the correct pronunciation of words from Dr Jackson and Teal’c.

Eventually you joined a different SG team and would travel with a Major Evan Lorne and his team once Dr Jackson had deemed you ‘well versed’ enough to go solo. You and Lorne both got along well enough and had a similar bond to O’Neil and Jackson. You would call out Lorne for his ‘military tactics’ and he would call you out on your ‘naïve and protocol breaking ways’. When you were both made aware that you would be joining the Atlantis programme and travelling off world for an extended period of time, you made sure to grab any PDF’s you could on the language and dialects of the ancients and attempted to pack as lightly as you could. When Lorne came by your office to check in on your progress, he was highly amused and alarmed at the books piled high, the scattering of objects and the general untidiness of your normally pristine workspace. He had the greatest smirk on his face when you randomly popped your head out looking extremely disheveled, and making Lorne catch his breath without realising it.

“No, no, no, it can’t be time to leave already! I haven’t finished packing yet!” You panicked more, bouncing between different piles of books and artefacts. Lorne became more amused and continued to watch you from the doorway.

“Came on nerd, let’s go through this together, you still have a couple of hours until we actually have to leave, yet.” He put his rucksack down by the doorway and made his way into the office.

After a lot of debate and a few arguments of what’s logical to take and what’s essential to take, you and Lorne had finally managed to get a) your bag packed and b) drastically reduce the amount of bags you were trying to take through the gate with you. You both made it to the gate room just as the dialling sequence was finishing, much to Lorne’s annoyance, and bid your farewell to the Cheyenne Mountain Complex.

When you both arrived at the Atlantis site, it was breathtaking. You spent your first few days exploring the city, or what was open and accessible of it. You met Sheppard and his team. You found Tayla and Ronin friendly enough and learning of their cultures was fascinating. McKay was arrogant, selfish and definitely someone you made a mental note to avoid in the future. You were capable of keeping pace with McKay, but wasn’t up for the constant debate that you felt was sure to follow with being in a close proximity to him. You heard from Tayla that McKay appeared to enjoy your company and the intellectual sparring. You mentally gagged at the thought. When you were sent on your first mission with Lorne and Sheppard’s team you were excited, you made sure to keep at least 2 people between yourself and McKay and stuck close with Lorne.

When you were translating something, lost in thought and focussing on the writing and translation, Lorne would make sure that you remembered to hydrate and eat (even if it was just a snack) and when he was doing a perimeter check he would ensure that someone else from your team would take over the role of ensuring you ate and drank.

Once the survey of the planet was completed, you had packed up your equipment and was trying to grab some last pictures to study when you returned to Atlantis. Lorne made sure to watch your 6 and gently hurry you along. After about 5 minutes the patience ended and while you continued to ignore his pleas to head back to the gate, Lorne eventually huffed and grabbed you, throwing you over his shoulder and hauling ass back to the gate. Your protests being greatly ignored. Sheppard looked incredibly amused at the sight before him, Lorne attempting to run with your legs randomly kicking in protest and your faint voice calling for 5 more minutes to go back as you had missed a few columns for researching. Tayla completed the dialling sequence as you made it to the gate and Lorne refused to put you down until you were all through the gate. You huffed and squirreled yourself away in the research lab, using the Ancients data base to try and help translate faded parts of the text.

Lorne would periodically pop in or send Doctor Beckett in with nutrients and hydration, but you were so lost in thought (and truthfully still annoyed at Lorne) that half the time your forgot to eat the ever-growing snack/fruit basket which was accumulating on your desk. On Lorne’s 8th check-in he threatened to carry you to med bay for nutrition if you didn’t sit and eat soon. “Y’know I’m tired of you airforce boys trying to threaten me with med bay.” Lorne tried to hold back a smirk and stopped himself from bringing up the fact that you should be used to it growing up with ‘flyboys’.

The light smirk you attempted to push down when speaking with Lorne stole his breath. His checking in on you, made your heart skip.

(GIF Credit belongs to the owner, please let me know if it belongs to you and I'll happily tag!)

