#HTTP-Request

[draegerit]

MicroPython mit ESP32: steuern von LEDs via HTTP-Request

In diesem Beitrag möchte ich dir gerne zeigen, wie du via HTTP-Request LEDs am ESP32 D1 R32 mit MicroPython steuern kannst. Im letzten Beitrag hatte ich dir bereits erläutert, wie man einen HTTP Webserver aufsetzt und eine kleine Webseite ausliefert. Nun möchte ich dir zeigen, wie man Aktoren steuern kann. https://youtu.be/7Po7znYVAPs Das Gute daran ist, dass du statt LEDs auch Relais anklemmen kannst, um andere Geräte zu schalten. Relais funktionieren ähnlich wie LEDs im Code, was dieses Beispiel sehr einfach aufzubauen und zu programmieren macht. In diesem Beitrag zeige ich dir, wie du LEDs und Relais über HTTP-Requests steuern kannst. Dies ermöglicht dir eine einfache Steuerung deiner Geräte über das Internet oder ein lokales Netzwerk.

Benötigte Ressourcen für den Nachbau

Wenn du das kleine Projekt nachbauen möchtest, dann benötigst du: - einen ESP32 D1 R32* - ein Micro USB-Datenkabel* - ein Relais Shield* - drei Breadboardkabel*, weiblich-männlich - drei 5 mm LEDs* - drei 220 Ohm Vorwiderstände* - sechs Breadboardkabel, männlich-männlich - ein 400 Pin Breadboard*

Bauteile für die Schaltung - ESP32 D1 R32 mit LEDs und Relais Hinweis von mir: Die mit einem Sternchen (*) markierten Links sind Affiliate-Links. Wenn du über diese Links einkaufst, erhalte ich eine kleine Provision, die dazu beiträgt, diesen Blog zu unterstützen. Der Preis für dich bleibt dabei unverändert. Vielen Dank für deine Unterstützung!

Aufbau der Schaltung

Der ESP32 D1 R32 hat den Vorteil, dass dieser im Format des Arduino UNO R3 / R4 ist und somit die meisten Multifunktionalen Shields drauf passen. Jedoch möchte ich in diesem Beitrag eine kleine Schaltung an diesem aufbauen. Es gibt Shields welche über LEDs und ein Relais verfügt, hier zum Beispiel das YwRobot Easy Module MIX V1*. Dieses hatte ich dir bereits im Beitrag Arduino Lektion #101: Multifunktionales Shield “Easy Module MIX V1” von YwRobot anhand des Arduino vorgestellt.

Multifunktionales Shield von YwRobot Nachfolgend möchte ich dir jedoch zeigen, wie du die kleine Schaltung mit den LEDs und dem Relais auf einem 400 Pin Breadboard aufbaust.

Schaltung - ESP32 D1 R32 LED und Relais Testen der Schaltung Bevor wir mit der Programmierung beginnen, testen wir die Schaltung, ob dieses so funktioniert, dazu schreiben wir ein einfaches kleines Programm, welches die LEDs und das Relais aktiviert und deaktiviert. # importieren der Module für den Zugriff auf # die GPIOs import machine # importieren des Modules für den Zugriff auf # die Funktionen für Zeit import time # rote LED am GPIO17 angeschlossen ledRot = machine.Pin(17, machine.Pin.OUT) # grüne LED am GPIO16 angeschlossen ledGruen = machine.Pin(16, machine.Pin.OUT) # gelbe LED am GPIO14 angeschlossen ledGelb = machine.Pin(14, machine.Pin.OUT) # Relais am GPIO12 angeschlossen relais = machine.Pin(12, machine.Pin.OUT) # Funktion zum setzen eines neuen Status des GPIOs def setState(state): ledRot.value(state) ledGelb.value(state) ledGruen.value(state) relais.value(state) # Alle GPIOs / Komponenten deaktivieren setState(0) try: # Wiederhole 20x for index in range(20): # Alle GPIOs / Komponenten aktivieren setState(1) # eine Pause von 500ms time.sleep(0.5) # Alle GPIOs / Komponenten deaktivieren setState(0) # eine Pause von 500ms time.sleep(0.5) except KeyboardInterrupt: # Alle GPIOs / Komponenten deaktivieren setState(0) Der Code lässt die GPIOs der LEDs und des Relais 20x Ein-/Ausschalten.

