#Techniques for DNA Extraction

[thewitfire]

Top 10 Techniques for DNA Extraction: Unlocking the Blueprint of Life

DNA extraction is a pivotal process in molecular biology, forensic science, and genetic research. It’s the first step in understanding genetic information, diagnosing diseases, and even tracing ancestry. Here, we delve into the top 10 techniques used today to extract DNA, each with its own merits and applications. Phenol-Chloroform Extraction One of the oldest and most reliable methods, the…

[archangeliswriting]

Debunking a Dinosaur Movie | S. Reid

Pairing: Sub!Spencer Reid x Fem!Reader

Summary: When your boyfriend decides to point out the scientific inaccuracies of a movie you like, you make him pay for it.

Content Warning: s2 glasses reid is a warning, edging, dry humping, handjob, unprotected pinv

Author's note: first official smut fic kinda nervous. ive never written a sub character before but pls accept my humble offering. all the info here is from google and i dont think the research he mentions aligns with the s2 timeline but who cares we’re here for sub spence anyway not accuracy

A thud hits the floor of your apartment as Spencer drops his bag by the couch. He falls back unceremoniously on the cushions and lets out a sigh and you can't help but chuckle lightly at the sight of him, limbs sprawled out and head leaned back, eyes shut as he savors the feeling of the softness of your couch again after spending hours on his office chair.

“Rough day?” You ask as you wipe your hands on a kitchen towel after finishing the last of your dishes.

Spencer hums, “Papers upon papers upon papers..”

“I thought you liked paperwork.” You snort as you make your way to him, he turns his head to watch as you do so. His nose scrunches and his glasses shift slightly, your heart almost bursts out of your chest at the adorable sight, “Not when it feels like I’m drowning in it.”

You gaze at the way he looks right now; relaxed, the position of his head has his neck bared to the open, you want to sink your teeth in them, his legs spread wide and oh, it makes you dizzy. You avert your eyes and find his own already staring into you, a small smile on his pink lips. You're not exactly subtle with ogling him, never have been.

Spencer extends a hand to you, you take it and he leads you to sit on his lap. He twines his fingers with yours as he brings them up to his lips, he places a soft kiss and asks, “And what did you do today?”

“Not much,” You murmur, “Bought some groceries, laundry, and, oh! Jurassic Park came on the TV so naturally, I sat through the whole thing.” Your head tilts with a shy smile.

The boy grins, “Naturally.” His hands move to hold your waist as amusement fills his face, “I don’t get your fascination with it, it's not even accurate!”

A scoff leaves your lips at his statement and your hands come up to his shoulders, “Okay, first of all, dinosaurs are cool, I’m sorry your big brain doesn't understand that, and second, who cares about accuracy? It’s a sick movie. They literally brought back dinosaurs!” Spencer can’t help his little laugh at your defensive tone.

“I care about accuracy.” His fingers lightly squeeze your side and there goes that nose scrunch again, you fight the urge to just lean in and bite it. “You can't just clone dinosaurs through preserved DNA because it degrades over time due to environmental factors, they eventually break down and it would be extremely difficult to extract it from fossils. Even if it was preserved in amber, like in the movie, complete ancient DNA would not survive millions of years.”

And just like that, his mouth is rambling and his hands are moving against your waist, as if he can't stop the gestures to accompany his words but at the same time does not want to let go of you.

“They actually did a research once using a technique that sequences everything within a sample so it can pick up small strands of DNA. They used samples that were around 10,600 years old and they tried that technique to extract DNA from insects trapped inside copal, which is resin that hasn't fully hardened into amber, and they couldn't find any viable DNA. If they couldn't extract from copal then it's unlikely they could do it with amber.”

You're not sure if you heard every single word that he said but you hummed in response. How could you focus when Spencer looks so delectable in front of you? The way he’s looking at you right now with those soft eyes of his behind glasses, brows a little furrowed as he awaits your response. As handsome as he looks when he’s spewing science facts like it's nothing, you're not exactly sure if you appreciate him ruining Jurassic Park.

As if a little devil on your shoulder whispered in your ear, an idea forms in your head. If he wants to debunk the movie then you’ll let him. “Mhm, what else, baby? Wanna hear all of it.” You murmur as you tuck a stray of hair behind his ear, you don't miss the way his cheeks slightly turn pink.

Spencer’s brows furrow further, surprised that you’d want to hear about the inaccuracies of your favorite movie, but because he likes to give you what you want, he obliges. “Even if the DNA somehow was preserved and they successfully extracted it, and cloned it, there's also the issue of the dinosaurs’ ability to live in our environment.”

“What do you mean?” You tilt your head, egging him on to continue. Just as he opens his mouth to do so, you move against his crotch ever so slightly, so slightly that Spencer isn't sure that it happened at all or if you had even meant to do it but still, his breath hitches and he blanks for a moment.

Spencer realizes that maybe he shouldn't have started this discussion at all because now all he wants is to feel you. He’s not sure if he can tell you all the science when his want is slowly clouding every corner of his mind.

Your finger comes up to tap his cheek and softly ask, “Hey, where'd you go, genius? You haven't answered my question, something bothering you?”

The way you say it with a little glimmer in your eyes makes him think there's something being plotted against him but he can't bring himself to further think about it because your thumb is now stroking his cheek in delicate little lines, all while your eyes never leave his.

He swallows and shakes his head, “No, uh,” What was he talking about again? Oh, right. “The Earth's environment then is different than now. It's possible that some dinosaurs wouldn't be able to survive in our environment. Tyrannosaurus rexes or T-rexes, for example, they—” Spencer cuts off with a gasp when you move your hips against him again, firmer this time and there's no mistaking it for an accident.

“They what, hm?”

“Evil woman.” He whispers, you laugh and Spencer thinks he's fucked. His cock is stirring in his pants and he's suffering by the second.

You can feel him getting harder and the way his struggle is so obvious on his face makes it all the more fun for you. “Keep going or you won't get what you want.” Your voice is honey sweet and to make yourself clear, you lean in close to his lips and give a delicious roll on his growing erection that has his eyes fluttering shut, a small sound emitting from his pretty lips, even it affected you. While you enjoy seeing Spencer worked up, you’re suffering just as much. It's taking a lot of willpower to refrain yourself from just kissing him breathless and riding him until he's crying.