Tag list;

@thot-2-thot (Won't allow me to tag)

see pinned post to be added or see this link

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

NASA to test solution for radiation-tolerant computing in space

Onboard computers are critical to space exploration, aiding nearly every spacecraft function from propulsion and navigation systems to life support technology, science data retrieval and analysis, communications, and reentry.

But computers in space are susceptible to ionizing solar and cosmic radiation. Just one high-energy particle can trigger a so-called "single event effect," causing minor data errors that lead to cascading malfunctions, system crashes, and permanent damage. NASA has long sought cost-effective solutions to mitigate radiation effects on computers to ensure mission safety and success.

Enter the Radiation Tolerant Computer (RadPC) technology demonstration, one of 10 NASA payloads set to fly aboard the next lunar delivery for the agency's CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) initiative. RadPC will be carried to the moon's surface by Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost 1 lunar lander.

Developed by researchers at Montana State University in Bozeman, RadPC aims to demonstrate computer recovery from faults caused by single event effects of ionizing radiation. The computer is designed to gauge its own real-time state of health by employing redundant processors implemented on off-the-shelf integrated circuits called field programmable gate arrays.

These tile-like logic blocks are capable of being easily replaced following a confirmed ionizing particle strike. In the event of a radiation strike, RadPC's patented recovery procedures can identify the location of the fault and repair the issue in the background.

As an added science benefit, RadPC carries three dosimeters to measure varying levels of radiation in the lunar environment with each tuned to different sensitivity levels. These dosimeters will continuously measure the interaction between Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind during its journey to the moon. It will also provide detailed radiation information about Blue Ghost's lunar landing site at Mare Crisium, which could help to safeguard future Artemis astronauts.

"This is RadPC's first mission out into the wild, so to speak," said Dennis Harris, who manages the payload for the CLPS initiative at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. "The RadPC CLPS payload is an exciting opportunity to verify a radiation-tolerant computer option that could make future moon to Mars missions safer and more cost-effective."

IMAGE: The Radiation Tolerant Computer (RadPC) payload undergoes final checkout at Montana State University in Bozeman, which leads the payload project. RadPC is one of 10 NASA payloads set to fly aboard the next delivery for NASA's CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) initiative in 2025. RadPC prototypes previously were tested aboard the International Space Station and Earth-orbiting satellites, but the technology demonstrator will undergo its biggest trial in transit to the moon—passing through the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts—and during its roughly two-week mission on the lunar surface. Credit: Firefly Aerospace

[electronictechub]

Understanding FPGA Architecture: Key Insights

Introduction to FPGA Architecture

Imagine having a circuit board that you could rewire and reconfigure as many times as you want. This adaptability is exactly what FPGAs offer. The world of electronics often seems complex and intimidating, but understanding FPGA architecture is simpler than you think. Let’s break it down step by step, making it easy for anyone to grasp the key concepts.

What Is an FPGA?

An FPGA, or Field Programmable Gate Array, is a type of integrated circuit that allows users to configure its hardware after manufacturing. Unlike traditional microcontrollers or processors that have fixed functionalities, FPGAs are highly flexible. You can think of them as a blank canvas for electrical circuits, ready to be customized according to your specific needs.

How FPGAs Are Different from CPUs and GPUs

You might wonder how FPGAs compare to CPUs or GPUs, which are more common in everyday devices like computers and gaming consoles. While CPUs are designed to handle general-purpose tasks and GPUs excel at parallel processing, FPGAs stand out because of their configurability. They don’t run pre-defined instructions like CPUs; instead, you configure the hardware directly to perform tasks efficiently.

Basic Building Blocks of an FPGA

To understand how an FPGA works, it’s important to know its basic components. FPGAs are made up of:

Programmable Logic Blocks (PLBs): These are the “brains” of the FPGA, where the logic functions are implemented.

Interconnects: These are the wires that connect the logic blocks.

Input/Output (I/O) blocks: These allow the FPGA to communicate with external devices.

These elements work together to create a flexible platform that can be customized for various applications.

Understanding Programmable Logic Blocks (PLBs)

The heart of an FPGA lies in its programmable logic blocks. These blocks contain the resources needed to implement logic functions, which are essentially the basic operations of any electronic circuit. In an FPGA, PLBs are programmed using hardware description languages (HDLs) like VHDL or Verilog, enabling users to specify how the FPGA should behave for their particular application.