Webseite zum Steuern der LEDs und des Relais

Es gibt wie oft im Leben mehrere Lösungen, nachfolgend möchte ich dir eine Lösung vorstellen, in welcher wir die Webseite auf dem Mikrocontroller ablegen und bei jedem Aufruf der IP-Adresse des Gerätes ausgeliefert wird. Die Webseite enthält für jede Komponente eine Schaltfläche sowie eine kleine Leuchte welche den Zustand dieser Komponente bzw. den dahinterliegenden GPIO visualisiert. Schritt 1 - erstellen einer lokalen Webseite Im ersten Schritt erstellen wir die kleine Webseite mit dem Dashboard. Die Bilder für die Visualisierung des Status der GPIOs habe ich von der Seite iconfinder.com geladen (dort kann man nicht nur Suchen, sondern auch einen Filter auf Free & free for commercial use setzen).

Webseite - Dashboard zum Steuern der LEDs & des RelaisHerunterladen Die kleinen PNG-Dateien habe ich in der Größe von 48px x 48px heruntergeladen und mit der Seite www.base64-image.de in Base64 Zeichenketten umgewandelt, dieses macht es einfacher die Bilder in die Seite zu integrieren. Schritt 2 - Ablegen der Webseite auf den Mikrocontroller Zum Programmieren verwende ich wie so oft für MicroPython Thonny dieses kostenfreie Tool kannst du dir unter thonny.org für Windows, Linux und macOS herunterladen. Über dieses Tool kannst du die HTML-Datei auf den Mikrocontroller ablegen. Dazu klickst du im oberen Bereich des Explorers auf die Datei und wählst aus dem Kontextmenü (rechte Maustaste) den Eintrag "Upload to /". Es ist empfehlenswert, dass zu diesem Zeitpunkt kein Programm läuft, so dauert der Upload nicht so lange.

Schritt 3 - Programm auf dem Mikrocontroller erstellen Zunächst benötigen wir die Imports für den Aufbau der WiFi-Verbindung und zum ansteuern der GPIOs vom Mikrocontroller. import network import socket from secrets import * from machine import Pin Ablage der Zugangsdaten in der Datei secrets.py Die SSID sowie das Passwort lege ich in der Datei secrets.py ab, welche ebenso importiert wird. Du könntest diese Werte auch direkt in den Code schreiben. wifi_ssid = "xxxx" wifi_password = "yyyy" Schritt 3.1 - Aufbau einer WLAN-Verbindung Damit die Verbindung zum lokalen WLAN Netzwerk hergestellt werden kann, benötigen wir die SSID sowie das Passwort. # Aufbau der WiFi-Verbindung zum WLAN connection = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF) connection.active(True) connection.connect(wifi_ssid, wifi_password) Schritt 3.2 - Laden der Webseite Da die Webseite als HTML-Datei auf dem Mikrocontroller abgelegt wurde, müssen wird diese einmal einlesen und in eine Variable verpacken. In einem weiteren Abschnitt würden wir die darin befindlichen Platzhalter mit Werten ersetzen. website = '' with open('website.html', 'r') as file: for line in file.readlines(): website += line Schritt 3.3 - Auslesen der aktuellen Status der GPIOs Bevor die Seite ausgeliefert wird, werden alle Status der GPIOs (von den LEDs und dem Relais) ausgelesen und auf die jeweiligen CSS-Klassen gemappt. ledRotClass = classImgOn if ledRot.value() == 1 else classImgOff ledGruenClass = classImgOn if ledGruen.value() == 1 else classImgOff ledGelbClass = classImgOn if ledGelb.value() == 1 else classImgOff relaisClass = classImgOn if relais.value() == 1 else classImgOff Schritt 4 - Request vom Client auswerten Wenn der Benutzer der Webseite eine Schaltfläche klickt, dann wird ein Ajax Request abgesendet. Bei einer positiven Rückantwort wird die Seite neu geladen und der aktuelle Status ist sichtbar. Für jede Schaltfläche wird ein Index beginnend bei 0 übergeben und im Code ausgewertet. Dazu wird lediglich geprüft, ob im Response ein Text enthalten ist. data = r.decode('utf-8') print(data) currentState = -1 component = None handleRequest = False if '/toggle=0' in data: currentState = ledRot.value() component = ledRot handleRequest = True if '/toggle=1' in data: currentState = ledGelb.value() component = ledGelb handleRequest = True if '/toggle=2' in data: currentState = ledGruen.value() component = ledGruen handleRequest = True if '/toggle=3' in data: currentState = relais.value() component = relais handleRequest = True Schritt 4.1 - aktivieren eines GPIOs Wenn ein definierter Text im Request erkannt wurde, dann wird der entsprechende GPIO aktiviert bzw. deaktiviert. if handleRequest: if currentState == 0: component.value(1) else: component.value(0) Schritt 4.2 - ersetzen der Platzhalter durch Status der GPIOs In der Variable website befindet sich der Inhalt der Datei website.html in welchem wiederum wieder Platzhalter enthalten sind, welche wir durch die jeweiligen Style-Klassen ersetzen. keyLedRotClass = '{ledRotClass}' keyLedGelbClass = '{ledGelbClass}' keyLedGruenClass = '{ledGruenClass}' keyRelaisClass = '{relaisClass}' website = website.replace(keyLedRotClass, ledRotClass); website = website.replace(keyLedGelbClass, ledGelbClass); website = website.replace(keyLedGruenClass, ledGruenClass); website = website.replace(keyRelaisClass, relaisClass);

