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robertpattinson0 · 1 month ago

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Unlocking the Power of Research Peptides: A New Era of Scientific Advancement

In the dynamic era of biomedical science, research peptides have established a significant place in experimental medicine, molecular biology, and drug development. With the growing need for high-purity compounds and controlled research environments, scientists and professionals alike are looking for reliable means to buy peptides online that satisfy strict quality requirements.

But why the interest surge all of a sudden? And what are institutions, researchers, and innovators to look out for when they want to purchase semaglutide or venture into novel therapeutic applications using synthetic peptides?

Let's explore the emerging marketplace of research peptides and the factors that inform sound, responsible buying.

What Are Research Peptides and Why Do They Matter?

Peptides are short amino acid chains connected by peptide bonds. Whereas proteins contain long, complicated sequences of amino acids, peptides are smaller and tend to be more specific in their biological activity. These compounds are applied in a range of research environments, including:

● Cell signalling research

● Hormonal pathway investigation

● Receptor binding assays

● Therapeutic simulation

Due to their specificity, peptides are perfect instruments for mimicking biological reactions in a controlled setting. Whether researching metabolic disease or screening receptor-targeting medications, research peptides enable scientists to investigate interactions at the cellular level without having to use whole proteins or live organisms.

The Rise of Online Peptide Ordering

A couple of decades back, purchasing peptides meant wading through intricate supply chains or depending on sparse local suppliers. Now, things have changed totally. The capability to buy peptides online has dramatically changed access for researchers globally.

Yet, quality and convenience do not always go hand in hand. The main issue for professionals is purity. An industry benchmark of 99% purity has emerged, particularly for high-stakes research applications like drug discovery or bioassays. Credible suppliers provide extensive Certificates of Analysis (COA), third-party test results, and batch-specific information to guarantee that each compound works as it should.

Quality Assurance: What Makes a Supplier Trustworthy?

When dealing with research-grade peptides, consistency is key. Researchers should never settle on the following:

Purity Standards: Authenticated by HPLC and mass spectrometry reports

Storage Guidelines: Cold-chain shipping and appropriate packaging are not optional

Batch Clarity: Reputable suppliers present batch-specific information on demand

Customer Service: Prompt, educated service from a science-savvy staff

Testing Services: Compound testing is available on an opt-in basis for added confirmation

A supplier's reputation usually rides on these founding principles. Confidence is established where laboratories receive regularly products that meet stringent standards promptly and without defects.

Semaglutide: A Peptide Revolutionising Metabolic Research

Amongst the most debated peptides in contemporary research is semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist that has attracted significant interest within type 2 diabetes and obesity treatment research. Although its therapeutic use is regulated, its research use remains in strong demand.

Institutions contemplating purchasing semaglutide need to exercise caution when assessing the compound's:

● Fidelity of peptide sequence

● Handling procedures and sterility

● Pharmaceutical-grade synthetic procedures

When laboratories purchase semaglutide online, the products most usually sought after have been those prepared under conditions GMP-simulating in safety for laboratory experimental use. Of course, maximum effectiveness in study is aimed at, but repeatability under differing experimental conditions is also a priority.

Responsibility and Compliance with Peptide Study

The procurement of peptides for research purposes entails ethical and legal obligations. Responsible suppliers indicate unambiguously that their items are specifically designated for laboratory and development purposes—and not for ingestion or veterinary uses unless otherwise directed under regulation.

Such transparency ensures that institutions and researchers are safe from liability. More significantly, it allows the discipline to stay credible, guided by science, leading to safe, innovative discovery, rather than to abuse or deceit.

Global Access, Local Focus

The capacity for online ordering of peptides has levelled the playing field for access across regions. Whether a researcher is working in a big American city or an up-and-coming biotech centre abroad, the correct supplier facilitates worldwide delivery, uniform quality, and temperature-controlled transportation.

Quality providers also foresee customs demands, providing documentation that facilitates importation and minimises research downtime. That kind of thinking brings real-world utility above and beyond product quality alone.

How to Choose the Right Peptide Provider

If you’re a research lead or lab coordinator exploring options to buy semaglutide online or expand your peptide catalogue, consider these key steps:

● Review Independent Lab Tests: Look for chromatograms and third-party analysis on-site.

● Assess Customer Testimonials: Verified reviews often reveal consistency in shipping, packaging, and purity.

● Request Sample Batches: Some suppliers offer sample purchases for new customers to test before scaling orders.

● Investigate Compound Testing Services: Value-added services such as synthesis or custom testing could be a differentiator for top providers.

● Assess Their Platform: An easy-to-use, secure, and professional ordering system indicates operating dependability.

Conclusion: A Smarter Way Forward

Scientific research is based on precision, reproducibility, and confidence. With increasing labs opting to purchase semaglutide online or expand their operations with synthetic peptides, the value of dealing with a trusted, open supplier cannot be emphasised enough.

The peptide marketplace is no longer niche—it’s global, dynamic, and crucial to the next generation of biomedical discoveries. By prioritising quality and compliance, research professionals can ensure that every vial, every shipment, and every test takes them one step closer to groundbreaking innovation.

Whether you're scaling up a drug development program or conducting early-stage receptor studies, choosing the right peptides and the right partners makes all the difference.

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fvckandkill-20 · 2 years ago

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Limp Bizkit is an American rap rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. Its lineup consists of lead vocalist Fred Durst, drummer John Otto, guitarist Wes Borland, turntablist DJ Lethal and bassist Sam Rivers. The band's music is marked by Durst's angry vocal delivery and Borland's sonic experimentation. Borland's elaborate visual appearance, which includes face and body paint, masks, and uniforms, also plays a large role in Limp Bizkit's live shows. The band has been nominated for three Grammy Awards, sold 40 million records worldwide, and won several other awards.[1] The band has released 26 singles, the most notable of which include "Nookie", "Re-Arranged", "Break Stuff", "Take a Look Around", "Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)", "My Generation", "My Way", "Eat You Alive", and their cover of the Who's 1971 single "Behind Blue Eyes", all of which have charted within the top 20 of the US Alternative Airplay Chart.[2]

Limp Bizkit

Limp Bizkit performing at Festival of the Lakes 2021

Background information

Origin

Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.

Genres

Nu metal rap rock rap metal

Years active

1994–2006 2009–present

Labels

Flip Interscope Mojo Suretone Cash Money

Members

Fred Durst

John Otto

Wes Borland

DJ Lethal

Sam Rivers

Past members

Rob Waters

Terry Balsamo

Mike Smith

Website

limpbizkit.com

Formed in 1994,[3] Limp Bizkit became popular playing in the Jacksonville underground music scene in the late 1990s, and signed with Flip Records (with distribution from Interscope), who released the band's debut album, Three Dollar Bill, Y'all (1997). The band achieved mainstream success with its second and third studio albums, Significant Other (1999) and Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water (2000), although this success was marred by a series of controversies surrounding its performances at Woodstock '99 and the 2001 Big Day Out festival.

Borland left the group in 2001, but Durst, Rivers, Otto, and Lethal continued to record and tour with guitarist Mike Smith. Following the release of its album Results May Vary (2003), Borland rejoined the band and recorded The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) (2005) with Durst, Rivers, Lethal, and drummer Sammy Siegler before entering a hiatus. In 2009, the band reunited with Borland playing guitar and began touring, culminating with the recording of the album Gold Cobra (2011), after which it left Interscope and later signed with Cash Money Records; DJ Lethal quit the band soon afterward, returning in 2018. After years of teasing an album tentatively titled Stampede of the Disco Elephants,[4] the band released its sixth studio album Still Sucks on October 31, 2021.[5]

History

Artistry

Feuds

Legacy and influence

Band members

Discography

Accolades

Further reading

External links

Last edited 2 days ago by InternetArchiveBot

Fred Durst

American rapper, singer, actor and songwriter

Three Dollar Bill, Y'all

1997 studio album by Limp Bizkit

Still Sucks

2021 studio album by Limp Bizkit

Wikipedia

Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless otherwise noted.

Westminster :)

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zoeykallus · 2 years ago

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The Imperial Bad Batch x Fem!Reader - Dangerous Seduction HC's Part 3 Of 5 (Tech)

Warnings: Suggestive / Sexual Themes / Strong Language / Dirty Talk / Angst / Dub-Con / Filthy / Smut /18+ / Toys / Anal Play

_________________

You belong to the resistance. Unfortunately, you have fallen into the clutches of a special unit of the Empire, Clone Force 99 also known as Bad Batch. The interrogation goes completely differently than you expect, between you and the soldier who is supposed to interrogate you, a strange intense tension arises.

AC: These HCs probably don't make much sense, and mainly consist of sexual tension and spicy incidents. Summed up; these HCs portray TBB like an upside down universe, they have still some of their very own traits, but they are "evil", so to speak. Yes, I do have a very dirty mind. It's never boring in here. Probably the most extensive HCs I have written to date. It's more like Five spicy One-Shots.

_________________

Also: This is just a slightly changed update. Had to make a completely new post because tumblr wouldn't let me update my original post 💢

_____________

Part 1 : Hunter

He puts a suitcase down on the table. You expect to see torture instruments in it when he opens it in front of you, but to your surprise, you see something completely different. Sex toys, in all variations. Anal plugs, lay-on vibrators, lube, vibrating eggs, and a few other things.

You blink and look at the man in the gray officer's uniform. He is perfectly calm, he seems almost relaxed. He smiles gently.

"Usually these interrogations are always quite unpleasant. The methods that the ISB has developed are, admittedly, sometimes quite inventive as well as effective, but also quite cruel, loud and dirty".

His voice is calm, gentle, lulling. You are surprised and confused by what he says. His eyes behind his yellow tinted goggles seem interested, curious, not cold as you had expected.

He looks at you, letting what is said sink in first. Finally, he continues, gesturing toward his suitcase, "Personally, I would prefer something much more pleasant, perhaps no less noisy, but probably just as effective."

You can't help but stare at him, confused and unsure. Part of you knows what he's getting at, of course, but you can't quite grasp the situation yet.

"Well?" he asks, looking at you questioningly, "What will it be? Do you want to choose for yourself, or do you want me to do it for you? I am very experimental, you know".

You slowly open your mouth and say, "I- I think the pleasant variant you mentioned sounds... more desirable"

His smile widens a tiny bit.

"My thoughts exactly," he says with satisfaction.

He stands up, comes around the table and removes your cuffs.

"Take off your clothes," he demands quietly.

When you hesitate, he says, "There's no need for shame, you won't be judged. This is a welcome experiment for me, the female body has always fascinated me"

You take a deep, nervous breath before beginning to remove your clothes. The imperial officer waits patiently, not pressing you further.

When you finally stand naked in front of him, he examines you from top to bottom, very interested. His fingertips ghost along your sides, you feel them like a delicate breath on your skin. At your breasts he lingers a little while, strokes along the soft skin, circles your rising nipples. You can see that a bulge is slowly forming in his uniform pants.

"Bend forward, over the tabletop," he says calmly, and moves to his suitcase.

With a pounding heart, you do as he asks and watch as he picks something out of the case. When he comes over to you, he has a plug in his hand, lube and a lay-on vibrator with little suction cups on it.

He comes over to you and stands behind you. Your heart beats faster, you can't help but already feel yourself getting wet, just the anticipation gets your blood pumping.

He puts the items on the table next to you. His hands start stroking your naked buns, and you hear him let out a stuttering breath. He seems to take pleasure in what he sees and feels. He abruptly presses against you from behind, and you clearly feel the hard length in his pants pressing on the steep crease between your buns.

His hands are on your hips as he gently rubs against you, his fingers digging into your flesh. But finally he lets go, stepping back a bit and reaching for the bottle of lube.

"This might be a little cold right now," he warns you.

In the next moment, you feel him gently push your buns apart with one hand and feel your face and ears grow hot. As his fingers touch the tight ring of muscle between them, and you feel the cool lube, your juices begin to pool and your pussy twitches expectantly. He takes some more of the gel, rubs it on the hole and finally slowly and carefully slides a finger inside.

Again your pussy twitches, you moan softly and slowly push your hips towards him, letting him penetrate deeper.

You can hear him let out another shaky breath.

"You seem to like this" he states, "This is good, very good".

He moves his finger inside your bottom. Pulling it back out, he reaches for the plug. A medium size, neither huge nor small. He also rubs the plug with lube before attaching it and begins to slowly push it into your small asshole. You moan out, the feeling is intense, the plug stretching your little hole.

Your interrogator is very careful, slow, almost tender. It takes a while, but finally the plug is deep in your butt and the flat end is resting between your buns.

"So far I am very pleased with you. You're a good girl, very obedient, I like that," he says somewhat breathlessly.

He seems fully absorbed in what he is doing to you. His hand gently reaches between your legs from behind, his fingers sliding through your damp folds.

"You're already wet. Very good, very good."

His fingers rub curiously and gently over your clit.

"There's the little fun button, isn't it?"

Breathlessly, you gasp, "Yes..."

He withdraws his fingers again, takes the lay-on vibrator and presses the suction cups against your body. In the next moment, the device begins to vibrate, massaging your clit in a steady rhythm.

"Sit back on the chair," he demands, a little more impatiently this time.

You do as you're told. With the plug in your butt and the vibrator on your clit. You are so wet that you drip onto the chair you are sitting on. He stands in front of you, between you and the table, leans against the tabletop, hastily opens his pants and frees his hard cock.

He is well hung. Thick, long, gently curved, his cock stands before you. You automatically reach for it, and he lets you, watching very closely what you are doing. Your face comes closer, and he watches in fascination as you kiss his hard length.

"Good girl, don't stop"

Your tongue twitches over his tip, tasting the pre-cum, slightly salty. He twitches and moans. His mouth flaps open as your lips close around his tip, your tongue presses against the underside of his cock, and you begin to suck on him. His head falls back into his neck, his hands clutched left and right on the tabletop.

He keeps gasping, "Good girl, good girl, such a good girl".