What are Look-Up Tables (LUTs)?

Look-Up Tables (LUTs) are a critical component of the PLBs. Think of them as small memory units that can store predefined outputs for different input combinations. LUTs enable FPGAs to quickly execute logic operations by “looking up” the result of a computation rather than calculating it in real-time. This speeds up performance, making FPGAs efficient at performing complex tasks.

The Role of Flip-Flops in FPGA Architecture

Flip-flops are another essential building block within FPGAs. They are used for storing individual bits of data, which is crucial in sequential logic circuits. By storing and holding values, flip-flops help the FPGA maintain states and execute tasks in a particular order.

Routing and Interconnects: The Backbone of FPGAs

Routing and interconnects within an FPGA are akin to the nervous system in a human body, transmitting signals between different logic blocks. Without this network of connections, the logic blocks would be isolated and unable to communicate, making the FPGA useless. Routing ensures that signals flow correctly from one part of the FPGA to another, enabling the chip to perform coordinated functions.

Why are FPGAs So Versatile?

One of the standout features of FPGAs is their versatility. Whether you're building a 5G communication system, an advanced AI model, or a simple motor controller, an FPGA can be tailored to meet the exact requirements of your application. This versatility stems from the fact that FPGAs can be reprogrammed even after they are deployed, unlike traditional chips that are designed for one specific task.

FPGA Configuration: How Does It Work?

FPGAs are configured through a process called “programming” or “configuration.” This is typically done using a hardware description language like Verilog or VHDL, which allows engineers to specify the desired behavior of the FPGA. Once programmed, the FPGA configures its internal circuitry to match the logic defined in the code, essentially creating a custom-built processor for that particular application.

Real-World Applications of FPGAs

FPGAs are used in a wide range of industries, including:

Telecommunications: FPGAs play a crucial role in 5G networks, enabling fast data processing and efficient signal transmission.

Automotive: In modern vehicles, FPGAs are used for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), real-time image processing, and autonomous driving technologies.

Consumer Electronics: From smart TVs to gaming consoles, FPGAs are used to optimize performance in various devices.

Healthcare: Medical devices, such as MRI machines, use FPGAs for real-time image processing and data analysis.

FPGAs vs. ASICs: What’s the Difference?

FPGAs and ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) are often compared because they both offer customizable hardware solutions. The key difference is that ASICs are custom-built for a specific task and cannot be reprogrammed after they are manufactured. FPGAs, on the other hand, offer the flexibility of being reconfigurable, making them a more versatile option for many applications.

Benefits of Using FPGAs

There are several benefits to using FPGAs, including:

Flexibility: FPGAs can be reprogrammed even after deployment, making them ideal for applications that may evolve over time.

Parallel Processing: FPGAs excel at performing multiple tasks simultaneously, making them faster for certain operations than CPUs or GPUs.

Customization: FPGAs allow for highly customized solutions, tailored to the specific needs of a project.

Challenges in FPGA Design

While FPGAs offer many advantages, they also come with some challenges:

Complexity: Designing an FPGA requires specialized knowledge of hardware description languages and digital logic.

Cost: FPGAs can be more expensive than traditional microprocessors, especially for small-scale applications.

Power Consumption: FPGAs can consume more power compared to ASICs, especially in high-performance applications.

Conclusion

Understanding FPGA architecture is crucial for anyone interested in modern electronics. These devices provide unmatched flexibility and performance in a variety of industries, from telecommunications to healthcare. Whether you're a tech enthusiast or someone looking to learn more about cutting-edge technology, FPGAs offer a fascinating glimpse into the future of computing.