Ausblick auf den nächsten Beitrag zu MicroPython mit ESP32 & HTTP-Request

Im nächsten Beitrag möchte ich dir zeigen, wie du für dein Smarthome einen Shelly steuerst und auslesen kannst. Die Shelly Geräte haben den Vorteil, dass diese eine öffentliche API haben und somit sehr einfach anzusteuern sind. Read the full article

[swagmaxxer]

tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy tommy

[lavellyne]

art request for one of my patrons. i open requests each month and will pick 2 patrons only on patweon

[https-furina]

let’s get serious real quick folks!

need some of you be reminded that writers - and creators in general - post content on this hellsite at their own leisure and because they enjoy it? they share their works with you and that itself is a privilege. creators do not owe you anything! the ability to request works from creators is a privilege.

you know what else is an extreme form of privilege? the ability to go anonymous in people’s inboxes. that ability can be taken away from you at any point but if you use it to be a coward and send hate to creators, the removal of anon is so fucking deserved. some of you abuse anon and creators on this site.

creators have guidelines and rules set for reasons! if you fail to follow them, they have valid reason as to not complete your request and on top of that, writers are allowed to deny any request regardless! these are humans that have lives outside of tumblr and even more so, emotions and mental health. they are not obligated to complete your request just because you are an entitled piece of shit.

the next time one of you sends hate to myself or a mutual in anon, i am going to release straight hell on fucking earth. at that point, you deserve to rot! do not abuse strangers on the internet for your sick fantasies especially if they’re not taking requests. creators have lives and those lives are not centered around your needs for fictional men.

[dailyg3]

Could I request Alphabittle if you haven't gotten a request for her already? She's my favorite g3 pony!

I have posted her before, here ^_^

[graciedollie]

hey guys so…requests are open 🙏🏾

friendly reminder 🎀

[magic-can]

The deadline has passed, the scumbags voted to continue sending money to Israel. Keep protesting, keep fighting. And keep supporting verified campaigns. The Alanqar family still needs help (verified #6 here) so if you want to do something please support their campaign in any way you can: https://www.gofundme.com/f/rising-from-the-ashes-ghadas-journey-of-hope-and-resilien?utm_medium=customer&utm_source=copy_link&utm_campaign=fp_sharesheet&lang=en_US

While you are at it, please share @zinaanqar ‘s campaign (link here)

[leidensygdom]

So, Discord has added a feature that lets other people "enhance" or "edit" your images with different AI apps. It looks like this:

Currently, you can't opt out from this at all. But here's few things you can do as a protest.