It feels great, sexy, hot. But something is missing. You love the feel of your ass being stuffed, the friction on your clit, but you long for your pussy to be stuffed.

You let go of him and look up at him. He frowns and looks at you questioningly.

"Who told you to stop?"

"Please... I need something in my pussy"

He blinks, then smiles.

"I'll make you a deal"

You nod eagerly, expectantly.

"You give me the coordinates of your shuttle, in exchange for that, I'll put one of my best vibrators in your pussy, take out the plug and fuck your sweet ass"

Again you feel heat on your face and in your ears. Just the thought makes your pussy twitch expectantly. Looking up at him out of wide eyes, you tell him what he wants to know. The imperial passes on the data via comm.

Finally, he pulls you to your feet, pushes you back onto the tabletop, stands behind you and reaches for his case. He pulls out a lifelike looking vibrator. You feel him press it against your pussy, sliding the tip through your folds a bit to collect your juice before slowly pushing it into your wet heat. You moan as he pushes deeper and deeper, and finally both holes are stretched and stuffed. He sets a gentle vibration level and waits a moment for your reaction.

The vibrator on your clit, the dildo in your pussy and the plug in your ass are an overwhelming combination. But you know, it gets even better. He strokes your back as you moan and gently wiggle your butt, pressing against his crotch.

"You're doing wonderfully," he praises you, almost tenderly.

He grips the flat end of the plug with two fingers and slowly pulls it out, placing it on a cloth on the table, and finally guides his hard length to your pre-stretched, small rear entrance. Little by little he penetrates further, slowly, carefully, moaning. When he is completely absorbed in you, he gives you a moment to get used to it.

"How's that? Does that feel good?"

A moan comes out of your mouth in response. You've never been so filled and stimulated before. After a while, he finally starts pounding your ass, keeping up his end of the bargain.

Ko-Fi (If you feel like giving me some coffee)

@rintheemolion

@andyoufollowyourheart @clone-whore-99

@brynhildrmimi @kaliel2310

@misogirl828 @tech-deck

@meshla-madalene

@chxpsi

@thebahdbitch

@nahoney22 @ladykatakuri

@darkangel4121

@ttzamara

@arctrooper69

@padawancat97

@agenteliix

@allsystemsblue

@palliateclaws

@either-madness-or-brilliance

@ortizshinkaroff

@andy-solo1

@hunterssecretrecipe

@heyitsaloy

@greaser-wolf

@extrahotpixels

@hated-by-me

@hunterxcrosshair

@malicemercy

@bebopsworld

@echos-girlfriend

@taskfork-archive

@cpnt616

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itsclydebitches · 4 years ago

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The Bad Batch: A Crosshair Analysis

Hello, Star Wars fandom! I have just completed watching—and loving—The Bad Batch, which you know means I now need to dump all my thoughts about the first season into the tumblr void. Specifically, thoughts on the complicated drama that is Crosshair. I have no doubt that the majority of what I’m about to say will be old news to anyone who watched the show when it came out (I’m slow...), but I’m writing it all out anyway. Largely for my own sanity enjoyment :D

I want to preface all of this by saying that the above is not an exaggeration. I love the show and I love the entire cast. My enjoyment in each of the characters is directly connected to my enjoyment of the season as a whole, which I say because I’m about to get pretty critical towards some of the characters’ choices and, to a lesser extent, the writing choices that surround those. Does this mean I secretly hate The Bad Batch? Quite the opposite. I’m invested, which is presumably just what Filoni wants. I’m just hoping that investment pays off.

But enough of the disclaimers. Let’s start with the matter of the inhibitor chip. I’ve seen fans take some pretty hard stances on both sides: Crosshair is completely innocent because he’s definitely been under the chip’s control this whole time, no matter what he might say. Crosshair is completely guilty because he said the chip was removed a long time ago and he chose to do all this, no moral wiggle room allowed. However, the reality is that we don’t know enough to make a clear call either way. The audience, simply put, does not have all the necessary information. What we have instead is a couple of facts combined with claims that may or may not be reliable. Let’s lay them out:

Crosshair was definitely under the chip’s control at the start of the series.

He was able to resist it to a certain extent, resulting in a pressure to obey orders coupled with a primary loyalty to his squad. See: telling Hunter to follow the Empire’s commands—which includes killing kid Padawans—but not turning his team in as traitors when they did not. It’s an in-between space.

Crosshair’s chip was then amplified to an unknown extent. I’m never going to claim I’m a Star Wars aficionado—I’m a casual fan, friends. Please don’t yell at me over obscure lore lol—but within TBB’s canon, no one else is undergoing that experimentation. The effects of this are entirely unknown, which includes Crosshair’s free will, or lack thereof.

Crosshair then becomes a clear tool of the Empire, hunting down innocents, killing on a whim, the whole, evil shebang.

In “Reunion” he’s caught by the engine and suffers severe burns to his face. One leaves a scar that covers precisely the place where the chip would have been extracted.

Removing the chip leaves its own scar behind. If Crosshair’s was removed, we can’t see that scar due to the burn.

After these events Crosshair seems to mellow a bit. He does horrible things under the Empire’s orders—like shooting the senator—but is still loyal to his squad—killing his non-clone teammates to give TBB a chance, saving AZ and Omega, etc.

Crosshair claims that his chip has already been removed. However, Crosshair is arguably an unreliable source if he’s been lied to or if the chip is still there, encouraging him to manipulate the team.

Crosshair claims it was removed a long time ago, which is incredibly imprecise. As we can see from just some of the events listed above, precisely when the chip came out—if it came out—makes a huge difference.

Hunter realizes this and presses for clarification, but Crosshair dodges giving it. Again, a legitimate belief that it doesn’t matter, or evidence that he can’t say because something else is going on? We don’t know.

Hunter checks Crosshair’s head and finds the burn scar which proves… nothing. As stated above, they wouldn’t be able to see the surgery scar one way or another: its existence or its absence. It’s useless data, as Tech might say. I’ve seen a few fans claim that Hunter was also feeling for the chip with his enhanced senses, but 1. I didn’t catch any evidence of that in the scene and 2. Even if we assume Hunter did that anyway, the chips are notoriously hard to spot. Fives and AZ couldn’t find the chip at first when examining Tup. Ahsoka had to use the force to find it in Rex. TBB themselves couldn’t find it at first in Wrecker. If machinery consistently fails to find the chip on the first couple of tries—it’s meant to be a hidden implant, after all—why would we believe Hunter’s senses could pick it up instantly? Maybe he missed it, or maybe it wasn’t there at all.

Crosshair appears to be struggling with a headache in the finale, just as he was at the beginning of the season and just like Wrecker was for the first half.

The point of listing all this out is to emphasize how ambiguous this whole situation is. I don’t want to use this post to argue one way or another about whether Crosshair’s chip is really out. I have my preferred theory (the chip’s still in, but only partially functional), but at the end of the day none of this is conclusive. The writing takes us in what I hope is deliberate circles. Crosshair says the chip is out? Crosshair is not a reliable source of information until we know if the chip is out. What other evidence is there that the chip is gone? A scar? We can’t see if there’s a scar. Hunter’s abilities? He only checked once for a canonically hard to find implant—if he actually checked at all. And why would the Empire want the chip out? Well, maybe it has to do with that push towards willing soldiers, but if that were the case, why leave Crosshair behind and have the “clones die together”? By that point he was one of the most willing, chip or not. Did they have to take it out because of the engine accident? Pure speculation. We just don’t know and THAT is the point I want to make.

Because it means the rest of the Bad Batch didn’t know either.

The core issue I have here is not whether the chip is in or out, or even how long it may have been in if it is out now. The issue is that TBB spent 99% of the first season believing that Crosshair was under the chip’s influence… and they didn’t try to do anything about that. They abandoned him. They left a man behind. Does this make them all horrible monsters? Of course not! This shit is complicated as hell, but I do think they made a very large mistake and that Crosshair has every right to be furious about it.

“But, Clyde, they couldn’t have gone back. It was too dangerous! Hunter had a duty to his whole team, not just Crosshair.” True enough and I’d buy this argument 100% if Hunter hadn’t spent the entire season throwing his team into dangerous, seemingly impossible situations to save other people. Crosshair became the exception, not a hard rule of something they had to avoid. They went back to Kamino for Omega, a kid they’d only had one lunch with, despite knowing how dangerous the Empire was. They went into the heart of an occupied planet to rescue not just a stranger, but one belonging to the Separatist government. They helped Sid when she asked and there was plenty of compassion for the criminal trying to take her place. Most significantly, there wasn’t the slightest hesitation to go rescue Hunter when he was under the Empire’s control, in precisely the same place. Every explanation I’ve seen fans come up with—Kamino is too fortified, they don’t know where Crosshair is, they can’t risk Omega being captured, etc.—also holds true for Hunter, yet there wasn’t a second of doubt about needing to at least try to help him. And his rescue was arguably far more dangerous given that TBB knew they were walking into a trap. Going after Crosshair would have at least had some element of surprise.

I think the problem with these justifications is most easily seen in “Rescue on Ryloth” and, later, “War-Mantle.” In the former, we do watch Hunter decide that going on a rescue mission is too much of a risk, only for Omega to talk him into considering it.

Hunter: “It’s a big galaxy. We can’t put ourselves on the line every time someone’s in trouble.”

Omega: “Why not? Isn’t that what soldiers do?”

Hunter: “It’s not worth the risk.”

Omega: “She’s trying to save her family, Hunter. I’d do the same for you.”

The arguments that sway him are ‘Soldiers should help people’ and ‘Soldiers should specifically help their family.’ So… what does that say about their feelings for Crosshair? They’re willing to put themselves on the line for the parents of a girl they met once at a drop site, but not their own brother? That’s the message the writing sends. “But, Clyde, the difference is that they had an advantage here. Hera’s knowledge of her home planet tipped the odds in their favor.” Yeah… and Crosshair is stationed on TBB’s home planet. Even more than them collectively having the same knowledge that Hera does, “Return to Kamino” reveals that Omega always had additional, insider knowledge of the base: she has access to a secret landing pad and the tunnels leading up into the city. That knowledge was given and used the second Hunter’s freedom was on the line, but it never once came up to use for Crosshair’s benefit.

“War-Mantle’s” mission puts this problem in even sharper relief. Another claim I’ve seen a lot is that TBB only took risky rescue missions because they needed to be paid. The guys have got to eat after all. Yet Tech makes it clear that going after Gregor will lose them money. They’re meant to be on a mission for Sid and deviating for that won’t result in a payment. He explicitly says that if they decide to do this, they won’t eat. They do it anyway. No money, no intel, a huge risk “on a clone we don’t even know.” But that’s not what’s important, the show says. All that matters is that a brother is in trouble. This time it’s Echo pushing that message instead of Omega. When Hunter realizes that they’re about to try and infiltrate an entire facility and they don’t even know if this clone is still alive, Echo points out that they took that risk once before: for him. “If there’s a chance that trooper is being held against his will, we have to try and get him out.”

Yes! Exactly right! So why doesn’t that apply to Crosshair?

“Because he tried to kill them, Clyde!” No, that’s the easy, dismissive answer. A chipped Crosshair tried to kill them. AKA, a Crosshair entirely under the Empire’s control. The only difference between his enslavement and Gregor’s is that Gregor’s chains were physical while Crosshair’s were mental. And again, the point of everything at the start of this post is to show that no one knows when or even if that chip was removed. TBB definitely didn’t have any reason to suspect that Crosshair was working under his own power until Crosshair himself said as much. We might have been able to make that case at the start of the season, but “Battle Scars” removes any possible confusion. The entire team watched Rex reach for his blaster when he learned their chips were still in. The entire team watched Wrecker become a totally different person and attack them, just like Crosshair did. The entire team forgave him instantly and had their own chips removed. So why in the world didn’t anyone go, “Wow, Crosshair has a chip too. He was no more responsible for attacking us than Wrecker was. We need to try to get him out, no matter how hard that might be, just like we had to try for all these other people we’ve helped.”

But they didn’t. No one even considered rescuing Crosshair. They only went back for Hunter and, when they realized Crosshair was there too, they didn’t change their plans to try and rescue him as well. He’s treated as a particularly threatening inconvenience, not another team member in need of their help.

The problem I have with how this all went down is that the team treated Crosshair like an enemy despite all evidence to the contrary. Despite Omega outright saying that this isn’t his fault, it’s the chip, the group seems to decide that he’s gone crazy or something and that there’s nothing they can do. “It’s fine,” I thought. “They don’t really get what the chip is like yet. They don’t understand how thoroughly it controls someone.” But then “Battle Scars” arrives and Wrecker is treated with such compassion (which he deserves!) only for the group to continue acting like Crosshair is somehow different. It’s easy to say, “But Crosshair shot Wrecker” and ignore the easy pushback of, “and Wrecker nearly shot Omega.” Up until Crosshair’s own accusations and Omega’s ignored comments, TBB’s understanding of the chip’s influence and the lack of responsibility that accompanies mysteriously disappears when the show’s antagonist becomes the subject of conversation. This is seen most clearly in how Hunter tries to frame things during his talk with Crosshair:

“You tried to kill us. We didn’t have a choice.”

“Can’t you see that they’re using you? It’s that inhibitor chip in your head.”

“You really don’t get who we are, do you?”

