#Subsection ND

[little-p-eng-engineering]

Little P.Eng. Engineering for Nuclear Facilities Design Services

Little P.Eng. Engineering, a pioneer in the engineering consultancy domain, specializes in the design and analysis of nuclear facilities. Their expertise encompasses a broad spectrum of engineering services tailored to meet the stringent requirements of ASME Section III, Division 1, focusing particularly on Subsection ND (Class 3 Components) and Subsection NF (Supports). This specialization ensures that all designed components and supports within nuclear facilities not only comply with the highest safety standards but also embody efficiency and reliability.

Expertise in ASME Section III Compliance At the core of Little P.Eng. Engineering's services is a deep-rooted expertise in navigating the complexities of ASME Section III, Division 1 standards. These standards, essential for the nuclear power sector, dictate the design, fabrication, testing, and inspection criteria for nuclear facility components, ensuring they are capable of withstanding operational stresses without compromising safety.

Subsection ND: Class 3 Components

Subsection ND outlines the requirements for Class 3 components, which, although not directly involved in the reactor's primary cooling system, are crucial for the safe operation and shutdown of the reactor. Little P.Eng. Engineering's approach involves meticulous design and analysis to ensure these components can endure the operational environment, including handling stress, temperature variations, and potential seismic events.

Subsection NF: Supports

Subsection NF focuses on the design and integrity of supports for all classes of components within nuclear facilities. Little P.Eng. Engineering leverages advanced analytical methods to design supports that ensure structural stability under a variety of load conditions, including dead weight, live loads, thermal expansion, and earthquake forces.

Importance of ASME Section III, Division 1 Subsection ND and Subsection NF

Adherence to Safety and Quality Standards The use of ASME Section III, Division 1 standards in nuclear facility design is not merely a regulatory requirement but a cornerstone of safety and quality assurance. Subsections ND and NF are particularly significant for ensuring that all components and their supports are designed with an uncompromising focus on safety, taking into account normal operating conditions as well as potential emergency scenarios.

Engineering Excellence The application of Subsection ND and NF standards demands a high level of engineering expertise and precision. Little P.Eng. Engineering exemplifies this excellence, employing seasoned professionals and state-of-the-art tools to design, analyze, and validate the integrity of nuclear facility components and supports. Their work ensures that facilities are not only compliant with current standards but are also adaptable to future technological advancements and regulatory changes.

Piping Stress Analysis and Structural Design in Nuclear Facilities

Piping Stress Analysis: Ensuring System Integrity Piping systems in nuclear facilities are critical for the transport of coolant and other fluids essential to the reactor's operation. Piping stress analysis is a vital engineering task that assesses these systems' ability to withstand various stresses, including thermal expansion, pressure loads, and seismic events. Little P.Eng. Engineering employs sophisticated modeling and simulation tools to predict stress points and deformation, ensuring designs that maintain integrity under all operational conditions.

Structural Design: Foundation of Facility Safety The structural design of nuclear facilities encompasses the creation of buildings, supports, and containment structures capable of withstanding extreme conditions. This includes consideration for load-bearing capacities, resistance to seismic shifts, and the ability to endure environmental stressors. Little P.Eng. Engineering's structural design services ensure that every aspect of a nuclear facility's infrastructure is robust, resilient, and compliant with ASME and international safety standards.

Conclusion Little P.Eng. Engineering's dedication to excellence in nuclear facilities design, guided by ASME Section III, Division 1 standards, highlights their role in advancing nuclear safety and efficiency. Through meticulous attention to piping stress analysis and structural design, they ensure that nuclear facilities are not only safe and reliable but also prepared to meet the challenges of tomorrow's energy landscape. Their work underscores the critical importance of specialized engineering expertise in maintaining the high safety standards required in the nuclear power industry.

Tags:

Little P.Eng. Engineering

Structural design

Piping stress analysis

Thermal expansion

Engineering consultancy

Safety standards

Regulatory compliance

Project management

Nuclear facilities design

ASME Section III

Subsection ND

Subsection NF

Nuclear power sector

Class 3 components

Design criteria

Fabrication processes

Quality assurance

Advanced simulation tools

Seismic event resilience

Load-bearing capacity

Infrastructure robustness

Material selection

Innovative engineering solutions

Professional expertise

System integrity

Environmental stressors

Operational efficiency

Technological advancements

Energy landscape

Safety and reliability

Engineering Services

Structural Engineering Consultancy

Pipe Stress Analysis Services

Located in Calgary, Alberta; Vancouver, BC; Toronto, Ontario; Edmonton, Alberta; Houston Texas; Torrance, California; El Segundo, CA; Manhattan Beach, CA; Concord, CA;��We offer our engineering consultancy services across Canada and United States. Meena Rezkallah.

[tiredflowercrown]

He may be a dick but he's my dick

[btmc-official]

<< Reminiscence of a darker time; #1 >>

---------------------------------------- >>Terminal Connected - Welcome to the Omninet<< >>Received Audiofile. Downloading.. ... >>Download Success. >>Play? Y/N >>Audio file playing. >> Length - 15:38 ----------------------------------------

"..God, it's dark.. fuckin' power got cut.."

