#legal advice 2024

[iamadyingangel]

maths study tip:

do a past paper worksheet for each individual maths topic in your course, if you get a question wrong screenshot it and then insert it onto a word document under the maths topic heading. after you have covered the course create a priority list of topics, the first topic should be the one with the most screenshotted questions. once you have corrected all areas you can move on to memorising necessary formulas and formal past paper practice.

[champstorymedia]

Breaking Down Legalese: Making Legal Terms Accessible to All

Introduction: Legal jargon, also known as legalese, can be intimidating and confusing for many people. Whether you’re dealing with a legal document, contract, or simply trying to understand your rights, navigating through complex legal terms can be a daunting task. In this article, we will explore the importance of breaking down legalese and making legal terms accessible to all. We will discuss…

[spainhomes]

Buying a property in Spain 🇪🇸 Legal advice for 2024

[digitalconfex]

Exciting News_ Official Teaser Released for the IP & Legal (IPL) Confex, 31 Jan 2024 in Malaysia

DIGITALCONFEX is thrilled to unveil the official teaser for our upcoming conference – IP AND LEGAL CONFEX (IPL Confex) 2nd edition.

Save the date: 31 Jan 2024 Location: Swiss Garden Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Get ready for an immersive experience that transcends boundaries and unlocks new possibilities in Intellectual Property and Legal. Our lineup of speakers, cutting-edge sessions, and networking opportunities will empower you to accomplish your primary business objectives in the conference for the year 2024-25.

Here is the official teaser highlights for you: https://youtu.be/L3REzeUjABU

Stay tuned for more updates as we unfold the layers of excitement leading up to the main conference. Make sure to mark your calendars and join us on this transformative journey!

Conference Website: https://digitalconfex.com/ipl-confex-31-jan-2024/ For more enquiries, let's connect here: https://digitalconfex.com/lets-connect/

See you there!

[constructionsafetynetwork]

Navigating the Challenges in Construction Safety

What are your biggest challenges? In the realm of construction, safety stands as a paramount concern. Navigating the challenges in construction safety is not just about compliance; it’s about protecting lives. This article explores the multifaceted challenges in construction safety and offers insights into overcoming them effectively. Regulatory Changes and Construction Safety Navigating the…

[mostlysignssomeportents]

The CFPB is genuinely making America better, and they're going HARD

On June 20, I'm keynoting the LOCUS AWARDS in OAKLAND.

Let's take a sec here and notice something genuinely great happening in the US government: the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau's stunning, unbroken streak of major, muscular victories over the forces of corporate corruption, with the backing of the Supreme Court (yes, that Supreme Court), and which is only speeding up!

A little background. The CFPB was created in 2010. It was Elizabeth Warren's brainchild, an institution that was supposed to regulate finance from the perspective of the American public, not the American finance sector. Rather than fighting to "stabilize" the financial sector (the mission that led to Obama taking his advisor Timothy Geithner's advice to permit the foreclosure crisis to continue in order to "foam the runways" for the banks), the Bureau would fight to defend us from bankers.

The CFPB got off to a rocky start, with challenges to the unique system of long-term leadership appointments meant to depoliticize the office, as well as the sudden resignation of its inaugural boss, who broke his promise to see his term through in order to launch an unsuccessful bid for political office.

But after the 2020 election, the Bureau came into its own, when Biden poached Rohit Chopra from the FTC and put him in charge. Chopra went on a tear, taking on landlords who violated the covid eviction moratorium:

https://pluralistic.net/2021/04/20/euthanize-rentier-enablers/#cfpb

Then banning payday lenders' scummiest tactics:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/01/29/planned-obsolescence/#academic-fraud

Then striking at one of fintech's most predatory grifts, the "earned wage access" hustle:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/05/01/usury/#tech-exceptionalism

Then closing the loophole that let credit reporting bureaus (like Equifax, who doxed every single American in a spectacular 2019 breach) avoid regulation by creating data brokerage divisions and claiming they weren't part of the regulated activity of credit reporting:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/08/16/the-second-best-time-is-now/#the-point-of-a-system-is-what-it-does