Hunter mentions the chip, but he acts as if it’s Crosshair’s responsibility to overcome it: “Can’t you see…” Of course he can’t see, that’s the entire point of the chip, the thing he currently believes Crosshair still has stuck in his head. But Hunter and the others—with Omega as a wonderful exception—never seem to have accepted this like they did for Wrecker. When Crosshair “tried to kill us” it’s seen as a deliberate act that he chose, not something forced on him like with Wrecker. When Hunter talks about their ethics, he subconsciously separates the team from Crosshair: “You really don’t get who we are, do you?”, revealing a pretty ingrained divide between them. Even Wrecker gets in on the action, the one brother who truly understands how much the chip controls someone: “All that time, you didn’t even try to come back.” What part of he couldn’t try is not hitting home here? Again, for the purposes of this conversation it doesn’t matter whether Crosshair was chipped this whole time or not. The point is that TBB believed he was chipped… and yet still expected him to somehow, magically overcome that programming, writing him off when he failed to do that. He’s consistently held responsible for actions that they were told (and, through Wrecker, saw) were completely outside of his control. Even when we factor in his claim that the chip was removed, TBB has ignored all the evidence I listed at the start. No one, not even Omega, challenges this super vague and strange claim, or seeks out proof because they don’t want to believe that their brother could willingly do this. There’s just this... acceptance that of course Crosshair went bad. Why? Because he was an asshole sometimes? Taking it all as written, it doesn’t feel like the batch considered him a true part of the team. Certainly not like Wrecker or Hunter. As shown, the batch will go out of their way, risk anything, forgive anything, for them. They have a level of faith that was never shown to Crosshair.

“Severe and unyielding,” Tech says and he’s absolutely right, but I’d seriously challenge this idea that any of the others would have automatically done better if the situations were reversed. It stood out to me that each batch member has a moment of doubt throughout the series, a brief glimpse into how they think the Empire isn’t that bad, at least when it comes to this particular thing. Basically, a moment that could lead to a very dangerous line of thinking without others to stomp it down. Wrecker announces that he’s happy working for whoever, provided they give him food and let him blow things up. Tech finds the chain codes to be an ingenious strategy and is clearly fascinated with their development. Hunter initially wants Omega to stay on Kamino, despite knowing that this Empire has already, systematically killed an entire group of people: the Jedi. Doesn’t matter. She’s still (supposedly) safer there than she would be running with the likes of them.

There’s absolutely no doubt that those three made the correct choice in defying the Empire, but I believe that their ability to make that choice is largely dependent on them having each other. They survive together, not apart, and it’s their unity that allows them to make the really hard calls, like setting out on their own and opposing such a formidable force. But if Tech’s chip had activated and he’d been left behind, would he have muscled through to escape somehow...or would he have gotten caught up in all the new technology the Empire offered him, succumbing to both his chip and the inevitability that if his squad no longer wanted him, why not stay? Would Wrecker have escaped, or been easily manipulated into a new life of exploding things? Would Hunter have been able to push through without his brothers, or would he have become devoted to a new team to lead? Obviously there’s no way to ever know, but it’s always easier to make the right decisions when you have support in doing so. Crosshair had no support. His team left him and yes, they had to in that specific moment, but the point is that they never came back. As far as we saw throughout the season, they never planned to come back. They all talk about loving the Crosshair who existed when life was easier, but they weren’t willing to fight for the Crosshair that most needed their help. When he says “You weren’t loyal to me,” he’s absolutely right. The same episode, “Return to Kamino,” gives Omega two powerful lines that the group rallies behind:

Omega: “[The danger] doesn’t matter. Saving Hunter is what matters.”

AZ: “You must leave.”

Omega: “Not without Hunter.”

The key word there is “Hunter.” Danger, stakes, risk, probability… none of that matters when Hunter needs help. Crosshair did not receive that same level of devotion.

Which creates a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy. The group is upset that Crosshair isn’t rejoining them, but they fail to realize that he has no reason to trust them anymore. He’s not joining the Empire because he’s inherently evil and that’s that, end of discussion. He’s joining it because above all Crosshair wants a place to belong… and TBB has made it clear—unintentionally—that he does not belong with them. The horrible actions that Crosshair took under his own free will (theoretically) came after he realized that doing bad things while under the Empire’s control was, apparently, unforgivable. If it wasn’t, his team would have come back to rescue him. They could have at least tried. But they didn’t, so Crosshair is left with the conclusion that either what he did under the Empire’s control is something the group can’t forgive him for, or they can forgive that (like with Wrecker) and he’s the problem here. He’s the one not worth that effort.

“The Empire will be fazing out clones next,” Hunter says. To which Crosshair responds, “Not the ones that matter.”

He wants to matter to someone and events show he no longer matters to his brothers. So why not stay with the Empire? I mean, we as the audience ABSOLUTELY know why not. Self-doubt and feelings of isolation aren’t excuses for joining the Super Evil Organization. Crosshair, if he is under his own control, is still 100% in the wrong for supporting them, no matter his reasons. So it’s not an excuse, but rather an explanation of that very human, flawed, fallible thinking. He needs to be useful. He needs to be wanted. Crosshair is an absolute dick to the regs and I have no doubt that a lot of that stems from the harassment TBB has experienced from them (with a side of his inflated ego), but I’d bet it’s also due to Crosshair’s intense desire to be valuable to someone. He keeps pointing out the regs’ supposed deficiencies because it highlights his own usefulness. When Crosshair fails to find Hera, the Admiral says that soon he’ll get someone who can, looking straight at Howzer at the door. It makes Crosshair seethe because his entire identity is based on being useful, yet no one seems to need him anymore. TBB seems to no longer want him. The Empire no longer wants clones. Now even regs are considered a better option than him, the “superior” soldier. Everywhere Crosshair turns he’s getting the message that he’s not wanted, but he’ll keep fighting to at least be needed in some capacity, no matter how small. Even if that means overlooking all the horrors the Empire commits.

“All you’ll ever be to [the Empire] is a number,” Hunter says and he’s absolutely right. But to TBB recently, Crosshair hasn’t even been that. He’s been nothing. Nobody worth coming back for. To his mind, at least being a number is something.

I hope that all of this resolves itself into a conclusion that is kind to each side (preferably without a Vader-style death redemption), especially given the still ambiguous state of the chip, but from a writing standpoint I’m admittedly a bit wary. We’re obviously meant to believe that the batch all love each other, but as established throughout this entirely too long post, this season did a terrible job imo of proving that they love Crosshair. Or, at least, proving that they love him as much as the others. If this was really meant to be just a matter of miscommunication, with Crosshair making terrible life choices because he only thinks he was abandoned, then we as the audience would have seen the batch trying and failing to get him out. Or at least establishing a very good reason why they couldn’t take that risk, hopefully with entirely different side-missions so the audience isn’t constantly going, “So you can risk everything for Gregor... but not Crosshair?” I’m VERY glad that Crosshair was allowed to air his grievances to the extent he did, but the end result of that—Hunter continually denying this, Omega walking away from him in their rooms, neither Tech nor Wrecker actually sticking up for him and acknowledging the chip’s influence during at least some of all this—is making things feel rather one-sided. It’s like we’re meant to take Crosshair at his word and accept that he’s this garden-variety antagonist who joins the Empire because yay being on the winning side… despite all these complications that clearly have a huge impact on how we read the situation. It doesn’t help that the show has already embraced an inconsistent manner of portraying chipped-clones. We know every clone has one, we know only a couple clones are aware of the chip’s existence (and can thus try to get it out), we know they enter a “Good soldiers follow orders” mindlessness once activated… yet towards the end we see a lot of side character clones thinking for themselves. Howzer decides that he’s no longer loyal to the Empire, giving a speech where a couple other clones throw down their weapons too. Gregor was arrested because he likewise realized how wrong this all was. But how is that possible? Do the chips completely control the clones, or not? Are these clones somehow exceptions? Are the chips beginning to fail? All of that has a bearing on how we read Crosshair—what were his own decisions, how much he was capable of overcoming the chip, whether that changed at all during certain points—but right now that remains really unclear.

It’s details like that which make me wonder if all these other questions will be answered. Will the story resolve all those ambiguous moments surrounding the chip, or brush them off with the belief that we should have just taken Crosshair at his equally ambiguous word? Will the story acknowledge Crosshair’s points through someone other than Crosshair, allowing it to exist as a legitimate criticism, rather than the presumed excuses of an antagonist? I’m… not sure. On the whole I’m very happy with TBB’s writing—despite what all this might imply lol. Until my brain picks over the season and discovers something else, my only other gripe is not allowing Omega to form a solid bond with Tech and Echo, instead putting all the focus on big brother!Wrecker and dad!Hunter. I think it’s a solid show that does a lot right, but I’m worried that, unless there’s a brilliant answer to all these questions and an intent to unpack both sides of the Hunter vs. Crosshair debate with respect—not just falling back on, “Well, Crosshair is with the Empire so everything he says is automatically bad and wrong” take—we’ve just gotten the setup for a somewhat messy, ethical story. For anyone here who also reads my RWBY metas, I’m pretty sure you’re not at all surprised that I’m invested in going, “Hey, you had one of the heroes suddenly become/join a dictatorship and do a lot of horrific things, but within a pretty complicated context. Can we please work through that carefully and with an acknowledgement of the nuance here, rather than throwing the ‘evil’ character to the proverbial wolves?”

God knows TBB is leagues ahead of RWBY, but I hope things continue on in not just a good direction, but one that tackles the aspects of this situation that many fans—and Crosshair—have already pointed out. As much as I adore the cast—and I really, really do—it was discomforting to watch a found family show where 4/5th of that family so completely wrote off one of the members and crucially have, at least so far, refused to acknowledge that. I want complicated, flawed characters, but that’s only compelling when the storytelling admits to and grapples with those flaws. We have quite firmly established Crosshair’s flaws in Season One. I hope Season Two delves into the rest of the team’s too.

Aaaand with that meta-dump out of my system, I’m off to write TBB fic. Thanks for reading! :D

#The Bad Batch #TBB #Crosshair #Star Wars #SW #mymetas #do I take my life in my hands #by posting SW meta?#probably lol

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biostudyblog · 5 years ago

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Testing and Individual Differences

Francis Golton was one of the first to study human intelligence and testing, and initiated the use of surveys to collect data, along with creating and applying statistics towards its analysis.

Standardisation and Norms

A test that is standardised is a test that has been piloted on a group of people similar to the population that is supposed to take the test, where achievement norms have been established. An easy one for many students planning on studying in the US is the SAT. At the end of the SAT, students take an extra set of questions that aren’t graded. These questions are developed so the Educational Testing Service can continue to standardise coming exams. Since the students taking the SAT are representative of the groups taking the SAT as a whole, they are known as the standardisation sample. People who make tests (known as psychometricians) at ETS use the achievement of students on the experimental section of the exam to decide how the next exam will be formulated. Questions nearly everyone gets right or wrong are discarded as they aren’t useful for differentiating between students.

Reliability and Validity

In order for a test to be taken seriously, it needs reliability and validity.

Reliability is the consistency of the test as a means of measurement. For instance, if you take an IQ test and score 99 the first time, 115 the next time, and 160 the third time, the test isn’t very reliable. There are many ways to measure a tests reliability. Split-half reliability involves randomly splitting a test into two different sections and correlating someone’s performance on the two halves. The closer the correlation coefficient is to +1, the greater the split-half reliability. Equivalent-form reliability is the correlation between someone’s performance on two different but equivalent forms of the same test. Finally, test-retest reliability is the correlation between 2 different administrations of the same test.

A test is valid if it measures what it’s supposed to measure. If Albert Einstein took an IQ test and got 99 all 3 times, you can say the test is reliable, but it’s clearly not very valid. A test cannot be valid if it is not reliable, however it can be reliable without being valid. There are multiple different kinds of validity, for example, face validity is a superficial measure of accuracy- it is the degree to which a test appears effective. If you’re looking for a chef, a cake baking test has high face validity. Face validity is considered a type of content validity- This is how well a measure reflects the entire range of material is is supposed to be testing. The cake baking test doesn’t have great content validity if the chef needs to cook things other than cake. There is also criterion-related validity- the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome. There are two kinds of criterion-related validity: Concurrent validity which measures how much of a characteristic a person has now, and predictive validity which is a measure of future performance. Finally, construct validity, which is a measure of whether a test measures a construct accurately.

Types of Tests

Two common types of tests are aptitude tests and achievement tests. Aptitude tests measure potential while achievement tests measure what someone has learnt. Making a test that exclusively measures one of these qualities is nearly impossible. For example, take a Math Aptitude test- you can have two people, each with equal potential to do well in the subject, but one of the test-takers has spent years studying math, while the other has barely done it at all- it’s obvious who will score better. On a Chemistry Achievement exam, you can have two students who studied an equal amount, however one may have a higher test-taking aptitude and score better than the other.

There are also speed and power tests. Speed tests consist of a large number of questions asked in a short amount of time- typically time that is insufficient to complete the problems, and power tests typically gauge the difficulty level of problems that someone can solve.

Finally, there are group and individual tests. Group tests are given to groups of people at one time and have little to no interaction between the examiner and test-takers. Individual tests involve more interaction with the examiner and study one person at a time.

Theories of Intelligence

Intelligence is another one of those words that get thrown around constantly but are surprisingly difficult to define. A medical doctor would look like an idiot when talking to a group of quantum physicists about string theory, but logically we would still call him intelligent. Many psychologists draw a distinction between fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence. Fluid intelligence is our ability to solve abstract problems and learn new things while crystallised intelligence involves using the knowledge we accrue over time.

Charles Spearman- Charles Spearman argued that intelligence can be expressed as a single factor. He used factor analysis to conclude that underlying the many different specific abilities (s) that people regard as types of intelligence is actually a single factor that he named g.

Howard Gardner- Howard Gardner subscribed to the idea of multiple intelligences. What made his theory unique was that the intelligences that he named encompass a much larger range of human activities than most other psychologists. For example, he named linguistic, mathematical, and spatial intelligence which line up with what most psychologists use, however, added: musical, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist intelligence.

Daniel Goleman: Daniel Goleman is one of the main proponents of EQ, or emotional intelligence. These are related to Gardner’s intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence.

Robert Sternberg- Sternberg has offered a nontraditional definition of intelligence. His triarchic theory defines 3 types of intelligences. Componential or analytic intelligence describes our ability to compare, contrast, explain, and analyse. Experiential, or creative intelligence observes how people use their knowledge in innovative ways. Thirdly, is contextual or practical intelligence. These are people who are able to apply their knowledge to the real world. Sternberg’s theory also raises another question- does intelligence depend on context? Sternberg would say yes. Most intelligence tests however view intelligence as ability based rather than context based.

