#Types Of Breast Cancer

[healthycentre]

Early Detection of Breast Cancer Saves Lives

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[animnightmare]

Throwback to the time I made House and Wilson into ponies.

[jcmarchi]

Unlocking mRNA’s cancer-fighting potential

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/unlocking-mrnas-cancer-fighting-potential/

Unlocking mRNA’s cancer-fighting potential

What if training your immune system to attack cancer cells was as easy as training it to fight Covid-19? Many people believe the technology behind some Covid-19 vaccines, messenger RNA, holds great promise for stimulating immune responses to cancer.

But using messenger RNA, or mRNA, to get the immune system to mount a prolonged and aggressive attack on cancer cells — while leaving healthy cells alone — has been a major challenge.

The MIT spinout Strand Therapeutics is attempting to solve that problem with an advanced class of mRNA molecules that are designed to sense what type of cells they encounter in the body and to express therapeutic proteins only once they have entered diseased cells.

“It’s about finding ways to deal with the signal-to-noise ratio, the signal being expression in the target tissue and the noise being expression in the nontarget tissue,” Strand CEO Jacob Becraft PhD ’19 explains. “Our technology amplifies the signal to express more proteins for longer while at the same time effectively eliminating the mRNA’s off-target expression.”

Strand is set to begin its first clinical trial in April, which is testing a proprietary, self-replicating mRNA molecule’s ability to express immune signals directly from a tumor, eliciting the immune system to attack and kill the tumor cells directly. It’s also being tested as a possible improvement for existing treatments to a number of solid tumors.

As they work to commercialize its early innovations, Strand’s team is continuing to add capabilities to what it calls its “programmable medicines,” improving mRNA molecules’ ability to sense their environment and generate potent, targeted responses where they’re needed most.

“Self-replicating mRNA was the first thing that we pioneered when we were at MIT and in the first couple years at Strand,” Becraft says. “Now we’ve also moved into approaches like circular mRNAs, which allow each molecule of mRNA to express more of a protein for longer, potentially for weeks at a time. And the bigger our cell-type specific datasets become, the better we are at differentiating cell types, which makes these molecules so targeted we can have a higher level of safety at higher doses and create stronger treatments.”

Making mRNA smarter

Becraft got his first taste of MIT as an undergraduate at the University of Illinois when he secured a summer internship in the lab of MIT Institute Professor Bob Langer.

“That’s where I learned how lab research could be translated into spinout companies,” Becraft recalls.

The experience left enough of an impression on Becraft that he returned to MIT the next fall to earn his PhD, where he worked in the Synthetic Biology Center under professor of bioengineering and electrical engineering and computer science Ron Weiss. During that time, he collaborated with postdoc Tasuku Kitada to create genetic “switches” that could control protein expression in cells.

Becraft and Kitada realized their research could be the foundation of a company around 2017 and started spending time in the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship. They also received support from MIT Sandbox and eventually worked with the Technology Licensing Office to establish Strand’s early intellectual property.

“We started by asking, where is the highest unmet need that also allows us to prove out the thesis of this technology? And where will this approach have therapeutic relevance that is a quantum leap forward from what anyone else is doing?” Becraft says. “The first place we looked was oncology.”

People have been working on cancer immunotherapy, which turns a patient’s immune system against cancer cells, for decades. Scientists in the field have developed drugs that produce some remarkable results in patients with aggressive, late-stage cancers. But most next-generation cancer immunotherapies are based on recombinant (lab-made) proteins that are difficult to deliver to specific targets in the body and don’t remain active for long enough to consistently create a durable response.

More recently, companies like Moderna, whose founders also include MIT alumni, have pioneered the use of mRNAs to create proteins in cells. But to date, those mRNA molecules have not been able to change behavior based on the type of cells they enter, and don’t last for very long in the body.

“If you’re trying to engage the immune system with a tumor cell, the mRNA needs to be expressing from the tumor cell itself, and it needs to be expressing over a long period of time,” Becraft says. “Those challenges are hard to overcome with the first generation of mRNA technologies.”