You press your lips to the corner of his mouth, trailing kisses down to his jaw, his breath is hot against your cheek and you feel the heaving of his chest beneath your palms.

“Please,” Spencer whispers when you kiss down his neck.

“You know what to do if you want more, honey.” You nudge his nose and he looks at you with the prettiest doe eyes known to man because Spencer does know what he needs to do but it was worth a shot.

Ignoring the way you start running your hands up and down his chest, he does what you want, he’s a good boy after all.

“T-rexes lived in the Cretaceous period which would be about 145 to 66 million years ago and oh,” He almost whimpers when you start moving against him again, this time you don’t stop. You resume your kisses on his neck and Spencer is so hard it hurts, “The average global temperature at that time was about 4°C higher than today–” He moans when you suck on that sweet spot on his neck and his hips buck up without meaning to. “They’d have to adapt to lower temperatures.”

You squeeze his shoulder to try to stop your eyes from closing and focus on his moving lips but the friction feels so good against your covered core that you can't help your own sounds of pleasure. His fingers find their way under your shirt and grip the skin tightly, maybe it's a little cheating that he's trying to guide your movements so you're humping him harder but you don't say anything.

Heat is coiling in Spencer's stomach, he can't take much more of this, “I can't. Please, touch me.” His voice sounds broken and something about it is so sexy that it increases your arousal tenfold.

“I am touching you, baby.” You coo and dear God, the boy pouts. You want to ruin him.

“Kiss me, please,” Spencer mumbles, doe eyes boring into yours like he knows you love it when he looks at you like that, like a puppy asking for a treat.

You snake a hand to the back of his head and let your lips descend to his. He moans like his thirst has been quenched after being deprived of water for so long. The kiss is messy, it's filthy, and Spencer's head is spinning as he chases each movement of your lips. His pants are so tight, his cock straining underneath them, and when your tongue finds its way inside his mouth? He’s gone. His glasses are in the way but neither of you makes an effort to remove it. He looks hotter with them anyway. Your fingers pull his hair just hard enough that his head tilts back, the moan that leaves his mouth is downright sinful even when it's muffled by your own.

Spencer can't think, there is nothing in his mind except you, your tongue, and your hips rutting against him. He’s so close to coming and he can't believe he's about to cream in his pants, talk about being a loser. Oh, is he sorely mistaken.

As if you could tell he’s close, your hips still and you pull your face away from him. Spencer whines. God, he looks so wrecked, lips are swollen and red, his glasses are crooked and all fogged up. You want to have this image of him engraved in your mind.

“What? No, please, come back,” He almost cries, you have to take his hands to keep him from moving your body against him.

“But you look so pretty like this, Spence.” His cheeks flush a deep rouge and he squirms underneath you, “All fucked out for me and I haven't even touched your cock properly.”

“Fuck, please, please, please,” At this point, Spencer is not above begging on his knees for you to fuck him but then again, he’s never above being on his knees for you. “Please, I’ve been good, haven't I?”

You so desperately want to see if he would actually cry from being deprived of your touch but your cunt is aching and you’re sure you’ve soaked your panties, you're torturing yourself almost as much as you're torturing him, so you give in. You lift yourself up from his lap and make quick work of undoing his belt and pulling his pants, along with his boxers, down his legs. Spencer lets out a groan of relief when his cock is free from its confinement, it slaps against his stomach, flushed red and leaking.

“Look at that,” You hum, “So pretty, baby.”

You swipe a thumb over the tip, a broken moan emitting from Spencer. Spitting on your palm, you wrap your hand around his aching cock and begin stroking him.

“Oh, yes, ngh!–” Spencer wails, head throwing back against the couch and arching into your touch, “Thank you,”

“Always so polite, aren’t you? Such a good boy for me, honey.” You coo, voice all sweet and the praise sends him reeling, meanwhile his pathetic moans has you clenching around nothing.

All it takes is a few more strokes and your voice in his ear, and he’s close again.

“I’m, hngh, I'm so close, please.” He gasps and moans, his jaw slack, he's fucking up into your hand, brows furrowed hard. Your sly chuckle is his only warning before you remove your hand from him, denying him his orgasm once more. Spencer is now fully convinced you're a devil— a devil with an angel’s face, disguised in pretty smiles and sugary sweetness.

Fuck! Just fuck me, please! Spencer is so tempted to let those words just slip out and he wonders if you’d slap him for it, he bites his tongue and decides to not push his luck, although the thought of you slapping him is turning him on more than he'd like to admit. You laugh in his face, cruel and mocking the way he's pouting, and Goddamnit, Spencer is so in love with you.

“I know, baby, I’m so mean, aren't I?” You grab his chin, faux sympathy on your face. He can only whine in response. “Don’t worry, honey, you can have it now.”

With a quick peck on his lips, you lift yourself off his lap to take your shorts and underwear off, Spencer eagerly helping you. You settle on top of him once more, “You ready, baby?”

His head nods so comically fast, you take his cock and let his tip rub up against your clit a couple times, a little whimper leaving your lips at the stimulation after spending so much time focusing on Spencer's pleasure. You slowly sink down on him, a gasp emitting from the both of you, you take a second once he's fully inside because you feel so full it's a little overwhelming.

You want to drag this out a little longer but you've reached a point of pure hornyness that you physically can't bring yourself to take it slow. Poor Spencer almost shouts when you just start bouncing on him, you're so wet and it feels like he’s died and Heaven is in between your legs.

“God, you feel so good, baby, fuck,” You moan out. Spencer's hand has moved up your back, his fingers are gripping your shirt to death, his mouth is moving incessantly, mumbling and slurring out incoherently.

“Look at you going all dumb for me, so pussydrunk you can't even speak properly, huh?” You grab his flushed face, gripping his cheeks so his lips meet in a cute pout.

Spencer whines. “Use your words, pretty, I know that genius brain can do it, come on.” You struggle to get the words out, your body feels like it's on fire, your thighs are aching but you can't stop, not when he feels so delicious inside of you.

“Fuck, feels s’good– ngh, don't stop, please.” He manages to let out, he peels his eyes open and groans, you look so fucking beautiful as you ride him like there's no tomorrow, your mouth formed in a ‘o’ shape and your eyes fluttering shut as you make the prettiest sounds he's ever heard. It's the sight of you that does it for him. He gasps, “I’m so close, fuck,–”

“Not yet.” You grit out as you continue to grind down on him. Spencer feels like he's going to fucking explode. “I can’t, please, I can't!”