Intelligence Tests

There are two widely used individual tests- the Stanford Binet and Wechsler, however there are as many different types of intelligence tests as there are theories for what intelligence actually is.

Alfred Binet wanted to make a test to identify the children who needed extra help in school. His test was based on the idea of mental age, supposing that intelligence increases as someone ages. A normal 10 year old has the mental age of a 10 year old. Louis Terman, a professor at Stanford university used this system to measure IQ (intelligence quotient), and create the Stanford-Binet IQ test. A score on this test is formulated by dividing their mental age by their chronological age and multiplying by 100. The 10 year old would have an IQ of 100- (10/10 x 100). This test gets a bit weirder with adults. To rectify this, Terman assigned all adults an arbitrary age of 20.

David Wechsler took a bit of a different approach. There are 3 different Wechsler tests- there is the Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS), the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC), which is given to children from ages 6 to 16, and the Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence (WPPSI). These tests yield an IQ score based on deviation IQ. The tests are standardised so that the mean is 100, and the standard deviation is 15. Scores are found based on how many standard deviations they fall away from the mean. Someone who scores at the 15.87th percentile falls one standard deviation below the mean, and would receive a score of 85. Someone who scores at the 97.72nd percentile scored 2 standard deviations above the mean and would get a 130. Wechsler’s tests also provides scores on a number of sub-scales along with a total IQ score. The WAIS has 11 sub-scales. 6 produce a verbal IQ score, 5 produce a performance IQ score.

Bias

The accusation that tests like the SAT are biased is not a new one. Researchers looking into the SAT say that although different races and sexes score differently on these tests, they have the same predictive validity for all groups. Other researchers argue that both the tests and college grades are significantly biased due to the advantages white middle and upper class students benefit from.

Nature Versus Nurture

Here we are, back again on this debate which seems to appear everywhere throughout Psychology. Research suggests that both genetics and environment contribute to molding intelligence. When discussing the effects of nature and nurture, researchers use the term heritability- this is a measure of how much of a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factors. Heritability of 0 implies that the environment is completely in control of differences in the trait, while 1 implies that genetics is totally responsible. So how heritable is intelligence? Answering this question is extremely difficult as effectively studying this question would require studying a controlled population, rather than an individual which would bring up serious ethical questions. There have been some interesting findings, however.

The Flynn Effect is a finding that suggests environmental factors like nutrition, education, and even entertainment like TV can play a role in intelligence

Monozygotic/identical twins score much more similarly on intelligence tests than dizygotic/fraternal twins, however, bias may play a role in this as monozygotic twins tend to be treated more similarly than dizygotic twins.

To avoid this bias, researchers look to monozygotic twins separated at birth. There have been strong correlations in intelligence, however, bias may still be present as the twins may be placed in similar environments.

Some people (including the bloke who made the SAT) point to racial differences to prove that intelligence is genetically based. Carl Brigham used his test to “prove” that white people were superior to people of colour, while ignoring factors like poverty and lack of education, and English fluency when scoring his exams.

#Psychologyy #AP Psychology #Human psychology #psychology studyblr #psychology study blog #psych study blog #psych studyblr #biology studyblr #biology study blog #bio studyblr #bio study blog #testing #IQ tests #SAT #ACT #iq #studyblr #study skills #study blog

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stratharchives · 4 years ago

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‘The woman at the back’: Miss Wanda Zamorska

The above photograph (reference: OP/4/129) from our institutional collection dates from around 1920 and shows students working in the Botany laboratory at the Royal Technical College (RTC), forerunner of the University of Strathclyde. Whilst the students’ names are unknown, our catalogue entry for the photograph indicates that ‘The woman at the back, wearing a hat, is possibly Miss W. Zamorska, demonstrator in Botany and Bacteriology.’ Standing by the blackboard against the wall and dressed all in black, the diminutive female figure almost fades into her surroundings; yet she deserves recognition as one of the most reliable and long-standing members of the Department of Botany and Bacteriology. To mark International Women’s Day (8 March), this post explores the family background, life and career of Miss Zamorska, highlighting her contribution to the teaching of Botany at a time when relatively few women were employed in the scientific departments of the RTC.

Family background

Wanda (occasionally spelled ‘Vanda’) Zamorska was born in Glasgow on 9 June 1861, to Albert Zamorski and Martha Grundy Zamorska.[1] Though Polish by birth, Albert Zamorski appeared in the 1861 Census of Scotland as a British subject. He married Martha Grundy Cooper in Manchester, England in 1858, and the couple had their first child, Emily Bogumila, known as Elma, in 1859 or 1860. By April 1861, Albert and Martha had settled in Scotland and were living at 123 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow. Their second daughter, Wanda Caroline, arrived two months later, followed by Casimir James (born 1862), Alberta Mary (born 1865), and Thaddeus Robert (born 1868). A sixth child, Isabel Maud(e), was born in 1870 but died in infancy.

Wanda’s father worked as a Commission Agent, specialising in elastics and silks. He initially ran his business from 72 Wilson Street in Glasgow,[2] and subsequently operated from a warehouse at 62 Argyle Street. The Glasgow Post Office directories for the 1860s show that the Zamorski family lived for brief periods in several different streets in the West End of Glasgow, and by 1869 they were residing in Annfield Terrace, Partick.

On 9 May 1871, Albert died, leaving a young widow and five children aged under 13. Fortunately, they were not penniless: Albert’s estate was valued at £193 8s.,[3] and Martha Zamorska appears to have taken on, or at least maintained some involvement in, her late husband’s business, which was now known as A. Zamorski & Co., Commission Merchants and Agents.[4] In 1872, she and the children moved from Annfield Terrace to 235 Dumbarton Road, and from thence to 296 Bath Street in 1873. By 1880, they were living at 3 Elmbank Street.

The firm of A. Zamorski & Co. appears to have ceased trading in the mid-1880s and in 1889, Martha Zamorska died. Wanda and her siblings, all of whom were still living at home, subsequently moved to Rupert Street, where the eldest, Elma, was head of the household. The 1891 Census reveals the profession or occupation of each member of the family. Elma is described as a teacher of singing, Wanda as a teacher of music, Casimir as an architect, Alberta as a dressmaker, and Thaddeus – the only one who was not self-employed - as a mercantile clerk. In 1898, Casimir married and set up home in Willowbank Crescent, Glasgow with his wife, Jane. Wanda and her other siblings stayed together in Rupert Street until 1909, when they relocated as a family to Carrington Street.

Early studies in natural sciences

Wanda Zamorska first entered the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (GWSTC), known from 1912 as the Royal Technical College (RTC), as an evening student in session 1893-94. As well as day courses for full-time students, the GWSTC offered a variety of theoretical and practical evening classes intended for apprentices, working people and others who were unable to study during the day. Wanda and her two sisters, Elma and Alberta, enrolled for Mr Thomas King’s summer course in Botany,[5] which ran on Monday evenings from 8-9 pm. Requiring no prior knowledge of the subject, the course consisted of 15 popular lectures on flowering plants, ferns, mosses and seaweeds, plus several Saturday afternoon excursions to examine fresh plants in situ.[6] The trio enjoyed this experience so much that they returned in session 1894-95 to take a further evening course in Botany, alongside a Tuesday evening class in Experimental Physics.[7] Wanda’s aptitude for natural sciences was now apparent, as she achieved fifth place overall in the Experimental Physics class.[8] Both she and Alberta took further evening classes in Botany and Experimental Physics in session 1895-96, while Elma took Botany only.[9] This time, Wanda did well enough to claim Second Prize in the Experimental Physics class.[10] In session 1896-97, Wanda and Alberta again took evening classes in Botany and Physiography, while Elma took Physiography only.[11]

Neither Elma nor Alberta pursued further studies at the GWSTC, but Wanda’s enthusiasm was undiminished. She returned for yet another evening course in Botany in session 1897-98 and enrolled for a Geology course in session 1898-99.[12] There then follows a gap of several years until her next appearance in the GWSTC student registers, perhaps on account of her brother, Casimir’s marriage. Upon his wedding in 1898, Casimir established a home of his own and presumably ceased contributing to his siblings’ household, which may have left little money available for evening class fees.

Student and Assistant in the Department of Botany and Bacteriology

Wanda resumed her evening studies in session 1903-04, taking Bacteriology Lecture Course I and Bacteriology Laboratory Course I.[13] A new Lecturer in Botany and Bacteriology, Dr David Ellis, took up post that session,[14] and he quickly recognized Wanda’s abilities, harnessing them for the benefit of his Department. The GWSTC records show that from 1 September 1904, Wanda was employed as a part-time assistant to Dr Ellis at a salary of £13 per annum,[15] thus becoming one of the few women involved in the teaching of scientific subjects at the GWSTC in this period.

During session 1904-05, Wanda also received a Kerr Bursary in Botany.[16] The Kerr Bursaries were awarded on the basis of a competitive examination for students studying Natural Philosophy or Botany at the GWSTC, with each award of £15 tenable for a maximum of three years.[17] It is possible that the bursary, coupled with the remuneration from her appointment at the GWSTC, enabled Wanda to reduce or give up her primary occupation as a teacher of music, as in session 1905-06 she enrolled as a day student for the first time.

Over the next decade, Wanda combined her part-time duties for the Department with attendance as a student at the College. She enrolled for classes in various scientific subjects, including day courses in Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry and a Special Laboratory Course in Botany, in which advanced students pursued their own practical studies on Mondays and Wednesdays between 8 and 10 pm, overseen by Dr Ellis.[18] She also qualified for first class certificates of merit (awarded for a final mark of over 80 percent) in most of her evening classes, including Bacteriology Lecture Course II, Bacteriology Laboratory Course II, Pharmacy, Materia Medica, Zoology Lecture Courses I and II, and Zoology Laboratory Courses I and II. Her last appearance in the student registers occurs in session 1914-15, when she took the Zoology Special Laboratory evening class. Like that in Botany, this course permitted experienced students to ‘pursue the study practically at any time when the Laboratory is open for Zoological work, under the general guidance of the Lecturer.’[19] It is noteworthy, however, that Wanda’s date of birth never appears correctly in the student registers, being variously recorded as 1873, 1868 and 1867 instead of 1861. Repeated clerical error seems an unlikely explanation for this, so was she deliberately claiming to be younger than her years, and if so, why?

Demonstrator and Assistant Lecturer at the Royal Technical College

In session 1906-07, Wanda Zamorska was the senior of three part-time assistants attached to the Department of Botany and Bacteriology, the others being Miss Evelyne Gilmour and Mr George Russell.[20] The assistants’ duties mainly involved preparing and conducting practical demonstrations for Dr Ellis’s classes, and their workload was about to increase markedly. On 2 April 1906, the GWSTC Committee on Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Natural Sciences granted Dr Ellis an additional allowance of £12 for his assistants, ‘in view of the developments proposed in his Department’.[21] Wanda’s salary consequently rose from £13 to £20. The ‘proposed developments’ alluded to were two new courses that Dr Ellis was preparing to offer in session 1906-07. The first of these, arranged at the request of the Glasgow Grocers’ and Provision Merchants’ Association, was a course of practical classes in Economic Botany for grocers.[22] In the event, the grocers’ class created so much extra work for Wanda and Evelyne Gilmour that their salaries were each augmented by a further £5.[23] The second new initiative, which commenced in July 1907, was a series of vacation courses in Botany for secondary school teachers from all over Scotland. These proved so popular that the classes were ‘full to overflowing’, and in the following session they were supplemented by summer courses in Nature Study for teachers in elementary schools.[24]

In September 1911, Evelyne Gilmour resigned and her duties were absorbed by Wanda Zamorska, whose salary consequently increased from £25 to £45 per annum.[25] By session 1916-17, George Russell had also departed, leaving Wanda as the sole assistant in the Department of Botany and Bacteriology.[26] This, together with the strains experienced by all staff in their efforts to keep classes going throughout the First World War, may have encouraged her to appeal to the RTC’s Committee on Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Natural Sciences. At a meeting on 24 September 1919, the Committee considered a letter received from Miss Zamorska and ‘agreed to recommend that her remuneration be increased to £90 for the session, a sum based upon the normal rate of 15s. per evening, and that Dr Ellis be requested to make such arrangements as were practicable to relieve her from day duties.’[27] One of these arrangements may have concerned her title, as the RTC Calendar for session 1920-21 lists Miss Zamorska as ‘Demonstrator’ rather than ‘Assistant’ in the Department of Botany and Bacteriology.

By 1920, Dr David Ellis not only held the post of Lecturer in Botany and Bacteriology but also that of Superintendent of the School of Pharmacy, plus responsibility for the School of Bakery.[28] As in previous years, Ellis’s burgeoning responsibilities affected the workload of his assistants, and at a meeting of the RTC’s Sub-Committee on the School of Pharmacy on 7 May 1923,

A letter from Dr. Ellis was read, pointing out that the great increase in the work of his department, caused by the formation of classes for the degree in Pharmacy, and the introduction of a second-year day course in Bakery, rendered necessary a rearrangement of the work of his assistants. At present, in addition to Mr. Todd, Lecturer in Pharmacy, he had six part-time assistants whose salaries amounted to £325 per session, but, as part-time assistance had not been quite satisfactory, he proposed that it be discontinued next session, and that the following be appointed full-time assistants at the salaries stated:-

Miss Zamorska £325

Miss Eadie £150[29]

Thereafter, the RTC Annual Reports list Miss Zamorska both as Assistant Lecturer to Dr Ellis in the Department of Botany and Bacteriology and as Assistant Lecturer in Botany within the School of Pharmacy.[30] She appealed to the Committee on Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Natural Sciences for a further increase of salary in the summer of 1924, but this was not granted.[31]

Wanda Zamorska retired in the summer of 1926, aged 65, after 22 years of service to the College.[32] Acknowledging her departure, the RTC Annual Report for session 1925-26 noted that ‘Her zealous and conscientious work as a lecturer and demonstrator during this long period has been much appreciated.’[33] In a final act of consideration towards her former employers, she wrote to them in September 1926, offering for sale her set of 152 lantern slides on botanical subjects, which she had presumably used for teaching and demonstrations. The RTC agreed to purchase this for £20.[34]

Having outlived all her siblings, Wanda Zamorska died at the age of 90 on 26 November 1951. As a pupil, and subsequently as Dr Ellis’s dependable assistant, she had been associated with the College for a remarkable 32 years. In giving practical demonstrations and lectures to thousands of students, she made a significant contribution to the teaching of Botany in Glasgow and helped to facilitate the expanding number and types of classes offered by her Department. As such, ‘the woman at the back’ of the laboratory photograph might fairly be described as the backbone of the Department of Botany and Bacteriology in the early twentieth century.