Chopra went on to promise to ban data-brokers altogether:

https://pluralistic.net/2024/04/13/goulash/#material-misstatement

Then he banned comparison shopping sites where you go to find the best bank accounts and credit cards from accepting bribes and putting more expensive options at the top of the list. Instead, he's requiring banks to send the CFPB regular, accurate lists of all their charges, and standing up a federal operated comparison shopping site that gives only accurate and honest rankings. Finally, he's made an interoperability rule requiring banks to let you transfer to another institution with one click, just like you change phone carriers. That means you can search an honest site to find the best deal on your banking, and then, with a single click, transfer your accounts, your account history, your payees, and all your other banking data to that new bank:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/10/21/let-my-dollars-go/#personal-financial-data-rights

Somewhere in there, big business got scared. They cooked up a legal theory declaring the CFPB's funding mechanism to be unconstitutional and got the case fast-tracked to the Supreme Court, in a bid to put Chopra and the CFPB permanently out of business. Instead, the Supremes – these Supremes! – upheld the CFPB's funding mechanism in a 7-2 ruling:

https://www.scotusblog.com/2024/05/supreme-court-lets-cfpb-funding-stand/

That ruling was a starter pistol for Chopra and the Bureau. Maybe it seemed like they were taking big swings before, but it turns out all that was just a warmup. Last week on The American Prospect, Robert Kuttner rounded up all the stuff the Bureau is kicking off:

https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2024-06-07-window-on-corporate-deceptions/

First: regulating Buy Now, Pay Later companies (think: Klarna) as credit-card companies, with all the requirements for disclosure and interest rate caps dictated by the Truth In Lending Act:

https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2024/06/cfpb-applies-credit-card-rules

Next: creating a registry of habitual corporate criminals. This rogues gallery will make it harder for other agencies – like the DOJ – and state Attorneys General to offer bullshit "delayed prosecution agreements" to companies that compulsively rip us off:

https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-creates-registry-to-detect-corporate-repeat-offenders/

Then there's the rule against "fine print deception" – which is when the fine print in a contract lies to you about your rights, like when a mortgage lender forces you waive a right you can't actually waive, or car lenders that make you waive your bankruptcy rights, which, again, you can't waive:

https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-warns-against-deception-in-contract-fine-print/

As Kuttner writes, the common thread running through all these orders is that they ban deceptive practices – they make it illegal for companies to steal from us by lying to us. Especially in these dying days of class action suits – rapidly becoming obsolete thanks to "mandatory arbitration waivers" that make you sign away your right to join a class action – agencies like the CFPB are our only hope of punishing companies that lie to us to steal from us.

There's a lot of bad stuff going on in the world right now, and much of it – including an active genocide – is coming from the Biden White House.

But there are people in the Biden Administration who care about the American people and who are effective and committed fighters who have our back. What's more, they're winning. That doesn't make all the bad news go away, but sometimes it feels good to take a moment and take the W.

If you'd like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, here's a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:

https://pluralistic.net/2024/06/10/getting-things-done/#deliverism

[totally-ikea]

THE GIMMICK WAR MASTER POST

(sorry for tagging you all this is a disaster)

Start date - 19/02/2024, at 4:18 pm - By Party City (@partycityistotallyofficailguy) on Official Opera Gx’s post.

Party City side:

@mcdonlads-official

@googleplayofficialtotally

@totally-not-kraft-mac-and-cheese

@Officialburgerkingaccount (idk why I can't tag you)

@definitely-spirit-halloween

@royal-canadian-air-force

@the-real-firefox

@not-really-discord

@incognito-mode-official

@the-real-honda

Totally Ikea’s side:

@official-opera-gx

@buildabearfr

@real-sephora

@sams-club-official

@rick-e-cheddar-official

@genuinely-germany

@yandex-search-fr

@spotify-official

@official-dairy-queen

@im-pandora-i-promise

@walmart-the-official

@realhbomax

@jollibee-real

@totallyofficialtacobell

@the-tumblur-searchbar

@actually-aldi

@official-fedex

@spotify-kids-real

@Definitely-peacock (idk why I can't tag you)