Your forehead leans on his, your mouths are so close to each other that he feels your hot breath on his skin, he wants you to kiss him again.

“Just a little more, baby, I promise.” You say as you move faster, desperately chasing your own pleasure. Tears well up in Spencer's eyes, he can't hold his orgasm off and he's certain he’s gonna combust on this couch if he doesn't come soon. The knot in your stomach grows tighter and tighter, your moans get higher in pitch and it drowns out Spencer’s pathetic cries, his cock is continuously hitting that sweet spot inside you until you feel like you're about to burst.

“I need to cum, please, can I?” He chokes out. You nod, “Mhm, fuck, cum for me, honey.” Spencer tenses all over, his back arching from the couch as he finally comes, his moans coming out in a whiny pitch. You feel the warmth of his release in you as you hit your own orgasm.

“Fuck, too much!– hngh,” He squirms and cries underneath you as you ride him through your orgasm. When you finally come to a stop, you're both heaving, silent as you come down your highs.

You wipe the single tear that has run down his cheek and place a sweet kiss on his lips. “I love you.” Spencer mumbles and you smile, “I love you too, Spence, even if you don't like Jurassic Park.”

He huffs a quiet laugh, “I won't ever try to get between you and dinosaurs again.”

“Probably a good idea.”

~•~

Do not steal or repost on other platforms without permission.

[blueiscoool]

A photo of the body casts of two adults and two children who died in what's now called the house of the golden bracelet in Pompeii. A new DNA analysis shows that these four people are not genetically related to one another. (Image credit: Archeological Park of Pompeii).

DNA Analysis Rewrites The Stories of People Buried in Pompeii

An ancient-DNA analysis of victims in Pompeii who died in Mount Vesuvius' eruption reveals some unusual relations between the people who died together.

Ancient DNA taken from the Pompeii victims of Mount Vesuvius' eruption nearly 2,000 years ago reveals that some people's relationships were not what they seemed, according to a new study.

For instance, an adult who was wearing a golden bracelet and holding a child on their lap was long thought to be a mother with her child. But the new DNA analysis revealed that, in reality, the duo were "an unrelated adult male and child," study co-author David Reich, a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, said in a statement.

In another example, a couple who died in an embrace and were "thought to be sisters, or mother and daughter, were found to include at least one genetic male," Reich said. "These findings challenge traditional gender and familial assumptions."

In the study, published Thursday (Nov. 7) in the journal Current Biology, Reich and an international team of researchers looked at the genetics of five individuals who died during the A.D. 79 eruption that killed around 2,000 people.

When Mount Vesuvius erupted, it covered the surrounding area in a deadly layer of volcanic ash, pumice and pyroclastic flow, burying people alive and preserving the shapes of many bodies beneath the calcified layers of ash. The remains of the city were rediscovered only in the 1700s. In the following century, archaeologist Giuseppe Fiorelli perfected his plaster technique, in which he filled in the human-shaped holes left after the bodies had decomposed to create casts of the victims.

The casts of two people who died about 2,000 years ago in the house of the cryptoporticus in Pompeii. A new DNA analysis found that one individual was biologically male, but the sex of the other could not be determined. (Image credit: Archeological Park of Pompeii).

The casts allowed scholars to study the victims in their last moments and make hypotheses about their identities based on details such as their locations, positions and apparel. The problem with this approach, however, was that their interpretations were influenced by modern-day assumptions — for instance, that the four people at the house with the golden bracelet, which included the adult holding the child, were two parents with their children, when in reality none of them were genetically related, the researchers wrote in the study.

For their research, the team analyzed 14 casts and extracted DNA from fragmented skeletal remains in five of them. By analyzing this genetic material, the scientists determined the individuals' genetic relationships, sex and ancestry. The team concluded that the victims had a "diverse genomic background," primarily descending from recent eastern Mediterranean immigrants, per the statement, confirming the Roman Empire's multiethnic reality.

The cast of a person who died in the villa of the mysteries in Pompeii in A.D. 79. (Image credit: Archeological Park of Pompeii).

Our findings have significant implications for the interpretation of archaeological data and the understanding of ancient societies," study co-author Alissa Mittnik, an archaeogeneticist at Harvard Medical School and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany, said in the statement. "They highlight the importance of integrating genetic data with archaeological and historical information to avoid misinterpretations based on modern assumptions."

It's possible that past misconceptions led to the "exploitation of the casts as vehicles for storytelling," meaning that curators may have manipulated the victims' "poses and relative positioning" for exhibits, the team wrote in the study.

Sex misassignment is "not uncommon" in archaeology, Carles Lalueza-Fox, a biologist at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF) in Barcelona who specializes in the study of ancient DNA but was not involved with the study, said in an email.

"Of course we look at the past with the cultural eyes of the present and this view is sometimes distorted; for me the discovery of a man with a golden bracelet trying to save an unrelated child is more interesting and culturally complex than assuming it was a mother and her child," Lalueza-Fox said.

By Margherita Bassi.

[chobbemoe-art]

Hiyayyayayaya. This is my first time doing an Ask call on tumblr, so I'm very excited. This is my friend and I 's au, if anyone needs a synopsis of it, this is the tldr:

[ The Tulpar project is an investigation started by Taxonomist Grant Curly and Neurologist Jeremiah Zare as independent research of the Kăkóv (monster) gene expression. Although many years passed before achieving any progress, upon the anonymous donation of Semimonster material, and the following extraction of DNA, the genes were finally isolated after the integration of Genetist Anya Skvortsov to the project.

After this discovery, Polle Labs® began to sponsor the research and activities related to the research moved into the industrial facilities offered by Polle Labs®. The research brought a good stream of information for years until the untimely disappearance of Head scientist and author Grant Curly. His whereabouts remain unknown, but his coauthor has continued the research in his stead although with much less success in discoveries and achievements.

Dr. Anya, responsible for the isolation of the Kăkóv gene and its plasmid multiplication techniques, had been compiling documents, reports and illustrations for advanced research. Between that outlook and what remained of her personal diary, a disturbing view of what happend before her own disappearance and the incident called "The Pony Fires" is shown.