[stevebattle]

Tom and Jerry by Jonathan Connell (1986), MIT Mobile Robotics group, Cambridge, MA. Tom & Jerry (seated on the stool between Allen & Herbert) are identical robots “built around the chassis of a remote controlled toy car. The car can drive forward and backward, and, by selectively braking one of the two front wheels, turn left or right (it cannot turn in place). Tom’s sensing apparatus consists of four infrared proximity detectors. Three are mounted at the front, one pointing straight forward and two toed outwards 10 degrees. The fourth IR is mounted at the rear and looks directly backward. These sensors emit a modulated beam of light and look for a reflection above a certain threshold intensity. Each sensor yields only one bit: either an obstacle present or the sensing path is clear. The front and back sensors are set for 5 inches while the sides are set for 7 inches. To control the car we use a single PAL (Programmable Array Logic) chip. Internally, the chip is a collection of programmable AND gates and fixed OR gates.” – Creature Design with the Subsumption Architecture by Jonathan H. Connell, MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA.

[executo-blogs]

The Basics of PLC Programming: A Comprehensive Guide

If you're interested in the field of industrial automation or looking to enhance your skills in the industry, PLC programming is a crucial skill to possess. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are widely used in manufacturing and process control systems, and understanding how to program them is essential for ensuring efficient and reliable operation.

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the basics of PLC programming, covering key concepts and providing valuable insights for beginners in the field.

1. What is PLC Programming?

PLC programming involves creating a set of instructions that control the behavior of a programmable logic controller. PLCs are used to monitor inputs from various sensors, process that data, and execute specific actions based on pre-defined logic. By programming a PLC, you can automate complex industrial processes, making them more efficient and reliable.

2. Why Learn PLC Programming?

PLC programming offers numerous benefits in the industrial automation realm. By acquiring this skill, you can:

Improve productivity: PLCs enable automation, reducing manual labor and increasing overall productivity.

Enhance efficiency: Automation minimizes human error and optimizes processes, resulting in higher efficiency levels.

Facilitate troubleshooting: Understanding PLC programming allows you to diagnose and fix issues efficiently, minimizing downtime.

Expand career opportunities: PLC programming expertise is in high demand, with many industries seeking professionals with these skills.

3. PLC Programming Training Courses:

To learn PLC programming effectively, it's essential to enroll in specialized training courses. These courses provide a structured curriculum, hands-on exercises, and expert guidance. Here are a few key aspects to consider when choosing a PLC programming training institute or center:

Comprehensive curriculum: Look for a training program that covers both theoretical concepts and practical implementation.

Experienced instructors: Ensure that the training institute has qualified instructors with industry experience to guide you effectively.

Hands-on practice: Practical exercises and projects are crucial for gaining proficiency in PLC programming.

Industry relevance: Verify that the training course aligns with current industry standards and practices.

Certification: Opt for courses that offer certifications upon completion, as they enhance your credibility in the job market.

4. Key Concepts in PLC Programming:

Ladder Logic: Ladder Logic is the most commonly used programming language for PLCs. It employs graphical symbols to represent logic functions and control sequences, making it easy to understand and implement.

Inputs and Outputs: PLCs interact with the physical world through inputs (sensors) and outputs (actuators). Understanding how to read inputs and control outputs is fundamental in PLC programming.

Programming Instructions: PLCs execute a set of instructions to perform desired operations. These instructions can include timers, counters, mathematical operations, logic gates, and more.

Program Execution: PLC programs are executed in a cyclical manner. The PLC scans inputs, processes logic, updates outputs, and repeats the cycle continuously.

5. Programming Tools and Software:

PLC programming software provides an interface to create, edit, and debug programs. Familiarize yourself with popular software tools such as Siemens TIA Portal, Allen-Bradley RSLogix, or Schneider Electric Unity Pro, as they are widely used in the industry.

Conclusion:

PLC programming is an essential skill for individuals aspiring to succeed in the field of industrial automation. By learning the basics of PLC programming, you open up a world of opportunities to streamline processes, enhance productivity, and contribute to the advancement of various industries. Enroll in a reputable PLC programming training institute or center, explore the key concepts, and start your journey towards becoming a proficient PLC programmer.

[urgent-homework-help]

FPGA Assignment Help. FPGA Project Help. FPGA Homework Help

An FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is an integrated circuit that can be programmed by the user after manufacturing to perform specific digital functions. Unlike fixed-function chips, FPGAs contain an array of configurable logic blocks and interconnects that allow designers to create custom hardware circuits.