"RA knows why only the omni-net terminal is on.. life-support too, I guess."

[A deep exhale can be heard, not quite a sigh or the form of words. It simply is a breath. The silence that follows lasts exactly 4 minutes, 47 seconds, 23 milliseconds, and 5 microseconds.]

"..Well, if you're hearing this, I may as well introduce myself. Name's Aretas Vandurban, rank.. fuck all, that doesn't matter. Not even an official soldier!"

[A sharp, biting laugh can be heard. The voice is gruff, and sounds pained.]

"..Fuck.."

"Anyways; Aretas Vandurban, callsign 'Etiquette'. Been a Lancer for maybe.. 3 years now? Working under some off the books military group.. think it's a subsect of HA. Hell if I know."

"Anyways, we got a job. And I swear to RA above, what a damn job it was.."

"Off the charts planet, off the charts system- every fucking THING about this whole company is off the books. I hate it here. I hate it I hate it I hate-"

[The audio cuts off into static, seemingly corrupted. This lasts 2 minutes. After this, the audio slowly returns to the previous quality, the speaker able to be heard once more.]

"-nd the scientists were all- just- splattered- I- God, sorry.. Give me a moment.."

[A slow sigh. HE HAS SEEN THINGS WHICH NONE SHOULD.]

"..H-heh.. sorry 'bout that.. been a rough.. however long it's been. Moving on though, we had to just.. keep pushing. Through gore, viscera- even the damn walls were bleeding. Pulsating too, mind you.."

"A-and then.. there it was. In this big fuckass room at the center of the station, beating like the heart of some.. something.. god, I don't have words to describe it-"

[The audio cuts out to static once more, this time lasting several minutes. It cuts back into what sounds like manic laughter.]

"-AHAHAHAHA- THEY'RE ALL FUCKING DEAD! IT FUCKING RIPPED THEM APART LIMB FROM LI-"

[Audio cuts off once more.]

"Ahem. I.. nothing I can say about that. I think that's enough for one night though.. gotta get Amarok hitched back up to the chassis.."

". . ."

“..Guess I better cut the cord."

---------------------------------------- >>Omninet Connection Terminated<< ---------------------------------------- P.S. “I'm never going back.” ----------------------------------------

[spiculicious]

the dragon quest server has grown so much lately that it become overwhelming for me, and i am saying this as a loud extrovert. needing a entire subsection of nothing but general chats because all of them are full of constant convo make my head to spin. "missing messages too much" is a lil bit of a ocd(?) nd(?) trigger i think. i like forums which are neat and tidy and categorize things more perfectly.

[elysianslove]

the people want more so i will give them more. a continuation to this, dilf osamu x his teen employee

we’ll pick up where we left off: you’re fresh out of your shower, walking into the living room fully dressed where atsumu and osamu sit. atsumu cocks a head at the sight of you, a curious smile on his lips as he says his hi, his nice to meet ya, his m’samu’s brother, ‘nd ya are?

your lie is shockingly believable. osamu’s shoulders sag with relief once he hears you say with ease, “oh it was super late when i finished my shift, and it was raining real bad, so miya-san offered his guest room.” and it’s enough for atsumu to believe you. you’re a teenager, you look it, and you mention you’re off to attend your classes at university, so it’s easy for atsumu to believe anything but what his mind had immediately rushed to.

osamu offers to drop you off, for nothing but good manners, but you decline, claiming you‘ve overstayed your welcome and thanking him.

you think as close of a call as his brother finding out would throw him off, but he only spends more nights at yours now. the way he fucks you is more desperate, like— like he’s on the brink of losing you. the shame and guilt he’d once got ridden off returns at full force, and with every time your legs wrap around his waist as he sinks into you, his face hides in your neck. he tries to avoid looking at you, avoid the reminder that you’re so much younger than he is, that you’re spending time with him instead of people your age. that you’re fucking him instead of someone that you could probably relate to more.

but then you crawl onto his lap with the television quiet in the background, and you pout at him and grind your hips till you’re comfortable. you knead your hands in the soft flesh of his tummy, marveling at the muscle that peaks through and hardens when he flinches and flexes. you kiss at his neck and shoulders and bite at his pecs and suck on his nipples. you whine and beg for his cock, because no one fucks you like he does. he fucks you the way a man does, the way an experienced man does.

and he presumes that, maybe, possibly, he can’t expect you to go back to fucking boys with terrible strokes, and letting boys messily eat at your pussy, not appreciating you the way you should be appreciated, the way he appreciates you, the taste and feel and smell of you. he can’t expect you to not be disappointed the moment he lets you go, because, he supposes, he has ruined it for you. sex, in all of its definitions and aspects and subsections. he’s ruined it for you by being the best you could ever have, and in that, he’s doing you a favor by teaching you how to suck cock the way a man likes it, teaching you how to ride dick even with how tired you are and how much your muscles ache, teaching you to swallow your sobs and cries and to take it like a good girl.

for a few weeks, atsumu forgets about you, and osamu calms down. he doesn’t bring you up, oh that girl that stayed over, what was her name again? and doesn’t he mention you. that is the old inarizaki volleyball club decides to reunite at onigiri miya. it doesn’t cross his mind that you’d be working when they’d arrived, but it’s already too late by the time you approach their table. he can almost see the gears twisting in atsumu’s head as the blond recognizes you, snapping his fingers and widening his eyes. you laugh bashfully and greet him politely. suna hits on you until atsumu pinches him and tells him she’s only nineteen sunarin, and immediately suna backs off.