This is a documentation and restoration project made by Anonymous volunteers, Polle Labs® refuses to give any statements and/or collaboration for this effort. The countless lives lost working for the Tulpar project won't be forgotten, we will make sure if that. ]

So yeah, that's the synopsis, sooo vaguee so ask away! Tehehhe. Here are some refreshments of how the peps look like:

☆ Dr. Anya Skvortsov

☆ Head scientist Grant Curly

☆ Lab assistant Daisuke Sato Flores

☆ Mechanic Swansea Harold García

☆ Coauthor Neurologist Jeremiah Zare

[laurelnose]

everyone is arguing about the ethics of de-extinction and whether or not Colossal Biosciences’ GMO puppies count as ~real~ dire wolves, and tbh I don’t give a shit about either of those things, I’m stuck on this quote from the USA Today article: “From those two specimens, Shapiro and the team at Colossal recovered enough DNA to create two dire wolf genomes to compare with other canid species including coyotes, jackals, dholes and, of course, other wolves.” I just straight up don’t believe you. You did not get two complete dire wolf genomes from a 13,000-year-old tooth and a 70,000-year-old skull. i thought this might be a reporter getting the difference between a genome and a genetic sequence wrong, but no, Colossal themselves are saying they got whole genome sequences from both samples. this company has been in existence for 4 years and they claim to have developed a novel sequencing technique that provides 500-fold improvement on the extraction of ancient DNA over previous methods? the company who, when confronted about the lack of evidence for their “complete” thylacine genome back in October, said their “sole focus is de-extinction, not writing scientific papers”? these guys got TWO whole genome sequences of the dire wolf?? pull the fucking other one, it has bells on

[mixelation]

have you heard of the dire wolves coming back (sorta?) through genetic engineering?? When I read about it my first thought was of you and how you'd probably write a post about its actually all a scam or something...

Ha! Yeah okay, so multiple people have contacted me over this now lol. For reference the only real article I've read about it is this one, plus some general chatter on tumblr, like this post.

I've posted about the company behind this, Colossal Biosciences, a little bit here. The tl;dr of that post is that I think I'm more pro "de-extinction" or "resurrection" than a lot of other people yelling on tumblr. I don't think the goal necessarily should be re-introduction to current ecosystems, but such techniques could give us new ways to study extinct species and the tools we'd have to develop to get there would be MASSIVELY useful to conservation of extant-but-endangered species. I'd okay with a (responsibly managed) plot of land dedicated to letting rich people go ride mammoths or whatever if the money from that (and the general public excitement/interest in biology it would generate) and the technology made to MAKE that are then put into conserving interesting types of worms or other less charismatic species.

The dire wolf being "de-extinct" thing is........ clickbait. They assembled a "good quality" dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus) genome from DNA extract from fossils, which is a pretty cool feat if true. They then made 20 gene edits to grey wolf (Canis lupus) embryos to make them "look like" dire wolves. In the article I linked, the scientist they interviewed was pretty frankly like "yeah it's like 99.9% grey wolf." There's also been screen shots going around of whatever Colossal Biosci spokespersons being like "noooo this totally counts guys. Species is a manmade concept! It's the phenotype that counts!" which I think people are right to be annoyed by. You made some grey wolves slightly more dire wolf-like, my guys. Claiming you're made a "de-extinct" species is just..... not true.

All that being said, it's not like they did NOTHING. The headlines and the reddit AMA or whatever defending these wolves as "totally real dire wolves!!!" makes it sound like the company is just doing things without know what they're doing, but making 20 separate gene edits in a wolf and getting three healthy puppies is actually really impressive. They also said they used techniques they developed during the dire wolf project to clone some puppies of the critically endangered red wolf, which is potentially amazing news for conservation. Streamlining complex gene editing means potentially helping wolf populations that have gone through huge bottlenecks and are now highly inbred. Being able to put a gene of interest into another organism also means the gene can be studied, so no matter what people bitching on tumblr say, these fake dire wolves could provide insight into studying actual dire wolves, albeit in a limited capacity. I'd rather there just be public support and tons of government funding for research and conservation work, but in the capitalist hellscape we currently live in, a bro-y biotech company selling annoying clickbait but also contributing actual important work on the side is perhaps the strategy we're going to have to live with.

So, those are the potentially positives I see, but I also have very mixed feelings about Colossal Biosciences as a whole because it's unclear to me what their actual mission, like..... is? They could get us some real conservations #Wins, but they could also do shit like copyright genes and refuse to coordinate with outside scientists they'd need in order to move conservation form the lab to real ecosystems. What are they even going to do with their dire wolves, or their cloned red wolves? Is it really just to show off a big wolf or are they interested in actually studying them? Why are their representatives saying insane shit about "de-extincting phenotypes" on reddit? They're privately funded so there's not necessarily peer review or verification that their various claims are even true.... DID they actually successfully make 20 gene edits? DO they actually have a good quality genome? I have no idea. If anyone knows, please point us at their publications in a peer-reviewed journal.

anyway if i were fuck-off wealthy, i'd be resurrecting weird bugs and various diseases, so. could be worse

[adr1jana]

LAB EXPERIMENT

Activity title: Lab experiment

Type of activity: activity

Duration: two hours

Learning outcomes:

-Identify own strengths and develop areas for growth -Demonstrate that challenges have been undertaken, developing new skills in the process -Demonstrate the skills and recognize the benefits of working collaboratively

On friday, our group visited PMF to learn about the process of gel electrophoresis. We observed how this technique is used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and charge. The demonstration included extracting DNA from a flower, preparing the gel, loading the samples, applying an electric current, and analyzing the results. We also gained insight into its applications in genetic research, forensics, and medical diagnostics. It was a great opportunity to see the process firsthand and understand its significance in scientific studies.

Reflection: We can reflect on this activity by considering what we learned, how it expanded our understanding of science, and how it might influence our future interests.

[power-chords]

In a New York Times review of Crichton’s most famous book, “Jurassic Park,” the literary critic Christopher Lehmann-Haupt notes that at first its dinosaur plot “sounds like just another recycling of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein myth.” In “Frankenstein,” the eponymous scientist reanimates a corpse, which then escapes and runs amok. In “Jurassic Park,” scientists bring dinosaurs back to life; they too escape and run amok. But Crichton’s book, Lehmann-Haupt argues, has a unique feature that makes it a “superior specimen of the myth.”