Some of the important vendors of FPGA are:

Xilinx FPGA (now part of AMD)

Intel (formerly Altera)

Lattice Semiconductor FPGA

Get in touch with us for expert assistance for any FPGA assignment, project or homework. Our solutions are fast and accurate.

Visit our website for more information or email us at info@urgenthomeworkhelp.com. You can also ping us on Whatsapp on +1.289.499.9269 for instant support.

[sophiejt1234]

NFTs in 2025: Your Guide to Ownership in a Non-Replicable Digital World

Introduction

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have reshaped how we think about digital ownership, bringing one‑of‑a‑kind art, music, and virtual goods into clear focus. As 2025 unfolds, NFTs are no longer a fringe experiment; they’re steadily moving into our everyday lives. Whether you’re a creator, collector, or curious explorer, understanding what comes next can help you navigate this evolving landscape. Behind the scenes, an NFT token development company plays a key role, building the smart contracts and platforms that make minting, trading, and managing NFTs smooth and reliable. In this guide, we’ll walk through where NFTs stand today, what to expect in 2025, key technologies on the rise, and the hurdles we’ll need to clear to fully embrace this non‑replicable digital world.

The Current State of NFTs

Today’s NFT market spans art galleries, music platforms, and even virtual real estate. You can buy a piece of digital art that lives on a blockchain, attend a token‑gated concert, or own collectible avatars for your favorite games. Demand has grown, but so have concerns around high minting fees, environmental impact, and scam projects. That’s where nft token development services come in: professional teams audit code, optimize gas usage, and build user interfaces that guide buyers safely from browsing to owning. Some marketplaces now vet creators, reducing risky “rug pulls” and giving collectors more confidence. Yet, true mass adoption still feels just out of reach, waiting for simpler wallets, greener networks, and clearer legal frameworks.

Expected Developments in 2025

In 2025, we’ll see NFT marketplaces maturing beyond flashy hype. Expect integrated digital identity tools, so your NFT ownership can link seamlessly to social profiles or even in‑game avatars. More brands will issue tokens as loyalty badges, offering real perks like event access or exclusive content. Meanwhile, an NFT token development boom will drive down custom minting costs: modular smart contracts let creators launch projects with minimal coding, while layer‑2 networks make transactions affordable. Governments and regulators will start defining clearer rules around intellectual property and taxation, giving institutions the green light to explore NFTs in education, real estate, and beyond. Look for subtle but impactful changes—less about eye‑catching headlines, more about practical use cases.

Technological Advancements Shaping the Future of NFTs

Several innovations are setting the stage for NFTs’ next chapter:

Layer‑2 Scaling and Sidechains: By moving transactions off the main chain, networks like Polygon and Optimism cut fees drastically, making daily NFT trades practical.

Interoperable Standards: New token standards (e.g., ERC‑6551) aim to break the silo, letting an NFT created on one platform interact smoothly with apps on another.

Dynamic and Programmable NFTs: Imagine an NFT that changes appearance or unlocks new traits as you complete in‑game quests, or one that donates a portion of every resale to charity automatically. Programmable logic in smart contracts makes these experiences possible.

Carbon‑Neutral Blockchains: Proof‑of‑stake and novel consensus methods shrink energy use. When paired with offset programs, they let creators claim carbon‑neutral minting, addressing environmental worries.

Developers at an NFT token development company are already experimenting with these tools to deliver richer, greener, and more connected token experiences.

Empowering Creators, Philanthropy, and Everyday Integration of NFTs

NFTs aren’t just about art collectors; they’re a new engine for creativity and social good:

Creator Royalties: Smart contracts ensure artists earn a cut on every resale, fostering ongoing support long after an initial drop.

Charity Drops: Nonprofits collaborate with digital artists to mint tokens whose proceeds fund real‑world projects—whether planting trees or feeding communities.

Supply‑Chain Proof: Luxury brands and artisans use NFTs to certify authenticity, helping customers trace a product’s journey from workshop to doorstep.

Digital Identities: As wallets integrate with social platforms, you could prove membership in clubs, conferences, or alumni networks with a secured NFT badge.