FOR SERVERS YOU ARE AN ADMIN IN

Go to Roles -> @/everyone roles -> Scroll all the way down to External Apps, and disable it. This won't delete the option, but it will make people receive a private message instead when they use it, protecting your users:

You should also make it a bannable offense to edit other user's images with AI. Here's how I worded it in my server, feel free to copypaste:

Do not modify other people's images with AI under ANY circumstances, such as with the Discord "enhancement" features, amidst others. This is a bannable offense.

COMPLAIN TO DISCORD

There's few ways to go around this. First, you can go to https://support.discord.com/hc/en-us/requests/new , select Help and Support -> Feedback/New Feature Request, and write your message, as seen in the screenshot below.

For the message, here's some points you can bring up:

Concerns about harassment (such as people using this feature to bully others)

Concerns about privacy (concerns on how External Apps may break privacy or handle the data in the images, and how it may break some legislations, such as GDPR)

Concerns about how this may impact minors (these features could be used with pictures of irl minors shared in servers, for deeply nefarious purposes)

BE VERY CLEAR about "I will refuse to buy Nitro and will cancel my subscription if this feature remains as it is", since they only care about fucking money

Word them as you'd like, add onto them as you need. They sometimes filter messages that are copypasted templates, so finding ways to word them on your own is helpful.

ADDING: You WILL NEED to reply to the mail you receive afterwards for the message to get sent to an actual human! Otherwise it won't reach anyone

UNSUSCRIBE FROM NITRO

This is what they care about the most. Unsuscribe from Nitro. Tell them why you unsuscribed on the way out. DO NOT GIVE THEM MONEY. They're a company. They take actions for profit. If these actions do not get them profit, they will need to backtrack. Mass-unsuscribing from WOTC's DnD beyond forced them to back down with the OGL, this works.

LEAVE A ONE-STAR REVIEW ON THE APP

This impacts their visibility on the App store. Write why are you leaving the one-star review too.

_

Regardless of your stance on AI, I think we can agree that having no way for users to opt out of these pictures is deeply concerning, specially when Discord is often used to share selfies. It's also a good time to remember internet privacy and safety- Maybe don't post your photos in big open public servers, if you don't want to risk people doing edits or modifications of them with AI (or any other way). Once it's posted, it's out of your control.

Anyways, please reblog for visibility- This is a deeply concerning topic!

[prismagic]

Discord has added generative AI features to servers.

Here are THREE THINGS you need to do today.

1️⃣ YOUR SERVER

Go into server settings -> roles -> Default permissions

Search for "external apps" and disable it

2️⃣ YOUR FEEDBACK

Access Discord support -> https://support.discord.com/hc/en-us/requests/new

Go into Help & Support > Feedback/New Feature Request

Denounce generative AI and request the feature be removed. Bring up privacy concerns for yourself, your data, and for minors.

You will get an automatic reply to this request- PLEASE REPLY TO THE EMAIL TO PUSH IT TO THE TEAM or else it will get discarded.

3️⃣ ON MOBILE

Access your app store

Leave a 1 star review and publicly denounce generative AI and Discord's use of it

Reblog this to spread the word, I'm tired of the enshittification of the things I use in my day to day life.

[seasonallydefective]

I’ve definitely noticed a shift to the OS trying to do everything for you, and that’s frankly something I absolutely hate (seems to be a common complaint among people who actually know what they’re doing).

I know so many people who only own a phone and a tablet and it’s nuts. Not that those things don’t have their place — I do most of my story writing on my phone, and my tablet is pretty much ONLY a drawing device — but a laptop is the thing that unshackles you. Without Firefox and it’s various add-ons, most websites are borderline unusable.