“eighteen,” you‘d corrected him, to which atsumu had stared at you in disbelief and replied, “not any better. worse actually.”

and the guilt makes him nauseous once more.

atsumu starts to grow suspicious eventually. he sees the interactions you have with his brother when he comes in from some (free) onigiri. he notices the vicious glare his brother sends your admirers (harassers, really). he notices the care with which his brother handles you with, the constant offer to drop you off home, to your uni, asking you if you’ve eaten, asking you to take a break if you need it, wondering what your plans were for the weekend, the way he doesn’t any other employee— like you were friends. maybe even more.

he wants to confront osamu, but he’s not sure he wants to accuse him of something like this. it could just be some sort of paternal care he holds towards you. you were the youngest employee after all, and you were the only one juggling university and a job. it could just be that osamu felt he had some sort responsibility towards you, to care for you since no one else would. it made sense. atsumu needed it to make sense.

coincidentally, it’s also when osamu starts to realize he should put an end to everything. no matter how much he enjoys his time with you, he’s still holding you back. you have so much life ahead of you, years upon years to explore so much. he can’t have you stuck with him, refusing to befriend and date people your own age. he wants you to make stupid teenage mistakes and to learn from these mistakes. he wants you to fuck stupid boys and laugh at it with them later on. he wants you to explore your own sex life, learn what else you’ll like.

you have a whole life ahead of you, he’d told you. your skin was sticky with sweat and your hair was a mess as you’d sat up, facing him. i can’t stop you from living life the way a girl your age should.

he’s surprised when you reluctantly agree. you don’t put up much of a fight, but you ask him for one last kiss, one last moment with him. he fucks you slow and deep and beautifully that night. one last time.

the both of you stay true to your word. he still cares for you; how could he not? he can’t deny his attachment towards you, especially after everything you’d shown him, sexual and non-sexual, and after everything you’ve made him feel, making him endure the entire emotional spectrum. but for your sake, for your sake only, he doesn’t let it show. he ruffles your hair childishly, the way he should, and cares for you someone his age should. he makes sure you‘re eating when you stay late to study, and sends you with some free onigiri for when you work before your classes. it’s a different relationship than it is with the rest of his employees, but he supposes it can’t exactly go to the way it used to be before.

atsumu confronts him a few days later.

are ya fucking that girl? don’t lie to me ‘samu, he’d said, and although not entirely the truth, osamu’s chest doesn’t feel as tight and heavy when he says, “she’s eighteen, of course m’not fuckin‘ her.”

and he bites down on his tongue, preventing himself from wistfully adding, “at least, not anymore.”

[letrune]

Case file 7T4B3M3T713

Birth name: Joanne Miller

Birth place: New York, NY, United States of America

Birth date: 1935. 03. 14.

Date of death: 1971. 04. 27.

Cause of death: natural organ failure, heart, during sleep

Faith(s): Christianity, Catholic sect, case 1929-current date, progressive subsect. Minor interest in nordic religions, ancient norse beliefs, Odin subsect. Minor crisis in main faith between 1942-1945 and 1963, resolved internally.

Merron-Iltsku morality score: +/-0

Notes: first such case in this past eon. Requesting former cases where the Merron-Iltsku morality score (MIMS) is on 0 or within margin of 0. Due to regulations, case can not be sent to known afterlives.

-=-=-=-=-

From: Internal Decisions of Special Cases, Afterlife department

To: Celestial Bureaucracy, Afterlife department, C-20 office

Subject: 0 MIMS score case

Content: one (1) attached file, see the end of this message.

The requested files were found and copies of the stone tablets sent to the office. The upper decisions were recorded in the event in such a case, and the case subject were granted one resurrection for figuring out a better score.

The resurrection, as it matters, in not of the regular resurrection case (see: Faiths with recursion and resurrection, section B-R), but special case ND/A case. See attached copy.

Attached documents:

New Divination/Ascension process: expanded document by Stargazer seer of the first tribes, Al-Khanti of Assyria, Johannes of Antioch, Shi Tu-han, Ivanova Slachkin and András Nagykovácsy

Short summary: in case of an MIMS score 0, the subject is to be resurrected in a new world as a divine being and let for two eons to make their choices. These choises are to be calculated by the weighted scale of the population of the created world.