Shelley seemed most interested in crafting a tragic human narrative. Dr. Frankenstein is isolated from society by his ambition; in a lonely mania, he makes a choice that ultimately sows destruction. Although the novel could be described as science fiction, the science isn’t meant to be recognizable. “With an anxiety that almost amounted to agony, I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet,” her narrator recalls. A few moments later, the monster opens an eye. In time, after pursuing the monster that he has made to the Arctic, Dr. Frankenstein proclaims, “Seek happiness and tranquility, and avoid ambition.” He seems to be warning about the dangers of solitary scheming, not the dangers of technology.

“Jurassic Park,” in contrast, follows Gottlieb’s dictum to deëmphasize individual characters. “By telling his island adventure from many points of view,” Lehmann-Haupt writes, “he cleverly undermines the reader’s belief that the story has a hero.” The real protagonist is the technology of de-extinction; the reader is exhilarated by its possibilities and terrified of its consequences. Whereas Shelley obfuscates how Dr. Frankenstein re-creates life, Crichton cares about the scientific details; on a guided tour, we learn how DNA is isolated from preserved prehistoric mosquitoes, and even hear about the shortcomings of the Loy antibody-extraction technique. (“Most soluble protein is leached out during fossilization, but twenty percent of the proteins are still recoverable,” a helpfully expository scientist informs us.) Crichton goes on to re-create the display of a Cray X-MP supercomputer, which identifies a DNA error that will be repaired with restriction enzymes.

“Jurassic Park,” like many dramas about technology, features a rich man with strange ambitions: John Hammond, the wealthy founder of a Silicon Valley genetics company called InGen. Yet Hammond isn’t presented as an evil figure who casts a shadow over the book; he is a jovial grandfather obsessed with creating the ultimate spectacle. He is too naïve to see the risks inherent in toying with nature, but it is difficult to imagine him declaring, “Seek happiness in tranquility, and avoid ambition!” Although Crichton ultimately has him devoured by a pack of venomous procompsognathus, we don’t really care about his interiority. We’re too busy following the exterior reality of how his creations thwart the park’s security systems.

These days, when confronting new tools that concern us, we seem to be taking our cues more from Shelley than Crichton. News coverage of Musk often focuses on his provocative statements and chaotic personality. The technology journalist Kara Swisher recently wrote on Threads, Meta’s competitor to X, that Zuckerberg is “a small little creature with a shrivelled soul.” Crichton, if he were alive, might focus more on the personality of the platforms themselves. Twitter was once conceived as a digital town square—a place where people from around the world could share a common conversation, free from media gatekeeping and government censorship. But uniting hundreds of millions of users into a limited number of common conversations required a computationally intensive curation to surface the most relevant and attention-grabbing interactions. As I’ve reported, this technical challenge is inevitably biased toward generating rancor, strife, and misinformation; these are the properties that will always thrive in an environment of algorithmic amplification. The problems with Twitter, and now X, are not just about how its weird owner runs the place. They’re intrinsic to the underlying technology.

Sometimes a Shelleyesque approach leads us to blame entire classes of individuals for the harms caused by a tool. Consider the case of e-mail, which has evolved over the past two decades to become a source of stressful distraction and overload. An obvious response is to blame faceless managers for exploiting the productive potential of employees. If only we had better bosses, the argument goes, capitalism would be more humane and we’d have better work-life balance. (This argument isn’t always wrong, of course.) Such complaints naturally lead to regulations that constrain individual behavior, as when French legislators attempted to stop managers from sending e-mails outside work hours. As I learned while researching a book about e-mail, however, many of the medium’s consequences are fundamental to its easy-to-use design. The simple act of introducing an ultra-low-friction form of messaging disrupted the fragile ecosystems of modern office work. When you make it easier to communicate, people automatically begin communicating a lot more.

—Cal Newport, “What Michael Crichton Reveals About Big Tech and A.I.,” The New Yorker, January 29, 2025, and screencaps of Spielberg's Jurassic Park as selected by yours truly.

[randomthefox]

Metal Sonic's listed flaws.

His maximum overdrive technique can fatigue his power systems. In spite of the fandom hype Metal Sonic can scale to Sonic and Shadow. This is a primary reason why Sonic and Shadow outspeed him.

Super Metal Sonic lost to Super Sonic in five minutes in Sonic Speed Force Battle. Super Sonic wasn't even trying his hardest against him. Showing how overshadowed Metal Sonic is while he remains Doctor Eggman's slave.

Metal Sonic has been out of the temporal loop for a while as such is more inexperienced in battle. Sonic Adventure's original game shows he has been in stasis capsule.

Metal Sonic underestimated the power of the chaos emeralds against Super Sonic, Super Tails, and Super Knuckles. I admit I dislike how Izuka didn't bother giving Tails and Knuckles their aura forms. Death Battle intentionally low balled Knuckles in his fight against Donkey Kong without the use of his chaos emeralds, master emerald, and hyper emeralds in spite of Knuckles being far more familiar and most experienced with chaos emeralds history lore wise as its guardian.

Metal Sonic Metal Overlord form can easily be destroyed by egg fleet battleship debris and getting rammed into by one. I say this since Imperfect and Perfect Cell have tanked getting hit by conventional weapons without a scratch on them. Imperfect Cell was able to survive getting hit from behind by a sledge hammer which broke into pieces on contact on the back of his head. Perfect Cell survived getting hit by military jets and tanks. Perfect Cell knows Android 17's omnidirectional barrier technique after having absorbed him which can help counter against Metal Sonic's chaos control time limit, victory by endurance. Metal Sonic is not extracting Perfect Cell's dna because of the huge durability advantage Perfect Cell has over Metal. I keep seeing footage of Neo Metal Sonic holding his own against Perfect Cell and the Cell Jrs. Metal Sonic is made out of Titanium material which Perfect Cell is able to easily survive Titanium destroying attacks. Perfect Cell is going to Frieza death beam knee cap Metal Sonic like he did to Gohan only Perfect Cell's death beam attacks are going to sever Metal Sonic's limbs.

Metal Overlord is implied to be the same one from Sonic Rivals as he has shown some use of Silver's copied telekinesis which he uses to heal himself with the attracted metal debris around his point of view. Metal Overlord is unable to make proper offensive use of it against Shadow. Even chaos control Metal Overlord cannot phase in his missile attacks and can only move his body to attack Shadow.

My only complaint about your dissertation is a lot of those feats are Anime Only. Nobody hits Cell in the head with a sledgehammer in the manga.