Telling young zoomers to "just switch to linux" is nuts some of these ipad kids have never even heard of a cmd.exe or BIOS you're throwing them to the wolves

[welcometoqueer]

I haven’t really seen any of the more recent U.S. election news hitting tumblr yet so here’s some updates (now edited with sources added):

There’s evidence of Trump cheating and interfering with the election.

Possible Russian interference.

Mail-in ballots are not being counted or “recognized” in multiple (notably swing) states.

30+ bomb threats were called in and shut down polling stations on Election Day.

20+ million votes are still unaccounted for, and that’s just to have the same voter turnout as 2020.

There was record voter turnout and new/first-time voter registration this year. We definitely should be well over the turnout in 2020.

U.S. citizens are using this site to demand, not only a recount, but a complete investigation into election fraud and interference for the reasons stated above:

Here is what I submitted as an example:

An investigation for election interference and fraud is required. We desperately need a recount or even a revote. The American people deserve the right to a free and fair election. There has been evidence unveiled of Trump cheating and committing election fraud which is illegal. There is some evidence of possible Russian interference. At least 30+ bomb threats were called in to polling places. Multiple, notably swing states, have ballots unaccounted for and voting machines not registering votes. Ballots and ballot boxes were tampered with and burned. Over 20 million votes that we know of are unaccounted for. With record turnout and new voter registration this year, there should be no possibility that there are less votes than even in the 2020 election.

Sources (working on finding more links but if anyone wants to add info, it’s appreciated):

FBI addressing Russian interference and bomb threats:

Emails released by Rachael Bellis (private account, can’t share original tweet) confirming Trump committing election fraud:

Pennsylvania's Centre County officials say they are working with their ballot scanner vendor to figure out why the county's mail-in ballot data is "not being recognized when uploaded to the elections software:”

Wisconsin recount:

[ID:

Multiple screenshots and images.

The first is a screenshot with a link and information for contacting the White House directly regarding election fraud. The instructions include choosing to leave a comment to President Joe Biden directly and to select election security as the reason.

The screenshot then instructs people to include any or all of the following information in a paragraph as a comment to the president:

32 fake bomb threats were called into Democratic leaning poll places, rendering polling places closed for at least an hour.

A lot of people reporting their ballots were not counted for various reasons.

This all occurred in swing states.

This is too coincidental that these things happen and swing in his favor after months of hinting at foul play.

Directly state that an investigation for tampering, interference, fraud is required, not just a recount.

The second image is from the FBI Twitter account that reads:

The FBI is aware of bomb threats to polling locations in several states, many of which appear to originate from Russian email domains. None of the threats have been determined to be credible thus far. https://t.co/j3YfajVK1m — FBI (@FBI) November 5, 2024

The next four Gmail screenshots of an email sent to Rachael Bellis from Chris T. Spackman that read together as follows:

Dear BELLIS, RACHAEL E., The Dauphin County Board of Elections received a challenge to your absentee ballot you applied for in the November 5, 2024 General Election. The challenge argues that a provision of the Pennsylvania Election Code takes precedence over the federal Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA), which requires states and counties to permit U.S. citizens who move overseas to vote by absentee ballot for federal offices based on their last U.S. residential address.

The full text of the challenge that was filed appears below this email.

You may respond to the challenge in any of the following ways:

1. Call the Bureau of Registration and Election at (717) 780-6360;

2. Email a statement to the Bureau at Election election@dauphincounty.gov. Any statement you submit regarding the period during which you lived in Dauphin County, any family or connections that you still have here, and why you are now residing abroad would be read into the record.

3. Appear in person at a Board of Elections hearing scheduled for Friday, November 8 at a time to be determined in the Commissioners Public Hearing Room, 4th floor of Dauphin County Administration Building, 2 S 20d St, Harrisburg, PA 17111. The meeting is also likely to be livestreamed on Facebook on the Dauphin County channel.

Sincerely,

Christopher T Spackman

TEXT OF CHALLENGE BEGINS

Dear Dauphin County Board of Elections,

I am submitting this challenge to an absentee ballot application pursuant to 25 Pa. Stat.

3146.8(f).