In case the created world expands significantly, it is to be absorbed into the celestian bureaucracy and it's afterlives are to be accomedated for every passing being, retroactively from the start of the ND/A process' zero timeframe.

Signed: Etele of the white plains, Power That Be, Internal Decisions of Special Cases, Afterlife department

In the afterlife, people will be measured by how good or evil they are in their lifetime. You scored a perfect zero, without a single decimal points. According to the regulations, it’s illegal to send you to heaven or hell so nobody knows what to do now.

[carbonateddelusion]

that reminds me...

okay so. Sane universe Eli has a lil band that he started back in high school with his friends, they play a lot of pop rock nd stuff. I still need to design everybody but we have solid ideas nd names

this is Nia, his bestie since childhood and also his first and only experience in dating for like a solid decade. she's The Weird Scene Kid so of course she got along with the freakishly tall dude obsessed with Hot Wheels... she's The Scene One nd is the main vocalist

Gwen's got the j-goth/pastel goth fashion down to a T, she's also the backup vocalist and plays the bass, but she can do some meaty death metal screams too

Yōzō has the steampunk vibe nd I thhhhink we decided that he'd be on keyboard?

Zed, Gwen's partner, is the one on drums and I don't think Ben and I decided what subsection of goth-adjacent fashion they're into but imo it'd be cool for them to be punk or trad goth

and then of course, Eli plays guitar! his whole deal is more emo than goth

why am I explaining this, you ask?

1. I want y'all to know more about Eli so if Ben won't explain I will

2. Eli nd his band were how Isaac first got into alt fashion :) they gave him hand-me-downs and scraps of fabric to play with!

3.

Jack was a part of their band at one time but got kicked out because all of Eli's friends hated him and I think that's hilarious.

[carebearcody]

sorry but i’m new here but why do you hate chelsea fans?

i am just a hater by default nd that is a key fact but also chelsea have a well documented history of racially abusing players, hurling sectarian abuse at rival players, as well as other racist incidents, as well as the infamous john terry incident

i am in no ways saying that all chelsea fans are like this, or even support this type of behaviour, but it says a lot for a football club to be notoriously known for these kind of incidents. when you add the subsection of fans supporting abramovich, it just puts a bad taste in my mouth.

[baeddelicto]

it is not its rarity tht is xcitn but its ubiquty that marks its insidius natur lik a kobold or browni in ur cupbrds wht is deemd as abberrant sexual behavior can be found whrevr creaturs eek out xistanc the reproductin of individuals is an intrsting nd worthwhile subsection but joy nd violenc nd sensation cannot b confind 2 victorys of th state. butterflying the heart of another creatur nd feeling lightening coarse thru u as u massage the bloom clean of blemish or the splendor of scales catchn th eventide light as they flip from flesh or th laffn terror of ur luv givin u chase thru the grass heavn breath at ur heels screamn nd giggln thy do not need 2 b chast 2 b enjoyabl its ok 4 feelngs 2 mix

[beetlemancy]

The fact that fandom constantly, *consistently* “forgets” that there’s a hard of hearing player at that table, who is valiantly attempting to play through social distancing, makes me, a hard of hearing person, so frustrated. It’s not like it’s been subtle either. He’s had to ask Matt to repeat stuff a ton since they came back. It just sucks to see people never take that into account and basically shit all over really common things that happen for hard of hearing people.

Thank you, because I only deal with auditory processing and I don’t feel qualified to talk about this aspect of it most of the time, so I focus on the ND traits that I AM qualified to talk about. But this is so important and its not talked about enough in this fandom. All aspects of disability are being disrespected by these takes. Ableism doesn’t just affect one subsection of us, it affects us ALL. <3 

[seaswalllow]

okay, so. incoming observations about the inaccessibility of healthcare, how it affects providers, and how it affects clients.

i'll put the rest below the cut because it got long. please keep in mind there are warnings for brief discussion of patient neglect.

this is not meant to be much more than a series of observations. this was spurred by a comment i read from twitter abt the inaccessibility of the healthcare field from the provider side encouraging rampant ableism; which i vehemently agree with.

so basically: healthcare? nightmare field to be involved with. the programs themselves are incredibly grueling, and even programs with good graduation rates see incredibly low rates; for a personal example, i knew a class that had started out with ~40 people. about five people graduated. now granted: this was an accelerated, two-year nursing program, and this does not consider people who wound up simply graduating a semester or two later. but: 5/40 people made it to the two year mark and graduated.

and like. this speaks to how fucking breakneck the speed is. all-nighters are common; even bragged about. college students with part time jobs are barely hanging on; if you've got a family? nd? disabled? working full-time with other concerns? you are Fucked, plainly speaking. so already you've got a disadvantage at who has the time and resources to even compete in these incredibly ruthless fields.

you're cutting down on the potential pool of candidates and nursing + the medical industry is already a field that Needs to hire more. and like: if you argue with me that "oh it's to weed out those not fit for the field" i will get to that issue. i will get to it. because holy god no i swear to god you can be competent it's just we have very unhealthy standards and the work environment is unnecessarily hostile which actually makes it WORSE for the patients

because the patients. dear gods the patients. holy god do they get the short end of the stick.