Otherwise yes, spot on. The list of feats between the two is like night and day. Perfect Cell is supposed to be something like a million times stronger than Freeza, and even Goku could not defeat him and it required Gohan unlocking his true potential to be able to overcome him. Metal Overlord was beaten by regular ol' Super Sonic Tails and Knuckles. It's not even a discussion, in my opinion.

[the-demigod-project]

Demigod Creation Info

The Creation of Demigods: A Legacy of Forgotten Gods

The creation of Demigods is a testament to the resilience, desperation, and ingenuity of humanity. The process, shrouded in pain and moral ambiguity, was discovered by accident but has since become a cornerstone of the global arms race. The origins of this groundbreaking method trace back to ancient times, where the truths hidden within mythology and religion began to surface under the scrutiny of modern science.

The Origins of the Process:

The process of creating Demigods began with a revelation by a Japanese scientist during the late stages of World War II. This scientist, working on a classified biological research project, discovered a shocking truth buried beneath layers of myth and legend. The beings worshipped as gods, revered as monsters, and feared as demons in ancient mythology were not supernatural entities but extraterrestrial visitors. These "gods" were advanced alien beings who had come to Earth eons ago, their abilities and technology so far beyond human comprehension that they were mistaken for divine. These beings lived among early humans, shaping civilizations, inspiring religions, and leaving behind stories that would form the foundations of human mythology. But time proved to be an equalizer. Even these godlike beings were not immortal. They eventually perished, either due to age, battles with one another, or the rebellion of humanity itself. While their bodies turned to dust, their bones—imbued with their alien biology—remained, buried deep within the Earth, forgotten by time. It was only millennia later, as scientists and archaeologists unearthed ancient ruins and fossils, that these bones were discovered. The Japanese scientist who stumbled upon them initially believed them to be remnants of extinct creatures. However, further analysis revealed that these bones contained traces of unique, dormant DNA—genetic material that did not match any known species on Earth. This discovery led to the hypothesis that these bones held the potential to awaken superhuman abilities in modern humans.

The Science Behind Demigods: The DNA Extraction Process

The creation of a Demigod begins with extracting the genetic material from the fossilized remains of these ancient beings. This process is exceedingly complex, as the DNA has degraded over thousands of years and must be reconstructed using advanced biotechnological techniques. The resulting DNA is highly unstable and incompatible with human biology in its raw form. To fuse this alien DNA with a human host, scientists developed a method that pushes the human body to its absolute limits. This ensures the host’s biology is prepared to accept and adapt to the foreign material. The process is akin to forcibly rewriting a human's genetic code, requiring immense physical and psychological resilience.

The Creation Process: Steps to Becoming a Demigod

• Rigorous Physical Conditioning: Before the alien DNA can be introduced, the human body must be conditioned to handle extreme stress and adapt to rapid changes. Subjects undergo grueling physical training, forcing their bodies to operate at peak performance. This phase is designed to test and push every limit of the human body—strength, endurance, reflexes, and adaptability. Those who fail to endure this stage are either severely injured or die, as their bodies cannot handle the strain. [Survival Rate: 63.6%]

• Genetic Modification: Once the subject’s body is sufficiently hardened, the alien DNA is carefully fused with their own. This involves injecting the reconstructed DNA into the subject’s body, where it begins to integrate with the human genome. They introduce the serum D.E.M.I (Divine Empowerment Molecule Of Interstellar Origin) over the course of months. As the synchronisation between the serum and DNA of host is a very delicate combination of having the right enzymes, bone marrow, stem cells and blood type matching with the foreign Alien DNA. However, the process is not seamless. The alien DNA attacks the host's natural genetic material, initiating a violent struggle for dominance within the body. This phase is the most dangerous, as the subject’s immune system often perceives the alien DNA as a threat and attacks it. To combat this, scientists suppress the immune system, leaving the subject vulnerable to infections and other complications. Many subjects die during this stage due to the sheer trauma inflicted on their bodies. [Survival Rate: 31.2%]

• Metamorphosis and Adaptation: If the subject survives the genetic fusion, their body enters a period of rapid adaptation and transformation. This phase, known as The Metamorphosis, involves the complete restructuring of the body at a cellular level. The alien DNA activates dormant potential within the human genome, granting superhuman abilities such as enhanced strength, speed, agility, and sometimes unique powers like energy manipulation or regeneration. This process is excruciatingly painful, as bones, muscles, and organs are broken down and rebuilt. This process can last from hours, days to even months. Subjects often describe the sensation as being burned alive from the inside out.

• Psychological Conditioning: The transformation does not end with the body. The alien DNA often affects the subject’s mind, introducing visions, memories, or instincts from the ancient beings it once belonged to. Subjects must undergo extensive psychological conditioning to retain their sense of self and avoid being overwhelmed by the alien influence. Some lose their sanity during this stage, rendering them unstable or dangerous. [Survival Rate: 0.3%]

• Final Testing and Training: Once the transformation is complete, the new Demigod must undergo rigorous testing to evaluate their abilities. This includes combat training, power control exercises, and mental resilience tests. The goal is to ensure the Demigod is battle-ready and can function as a weapon on the battlefield.

The Ideal Candidates:

Through trial and error, scientists discovered that children aged 12 and younger are the most suitable candidates for the process. This is because their bodies, still in the developmental stage, are far more adaptable than those of adults. Prepubescent children have not yet undergone the genetic "hardening" that occurs during puberty, making their DNA more malleable and receptive to foreign material. This revelation led to ethical dilemmas, as the process effectively sacrifices the childhood of its subjects. Children are subjected to inhumane conditions and stripped of their humanity in the pursuit of creating weapons. Many countries justify this by pointing to the need for survival in the escalating global conflict.

Moral and Ethical Implications:

The process of creating Demigods has sparked widespread controversy. While the results are undeniably powerful, the cost in human lives and the suffering endured by the subjects have raised questions about the morality of these experiments. Critics argue that the creation of Demigods is a violation of human rights and dignity, while proponents insist that it is a necessary evil in a world where survival depends on power. In secret laboratories across the globe, the race to perfect the Demigod creation process continues. As the three powerhouses push the boundaries of science and morality, the question remains: how far will humanity go to secure its future?

[nuadox]

Scientists sequence DNA from 3,600-year-old cheese found in Bronze Age graves, revealing ancient kefir-making practices

- By Nuadox Crew -

Scientists have sequenced DNA from 3,600-year-old cheese found in graves of the Xiaohe people, a Bronze Age culture in northwest China’s Taklamakan Desert.