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[1] ScotlandsPeople: 1861 Zamorski, Vanda Caroline (Statutory registers Births 644/8 901), accessed 3 March 2021

[2] Post Office Directory for Glasgow, 1862-1863.

[3] ScotlandsPeople: 1874 Zamorski, Albert (Wills and testaments Reference SC36/48/75, Glasgow Sheriff Court Inventories) Image 364, accessed 3 March 2021.

[4] Post Office Directory for Glasgow, 1871-1872.

[5] OE/11/3/1/6: GWSTC Register of Students, session 1893-94.

[6] OE/10/1/8: GWSTC Calendar, session 1894-95, p.186.

[7] OE/11/3/1/7: GWSTC Register of Students, session 1894-95; OE/10/1/8, GWSTC Calendar, session 1894-95, p.128.

[8] OE/10/1/9: GWSTC Calendar, session 1895-96: list of prize and certificate winners for evening classes in session 1894-95, p.226.

[9] OE/11/3/1/8: GWSTC Register of Students, session 1895-96.

[10] OE/10/1/10: GWSCT Calendar, session 1896-97: list of prize and certificate winners for evening classes in session 1895-96, p.220. Her name is erroneously spelled ‘Wanda K. Zamorski’.

[11] OE/11/3/1/9: GWSTC Register of Students, session 1896-97.

[12] OE/11/3/1/10-11: GWSTC Registers of Students, sessions 1897-98 and 1898-99.

[13] OE/11/3/1/16: GWSTC Register of Students, session 1903-1904.

[14] OE/4/1/2: GWSTC Annual Report, 20 September 1904, p.19.

[15] OE/6/1/1: RTC staff index card for Wanda Zamorska; OE/11/3/1/17: GWSTC Register of Students, session 1904-1905. The latter records Miss Zamorska’s occupation as ‘Ass[istan]t to Dr. Ellis.’

[16] OE/4/1/2: GWSTC Annual Report, 19 September 1905, p.30.

[17] OE/10/1/18: GWSTC Calendar, session 1904-1905, p.186.

[18] OE/10/1/20: GWSTC Calendar, session 1906-1907, p.183.

[19] OE/10/1/28: RTC Calendar, session 1914-1915, p.240.

[20] OE/4/1/2: GWSTC Annual Report, 24 September 1907, p.10.

[21] OE/1/15/1: Meeting of the GWSTC Committee on Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Natural Sciences, 2 April 1906, p.133.

[22] OE/4/1/2: GWSTC Annual Report, 24 September 1907, pp.17-18.

[23] OE/1/1/12: GWSTC Board of Governors and Committee minutes, 13 November 1907, p.84.

[24] OE/4/1/2: GWSTC Annual Report, 22 September 1908, pp.22-23.

[25] OE/1/1/14: GWSTC Board of Governors and Committee minutes, 15 September 1911, p.74.

[26] From session 1912-13 to session 1915-16, the RTC calendar lists both Wanda Zamorska and George Russell as assistants in the Department of Botany and Bacteriology. In session 1916-17, only Miss Zamorska is listed.

[27] OE/1/1/17: RTC Board of Governors and Committee minutes, 24 September 1919, p.180.

[28] J. Butt, John Anderson’s Legacy: The University of Strathclyde and its antecedents, 1796-1996 (East Linton, 1996) p.126.

[29] OE/1/1/19: RTC Board of Governors and Committee minutes, p.97.

[30] OE/4/1/5: RTC Annual Report, 16 October 1923, p.14.

[31] OE/1/1/20: RTC Board of Governors and Committee minutes, 2 June 1924, p.34.

[32] OE/1/1/21: RTC Board of Governors and Committee minutes, 16 February 1926, p.22.

[33] OE/4/1/6: RTC Annual Report, 19 October 1926, p.42.

[34] OE/1/1/21: RTC Board of Governors and Committee minutes, meeting of Committee on Finance and Property, 21 September 1926, p.47.

#archives and special collections #archives #Wanda Zamorska #19th century #20th century #women #International Womens Day #IWD2021 #women at the university #women in science #women in STEM #Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College #Royal Technical College #University of Strathclyde #botany

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omc-juniperpublishers · 4 years ago

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Quality by Design in Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions-JuniperPublishers

Journal of Chemistry-JuniperPublishers

Abstract

Quality by Design is the new-age path chosen towards achieving the demanding quality standards in pharmaceutical industry. The present paper aims to throw light on Pharmaceutical Quality byDesign (QbD) and how its implementation will help manufacture better quality of Pharmaceuticals. Quality by Design is introduced along with its key elements to help make the understanding process easier. To attain built-in quality is the primary objective of Quality by Design. Finally, it can be said that the quality that is achieved by end product testing is not something that can be guaranteed unlike the quality assurance that can be provided by Quality by Design.

Keywords: Quality by Design (QbD); Quality Target Product Profile; Design Space; Critical Quality Attributes

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Introduction

“Quality Can Be Planned.”-Joseph Juran

The above quote is self-explanatory when it comes to product quality in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. Quality by design (QbD) is not very old but a recent inclusion in the pharmaceutical industry. It`s sole objective is to achieve better quality standards that is especially important in the pharmaceutical industry. The QbD approach consists of various components, important ones being risk assessment, assessment and management of the identified risks, design of experiments (DoE), quality target product profile (QTPP), and establishing a control strategy to keep the product within the design space that was created with the QbD study [1]. Out of all the components, a lot of pharmaceutical development studies have incorporated DoE for a more rational approach [2].

The target of analytical QbD approach is to establish a design space (DS) of critical process parameters (CPPs) where the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the method have been assured to fulfil the desired requirements with a selected probability [3-4].

The principles that are involved in the pharmaceutical development and are relevant to QbD are all described in the ICH guidelines (ICHQ8-11) [5].

Any Pharmaceutical Development Process Typically Covers the Following Sections:

a) Complete portfolio including all the details as well as analysis of the Reference Listed Drug Product

b) Quality Target Product Profile (QTTP) compilation.

c) Figuring out the Critical Quality Attributes (CQA)

d) Complete characterization of API &CMA (Components of Drug product) identification of the API

e) Excipient selection& excipients CMA identification

f) Formulation Development

g) Manufacturing Process Development [6]

Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) describes the design criteria for the product, and should therefore form the basis for development of the CQAs, CPPs, and control strategy.

Critical Quality Attributes (CQA) – A physical, chemical, biological, or microbiological property or characteristic that should be within an appropriate limit, range, or distribution to ensure the desired product quality (ICH Q8) Critical Process Parameter (CPP) – A process parameter whose variability has an impact on a CQA and therefore should be monitored or controlled to ensure the process produces the desired quality. (ICH Q8) Critical Process Parameters (CPP) identification and their impact analysis is done by conducting a preliminary risk analysis for every process parameter (PP) that is involved in the individual unit operations.

Need for QbD in Pharmaceutical Industry [7,8]:

a) To integratepatient needs, quality requirements and scientific knowledge all in one design while the pharmaceutical product is still under developmentand further extending to the manufacturing process.

b) To have a better understanding about the impact of raw materials and process parameters on the quality of the final product. This is especially important for biopharmaceutical products since raw materials like cell culture media can be the risk for variability, effecting important factors likecellular viability, cell growth and specific productivity.

c) To collaborate closely with rest of the industries and the regulators and successfully keep up with the regulatory reviews

d) To maintain harmonization in all the regions so that a single CMC submission worldwide is all that is needed.

e) To encourage continuous quality improvement for the benefit of patients.

f) To enable better product design that will have less problems while manufacturing, thus facilitating more efficiency in the manufacturing process.

g) To make post-approval changes easier since it will be contained within a pre-defined design space, thus resulting in regulatory flexibility.

Every production process in a pharmaceutical industry to implement certain control strategies with the ultimate goal of a robust process. A robust process is the gateway to high product quality at the end of the day [9]. Process variability stands as a hurdle to process robustness, and this originates from lack of control on the process parameters. Thus, QbD steps-in to avoidbatch to batch variability in pharmaceutical products [10].

The net outcome of the detailed QbD study (applied in any product) is the segregation of process parameters with respect to their criticality and the finalization of a proven acceptable range (PAR) for every operation. The knowledge that is gained post the QbD evaluation encompasses every minute detail of the operational process as well as the product in general, and lead to the defining of a Design Space. This way, the impact that the manufacturing process might have with regard to the variability of the CQAs becomes apparent, which helps in strategizing testing, quality and monitoring of batches [11].

Process Evaluation: Linking Process Parameters to Quality Attributes

It is important to carefully evaluate the process completely before applying QbD to it. The better knowledge you have of the process, the more effective your QbD will be. Moreover, process characterization is required to specify the proven acceptable ranges (PAR) for critical process parameters (CPPs). In the traditional approach that is implemented in biopharmaceutical production, existing empirical process knowledge is used on a daily basis. However, this approach leads tolaborious and time consuming post approval changes during process adaptation and any new technology implementation that may have become necessary for raising the efficiency of the process. Also, the effects aprocess scale-up can have on the quality of the final product cannot be predicted when using the empirical process development.

This can increase costs and also can cause difficulty in implementing any changes in the set manufacturing process. Thus was born a way to achieve deeper understanding of processes which would lead to greater flexibility and freedom to effect changes. The concept of operation under a pre-defined design space gave this flexibility. Design space is nothing but a concept that is a part of the “Quality by Design” (QbD) paradigm. Now, manufacturers are to follow a science-based process development than their empirical counterpart.

The QbD Concept is Best Explained in this Flowchart Below

Define a Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) for product performance

⇩

Identify its Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs)

⇩

Create experimental design (DoE)

⇩

Analysis done to understand the impact of Critical Process Parameters (CPP) on CQAs

⇩

Identify and control the sources of variability.

Process characterization sets the ball rolling in any process development, which employs a sound risk assessment rating the various critical process parameters according to their importance [12-14].

Downstream Processing in Biotransformation

Downstream processes of biopharmaceutical industry essentially include the following steps:

a) Harvesting

b) Isolation

c) Purification

Various unit operations that constitute any biopharmaceutical process follow a designed sequence to form an integrated process [15]. Thus, any change in any one of the one-unit operation can affect the functioning of the subsequent unit operations. This is the reason why interaction effects between participating parameters across unit operations should also be taken into account during the process development. Interactions are said to happen when setting of a parameter will show effect on the response of another parameter. Due to this dependence between the parameters, the combined effects of any two parameters hailing from different unit operations cannot be predicted from their individual effects. Regulatory authorities demand inclusion of interactions of parameters within the QbD approach during any process optimization [16]

Example: Downstream processing of 1, 3-propanediol

Process: Fermentation

Fermentation broth that uses flocculation, reactive extraction, and distillation was studied. Flocculation of soluble protein as well as cellular debris that were present in the broth was carried out by using optimal concentrations of chitosan (150 ppm) and polyacrylamide (70 ppm). It was seen that the soluble protein that was present in the broth decreased to 0.06 g L-1. Recovery ratio (supernatant liquor: broth was found to be greater than 99% (Figure 1) [17,18].

The above flowchart shows a typical fermentation process broken down in steps. Glycerol fermentation process is taken as example for the illustration [19].

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Case Study for API

API product development from the very nascent stages require a lot of planning when implementing QbD at every stage. Whether it is two-step process or a multi-step process, each and every operation and parameter needs to be scrutinized before creating a relevant design space. Brainstorming every possible roadblock that might threaten the quality of the final pharma product is what will help design a top-quality process. A futuristic vision is important in the initial steps of QbD planning. The most important part is to pay sufficient attention to detail lest critical aspects might be missed. This is best done by sitting with the entire development team and taking every minor detail into account. Given below is a case study for a API intermediate development process with the help of QbD that highlights the important steps as to how to go about implementing it from the very beginning of your research. QbD is done best, when it is implemented from the very nascent stage of product development.

Quality Target Product Profile

When making your QTPP, make sure you list down everything from your vendor details to target costing. This step basically asks you to think of every aspect of your product and make a comprehensive profile of it. The specification of quality must be highlighted here with all the challenging impurities that might threaten your quality. Everything from stability testing requirements to raw material quality [20] is encompassed in this stage of QbD.

CQA Determination

Given below are some typical CQA parameters that are considered in most of the enzymatic methods of API intermediate preparations.

a) Purity

b) Chiral purity

c) Enzyme residue

d) Assay

e) Appearance

f) Residual Solvent

g) Yield

h) Polymorphic forms

i) Moisture content

j) Melting point (Table 1)

Initial Risk Assessment

The risk assessment can be done in various ways and is the customizable step in QbD. This part calls for a group-discussion or a team meeting where everyone can list down all possible risks related to the project in discussion and grade each one in the list with the amount of risk that it poses. The simplest module suggests you number them 1, 2, 3 with the increasing or decreasing order of the risk threat. A more complicated and detailed risk assessment requires linking of CQAs and CPAs to highlight the risk of their interdependence (Figure 2) [21].