Strand has developed what it calls the world’s first mRNA programming language that allows the company to specify the tissues its mRNAs express proteins in.

“We built a database that says, ‘Here are all of the different cells that the mRNA could be delivered to, and here are all of their microRNA signatures,’ and then we use computational tools and machine learning to differentiate the cells,” Becraft explains. “For instance, I need to make sure that the messenger RNA turns off when it’s in the liver cell, and I need to make sure that it turns on when it’s in a tumor cell or a T-cell.”

Strand also uses techniques like mRNA self-replication to create more durable protein expression and immune responses.

“The first versions of mRNA therapeutics, like the Covid-19 vaccines, just recapitulate how our body’s natural mRNAs work,” Becraft explains. “Natural mRNAs last for a few days, maybe less, and they express a single protein. They have no context-dependent actions. That means wherever the mRNA is delivered, it’s only going to express a molecule for a short period of time. That’s perfect for a vaccine, but it’s much more limiting when you want to create a protein that’s actually engaging in a biological process, like activating an immune response against a tumor that could take many days or weeks.”

Technology with broad potential

Strand’s first clinical trial is targeting solid tumors like melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer. The company is also actively developing mRNA therapies that could be used to treat blood cancers.

“We’ll be expanding into new areas as we continue to de-risk the translation of the science and create new technologies,” Becraft says.

Strand plans to partner with large pharmaceutical companies as well as investors to continue developing drugs. Further down the line, the founders believe future versions of its mRNA therapies could be used to treat a broad range of diseases.

“Our thesis is: amplified expression in specific, programmed target cells for long periods of time,” Becraft says. “That approach can be utilized for [immunotherapies like] CAR T-cell therapy, both in oncology and autoimmune conditions. There are also many diseases that require cell-type specific delivery and expression of proteins in treatment, everything from kidney disease to types of liver disease. We can envision our technology being used for all of that.”

[zapsoda]

"what is a woman" is a question too philosophically complex for the average person to be used as a transphobic strawman

[louhearted]

not so ironically considering deferring my master to next year. like i really really do not want to and deep down i know i’ll regret it but also i cannot for the life of me concentrate on anything and my one prof keeps mentioning the option to defer at the end of every email and like. stop dangling it in front of my face. i can DO THIS. i can. I CAN.

[rightnewshindi]

हिमाचल में कैंसर के 32 हजार 909 मरीज, 3 हजार 138 अस्थमा से पीड़ित; धनीराम शांडिल

Himachal Pradesh Cancer Patients: हिमाचल प्रदेश में कैंसर के 32 हजार 909 और अस्थमा के 3 हजार 138 मरीज हैं. मौजूदा वक्त में चिकित्सा शिक्षा एवं अनुसंधान हिमाचल प्रदेश विभाग के तहत जिला शिमला, कांगड़ा, सिरमौर, मंडी और हमीरपुर गवर्मेंट मेडिकल कॉलेज और अस्पताल चलाए जा रहे हैं. इन महाविद्यालय एवं चिकित्सालय में यह मरीज अपना इलाज करवा रहे हैं. यह जानकारी हिमाचल प्रदेश विधानसभा के मानसून सत्र के दौरान…

[deeisace]

.

[ghwosty]

hm hypochondria is a hell of a type of anxiety that I suffer from and occasionally creeps back up on me over the smallest of triggers

[ask-pinky-promise]

Breast cancer is a form of cancer that occurs in the breast cells. Usually, it develops in the lobules or ducts. Ducts are the pathways that carry milk from the glands to the nipple, whereas lobules are the glands that produce milk. There are various types of breast cancer.

[oncologistdoctorrachi]

[harmeet-saggi]

Understanding Body Mass Index Chart?

The body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body weight in relation to height, and it's calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. A high BMI indicates that you're at risk for various health problems like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, gallstones, and more.