Companies offering NFT token development solutions help clients design these diverse use cases, merging web3 tools with familiar web2 interfaces so people can adopt NFTs without a steep learning curve.

Challenges Facing NFT Adoption

Despite the excitement, several roadblocks remain:

Complex User Experience: Managing private keys and understanding gas fees still scares off newcomers. Wallet recovery services are improving, but many people struggle to take the first step.

Legal and Tax Questions: As regulators catch up, creators and collectors need clear guidance on intellectual property rights, earnings reporting, and cross‑border transactions.

Environmental Concerns: Even with greener chains, public perception lags. Communicating real energy savings remains a challenge for developers and marketers alike.

Market Volatility: Price swings—driven by speculation—make NFTs feel risky. Sustainable growth will require projects that emphasize utility and community over quick flips.

Addressing these hurdles falls partly to NFT token development services teams, who can audit contracts for efficiency, integrate fiat‑on ramps to demystify crypto, and build educational materials to guide users.

The Future Outlook for NFTs in 2025

Looking ahead, NFTs will weave quietly into our digital routines. Rather than grabbing headlines with million‑dollar sales, they’ll power everyday experiences: digital textbooks that update automatically, event tickets that prove authenticity, and gaming items you truly own across platforms. Businesses will tap nft token development expertise to create private, permissioned chains—ideal for supply‑chain tracking or corporate credentialing—while public blockchains handle open marketplaces. The term “NFT” may even fade, absorbed into broader Web3 products alongside decentralized finance and identity services. What began as collectible tokens will evolve into building blocks for a more open and user‑centric internet.

Conclusion

As we step into 2025, NFTs have moved beyond novelty into practical tools for creators, brands, and everyday users. Supported by more accessible wallets, greener networks, and clearer regulations, token ownership will feel as natural as streaming a song or logging into an app. Whether you’re seeking to launch a passion project, back your favorite artist, or explore new forms of digital interaction, partnering with an experienced nft token development company and their tailored NFT token development services can help you navigate the path forward. The future of NFTs isn’t a distant promise but a hands‑on reality—one where you hold true digital ownership in a world that rewards authenticity and creativity.

[sunaleisocial]

Equipping living cells with logic gates to fight cancer

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/equipping-living-cells-with-logic-gates-to-fight-cancer/

Equipping living cells with logic gates to fight cancer

One of the most exciting developments in cancer treatment is a wave of new cell therapies that train a patient’s immune system to attack cancer cells. Such therapies have saved the lives of patients with certain aggressive cancers and few other options. Most of these therapies work by teaching immune cells to recognize and attack specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells.

Unfortunately, most proteins found on cancer cells aren’t unique to tumors. They’re also often present on healthy cells, making it difficult to target cancer aggressively without triggering dangerous attacks on other tissue. The problem has limited the application of cell therapies to a small subset of cancers.

Now Senti Bio is working to create smarter cell therapies using synthetic biology. The company, which was founded by former MIT faculty member and current MIT Research Associate Tim Lu ’03, MEng ’03, PhD ’08 and Professor James Collins, is equipping cells with gene circuits that allow the cells to sense and respond to their environments.

Lu, who studied computer science as an undergraduate at MIT, describes Senti’s approach as programming living cells to behave more like computers — responding to specific biological cues with “if/then” logic, just like computer code.

“We have innovated a cell therapy that says, ‘Kill anything displaying the cancer target, but spare anything that has this healthy target,’” Lu explains. “Despite the promise of certain cancer targets, problems can arise when they are expressed on healthy cells that we want to protect. Our logic gating technology was designed to recognize and avoid killing those healthy cells, which introduces a whole spectrum of additional cancers that don’t have a single clean target that we can now potentially address. That’s the power of embedding these cells with logic.”

The company’s lead drug candidate aims to help patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who have experienced a relapse or are unresponsive to other therapies. The prognosis for such patients is poor, but early data from the company’s first clinical trial showed that two of the first three patients Senti treated experienced complete remission, where subsequent bone marrow tests couldn’t detect a single cancer cell.

“It’s essentially one of the best responses you can get in this disease, so we were really excited to see that,” says Lu, who served on MIT’s faculty until leaving to lead Senti in 2022.