they face bias from their providers on every front: both the providers being hella overworked and the providers still lacking sensitivity to identify cultural like. differences. (yes, most nursing colleges probably have diversity training. there's something to be said about the rn makeup being so uniform that the training still doesn't catch the nuances. if you are white, oftentimes middleclass- which 80% of the nursing base is- you will still miss the more nuanced results of cultural upbringing. eg. pain tolerance, patient to provider communication, etc)

and even without the bias of being mostly treated by able-bodied, nt white ppl; the nurses are ridiculously overworked. 14 hour shifts, i've seen more happen. very high patient to provider load. i have seen patients that go without being bathed or cared for for days. i have seen (and heard of) overworked nurses attempting to help fill the roles of their peers, at the cost of the safety of their patients, or mismanaging medication completely on accident. i have seen patients miss meals because their presiding nurse or cna has been helping elsewhere.

this isn't to roast them for that, although i do recognize their culpability here and that nothing excuses patient neglect. this is to point out that the unnecessary "hustle culture" weeds out people who would've been a wonderful, wonderful asset to the field and damages not just the nurses but the patients!! because now there are less nurses to provide their input and assistance to the field, there are more patients, and everybody suffers in the end; especially the patients whom this entire healthcare model should be based around in the first place.

it's so weird. this healthcare model should be based around ensuring that patients get the best, individualized healthcare and yet they suffer the most because of this.

tldr the medical field is wholly inaccessible except to a very specific subsection and altho it's slowly slowly getting better it's not getting better quick enough and both providers and patients but especially patients suffer for it due to RAMPANT understaffing as a result of this

(yes, i know that it's so much more complicated than "hustle culture" but i was speaking towards a specific aspect that worsened patient care)

[adhd-sakura]

I know this is weird but I don’t think I’ve ever seen a autistic adult before and my younger sister might be autistic but I don’t know who to ask? And I want like real world experience from someone who KNOWS what it’s like being autistic.So maybe advice or something I just don’t know what to do and my parents aren’t really helpful.

Ok. Ok. Um. So.

gonna stop real quick RIGHT HERE and say that if anyone has any ideas for who’d be more…suited to answer this, please drop them in the notes? I guess? That’d be nice; I really don’t think I have quite what you’re looking for.

I’m diognosed ADHD, with a bunch of Autistic symptoms and friends? So this really isn’t my ballpark. 

And I’m sorry but I don’t really get exactly what you’re asking. ‘being autistic’ is just…such a broad thing? Like, it’s a spectum for a reason, and no two people’s autism is exactly alike; Even if I was autistic and described my experience, it could be nothing like your sisters and she could still have it, just in a different way.

As far as general advice goes? In my experience, the most important thing you have to do is be understanding. Like, really I’ve found this is a useful thing to apply to everyone, but ND (and Autistic people specifically) especially. They’re going to do things that don’t make sense to you, but are important to them (stimming, routine keeping, avoiding eye contact, etc.). You’re going to expect things that they don’t understand (a lack of the above things, ‘normal’ reactions, higher empathy, etc). 

It’s something you have to keep in mind; if they get combative or defiant over something that seems benign, don’t scold them for being petty or childish, ask them why it matters so much. If you want them to do something but they don’t get why it’s important, don’t get mad that they’re ‘being obtuse’ or call them dumb or anything; ask what specifically they don’t understand.

Or, if all else fails, pick your battles. Agree to disagree. Take time to cool off. I know it’s pretty cliched advice, but relationships are about communication; ask them where you went wrong if you freaked them out, and tell them where they went wrong if they freaked you out. 

Remember that ‘I don’t know’ can be an answer. Lots of ND people lack the proper language or intrapersonal skills to understand things about themselves, especially in a world that caters so heavily to NT people; sometimes questions you think are simple (’why does this matter so much to you’ ‘why are you doing this’ ‘why do you stand that way’ etc.) are questions ND people don’t always have the answers for, and pressing them too hard is just gonna freak you both out. If they are avoiding the question, then let them come to you if/when they’re comfortable with it. If they aren’t avoiding the question and they just don’t know, then your continued prodding is gonna confuse and frustrate both of you even more. Let things go.

Oh! And just as important to keep in mind is that just because they think different doesn’t mean they think wrong or worse. Respect her way of thinking, the way a hand-on-learner respects a lecture-learner’s way of thinking. You don’t have to get it, you just have to realize that it works for them.

Lol sorry if this was all horrible advice; like I said, I really only have my experience, and every experience is different- but the above advice is blanket enough that it should be applicable anyway. And It may-or-may not have all been stuff you already knew, but I really don’t know what you wanted to hear.

And I’m sorry you can’t go to your parents, and it’s kind of a stretch, but maybe you can go to a school counsler? They might at least be able to point you in the right direction.