The cheese, scattered on the heads and necks of mummified remains, offers insights into ancient cheesemaking and microbial practices. DNA analysis showed that the Xiaohe people made kefir cheese using goat and cattle milk without mixing different animal milks, a technique still used today.

The research reveals the presence of probiotic bacteria similar to modern kefir, showing how microbial strains evolved over time. This discovery challenges the belief that kefir originated solely in the Caucasus Mountains, pointing instead to Tibet as a key origin.

The study opens new possibilities for understanding ancient human culture, technology, and microbial use, with scientists noting that ancient microbial DNA studies were unimaginable a decade ago.

Image: Researchers extracted animal and microbial DNA from the kefir cheese found on the Tarim Basin mummies. Credit: Yimin Yang.

Header image: A mummy from the Xiaohe cemetery with dairy remains scattered around its neck. Credit: Li Wenying, Xinjiang Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute (a grey filter was added).

Read more at CNN/Microsoft Start

Scientific paper: Bronze Age cheese reveals human-Lactobacillus interactions over evolutionary history, Cell (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.08.008. www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(24)00899-7

Read Also

Rights of the dead and the living clash when scientists extract DNA from human remains

[vcb]

Resurrection 101

Posted by PaoloViscardi. Curator of Zoology, National Museum of Ireland – Natural History

“Here’s my account of how I resurrected this dehydrated specimen using stuff you probably have sitting in your museum cupboards or that you can buy for less than £20. It’s worth noting that the technique will not always work and if you plan to use it on a specimen that may have useful DNA to contribute, you should take a sample before rehydrating, since it is likely to reduce the quantity and quality of DNA you can extract.

The technique is based on the one reported by Randal Singer in 2014 in Collections Forum 28:1-2 pp.16-20 and it basically uses water vapour as a rehydrating agent and Thymol as a fungicide to deal with mould growth. Of course, I deviated a little from the method, since I had to make the work fit in around a multitude of other tasks. As you can see however, the technique is quite forgiving as long as you keep in mind which elements can be dragged out and which can’t." source

[innjoo65]

New Breakthroughs in the DB Cooper Mystery: A New Chapter in a Legendary Case

More than five decades after one of America’s most notorious unsolved crimes occurred, the D.B. Cooper case has resurfaced with renewed vigor. The FBI, which officially closed the case in 2016, is reportedly examining new evidence that could shed light on the identity of the infamous kidnapper. This includes an umbrella allegedly linked to the case and additional artifacts discovered by the family of a potential suspect. These developments have reignited the public’s fascination with this enduring mystery.

More red news on Google News

The crime that gripped a nation

On November 24, 1971, a man who had purchased a plane ticket under the alias "Dan Cooper" hijacked Northwest Orient Flight 305. After boarding the plane in Portland, Oregon, Cooper handed a flight attendant a note in which he claimed to have a bomb. He demanded $200,000 in cash, four parachutes, and safe passage to Mexico City.

When the plane landed in Seattle, authorities complied with Cooper’s demands, exchanging the money and parachutes for the passengers. The plane then took off again as instructed. Somewhere over the remote forests of the Pacific Northwest, Cooper jumped into the night with the ransom money strapped to his body. Despite massive searches and countless leads over the years, Cooper and his remains have never been found.

More red news on Google News

New Evidence: The Umbrella and Family Testimony

Recent discoveries have thrust the case back into the spotlight. The family of Richard McCoy Jr., a convicted hijacker who some suspect may have been D.B. Cooper, found a parachute allegedly linked to the hijacking. The McCoys found the parachute, along with other items such as a skydiving log, in storage on their family property in North Carolina.

The unique characteristics of the umbrella have astounded investigators. It is said to match the description of equipment used during the 1971 robbery. The FBI has obtained the items for forensic analysis, including possible DNA testing, as advances in forensic science can now yield results that were previously impossible to obtain.

#Reviewing forensic evidence

The new evidence comes as the FBI reassesses previously collected evidence, such as Cooper’s tie, which was left on the plane. Forensic experts believe that genetic testing — a method that can extract individual DNA profiles from mixed samples — could provide a breakthrough in identifying the hijacker. The tie, which Cooper wore during the flight, contained molecules that suggested he worked in a manufacturing or technical environment. Investigators hope that newer DNA techniques will reveal a match.

Investigators, including Eric Ollis and Tom Kay, have played a pivotal role in keeping the case alive. Ollis, the lead amateur investigator on the case, has expressed confidence in identifying Cooper’s DNA by the end of the year. However, he has faced challenges in accessing crucial evidence, such as a tie, due to legal and institutional barriers.

McCoy Jr.: The Familiar Suspect

The appearance of the parachute has heightened speculation about Richard McCoy Jr., a Vietnam War veteran and U.S. Special Forces operative who was arrested for a similar plane hijacking just months after Cooper's escape. McCoy hijacked a United Airlines flight in 1972, demanded a $500,000 ransom, and then parachuted from the plane before being captured days later.

Although McCoy has denied being DB Cooper, the similarities between the two cases are striking. His skydiving background and military training match the meticulous planning evident in Cooper’s robbery. McCoy’s family maintains his innocence, but newly emerging evidence could reignite scrutiny of his possible involvement.

The story of D.B. Cooper has transcended the realm of true crime to become a cultural phenomenon. Theories about his identity range from the plausible to the bizarre, with suspects including military personnel, career criminals, and even recluse individuals. The kidnapping has inspired books, documentaries, and films, cementing its place in American folklore.

The discovery of the umbrella, coupled with advances in forensic science and renewed investigative efforts, offers hope for solving a case that has baffled experts and the public for more than 50 years. If the evidence leads to a definitive identification, it will close one of the most famous chapters in American criminal history while answering questions that have lingered for decades.

More red news on Google News

What for

Analysis of the umbrella and other evidence is still ongoing. If investigations confirm a direct link to DB Cooper, it could finally put years of speculation and debate to rest. For now, the public remains intrigued by the possibility of solving this legendary mystery—a story that continues to defy the odds and inspire curiosity across generations.