Post risk assessment, comes the control strategies to be followed to tackle the possible risks that are probable. The control strategies are for you to think and execute to achieve your target quality specifications.

Design of Experiment

This is a valuable tool for channelizing your experimental work, to move ahead in a systematic manner. Design of experiments can be of several types: comparative, screening, response surface modeling, and regression modeling [1].

Comparative Experiments: The aim of this study is simple, i.e., picking best out of two options. The selection can be done by the comparison data generated, which is the average of the sample of data.

Screening Experiments: If you want to zero-in on key factors affecting a response, screening experiments would be the best bet. For this, list down concise list of factors that might have critical effects on response that you desire. This model serves as preliminary analysis during development studies.

Response Surface Modeling: Once you have identified the critical factors that affect your desired response, response surface modeling comes handy to identify a target and/or minimize or maximize a response.

Regression Modeling: This is used to estimate the dependence of a response variable on the process inputs.

A step by step guide is given for the DoE step of the QbD process (Figure 3).

Response columns were filled post experimentation as per the design creation (Figure 4).

Factorial Design Analysis Done as Given Under

Analysis Done First for One of the Responses, “Yield”: (Table 2)

P-Values Were Checked for Significance and Higher P-Value Term Eliminated First to Create a Reduced Model:

(Table 3) (Figures 5 & 6)

Observation

From the above graph, significant interaction between the two terms can be inferred.

Analysis Done for the Response “Diacid”: (Table 4)

P-values Checked for Significance and Higher P-Value Term Eliminated First to Create a Reduced Model: (Table 5) (Figure 7)

Observation

From the above graph, significant interaction between the two terms can be inferred.

Response Optimizer Was Used to Optimize Both The Terms With Respective to The Given Responses- Yield and Diacid: (Table 6) (Figure 8)

The optimized parameters predicted for maximum yield and minimum impurity (of di-acid) was found to be 8pH and 37C.

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Case Study 2

As mentioned before, regression analysis is another important tool that can be used to study existing data. This means that if you have done some experiments (without designing them beforehand), you can quickly run a regression analysis of the collected data to derive a relationship between CPPs and the reaction results.

A lot of times, when one follows the one-factor-at-a-time optimization process, by the time any CPP is optimized, a lot of data stands generated. Instead of just tabulating the data and wasting time manually making sense out of them, regression analysis can come to your rescue. As always, graphical data representation seems much easier to understand and also saves your valuable time.

The effect of pH was studied [22] separately in the preparation of deoxynojirimycin base (stage III). The reaction involved N-formyl amino sorbitol, water, oxygen and whole cells of Gluconobacter oxydans DSM2003. Later involvement of sodium hydroxide and sodium borohydride gave rise to deoxynojirimycin. Further work-up and 2-methoxy ethanol facilitated crystallization yielded Deoxynojirimycin base. In this experiment, pH of the reaction was changed to find out its role during the reaction and a regression analysis was run using Minitab to study this affect.

Observations recorded showed that reaction did not occur at pH2 and at pH8, the reaction did not reach completion. The optimum pH range between 4 to 6 showed certain effect on yield and purity. The significance of pH variation during the reaction was thus established as described below (Graphs 1-3):

When null hypothesis p-test was carried out, no significant effect of pH was to be found on product purity, impurity1 and impurity2, but its significant influence was seen in minimizing impurity3.

Furthermore, large-scale batches conducted were statistically analyzed as well to achieve better understanding of the influence of list of parameters on the output obtained. The following parameters were studied during the stage III reaction described above:

a) pH, RPM and Oxygen cylinders consumed during the course of the reaction.

Their effect on the output and reaction completion time was studied. It was seen that only RPM showed statistically significant effect on the reaction completion time and rest of the factors did not contribute to any significant effect on the output or reaction completion time.

During biotransformation process, i.e. during oxidation of N-formyl using Gluconobacter oxydans DSM2003 whole cell, three main unknown impurities peaks were observed in HPLC chromatogram while reaction monitoring. This process is capable of removing these three impurities during down streaming, work up & isolation to the levels mentioned below:

a) Impurity 1 (has defined RRT on HPLC chromatogram) not more than 3%

b) Impurity 2 (any other unknown impurity) not more than 1%

c) Impurity 3 (has defined RRT on HPLC chromatogram) not more than 10 %

Since higher level of impurities affect the yield of the process, efforts were carried out to study the factors which can reduce the formation of process impurities.

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Conclusion

The concept of Quality by Design (QbD) is highly reliable when it comes to achieving foolproof quality of your product. This is a modern tool that is going viral in Pharmaceutical industry especially because this industry demands high quality standards and tolerates no compromise when it comes to the quality. Breaking down QbD, it essentially comes down to identifying the critical parameters of the process and assigning a particular design space for every single critical attribute. Thus, QbD can be considered as an intelligent approach to quality that yields robust processes. QbD also ensures that there is continuous improvement in the process during the entire lifecycle of a Pharmaceutical product [23].

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Acknowledgement

Our group would like to thank the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research India, Dr. Hari Babu (COO Mylan), Sanjeev Sethi (Chief Scientific Office Mylan Inc); Dr. Abhijit Deshmukh (Head of Global OSD Scientific Affairs); Dr. Yasir Rawjee {Head - Global API}, Dr. Sureshbabu Jayachandra (Head of Chemical Research); Dr. Suryanarayana Mulukutla (Head Analytical Dept MLL API R & D) as well as analytical development team of Mylan Laboratories Limited for their encouragement and support. We would also like to thank Dr. Narahari Ambati (AGC- India IP) & his Intellectual property team for their support.

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raymondylhw650 · 4 years ago

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10 beneficios de acudir a una clinica privada - Articulo numero: 99

La clínica prosigue los pasos de la semiología, ciencia y arte de la medicina, en el proceso indagatorio orientado al diagnóstico de una situación patológica (enfermedad, síndrome, trastorno, etcétera), basado en la integración y también interpretación de los síntomas y otros datos aportados por la anamnesis durante la entrevista clínica con el paciente, los signos de la exploración física y la ayuda de exploraciones complementarias de laboratorio y de pruebas de imagen. Con el diagnóstico de una enfermedad se pauta un tratamiento.

Tradicionalmente la clínica es el diagnóstico efectuado al pie de la cama del enfermo a través del relato de su sintomatología y de los signos conseguidos en la exploración física.

El clínico es aquel médico que diagnostica y trata a sus pacientes.

También lleva por nombre clínica al centro de salud o bien al hospital donde el médico diagnostica y trata a personas con problemas de salud, si bien esto aplica a los centros privados al paso que para los públicos aplica el nombre centro de salud propiamente dicho.

La historia clínica es donde se recogen todos y cada uno de los datos clínicos.

El término de clínica es muy antiguo, sufriendo un proceso evolutivo que ha continuado durante la historia, recibiendo un importante impulso en su desarrollo inicial con los médicos helenos como Hipócrates en el siglo V a. C. y después en la Edad Media y en el Renacimiento1, fundamentalmente en los asilos u hosterías, después hospitales para despojados, enfermos y ancianos abandonados en Holanda, Francia y también Italia.

El referente histórico sobre movimientos de creación de cátedras y también institutos clínicos data de los siglos XVII y XVIII en toda Europa, en donde la enfermedad se presenta al observador de acuerdo con síntomas y signos. Los unos y los otros se distinguen por su valor semántico, así como por su morfología. En esa etapa, la relación entre el clínico y el enfermo era directa, por lo que las habilidades del explorador, su inteligencia, sus habilidades motoras y sensitivas y unos pocos instrumentos, con los que se conseguían los resultados finales para la preparación del diagnóstico a la par del lecho del enfermo.

Esta situación se sostuvo prácticamente inalterable hasta después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cambio relacionado con el veloz desarrollo tecnológico de la segunda mitad del siglo pasado. El desarrollo tecnológico favoreció una mayor sensibilidad y especificidad en el diagnóstico, dando lugar a un elevado número de nuevas enfermedades, únicamente identificables gracias a equipos y pruebas de laboratorio sofisticados.

Existen múltiples géneros de clínicas que han sido fundadas durante las últimas décadas, donde estas diversan y sirven a medicina general o especialidades.2 y se distinguen a la evolución de los centros de salud

El método clínico es el conjunto de pasos que se siguen para la elaboración del diagnóstico de una enfermedad. Forma parte de la construcción del conocimiento médico que recorre la semiología clínica.También se podría decir que es el estudio profundo de un caso en particular; no obstante es posible que se atienda a un grupo, familia, etc. Por su parte es válido aclarar que hay otras ciencias que utilizan este procedimiento y no es exclusivo de la medicina.

Un ensayo clínico es una evaluación experimental de un producto, substancia, medicamento, técnica diagnóstica o terapéutica que, en su aplicación a humanos, pretende valorar su eficacia y seguridad. Los estudios de prometedores tratamientos nuevos o experimentales en pacientes se conocen como ensayos clínicos. Un ensayo clínico se realiza sólo cuando hay razones para creer que el tratamiento que se estudia puede ser ventajoso para el paciente. Los tratamientos utilizados en los ensayos clínicos habitualmente demuestran tener beneficios reales. Los investigadores efectúan estudios sobre nuevos tratamientos para conocer la utilidad del nuevo tratamiento, el mecanismo de acción del nuevo tratamiento, si la efectividad es mayor que otros tratamientos ya disponibles, los efectos secundarios del nuevo tratamiento y si son mayores o menores que el tratamiento usual, si supera las ventajas a los efectos secundarios y en qué pacientes el nuevo tratamiento es más útil.

Pueden encontrarse tantas definiciones de ensayo clínico como enfoques posibles tiene el tema, si bien predomina el enfoque epidemiológico y el finalista (su empleo para investigar medicamentos). Desde la más simple, que lo define como "una prueba científica de un medicamento, admitida por el enfermo y amparada por la ley" a las más complejas; de las más extensas a las más restrictivas, Clinica en telde hay una extensa variedad.1Podemos decir que el ensayo clínico consiste en una investigación experimental y prospectivo en el que el estudioso provoca y controla las variables y los sujetos (pacientes, la mayoría de los casos) son asignados de forma azarosa a las diferentes intervenciones que se comparan. Debido a que es el género de estudio epidemiológico que presenta menores fallos sistemáticos o sesgos, forma la mejor prueba científica para respaldar la eficacia de las intervenciones terapéuticas. El elemento esencial del ensayo es la existencia de un grupo de comparación o grupo de control, que deja probar si la nueva intervención (por ejemplo un nuevo fármaco) es mejor o no que las existentes o que no intervenir (placebo).

Un ensayo clínico se empieza cuando brota una hipótesis desde estudios no controlados observacionales, gráficos o bien retrospectivos, o de estudios preclínicos. Frecuentemente se descubren en investigaciones preclínicas posibilidades terapéuticas que no tienen ningún beneficio en un ensayo clínico. En muchas ocasiones se realizan actividades médicas cuya utilidad no ha sido probada mediante un ensayo clínico, no obstante llevarlo a la práctica es bastante difícil, sobre todo por el costo económico y de tiempo.

Después de ser desarrollado ha de ser aprobado por un comité de bioética, los pacientes que forman parte deben conocer los objetivos del estudio, sus peligros y beneficios y firmar el consentimiento informado y van a poder desamparar el estudio cuando quieran. El ensayo clínico concluye cuando acaban los plazos de tiempo definidos en el protocolo, o cuando de forma prematura son expresamente perjudiciales o ventajosos los efectos en el brazo experimental.

El ensayo clínico es el estudio clínico que posee el nivel de patentiza más alto para probar que el procedimiento médico que se efectúa es el más adecuado con los conocimientos científicos que existen en ese momento, debido al diseño del estudio, donde las variables estadísticas están bajo control para eludir los sesgos. Así pues, así como los estudios de metaanálisis son la base de lo que es conocido como Medicina Basada en la Evidencia, que no es más que el respaldo de las prácticas clínicas con pruebas consistentes desde el punto de vista científico.

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recessoyster3 · 4 years ago

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Skin Problem.

This will help increase cardio endurance in order to boost results. Take a look at our sarms pills to buy to get them before the stock ends. S1 has shown a genuine capability to help recover those with debilitating injuries and to quicken injury recuperation. The valuable effects on healing make medical usage extremely appealing. Ostarine can and also will certainly subdue your natural testosterone production in longer, higher dosed cycles, so a serm pct is needed. Ostarine can also create gyno in some customers, so it is advised that you have an ai, like exemestane, handy. The addition of ghrp or peptides in the cycle will minimize the danger of injury.

DNP is a commercial chemical that isn't suitable for human usage. It's extremely toxic and also triggers significant adverse effects, and also has resulted in at least 3 reported deaths. Amongst items that were taken off the market was a steroid product called Celtic Dragon. This product left 2 guys hospitalised with severe jaundice and also liver damage. " Building toughness takes years, not weeks or months. It's an act of discipline and also have to be gained via commitment to tough training and also a good diet." They're legally offered to purchase over the counter along with online. Illegal supplements, consisting of some declaring to be "fat loss" or "slendering", have actually been connected to a small number of deaths.

Drugs And Also Supplements.

These advantages, combined with the very little possibility of negative effects reveal MK677 to be a development medicine. Keep in mind that some comparable experimental medications (such as Cardarine/GW, Ibutamoren/ MK-677, and also YK11) are often marketed as SARMS - they aren't yet are still sometimes included right into SARM heaps. A few of these websites supply prohibited items alongside lawful weight-loss medications, making it really difficult to discriminate. Making use of DNP over a long period of time can cause cataracts as well as peeling off skin, and also might cause damage to the heart and nervous system. DNP is thought to be particularly prominent amongst bodybuilders, who are brought in to its assurances of quick-fix rapid weight management.