It isn’t really a ‘first person perspective’, but ADDitude is a pretty good starting point for learning about autism; they’ve got a subsection of articles about it, and most things on the website are timestamped with when they were medically reviewed. I have an autistic friend who found it super helpful, at least, and I sure as hell do; https://www.additudemag.com/category/adhd-add/related-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/

[otterjpg]

Hi there, i was wondering abt your dissertation... I'm going to be starting mine soon and I guess I'm just curious abt yours... what is it on?

i can only assume this is in reference to the post going round from my undergrad two years ago nd not the dissertation im working on now for my masters~

it was on how television dramas rarely ever allow lgb protagonists for shows that dont centre on their sexuality, nd a subsection of that is that shows which do allow it will only reveal the protag's sexuality in s2, hence me looking at black sails for one of my case studies

[euphoriecs]

what's ur process for working on wips, cuz im trying to develop mine but idkk how

oH worm i have the most CHAOTIC process when it comes to working on wips jHGSJK like, there’s no linear method i follow , i just kind of - go with where i feel inspired but UH . usually, a lot of my wip ideas come to me in a scene -- like maybe it’ll just be some dialogue, or when im listening to a song a certain scene/image/theme will start forming , nd i write it down and i usually just run with it !! i have a document called “concepts.” which is chock full of scenes/dialogue/concepts/characters !! 

here’s an example of a scene that came 2 me while i was listenin 2 some anime ops JHGJKD

and the thing is, this is a super rough idea . i dont expect it to spark a big plot idea or a trilogy encompassing character arc -- i just kind of?? let it sit nd if an idea/addition comes to me, i’ll add it down, nd i just keep adding ideas and working with what i have until i have something that looks like a plot or a character arc. like JGHSKJGS im not sure if this makes sense but for me personally, when i sit down and expand on concepts, ideas always just come to me -- like a whole,,, what else can i add to this? what happened for character to act like this? etc !!

i also spend a lot of time working on the main cast, bc sometimes plot ideas can come to me after i have a cast . i spend a lot of time just picking names, working with personalities and group dynamics and writing little drabbles that’ll help me understand the characters. pinterest boards are also a huge help with character development, nd i have a board for every wip, and subsections for every character that u can see here !! 

with the untitled wip im currently working on, it started with a single character concept !! i wanted to write about a young general, and from that idea of a young general, i branched off into reasons he was a young general, and then the addition that he was demoted because of a decision he made. this THEN spawned a bunch more character ideas that i slowly worked on until i had a whole cast that was connected :D

i hope like . this long rambly post helped somewhat !! i have a really messy process so if u need clarification for anything , feel free to send me an ask again :D!!!!

[lupine-publishers-prjfgs]

Enforcement of Regulatory Bodies to Trade Indian Medicinal Plants and DNA Bar-coding In Wildlife Forensics

Lupine Publishers| Journal of Forensic

Abstract

India's diverse topology and habitat flourishes near about 45,000 species of plants. Certain species among these plants are medicinal plant species which are endemic to India. These plants are valuable for their medicinal or aromatic properties. Due to India's biodiversity abundance, plants from the wild are wildly exploited resulting in over exploitation of medicinal plants. The present review is carried out to ascertain the rules and their regulations in various states of India which are presently saving the national heritage and helping officials to apprehend herb smugglers. The review also presents the data suggesting the present scenario of advancements in the field of wild life forensic genetics to deal with such cases and technical advancements in the field of plant/part identification during the confiscations in various states.

Keywords: DNA bar-coding; Laws protecting plants; Indian Forest ACT; Wild Life Protection Act; CITES Appendix

Introduction

Wildlife forensics uses scientific tools to confiscate criminals dealing with restricted wildlife products. In recent times, very less literature could be found on crimes related to plants which are likewise smuggled for their socioeconomic importance. Many newspaper headlines mention such trade happenings around the world [1]. Various national and international regulatory bodies are also actively regulating such trade practices. But, due to lack of awareness and limited research work on these aspects of wildlife forensics, herbal medicine industry is growing. According to traffic.org India and china ranked 3rd and 2nd respectively to export plant material used in traditional healing systems. Plants with medicinal values are majorly collected from the wild [2]. To regulate herbal plants in trade, organizations like CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) plays a major role by providing guidelines to the signatory bodies. CITES convention has provided three appendixes i.e. Appendix I deals with species which are threatened or near to extinction, Appendix II deals with the species which might become threatened in the coming future, Appendix III of cites deals with plant requested to be included under regulation by member signatory countries. CITES is dedicated to provide fortification to plants as well as animals worldwide [3]. CBD is a different biodiversity convention which utilizes Nagoya protocol that gives the ability to access genetic resources of the native country and also ensure fair and unbiased sharing of remuneration arising from their use of these assets between it signatory countries of the convention [4]. Laws protecting Non wood forest produce in India. According to Indian Forest Act, 1927, thirteen Chapters have been solely dedicated to the protection of wildlife flora. The law stated to facilitate the lawful and unlawful activities of forests, duties and powers to forest officers and penalties and punishments as per the state Government rules. The act defines itself by stating the following definition.