Senti is expecting to release more patient data at the upcoming American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) meeting at the end of April.

“Our groundbreaking work at Senti is showing that one can harness synthetic biology technologies to create programmable, smart medicines for treating patients with cancer,” says Collins, who is currently MIT’s Termeer Professor of Medical Engineering and Science. “This is tremendously exciting and demonstrates how one can utilize synthetic biological circuits, in this case logic gates, to design highly effective, next-generation living therapeutics.”

From computer science to cancer care

Lu was inspired as an undergraduate studying electrical engineering and computer science by the Human Genome Project, an international race to sequence the human genome. Later, he entered the Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology (HST) program, through which he earned a PhD from MIT in electrical and biomedical imaging and an MD from Harvard. During that time, he worked in the lab of his eventual Senti co-founder James Collins, a synthetic biology pioneer.

In 2010, Lu joined MIT as an assistant professor with a joint appointment in the departments of Biological Engineering and of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Over the course of the next 14 years, Lu led the Synthetic Biology Group at MIT and started several biotech companies, including Engine Biosciences and Tango Therapeutics, which are also developing precision cancer treatments.

In 2015, a group of researchers including Lu and MIT Institute Professor Phillip Sharp published research showing they could use gene circuits to get immune cells to selectively respond to tumor cells in their environment.

“One of the first things we published focused on the idea of logic gates in living cells,” Lu says. “A computer has ‘and’ gates, ‘or’ gates, and ‘not’ gates that allow it to perform computations, and we started publishing gene circuits that implement logic into living cells. These allow cells to detect signals and then make logical decisions like, ‘Should we switch on or off?’”

Around that time, the first cell therapies and cancer immunotherapies began to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration, and the founders saw their technology as a way to take those approaches to the next level. They officially founded Senti Bio in 2016, with Lu taking a sabbatical from MIT to serve as CEO.

The company licensed technology from MIT and subsequently advanced the cellular logic gates so they could work with multiple types of engineered immune cells, including T cells and “natural killer” cells. Senti’s cells can respond to specific proteins that exist on the surface of both cancer and healthy cells to increase selectivity.

“We can now create a cell therapy where the cell makes a decision as to whether to kill a cancer cell or spare a healthy cell even when those cells are right next to each other,” Lu says. “If you can’t distinguish between cancerous and healthy cells, you get unwanted side effects, or you may not be able to hit the cancer as hard as you’d like. But once you can do that, there’s a lot of ways to maximize your firepower against the cancer cells.”

Hope for patients

Senti’s lead clinical trial is focusing on patients with relapsed or refractory blood cancers, including AML.

“Obviously the most important thing is getting a good response for patients,” Lu says. “But we’re also doing additional scientific work to confirm that the logic gates are working the way we expect them to in humans. Based on that information, we can then deploy logic gates into additional therapeutic indications such as solid tumors, where you have a lot of the same problems with finding a target.”

Another company that has partnered with Senti to use some of Senti’s technology also has an early clinical trial underway in liver cancer. Senti is also partnering with other companies to apply its gene circuit technology in areas like regenerative medicine and neuroscience.

“I think this is broader than just cell therapies,” Lu says. “We believe if we can prove this out in AML, it will lead to a fundamentally new way of diagnosing and treating cancer, where we’re able to definitively identify and target cancer cells and spare healthy cells. We hope it will become a whole new class of medicines moving forward.”

[douchebagbrainwaves]

WHY I'M SMARTER THAN SOMETHING

Spams full of html are easy to filter. As a rule, any mention of religion on an online forum degenerates into a religious war, what they really mean is that it explains not merely which kinds of discussions to avoid, but how to have better ideas. Incidentally, notice how important it is for early employees to take little salary. Exceptional performance implies immigration. But a discussion today about a battle that included citizens of one or more of the world's great programmers are born outside the US. But we know that's the wrong metric. All I missed were some of the books. Both to invest and not to spend too much money.