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When one takes anabolic steroids, the cells obtain flooded with androgens, as well as all receptors become saturated. As a result, a message is sent to all the body cells that lead to their growth. This might be a benefit to anyone wanting to acquiring muscular tissue, yet it is a drawback at the very same time. In SARMs, a steroidal representative with anabolic task imitates testosterone. It increases lean muscular tissue mass, however without troubling libido as well as expanding the prostate. Additionally, you won't experience loss of hair and other side impacts that anabolic drugs create.

This is much easier than needing to room out as well as keep in mind when to take your dosage every day. Shop Oxytocin Online was initially created to treat and avoid muscle mass wastefulness amongst cancer as well as osteoporosis individuals. It has actually been taken into consideration and wished to be used for protecting against muscle atrophy, cachexia and sarcopnia, and has also been reviewed for use during TRT/HRT. Research studies conducted had a dose of between 5-25 mg per day, with 25 mg being the most common and also reliable dose. MK677 has a 24 hour fifty percent life and also revealed to be ideal endured by rats when fed to them each morning on an empty belly. MK677 has extreme advantages in regards to helping with a much deeper rest. Nevertheless, it can hinder sleep patterns if taken too late at night or too near to bedtime.

Api Services & Chemical Advancement

Dylan - what is the best sarm for recovering from an injury, particularly a reduced leg stress and anxiety crack? The most effective way to boost weight loss and muscular tissue mass is to cycle mk-2866 with an additional sarm like gw throughout the reducing phase.

The body does not know the distinction between what it develops normally or acquires from SARMs. All it knows is there is an increase is that manufacturing level and it is mosting likely to take advantage of it. On the other hand, using anabolic steroids is mosting likely to cause the body to stop making testosterone. Consequently, the user needs to pile with various other products to try to get it started up again. When they are no more taking the steroids, it is still going to require time for the all-natural production of testosterone to occur once again. Typically, your body controls the manufacturing of androgens to avoid their imbalance.

Why Are People Making Use Of Collagen Peptide Powder Everyday In The Uk?

Stenabolic + growth hormonal agent or andarine s4 + ghrp-6 + cjc-1295 dac to avoid injuries and also accelerate the recovery. 99% Purity Tb500 do not have to appear like an ordinary bodybuilder, health and fitness version or athlete; all you reached do is use a SARM. If you have actually not read about them or require some even more info, this short article will offer you with all the details concerning this medicine. They are careful androgen receptor modulators that show the exact same type of effect as that of androgenic medications, yet the only distinction is that they are a lot more selective in their activity. SARMs are chemically similar to steroids and are additionally as effective in increasing fat loss as well as muscle growth. As much as SARMs advantages are the same to those of anabolic steroids, their discerning activity makes the SARMs negative effects less. It indicates that as soon as you make a decision to use SARMs, you get to bid bye-bye to hormone discrepancy concerns, acne, virilization in females and also prostate troubles that might be caused by the use of some steroids.

Neuropeptides are the most diverse course of signaling molecules in the mind, as well as are associated with a broad range of brain features, including analgesia, reproduction, discovering as well as memory, benefit, food consumption and also more.

Drug items which resemble the results of endogenous peptide ligands are call peptidomimetics.

This on a regular basis up-dated website supplies a run-through of the artificial procedures involved in production of gastrointestinal peptides, and also law of these processes.

They differ from peptide hormones in that they are secreted from neurons and also act in your area on adjoining neurons, whereas peptide hormones are secreted in to the blood by neuroendocrine cells and act at distant websites.

Medicines which block the receptors for endogenous peptide ligands can be peptide or non-peptide particles.

Neuropeptides are small proteinaceous cell-cell signaling particles created as well as released by neurons.

Furthermore, SARMs are harder to discover during drug examinations, which, incorporated with fewer side effects, make them a much better alternative for professional athletes. In order to make the most of the extremely considerable bulking results of LGD4033, a dosage of 5-10mg should be taken daily for 8 weeks. To obtain the very best LGD-4033 results for cutting, a dosage of 3-5mg everyday is recommendedn, commonly for an 8 week cycle. LGD has the capability to bind to the AR with an incredibly high affinity. LGD is typically identified as an ARligand that is tissue discerning. It was initially created to treat muscular tissue throwing away in cancer cells patients, age-related muscle mass loss, in addition to severe as well as persistent ailment. Ostarine has a 1 day fifty percent life, so it's unnecessary to break up your everyday dose.

Day Makeover Heaps.

There are locations that are recommended if you're wanting to acquire SERMS. Since RAD140 is a relatively brand-new supplement, there isn't a great deal of information on the side impacts. Professional research studies have actually revealed that there are no documented negative effects of the supplement. Reggie Johal is the founder of Killer Nourishment, a UK based wellness and supplement shop. Reggie owes much of his comprehensive stamina and also physical fitness expertise to his former occupation as an Excellent Britain American Footballer. The average cycle length is 6 to 10 weeks at a dose range of 10mg to 25mg.

You can discover more regarding the negative actions of these steroids on this site. As their name says, selective androgen receptor modulators act upon bone and also muscular tissue tissues. By triggering receptors on them, these substances boost the development of new cells. They do not bind to androgen receptors on various other organs in the body This characteristic of selectivity is what identifies SARMs from anabolic steroids.

Yet it's difficult to say whether SARMs can have these side effects on everybody, or possibly they must be left out in only certain situations. However, the concept has actually rarely been gone over outside the USA, which may make some people think. There are those that speak out loudly versus utilizing SARMs, yet many researchers as well as authorities are only enjoying closely.

This makes your body with the ability of battling lots of crucial conditions that you can not picture. With this assistance, you have the ability to obtain even more weight as well as can do a health club properly. Nowadays, every person likes to visit the gym as a result of their principles towards their health and wellness. If your dream is to do bodybuilding, after that in the meanwhile, you require a great deal of diet plans because nutrition is a vital part of making the body. There are several products out there with the assistance of which you can quickly do muscle building as well as reach a great degree.

There are some residential or commercial properties inside this medication that assist in enhancing your power degree. After consuming it, the blood flow of your body improves to make sure that you feel energised. As blood flow boosts, the number of white blood cells inside your body boosts, which develops anti-oxidants.

Does caffeine increase hair growth?

But according to research, the caffeine in coffee can help stimulate hair growth and stop hair loss. One 2007 laboratory study found that caffeine helped block the effects of DHT in male hair follicles. It stimulated hair shaft elongation, resulting in longer, wider hair roots.

There is an expanding industry in sports nutrition supplements readily available on the high road and online. They may likewise look for ways to regulate their hunger when they're attempting to reduce weight as component of a body building diet.

MK677 can be made use of constantly for 1-2 years without any problem of a specific ending up being desensitised to it. Nevertheless, it is always important to recognize the opportunities that could accompany usage. It appears by the listing of advantages that MK677 is highly preferable.

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trezevantmiller · 5 years ago

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10 things to remember when you’re hosting parties

In case you're intending to have a get-together or such an easygoing social affair, these 16 reasonable gathering facilitating tips will help keep your get-together fun and peaceful for everybody. Facilitating a gathering at home doesn't need to be cause for a mental meltdown!

I love having individuals over to my home.

We've had times and periods of our lives where we facilitated gatherings practically constant and others where our social gathering were significantly more restricted.

Here Are The Things That I've Learned Are Most Important When You Host A Party (Or Any Kind Of Gathering!):

1) Just Invite People Over. Your home probably won't be great. You probably won't have enough seats for everybody. Your restroom may be revolting or exhausting or include a latrine that has that have the handle shaken juuuuust so to work. I promise you that 99% of individuals appreciate being welcome to something with individuals they like and couldn't care less about what your home resembles or in the event that they need to sit in a kitchen seat or on the floor (and on the off chance that they do mind, well, who needs to welcome them over at any rate?).

2) Don't Make it So Complicated You Never Do It Again. Request takeout for supper. Use Evite to send your gathering solicitations. Try not to wipe the floor. Whatever it is that makes it less distressing for you to have a gathering, don't hesitate to do it. I basically guarantee nobody else will take note.

3) Food. For all intents and purposes everybody likes food. Regardless of what sort of gathering you're facilitating (except if it's a, you know, hunger strike), incorporate some food. Regardless of whether it's only a pack of chips in a bowl. Or on the other hand taken care of. I love contributes a pack.

4) Use Paper Products. The naturalist in me recoils, and Pinterest clients wherever likely are heaving with dismay, yet when the whole gathering is tidied up five minutes after the last visitor leaves? I feel cheerful that we chose to have a get-together. Besides, there are such a large number of lovely paper items accessible.

5) A Few Small Details Make a Big Difference when you're facilitating a get-together at home. Some adorable paper straws, a bunch of roses, or a few inflatables go far and are for the most part cheap (hi, leeway flower at Kroger), in addition to it would appear that you went to some push to be a decent gathering host.

6) Invite the Right People. We've learned not to welcome everybody we know to a solitary gathering – this was a facilitating tip we learned through experimentation without a doubt! Bart and I loathe being by and by liable for ensuring everybody has somebody to converse with. Furthermore, on the off chance that you have calm companions who don't care for rivalry, perhaps they aren't the correct ones to welcome to Minute to Win It. Spare their names for an evening gathering.

7) Let Other People Help when you have a gathering. On the off chance that individuals offer to bring a side dish or to show up with a huge heap of paper plates, take them up on it. You may feel like you're flopping How to be a Good Party Host 101 yet when it's three minutes until appearance, you'll be happy to have the opportunity to vacuum instead of hysterically cleaving tomatoes for a plate of mixed greens. Also, individuals like to feel helpful.

8) Do Something Out of the Ordinary. An appalling sweater party? (PASS! I know it's so unhip of me to detest on terrible sweater parties, yet genuinely. I despise them). Everybody is having Christmas celebrations and it's simply one more thing to press in. I love hosting a Pi Day get-together in light of the fact that gathering on a weeknight to glut on pie is only so outside the typical everyday practice of ordinary life. A Friday morning where you get a lot of food and free diapers? Certainly energizing (in any event to individuals like me. . . ). Try not to feel like you need a major occasion or motivation to host a gathering. I believe it's additional enjoyable to have an occasion when there's no genuine explanation behind it.

9) Put the Food where You Want People to Be. On the off chance that you put the food in the kitchen, EVERYONE WILL BE IN THE KITCHEN. My Grannie, who is the world's best lady, consistently places the hors d'oeuvres in the family room so individuals will accumulate there when she's facilitating a gathering at home. What's more, I believe she's splendid.

10) Once People Arrive, Just Enjoy the Party. In my book, this is the cardinal principle for how to be a decent gathering host. Try not to apologize about the absence of enhancements or notice that you MEANT to have three pastries, yet just possessed energy for two, or point out that your floor could have utilized a general or five. Nobody needs to feel like the gathering or supper or occasion is worrying you. Cause individuals to feel like you're happy to have them there.

phoebe loloma black face Yaya

#party #entertainment #Phoebe Loloma Yaya #Phoebe Yaya

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goboymusic · 3 years ago

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Happy Monday. Again, I hope the writers stay on board for season 2 of #HouseOfTheDragon. If they do stay on board, hopefully they don’t get complacent / lax. Last night’s episode had the biggest “oh shit” moment thus far. My neighbors may have heard me yell those exact words.

On the topic of #Donut - Donutphilia, arousal to donuts. I was diagnosed with this disorder when I was 18.

The first person I worked up the courage to tell was my brother, Pablo. Took me a year to tell him. His understanding and support gave me the strength to tell my parents and closest friends. Since then, I’ve worked up the courage and motivation to turn my problem into a gift that I can use to help others. I don’t just want people to understand that it’s ok to be different, I want them to embrace it. I love your differences. I love you. Yes, you.

Please send me pictures of donuts.

Like “Face Tattoo,” the lyrics are bubblegum pop. Dumb fun, nothing more. People tend to prefer meaningful lyrics (i.e. “In Love”), so I’ll probably move in that direction for GoBoy 7.

Production was seamless. About 1 out of 10 songs goes as smoothly as “Donut.” For GoBoy 5, the writing and production processes were chaotic, akin to throwing darts with a blindfold on (this paragraph contains excerpts from post 85). Most songs turned into a puzzle once they reached the mixing phase, with a portion of the pieces destined not to fit. It required constant compromising - discarding segments, restructuring, rewriting, etc. But not this song. Everything that was originally written made it into the final song.

I watched the Lord of the Rings extended trilogy on a Saturday while mixing the vocals. Around eleven hours. It was fun.

Mixing vocals is like knitting. It takes a lot of time, but not much effort. Vocal mixing in GoBoy songs consists of splicing every word so that it perfectly aligns with the tempo, pitch correction (everyone uses pitch correction in the studio, even Beyoncé, shut up), panning, and then experimenting with plugins. The plugin experimentation phase normally requires more focus. The alignment, pitch correction and panning phases are when I can catch up on movies, shows, podcasts, audiobooks, etc.

Beat + bass + melody. That’s the style of GoBoy 5 (this paragraph is an excerpt from post 80). While I’ve appreciated this minimalistic style for years, “Tell My Mama (Song 42)” was the first time trying it. I went whole-hog with GoBoy 5, in which most songs primarily consist of a beat, bass and melody.

In April, 2021, almost all of GoBoy 3, 4 and 5 songs were restructured to be under 2m 30s, including this song. In an attempt to increase replay value in this streaming era, most of GoBoy’s songs are now purposely around 2m 20s.

A bass boost was added to songs 37-99 in Nov, 2021, while I had covid (this paragraph is an excerpt from post 38). As a result, this song feels more powerful. The bass boost isn’t a simple plugin nonchalantly added to each song. It’s a process that took about 3.5 hours per song, or one whole month to complete all songs. Admittedly, I pushed the bass boost a little too far for some of them. The bass in some songs sounds like a freaking earthquake (unnecessarily pronounced low frequencies 20 - 50 Hz). Might dial that back someday. The bass boost was also applied to every song on GoBoy 6 and beyond.