25 Pa. Stat. 3146.8(f) Any person challenging an application for an absentee ballot, an absentee ballot, an application for a mail-in ballot or a mail-in ballot for any of the reasons provided in this act shall deposit the sum of ten dollars ($10.00) in cash with the county board, which sum shall only be refunded if the challenge is sustained or if the challenge is withdrawn within five (5) days after the primary or election. If the challenge is dismissed by any lawful order then the deposit shall be forfeited. The county board shall deposit all deposit money in the general fund of the…

The rest of the forwarded email is cut off.

The last image is a screenshot of the official statement from the Centre County, Pennsylvania Board of Commissioners released on November 6, 2024 that states:

Centre County Working with Ballot Scanner Vendor to Export Election Results.

(Bellefonte, PA) -Centre County Elections Office is working continuously to provide mail-in ballot data in order to post unofficial results.

To this point, all ballots have been scanned, including all mail-in ballots.

Centre County's Election team and IT team have identified that the data are successfully being exported from the mail-in ballot scanners, but that the data is not being recognized when uploaded to the elections software.

Centre County's Administrator, John Franek, Jr. stated, "We have not stopped working, and we will continue to work until unofficial results are posted and reported to the Pennsylvania Department of State."

As a next step, Centre County has begun working with the equipment vendor to adjust configurations to make the two systems-the mail-in ballot scanner and the elections software where data are uploaded -compatible with one another.

We will provide updates as we make progress.

/end ID]

[https-furina]

everyone on my genshin friend list has a different pfp and i’m just cackling; hu tao, xiao, kokomi, ayato, gorou (hi yume), ayaka and shenhe (hi aly) 😭 <3 and then there’s my miko pfp - tbh i switch between miko and ganyu…

[avertigo]

HTTP Headers: A Complete Guide

HTTP headers are an essential component of communication between clients and servers on the World Wide Web. They provide additional information about the request or response, allowing browsers and servers to understand and process the data appropriately. In this article, we’ll explore some of the most common HTTP headers and their uses. Request headers Content-Type: Specifies the media type…

[lakecountylibrary]

🔥 The beacons are lit; the library calls for aid

UPDATES FROM APRIL 1 AND MAY 5: https://www.tumblr.com/lakecountylibrary/782730356592967680/federal-court-halts-dismantling-of-imls-in-ala

UPDATE FROM JUNE 16: Government Accountability Office finds withholding IMLS funds is illegal (Library Journal) It is still important to call Congress and ask them to fund libraries in the 2026 budget.

The Trump administration has issued an executive order aimed at dismantling the Institute of Museum and Library Services - the ONLY federal agency for America's libraries.

Using just 0.003% of the federal budget, the IMLS funds services at libraries across the country; services like Braille and talking books for the visually impaired, high-speed internet access, and early literacy programs.

Libraries are known for doing more with less, but even we can't work with nothing.

How You Can Help:

🔥 Call your congressperson!

Use the app of your choice or look 'em up here: https://www.congress.gov/members/find-your-member

Pro tip: If your phone anxiety is high, call at night and leave a voicemail. You can even write yourself a script in advance and read it off. Heck, read them this post if you want to.

Phones a total no-go? The American Library Association has a form for you: https://oneclickpolitics.global.ssl.fastly.net/messages/edit?promo_id=23577

🔥Tell your friends!

Tell strangers, for that matter. People in line at the check out, your elderly neighbor, the mail carrier - no one is safe from your library advocacy. Libraries are for everyone and we need all the help we can get.

...Wait, why do we need this IMLS thing again?

The ALA says it best in their official statement and lists some ways libraries across the country use IMLS funding:

But if you want a really specific answer, here at LCPL we use IMLS funding to provide our amazing interlibrary loan service. If we can't purchase an item you request (out of print books, for example) this service lets us borrow it from another library and check it out to you.

IMLS also funds the statewide Indiana Digital Library and Evergreen Indiana, which gives patrons of smaller Indiana libraries access to collections just as large and varied as the big libraries' collections.

As usual, cutting this funding will hurt rural communities the most - but every library user will feel it one way or another. Let's let Congress know that's unacceptable.