[biopractify]

Can We Clone a Dinosaur? The Science Behind Jurassic Park

Ever since Jurassic Park hit the big screen, the idea of bringing dinosaurs back to life has fascinated scientists and movie lovers alike. But is it actually possible to clone a dinosaur, or is it just Hollywood magic? In this article, we’ll dive into the real science behind cloning and whether dinosaurs could ever walk the Earth again.

Can We Clone a Dinosaur? The Science Behind Jurassic Park

Ever since Jurassic Park hit the big screen, the idea of bringing dinosaurs back to life has fascinated scientists and movie lovers alike. But is it actually possible to clone a dinosaur, or is it just Hollywood magic? In this article, we’ll dive into the real science behind cloning and whether dinosaurs could ever walk the Earth again.

The Science of Cloning: A Quick Breakdown

Cloning is the process of creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. Scientists have successfully cloned animals like sheep (Dolly the Sheep), cats, and even horses using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This technique involves taking DNA from a donor cell and inserting it into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. The cell is then stimulated to grow into an embryo, which is implanted into a surrogate mother.

While this method works for recently living animals, cloning a dinosaur presents major challenges.

Why Cloning Dinosaurs Is (Currently) Impossible

1. DNA Degradation Over Time

DNA is a fragile molecule that breaks down over time. Fossilized dinosaur bones are millions of years old, and even in the best conditions, DNA cannot survive for more than about 6.8 million years. Since dinosaurs went extinct around 66 million years ago, their DNA is far too degraded to be used for cloning.

2. No Complete Dinosaur Genome

Even if we found fragments of dinosaur DNA, we would need a complete genome to successfully clone one. Without a full set of instructions, we can’t recreate a living, breathing dinosaur. Unlike in Jurassic Park, where scientists filled in the gaps with frog DNA, real-life genetic engineering doesn’t work that way.

3. Finding a Suitable Surrogate

In Jurassic Park, dinosaurs were grown inside modified ostrich eggs. However, even their closest living relatives — birds — have reproductive systems that are vastly different from ancient dinosaurs. A dinosaur embryo might not be compatible with any modern-day egg, making implantation and development impossible.

Alternative Ways to Bring Dinosaurs Back

While cloning is off the table, scientists are exploring other ways to bring back dinosaurs — or at least something similar.

1. Reverse Engineering Birds

Birds are the closest living relatives of dinosaurs, and some scientists are experimenting with “de-evolving” them by manipulating their DNA. Researchers have successfully created chicken embryos with dinosaur-like traits, such as teeth and long tails, by activating ancient genes. While this won’t bring back a T. rex, it could give us a glimpse into the past.

2. Finding Preserved Cells in Amber

In Jurassic Park, scientists extract dinosaur DNA from mosquitoes trapped in amber. While this is a thrilling concept, no scientifically verified dinosaur DNA has ever been found in amber. Even if it were, it would likely be too damaged to be useful.

3. Creating a Hybrid Species

Some scientists propose using CRISPR gene-editing technology to modify existing animals, such as crocodiles or birds, to resemble dinosaurs. While this wouldn’t be a “real” dinosaur, it could lead to the creation of dinosaur-like creatures with certain genetic traits.

Could Jurassic Park Ever Happen?

For now, cloning a dinosaur is scientifically impossible due to DNA degradation and missing genetic information. However, advancements in genetic engineering may allow scientists to create dinosaur-inspired creatures in the future.

Even if we could bring dinosaurs back, should we?

Ethical concerns about de-extinction include habitat loss, ecological disruption, and the potential dangers of releasing ancient predators into the modern world.

Final Thoughts

While Jurassic Park remains science fiction, the idea of reviving prehistoric creatures continues to inspire scientific research. Whether through reverse engineering birds, hybrid experiments, or further DNA discoveries, the dream of bringing dinosaurs back may not be completely extinct.

Would you want to see a real-life Jurassic Park? Let us know in the comments!

[madame-helen]

[demetrio-student]

Forensic Science #1

Comprehensive Self-Guided Advanced Course in Forensic Science

Duration: 2 months

Objective: To cultivate an advanced understanding of forensic science principles, methodologies, and their applications, fostering critical thinking and analytical skills.

Course Objective

Week 1 | Foundations of Forensic Science

Objectives -> Analyze the historical evolution and contemporary significance of forensic science.

Tasks -> Explore seminal works and landmark cases in forensic science history -> Engage with documentaries and expert lectures on pivotal advancements

Quizzes -> Evaluate comprehension through critical analysis of key historical events and their impact on forensic science

Concepts to Grasp -> Evolution of forensic techniques, legal precedents shaping forensic methodologies, interdisciplinary nature of forensic investigations

Reflection -> Synthesize insights into the ethical responsibilities of forensic scientists and the evolving role of technology in the field

Week 2 | Crime Scene Management and Evidence Collection

Objective -> Master protocols for effective crime scene management and evidence preservation

Tasks -> Analyze case studies illustrating best practices in crime scene documentation and evidence collection -> Simulate crime scene scenarios to practice meticulous evidence handling

Quizzes -> Assess understanding of chain of custody procedures and contamination mitigation strategies

Concepts to Grasp -> Locard's Exchange Principle, forensic photography techniques, legal implications of evidence mishandling

Reflection -> Critically evaluate the role of bias in evidence collection and the impact on case outcomes

Week 3 | Forensic Biology: DNA Analysis

Objectives -> Master advanced DNA analysis techniques and their applications in forensic analysis

Tasks -> Explore complex genetic concepts and their relevance to forensic DNA analysis -> Conduct virtual experiments to understand DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing

Quizzes -> Demonstrate proficiency in interpreting DNA profiles and understanding statistical analysis in forensic DNA databases

Concepts to Grasp -> Population genetics principles, advancements in forensic DNA technologies, ethical considerations in DNA databanking

Reflection -> Reflect on the ethical implications of familial DNA searching the balance between individual privacy and public safety

Week 4| Forensic Chemistry: Trace Evidence Analysis

Objectives -> Develop expertise in analyzing and interpreting trace evidence

Tasks -> Investigate advanced chemical analysis techniques through case studies and laboratory simulations -> Collaborate on complex trace evidence analysis projects to refine analytical skills

Quizzes -> Assess understanding of instrumental analysis methods and their applications in forensic chemistry

Concepts to Grasp -> Forensic entomology succession patterns, taphonomic processes, skeletal analysis methodologies

Reflection -> Synthesize interdisciplinary approaches to forensic investigations and evaluate their efficacy in solving complex cases