[abd-appleboxdog]

I just made a post about how I like being able to write whatever I want cause I enjoy infodumping and I was gonna use the tag “diagnosed autism” but all these strange tags came outta nowhere…

[jcmarchi]

Noninvasive Technique Reveals How Cells’ Gene Expression Changes Over Time - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/noninvasive-technique-reveals-how-cells-gene-expression-changes-over-time-technology-org/

Noninvasive Technique Reveals How Cells’ Gene Expression Changes Over Time - Technology Org

MIT researchers can now track a cell’s RNA expression to investigate long-term processes like cancer progression or embryonic development.

DNA – artistic impression. Image credit: Image by kjpargeter on Freepik

Sequencing all of the RNA in a cell can reveal a great deal of information about its function and what it is doing at a given time. However, the sequencing process destroys the cell, making it difficult to study ongoing changes in gene expression.

An alternative approach developed at MIT could enable researchers to track such changes over extended periods of time. The new method, which is based on a noninvasive imaging technique known as Raman spectroscopy, doesn’t harm cells and can be performed repeatedly.

Using this technique, the researchers showed that they could monitor embryonic stem cells as they differentiated into several other cell types over several days. This technique could enable studies of long-term cellular processes such as cancer progression or embryonic development, and one day might be used for diagnostics for cancer and other diseases.

“With Raman imaging you can measure many more time points, which may be important for studying cancer biology, developmental biology, and a number of degenerative diseases,” says Peter So, a professor of biological and mechanical engineering at MIT, director of MIT’s Laser Biomedical Research Center, and one of the authors of the paper.

Koseki Kobayashi-Kirschvink, a postdoc at MIT and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, is the lead author of the study, which appears today in Nature Biotechnology. The paper’s senior authors are Tommaso Biancalani, a former Broad Institute scientist; Jian Shu, an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School and an associate member of the Broad Institute; and Aviv Regev, executive vice president at Genentech Research and Early Development, who is on leave from faculty positions at the Broad Institute and MIT’s Department of Biology.

Imaging gene expression

Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive technique that reveals the chemical composition of tissues or cells by shining near-infrared or visible light on them. MIT’s Laser Biomedical Research Center has been working on biomedical Raman spectroscopy since 1985, and recently, So and others in the center have developed Raman spectroscopy-based techniques that could be used to diagnose breast cancer or measure blood glucose.

However, Raman spectroscopy on its own is not sensitive enough to detect signals as small as changes in the levels of individual RNA molecules. To measure RNA levels, scientists typically use a technique called single-cell RNA sequencing, which can reveal the genes that are active within different types of cells in a tissue sample.

In this project, the MIT team sought to combine the advantages of single-cell RNA sequencing and Raman spectroscopy by training a computational model to translate Raman signals into RNA expression states.

“RNA sequencing gives you extremely detailed information, but it’s destructive. Raman is noninvasive, but it doesn’t tell you anything about RNA. So, the idea of this project was to use machine learning to combine the strength of both modalities, thereby allowing you to understand the dynamics of gene expression profiles at the single cell level over time,” Kobayashi-Kirschvink says.

To generate data to train their model, the researchers treated mouse fibroblast cells, a type of skin cell, with factors that reprogram the cells to become pluripotent stem cells. During this process, cells can also transition into several other cell types, including neural and epithelial cells.

Using Raman spectroscopy, the researchers imaged the cells at 36 time points over 18 days as they differentiated. After each image was taken, the researchers analyzed each cell using single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH), which can be used to visualize specific RNA molecules within a cell. In this case, they looked for RNA molecules encoding nine different genes whose expression patterns vary between cell types.

This smFISH data can then act as a link between Raman imaging data and single-cell RNA sequencing data. To make that link, the researchers first trained a deep-learning model to predict the expression of those nine genes based on the Raman images obtained from those cells.

Then, they used a computational program called Tangram, previously developed at the Broad Institute, to link the smFISH gene expression patterns with entire genome profiles that they had obtained by performing single-cell RNA sequencing on the sample cells.

The researchers then combined those two computational models into one that they call Raman2RNA, which can predict individual cells’ entire genomic profiles based on Raman images of the cells.

Tracking cell differentiation

The researchers tested their Raman2RNA algorithm by tracking mouse embryonic stem cells as they differentiated into different cell types. They took Raman images of the cells four times a day for three days, and used their computational model to predict the corresponding RNA expression profiles of each cell, which they confirmed by comparing it to RNA sequencing measurements.