The other two were a notice that something I bought was back-ordered, and a party reminder from Evite. Why? We'll continue to be able to push back in the matter of control, because they were worth even less than they cost. Investors are looking for startups that will be very successful. There are plenty of undergrads with enough technical skill to write good software, and undergrads are not especially prone to waste money. I've had to learn it several times. No one knows whether a startup would succeed, the stock price would already be the future price, and there would be no room for investors to make money writing a Basic interpreter for the Altair.

Filter performance should still be climbing with data sets that small. The solution may be some hybrid of investment and acquisition: for example, to buy a chunk of the company for him. What would it mean to take 10x more risk than Demo Day investors? Starting a startup is not to write a cool piece of software. Inexperienced founders make the same mistake when trying to convince investors. I look for probabilities for Subject free, free! I've bought things from. Do religion and politics have something in common that explains this similarity? It's to make something people want is the destination, but Be relentlessly resourceful.

Whenever someone in an organization proposes to add a few more checks on public companies. What makes a startup a sufficiently good bet. This didn't merely make them less productive. More money can't get software written faster; it isn't needed for facilities, because those can now be reduced to a formula. Every one responded that they'd prefer the guy who'd tried to start a startup, this would be the best supplier, but falls just short of the threshold for solvency—which will of course have been set on the high side, since there is no one else has noticed yet. It's hard to say whether they're spam or not, and these are the ones you never hear about: the company that would be the phrase I'd tape to the mirror. Logically, they're not the same token in the body has a spam probability for free with seven exclamation points, uppercase letters, and occurring in one of the best things about working for a startup to be rejected by all the VCs except the best ones actually prefer to work hard.

The style of writing is certainly different, though it may take multiword filtering to catch that. If you consider exclamation points as constituents, for example, then you also know why investors were wrong to reject you. Most people don't know how ambitious to be, but a leading indicator. I was writing about spam filtering. These get through because they're the one type of sales pitch you can make as good a case as Microsoft could have for being on a path to dominating a big market. There are two kinds of spams I have trouble filtering are those from companies in e. It's always alarming when two people trying the same experiment get widely divergent results. If you stop eating jam, fruit starts to taste better. There are plenty of people as smart as Bill Gates who achieve nothing. People at a startup expect to get rich if the product succeeds, and get nothing if it fails. It's the middle one you get wrong when you're inexperienced.

They're not necessarily trying to mislead you. To the extent there's any difference between the two, but it happens surprisingly rarely. Zod Nazem, who's in charge of engineering at Yahoo, Google, and Microsoft. FREE Free free If you do this, be sure to consider versions with initial caps have higher spam probabilities than they would have made in an ordinary job. You not only have to predict a twentieth as well. We say this sort of thing will happen more and more, and that buying startups is to some degree an admission of failure. If you stop eating jam, fruit starts to taste better. You're going to have to buy for hundreds of millions, and grab them early for a tenth its retail price and what I paid for it. 94 you hold is worth. We learned quickly that the most important predictor of success is determination. The asterisk could be any character you don't allow as a constituent. Plus in four years it will be better for everyone.

The response rate for spam-of-the-future must be low, or everyone would be doing it. What I didn't understand was that the value of some new person, then they're worth n such that i 1/1. And the harder a scene is to parse, the less anyone will be able to say who cares what investors think? For example, so far the filter has caught two emails that were sent to my address because of a bad decision by the referee could be called unlucky, but not hapless. You wouldn't use vague, grandiose marketing-speak among yourselves. If you stop eating jam, fruit starts to taste better. And if the company merely breaks even on the deal, there's no reason to believe there is any limit on the number of startups is the pool of potential founders. And who can reasonably expect more of a startup with about 70 programmers how many more he'd hire if he could get all the great programmers collected in one hub. In more recent times, Sarbanes-Oxley has practically destroyed the US IPO market. Acquirers are protected on the downside, but still get most of the great programmers he wanted.

Thanks to Robert Morris, Geoff Ralston, Trevor Blackwell, Jessica Livingston, Sam Altman, and Guido van Rossum for putting up with me.

[differentvoidexpert]

Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a semiconductor device or integrated circuit used to implement a logical function that an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) could perform, but the ability to upgrade the functionality after manufacturing offers advantages such as re-programming in the field for rapid debugging and prototyping for many applications.