"Consolidate the law related to forest, the transit of forest produce and the duty livable on timber and other forest produce". The word "forest produce" include timber, charcoal, caoutchouc, catechu, wood-oil, resin, natural varnish, barck, ac, mahua flower, mahua seeds and myrabolams. The chapter 1 clause2 (4b) in the Indian forest act also gives the liberty to add the trees, leaves, flowers, fruits, grass, creepers reeds, moss and all parts of such plant produce and other parts or produce that are not directly mentioned in the act to be protected and preserved by same regulations prescribed by the act [5]. By describing the forest produce broadly, the Indian forest act take the responsibility to even protect the non-economical plants which are mentioned or not mentioned in the act [6]. Basically the non-wood forest produce is economically important produce of the forest other than wood, which is being exploited by the law breakers to earn the instant money [7]. NTFPs are the active ingredient of budding small scale and fully developed large scale industries to commercialize the products to earn profit [8]. The produce (medicinal herbs) is profitable forest produce which is often used by pharmaceutical industries to launch health related products in the market [9]. These companies or organizations have permits and licenses to collect the permitted plant varieties from the locals [10]. The local herb dwellers have certain powers given by state and center governments through Indian biodiversity act etc. to earn their living by using their traditional knowledge of gathering wild flora [11]. This lawful business turns illegal when these dwellers and industrial set up without prior permissions gather and motivate forest dweller to supply the produce in bulk [12]. With limited knowledge of endangered and threatened species restricted from wild collection or deliberate collection to earn instant money is the main reason of utilization of forest produces [13].

According to the chapter 2 of INDIAN FOREST ACT which defines the reserve forest area under section 28 clause (f) which states "Any person who fells, girdles, lops, taps or burns any tree or strip off the bark leaves from, or otherwise damages the same and clause (g) removes any forest produce shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine or both in comparison to the damage [14]. Similar State Provision according to section 26. In this Bihar Sec. (26) the Forest range Offence is said to be cognizable and punishable with sentence for a maximum term of 6 months which may extend up to 24 years or with fine up to 5000/- or both + compensation[15]. In Gujarat Sec (26) of Indian Forest Act, punishment up to 1 year or with fine up to 1000/. In Himachal Pradesh according to Sec (26) punishment for forest offence is two years along with the fine of 5000. In Madhya Pradesh & West Bengal I year punishment is decided for the offender and fine of 2000 is imposed on such illegal activities. In Uttar Pradesh the maximum imprisonment for violating the rules of Indian forest act maximum punishment of 2 years or a fine of Rs. 5000/- or both is imposed on the offender when proved guilty for violation of sect. (26) (b), (h) (i) (j) but if the equivalent crime is committed second time and subsequently, sentence up to 2years or fine up to Rs. 20,000 but not less than Rs. 5000/- or both are imposed [16]. For the abuse other clauses of Sec. (26) imprisonment up to six month or a fine up to Rs. 1000/- or both is provided and for second and subsequent violation of these subsections is punishable by imprisonment up to six month or a fine up to Rs. 2000/- or both. Similarly, in chapter 3 which defines the protected forest areas under section 33 clauses is punishable with same penalty as is defined for the activities in reserve forest declared by the officials [17].

State Provisions According to Section 33

In Bihar state according to the section (33) imprisonment minimum of six months, maximum 2 of years fine minimum Rs. 1000/- maximum Rs. 5000/- imprisonment + fine both is availed to punish the convicted criminal but in case of Haryana:-15Sec (33) Imprisonment up to 1 year or with fine up to Rs. 1000 is imposed for the conviction in similar crime [18]. In Madhya Pradesh punishment lesser than Bihar Punishment is decided upto1 year or with fine up to Rs. 1000/ [19]. In Maharashtra punishment for violating Indian forest act rules is only up to 1 year or with fine up to Rs. 2000. Similarly in West Bengal Sec. (33) up to 1 year or with fine up to Rs. 1000 only. Uttar Pradesh is strict in terms of punishment for forest offences as their Maximum imprisonment of two years or fine up to Rs. 5000/- or both and for second and subsequent violation maximum term of 2 years or fine up to Rs. 10,000/-[20]. Wildlife protection Act. 1972 and the listed species Wildlife protection Act. 1972, SCHEDULE VI six plants are protected strictly by this Act which offers severe penalties to the offenders [20].The penalty is minimum 3 years which may extend depending upon the severity of the illegal activity and with fine of rupees 25000. If the convict is license holder the license will be cancelled and upon repetitive offence the penalty may increase up to 7 years [21]. Chapter ii of WPA outlines the protection of definite plants by declaring two clauses which are as follows:

a) Willfully pick, uproot, damage, destroy, acquire or collect any specified plant from any forest land and any area specified, by notification, by the Central Government.

b) Posses, sell, offer for sale, or transfer by way of gift or otherwise, or transport any specified.