Using this approach, the researchers were able to observe the transitions that occurred in individual cells as they differentiated from embryonic stem cells into more mature cell types. They also showed that they could track the genomic changes that occur as mouse fibroblasts are reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells, over a two-week period.

“It’s a demonstration that optical imaging gives additional information that allows you to directly track the lineage of the cells and the evolution of their transcription,” So says.

The researchers now plan to use this technique to study other types of cell populations that change over time, such as aging cells and cancerous cells. They are now working with cells grown in a lab dish, but in the future, they hope this approach could be developed as a potential diagnostic for use in patients.

“One of the biggest advantages of Raman is that it’s a label-free method. It’s a long way off, but there is potential for the human translation, which could not be done using the existing invasive techniques for measuring genomic profiles,” says Jeon Woong Kang, an MIT research scientist who is also an author of the study.

Written by Anne Trafton

Source: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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[d4rkpluto]

8ʜ ɴᴏᴛᴇꜱ 18+

follow for more content <3

paid chart readings

these are observations i've made due to people i've been around.

will mention other things than the 8H. WARNING VERY 18+

♇ people with cancer/moon in the 8h are likely into breast sucking or getting their breast sucked.

♇ people with neptune/venus or its signs in the 8h could be into listening to music while having sex, [mercury and moon can be involved].

♇ people with libra in their 8h, or even lilith in their 7h could be into anal play.

♇ i know it is said all the time that those with neptune/pisces in their 8h could be into feet play, but they can also be into being dominated because they represent feeling helpless.

♇ people with chiron/mars in their 8h could be into candle play.

♇ people with virgo in the 8h can be into bondage play, being blindfolded, leaning onto bdsm even capricorn. almost all of the earth signs beside taurus.

♇ taurus/venus in the 8h like to feel protected during sex, like their partner holding onto them tight, can also be into breath play.

♇ venus in the 8h and even neptune can be into mirror sex, not only leo. the symbol of venus is a symbol and neptune rules over reflections.

♇ mercury in the 8h are likely into dirty talking and having sex in their car, precisely in the back of their car.

♇ juno in the 8h are the type to fall in love with the people they have sex with.

♇ north node and mars in the 8h indicates liking angry sex.

♇ people with pluto, venus or mars in the 12h can use sex as an escapism technique, [can also involve if the signs mentioned planets ruled are there, for example scorpio or libra in the 12h.

♇ pluto/mars aspecting mercury can be into dirty talking.

♇ neptune aspecting pluto or mars can be into watching porn, even venus.

♇ leo in the 8h and being into doggy style...

♇ mercury-mars can be into mastubration.

♇ jupiterian women can be into size kink. [jupiter/sag in the 8h].

♇ 8h ruler in the 11h are likely to have friends with benefits. vice versa.

♇ pluto in the 8h doesnt always indicate big penis, because pluto is the smallest planet, though this can imply it can be a grower.

♇ mars in 8h...big balls. or just very round ones.

♇ cancer in 8h loving creampies.

♇ taurus placements taurus/8h loving to swallow cum, the type to spit in their lover's mouth.

♇ mercury in the 8h love fingering others or being fingered.

♇ aries in the 8h is an indicator could be into knife play, could like being orally mouth-fucked.

♇ pisces or neptune in the 8h could be into dressing up as characters or other personalities as it represents the mask or an act, same could be said with gemini/mercury as one its symbols is the drama masks.

♇ capricorn/aquarius/saturn in the 8h could be into edging, and ofc daddy dom.

♇ both leo and aquarius in the 8h can be into public sex.

♇ saturn in the 8h can be into quickies as well. even capricorn mars, or people with mars/aries in the 8h.

♇ air/water signs in the 8h can be very vocal during sex as well, can have very high moans while its kind of opposite with people who have fire/earth in the 8h.

♇ men with moon/venus in the 8h might be very submissive especially if they're hetero, they could be into women who can be dominant.

pluto

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