#GoBoy #Donut #95

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thinkhealthylivecreative · 3 years ago

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Tea And Coffee Vending Machine In Pune

You can buy a bag from the abbey website, however this is where I suggest the experience of the coffee as part of the journey. An even better method to experience Monastery Coffee would be to spend a whole weekend at Mepkin Abbey. Take residence a bag of the coffee as a souvenir. You want to grind the coffee a little bigger than you would for drip coffee. If your grind is too crude, the coffee will taste weak. Coffee is 99% water so utilize tidy filtered or bottled water free from chlorine and various other minerals that impact the taste of coffee. Europe would certainly soon come to be a significant gamer in the globe of coffee. Coffee was also being grown in India and Java. Within a couple of years, European emigration would not only provide Europe, but as an outcome of the development as well as expansion into Asia, Indonesia is currently the fourth biggest merchant of coffee in the globe. Cone-shaped Burr- This are claimed to the first-rate in regards to coffee mills. They feature a slow-moving moving burr, so they are not as messy or noisy as wheel burrs. Unlike various other kinds of grinders, they do not congest, even if using coffees that are flavored or oily. However, they are also the most costly grinders available. Wheel Burr- These are less expensive than the conelike burr, but given that the wheel rotates quickly, there is a fair bit of noise and they can be extremely untidy. The way in which your beans are ground is what will certainly identify the final taste of your mixture. It may take a while before you have the ability to grind the beans to get the precise flavor you are seeking. 1. Turkish- This kind of grind is almost a powder similar to the consistency of flour. You will certainly require a burr grinder to obtain it this fine. 2. Tool- This grind has the structure and also look of sand that is really rugged. 3. Extra fine- Not specifically powered, but a lot more great than sugar. 4. Great- When touching it, it really feels smooth, and is a little bit finer than common salt or sugar. 5. Coarse- You can see the coffee fragments, and also they are much larger than various other grinds. To obtain the desired taste of coffee you are seeking, you will have to resort to experimentation when utilizing coffee grinders. After you have exercised a little bit with various appearances, you will certainly be able to make the perfect pot of coffee with the flavor you want. This can take a bit of time and initiative, if you are a genuine coffee enthusiast, it is well worth it. With the variety of coffee machine available today it can often be very tough to analyze which one satisfies your needs. The selections appear practically infinite and each producer states their machine is tops. This testimonial looks at a popular model that has actually been around for some time as well as gives a clear and also open record of its functions and abilities. When you wish to leave from the hurly burly of the modern globe, what far better way to do so than with the Cuisinart SS-700 Single-Serve Brewing System. It basically contacts us to us to take time out and also relax; to replenish ourselves with a mug or mug of superb sampling coffee. There is no uncertainty that coffee-drinking is as preferred as ever and is right here to remain; so why not use among the very best coffee-brewers on the market currently. The Cuisinart SS-700 can be used for various other beverages along with coffee, for instance tea, cacao and soup or any drink requiring warm water. And also simply in instance your household each prefer diverse drinks there's no need to fret about having the ability to taste the beverage the previous customer had because this device has a function that purges all traces of prior beverages immediately. Furthermore, it likewise flaunts an iced beverage setting. This machine has actually been a consistently preferred product with lots of thousands having been sold. At existing, the Cuisinart SS-700 is offered at an extremely commendable discount rate and also in my point of view is well worth checking out additionally. You can purchase a bag from the abbey website, but this is where I advise the experience of the coffee as component of the adventure. An even much better method to experience Abbey Coffee would certainly be to spend an entire weekend break at Mepkin Abbey. You desire to grind the coffee slightly bigger than you would certainly for drip coffee. Coffee is 99% water so make use of tidy filtered or bottled water cost-free from chlorine and also various other minerals that impact the taste of coffee. To get the desired taste of coffee you are looking for, you will certainly have to resort to test as well as mistake when utilizing coffee mills.

Read more at https://thinkhealthylivecreative.com/

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#coffee-near-me #coffee-nyc #coffee-union-city-nj #coffee-shops-near-me #coffee-table #coffee-maker #coffee-shop #coffee-meets-bagel #coffee

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spudart · 7 years ago

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1:72 SAAB OAS 41 'Víðarr'; aircraft "23 Grey" of Skaraborgs Flygflottilj F 7, Swedish Air Force; Satenäs AB, 2014 (Whif/kit conversion) by dizzyfugu https://flic.kr/p/pAFA59 +++ DISCLAIMER +++ Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE! Some background: The Víðarr (or Vidar, "Wide ruler", a Nordic god among the Æsir associated with vengeance) or officially SAAB OAS 41 is Sweden's first manned aircraft with stealth technology, and the first aircraft of its kind in Europe in operational service. "OAS" is an abbreviation of the aircraft's primary tactical roles: "Osynlig Attack Spaning", "Unseen attack and reconnaissance missions". Much of the OAS 41's technology and elements were developed and tested on unmanned vehicles, namely SAAB's SHARC and FILUR demonstrators. SHARC (Swedish Highly Advanced Research Configuration) was an experimental unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) built by Saab AB. Since the late 90-ies SAAB had been carrying out preliminary studies about several Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) concepts but not taking them into flying demonstrators. In 2001 it was decided to start the SHARC Technology Demonstrator (SHARC TD) project. Because of a limited budget and good in-house experiences from flight tests of instrumented sub-scale aircraft, it was decided that the SHARC TD should be in 1:4 scale of the original SHARC design. One of the major goals of the project was to test the airworthiness process for a military UAV or aircraft of similar layout, and this could well be achieved even with sub scaled aircraft. Even the goal of testing a lean development process for demonstrators could be achieved in that way. The SHARC TD project was initiated in 2001 with first flight less than one year later, on February 11th 2002, with the basic version. The more advanced version made its maiden flight on April 9th 2003, less than two years after project start. In September 2003 the SHARC flew a number of missions out of visual range, ranging around 20 km from the control station location. In January 2004 the effort towards the development of the ATOL functionalities was initiated, and led to a successful flight test campaign in August 2004, during which fully autonomous mission were demonstrated, from standstill to standstill. The SHARC system was composed by two flying demonstrators (BS-001 and -002), a GCS and some GSE for engine start and cooling air supply on ground. The SHARC TD is a 60 kg jet-engine driven aircraft. The airframe was manufactured in light-weight composite materials; the airframe weighed only 8 kg (without landing gear). The payload consisted of a forward looking colour video camera. The avionic system (hardware and software) was designed and manufactured by SAAB and is based on Flight Test Instrumentation system COMET 15 used in the Gripen and Viggen fighter a/c. Before the decision to develop an in house avionic system, a market survey was conduced, but no existing system had been fulfilling specifications. Electro-optic fibres, or “fly-by-light”, were used to the actuators in order to minimize the risk for Electro Magnetic Interference. Saab and FMV’s technology demonstrator program FILUR made its first flight in 2006. FILUR’s main objective was to show the tactical importance of stealth technology applied on aerial vehicles, to gain experience and to set a foundation for stealth requirements for future aerial systems and air-surveillance systems. The focus with the FILUR program was on low signature, for both radar and IR-signature. “Static measurements of radar cross section (RCS) made late 2004 showed really good performance and corresponded with calculated data. In flight measurements of stealth performance will be done as a next step”, said Jan Boström FILUR Project Manager, Saab Aerosystems. The technology developed in FILUR would be used for future Saab systems, being UAVs or manned aircraft, which became the OAS 41 which had been under development since 2004. The SAAB OAS 41 made its maiden flight in 2012, and in early 2014 a pre-production batch of five aircraft has been assigned to Skaraborgs Flygflottilj ("Skaraborg Air Force Wing") F 7 in Satenäs, where the aircraft are operated alongside JAS 39 Gripen multi-purpose fighters for evaluation and integration. Conceptually the OAS 41 is very similar to the much earlier US-American F-117, dedicated to ground attacks with precision weapons, attacks against coastal/sea targets and reconnaissance missions. All ordnance or equipment is carried internally in a large bay which is covered by sliding doors. Typical weapons include up to three Rb 75 (AGM-65 Maverick) missiles, two GBU-12 laser-guided smart bombs or two AGM 119 "Penguin" anti-ship missiles. Iron or cluster bombs as well as pods with unguided missiles are also an option. Beyond that, the aircraft can also carry air-to-air missiles like the actice radar RB 99 (AIM-129 AMRAAM) or the IR-guided Rb 74 (AIM-9L Sidewinder), up to four of each. The OAS 41 does not feature an internal gun, even though up to two podded Mauser BK 27 cannons can be carried internally. Overall, its range of weapons is highly identical to what the JAS 39 Gripen can deploy. Alternatively to offensive loads, the OAS 41 can carry camera of sensor pallets in its belly, making it highly adaptable. It is uncertain how many aircraft wil actually be built, since the Swedish Air Force officially announced that the OAS 41 is not to replace its JAS 39 fleet, rather complement it or take over exclusive missions due to its stealth features. The type's limited performance will probably confine to a limited scope of missions, and with the running cost reductions it is not expected that more than 30 OAS 41's will ever leave the production line for the Swedish Air Force, unless it would be exported and follow in the Gripen's footsteps, but this remains doubtful. General characteristics: Crew: 1 Length: 6.70 m (21 ft 11 in) Wingspan: 18,29 m (59 ft 11 in) Height: 3,96 m (13 ft) Wing area: ~68 m² (729 ft²) Empty weight: 6.739 kg (14.844 lb) Internal fuel: 2.500 l Max. takeoff weight: 13.600 kg (29,760 lb) Powerplant: 2× Svenska Flygmotor RM13S turbofans (General Electric CF34-3S), with 4.150 each Performance: Maximum speed: 692 mph (1.115 km/h) at height Cruise speed: Mach 0.7 Landing speed: 210 km/h Range: 4.828 km (3.000 mi) with internal fuel Service ceiling: 13.381 m (43.830 ft) Rate of climb: 60 m/s (11.811 ft/min) Armament: Up to 3.000 kg of ordnance, all carried in a ventral bomb bay, including air-to-ground and air-to-air missile, smart and iron bombs, gun and rocket pods, ECM equipment and pallets with cameras and sensors for reconnaissance missions. The kit and its assembly: This stealth aircraft is basically a scale-o-rama project: it is a Dragon B-2 bomber in 1:200 scale turned into a 1:72 scale aircraft. What sounds easy is more complex than it appears: you need a cockpit with a proper canopy, the landing gear has to be adjusted and there are many small details that need attention. For the cockpit installation I decided to implant a complete X-32 section from a Revell kit, it replaces the complete B-2 spine. It appears a bit bulgy, but upon close inspection of the potential internal layout I found that you can either have a flush canopy OR a bomb bay. Since I wanted to keep the latter (and enlarged it), the cockpit went a bit higher. As a result, the original X-32 canopy looked much to bulbous, it was way too high. Searching through the spares pile I eventually turned up an old F-18B canopy, which, reversed and cut into shape, could be transplanted onto the X-32's cockpit frame, even tough some sculpting at the rear was necessary. Since the F-18 canopy had some glue stains I had to sand and polish it, and as a final coat I decided to apply some light brown translucent paint. Fit is not 100%, though, but it looks good now. The high cockpit necessitated some visual counter-balance at the rear. Originally I had hoped to keep the OAS 41 fin-free, but I eventually dug out a pair of F-117 fins that were cut down in length and glued to the airframe, slightly canted outwards. The landing gear is all new. The massive front strut comes from a F-117, the wheel from the X-32. The front well was enlarged, as good as possible, but it is still too short... don't lokk there closely. ;) The main landing gear struts were taken from the X-32, while the wheels come from the F-117. The wells were lengthened at the rear, so that the longer legs find enough space. The B-2's original bomb bay was cut out and replaced by a completely scratched interior that allows the carriage of a pair of laser-guided bombs, which come from the scrap box. The exhaust slits were modified, too. They were made wider, and inside a kind of ramps were added - the original 1:200 B-2 has nothing inside. For the same reason I also added light blocks, pieces of dark grey foamed plastic, inside of the air intakes and the exhausts. Finally, at the aircraft's front, some pitots were added, but that's all since the overall hull was to remain clean. Painting and markings: I originally had the plan to make this a Japanese aircraft, but then I decided to make it a (kind of) tribute to the innovative Swedish aircraft industry - the SAAB OAS was born, and it was to carry an appropriate, if not odd, paint scheme. Even though "Fields & Meadows", made popular by the Saab 37 Viggen, was an option, I did not want to copy that style. But an angular scheme appeared logical as to confuse the aircraft contours. The splinter paint scheme I eventually settled upon was vaguely inspired by Norwegian "Skjold" class coastal patrol ships, which have stealthy hulls and carry a three-colored spinter scheme in grey, sand and dark brown. Odd for a ship, one might say, but in front of the typical Norwegian rocky coastline, it is highly effective, and even on the open sea, viewed from above, it is not a bad scheme at all. The pattern was vaguely lent from the Skjold boats, and I used different tones which would IMHO be more versatile: a reddish brown (WWII French Earth Brown), Field Grey and Olive Drab, in a wraparound scheme. Together with the edgy shape of the aircraft this turned out to be pretty effective - a bit of a surprise! The rest was rather straightforward: white for the air intakes and the landing gear, the cockpit and the bomb bay were painted in Neutral Grey. The pair of internal GBU-12s was painted in light grey, a typical tone for such weapons in Swedish use witn the JAS 39 Gripen. The kit received a light black ink washing and some panel painting with lighter shades of the basic tone, just to amphasize contours and simulate some structure and acccess panels esp. in the engine area. After decal application (puzzled together, among others, from an Italeri JAS 39 Gripen) the kit was sealed with Revell's matt acrylic varnish. In the end, a rather simple whif - I am not a friend of stealth aircraft, since they are IMHO boring. The splinter scheme changes this a bit, and the high cockpit does not look that bad at all, even though the original X-32 canopy looked REALLY weird.

#forest #coast #fighter #force #conversion #sweden #aviation #secret #air #attack #splinter #b2 #stea

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