Plant, whether alive or dead, or part or derivative thereof: Provided that nothing in this section shall prevent a member of a scheduled tribe, subject to the Provisions of Chapter IV, from picking, collecting or possessing in the district he resides any Specified plant or part or derivative thereof for his bona fide personal use." Further in section 17B of chapter 2 the law provides relaxation to educational institutions, researchers, scientific institutions to collect plant samples by acquiring the permission from chief wildlife warden [22]. The plants mentioned in this section are also prohibited to be cultivated without the prior permission from chief wildlife warden. The license is necessary to commercially cultivate the plants and sell them to the wholesalers. These rules are followed more strictly in protected and preserved forest areas or any such areas which are being declared protected by the government officials [23].

First species listed is Beddomescycad (Cycas beddomei) is native to trimulla hills of Andhra Pradesh. The male cones incorporate bioflavonoid which is used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis and muscle pains. It is listed in cites Appendix1 and Wild Life Protection Act 1972 Schedule 6 and CITES appendixes [24]. Blue Vanda (Vanda soerulec) is another endangered native plant of India which is found at 2000m- 3000m altitude. The plant is traded for its ornamental properties [25]. Kuth (Saussurea lappa) is list in WPA is also listed in CITES appendix 1. It is found at 2500 to 3000m Himalayas, Jammu Kashmir forest areas, Western Ghats, and kishenganga valley. It is traded by the name kuth kauri, kuth mithi. Basically the root of the plant contains Sesquiterpene lactones which are used to treat serious ailments like asthma, inflammatory diseases, and ulcer and stomach problems [26]. In India, only two genera namely Cypripedium and Paphiopedilum listed in Cites 1 and WPA schedule 6 can be found in Himalayan and NorthEast Indian region except one species of Paphiopedilum which is endemic to Western Ghats. This orchid specie is specifically traded for its ornamental and aromatic properties [27]. Pitcher plant's natural habitat is India and mostly originates in Jarain area of the Jaintia Hills, the Baghmara area of the Garo Hills of Meghalaya or in Assam.

The plant is exploited from the wild for its ornamental and medicinal use. It is enumerated in cites Appendix1 and Wild Life Protection Act 1972 Schedule 6 [28]. Red Vanda is listed CITES appendix 1 and schedule 6 of WPA is found in Meghalaya. It is being traded internationally for its ornamental properties [29]. Customs Act. 1962, regulates the import and export of India. Under this act, section 112 defines the penalties for improper import and export of any good which is restricted by any law in action at that present time will be confiscated and fine of rupees 5000 or value of goods whichever is higher will be imposed. According to the section 118 and 119 deals with smuggling goods and goods used to conceal the smuggling goods. The section give the power to custom officers to seal any import and export goods and goods which are used to conceal the smuggled goods which are brought out of the limits of custom area and custom ports[30,31].

International treaties to protect plants

a) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (IT PGRFA)

Secretary-General of the United Nations [32].

b) The International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA, 1983), International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 (ITTA, 1994 or ITTA2) [33].

c) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) [34].

d) Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, also known as the Bern Convention (or Berne Convention), council of Europe [35].

e) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Secretary- General of the United Nations [36].

f) Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora Secretary- General of the United Nations [37].

Trade of restricted medicinal herbs

Wildlife trafficking have emerged with its medium from physical markets to online e commerce sites. Numbers of species are being sold on the web portals with dedicated websites, WebPages through face book, Instagram YouTube and many more social networking sites illegally just because these platforms provide greater anonymity to the seller. The plants which are being sold on these platforms are basically threatened rare or endangered [38]. EVAN MATI 307 medicinal products corresponding to ca. 283 species. Ten species out of 35 were found to be locally endangered and listed in IUCN [39]. The plants are also advertised online on daily bases and delivered without being securitized by the authorities. This may be due to lack of awareness on this issue specifically in India. Figure number 1-4 clearly shows such online business [40].

DNA Bar-Coding to Identify Plants in Trade

DNA bar-coding is presently quick and precise tool to identify plant species. Chloroplast genome off plant sequencing can convey a consistent barcode to accurately identify plants. The development of specific barcodes provides a new approach to distinguish closely related Species to tackle illegal trade of medicinal plants in trade [41]. Table 1 shows the ingenuities of Investigation work in wildlife forensics with respect to flora. The scanty research work in this area provide ample scope to scientist and researcher to explore this budding field of wild life forensics and establish barcode libraries specific to plant families or location specific libraries showing mutations if any [42-46].

Table 1: Shows the research work in the field of wildlife forensic

Conclusion

Due to India's biodiversity abundance, plants from the wild are wildly exploited resulting in depletion of important medicinal herbs. The illegal trade practices often go unnoticed because lack of awareness and lesser punishments as compared to the reimbursements involved to such trades practices. The punishments mentioned as such in the paper are demonstrating the lack of momentousness of law enforcement toward this serious issue. The Scanty literature on DNA Bar-coding provide ample opportunities of research in this untouched area of wildlife genetics which will directly benefit the law enforcement agencies to convict forest offenders

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