@sonic-drivein-official

@offical-firefox-nightly

@the-real-victorias-secret

@barnes-and-noble-official

@i-meow-at-you

@the-real-gamefreak

@bingle-official

@the-real-google

@forever-scotland

@totallytesco

Neutrals:

@important-question-anon

@definitely-tor-browser-official

@acually-history

@firehouse-subs-fr

@applebees-honestly

@totally-official-goodwill

@yahooo-official

Referee: @the-dozer-from-payday

Journalist: @the-real-aperture-science

Food and coffee stand: @definitely-tor-browser-official and @the-dunkin-of-dunkins

Legal authority/advice for both sides: @the-one-and-only-duckduckgo

And then @totally-bing is by themselves murdering people alone

there's still some undecided out there I think-

[vantaeries]

TAROT ASK GAME (3 cards + oracle )

Hello everyone ! I'm Rin! I'm an intuitive tarot reader. It's been almost one and a half since I've been learning about tarot, divination and astrology so I decided to open my first tarot game ever!

STATUS : CLOSED

RULES

Check the status

No ANON allowed

Follow Me, Like and Reblog this post

Send Your Initial or Nickname

Send Your Questions (Max : 2 questions)

Wait patiently for my answer

WHAT READING CAN YOU ASK FOR

If you could, tell me briefly about the reason you requested this reading from me except for Future spouse and Kpop idols. It will be helpful to me

General Reading

Advice from the Universe, Angels or Spirit Guides

Career Advice

Relationship Advice (Platonic or Romantic)

Future spouse reading (no nsfw)

Kpop idols ( strictly no idol shipping , nsfw or timing related question )

TYPE OF QUESTION I WONT ANSWER

Those who don't follow the rules

Health reading (including pregnancy / death)

Legal issues

NSFW

Third Party Situation

© VANTAERIES 2024

[magz]

From Lets Talk Palestine. Palestine summary March 28 to March 30. (#LetsTalkPalestine)

March 28, 2024.

Day 174

⚖️ ICJ orders Israel to provide immediate unrestrained aid deliveries to Gaza in new, stronger provisional measures; Israel expected to submit report on its efforts to fulfill its obligations

• 62 Palestinians killed, 91 injured in last 24 hours

🇬🇧 @Pal_Action activists force major Israeli arms producer Elbit Systems to shut down a third UK factory after increased security costs & losses

• Israeli forces release 102 Palestinians abducted from Gaza in addition to 7 medical staff. Many more still missing

🇱🇧🇸🇾 Israel widens its targeted attacks on Syria’s capital Damascus while strikes on southern Lebanon kill at least 8

• Israel targets a home & medical facility in Rafah, killing at least 5 while strikes on northern Gaza kill 3 as others remain trapped under the rubble

🇫🇷 France to join in reinstatement of UNRWA funding with planned $32m donation

• IOF abducts 25 Palestinians in overnight raids across multiple West Bank cities

March 29, 2024.

Day 175

🇺🇸 Washington Post: Biden authorizes billions in military equipment to Israel stating a discontinuation of such transfers was “off limits” despite concerns over complicity in the Gaza genocide

• 71 Palestinians killed, 112 injured in the last 24 hours

🇸🇾 At least 42 reported killed in an Israeli attack on a military facility in Aleppo, Syria marking an aggressive turning point in Israel’s aggression in the Middle East

• Israeli forces plan to directly occupy 16% of Gaza to create a Palestinian no-go zone in preparation for long-term military presence in the region

✝️ Despite Easter festivities, Israeli forces restrict Palestinian Christians access to Jerusalem’s Old City

• Israeli airstrike on a residential building in ‘safe zone’ Rafah kills 12

🇯🇵 Japan to join others in reinstatement of UNRWA funding as the 6th largest contributor

• Israeli raids target a police station in Gaza City killing at least 17 and an additional 15 in targeted attacks in central Gaza

March 30, 2024.

Day 176 - Land Day

🌱 As Palestinians observe Land Day to affirm their right to their land, Israel has escalated land seizures in West Bank since Oct 7, destroying, uprooting & poisoning 9,600 trees

• 82 Palestinians killed, 98 injured in last 24 hours

🇬🇧 Leaked recording reveals UK gov’t failed to publicly announce the official legal advice from its own lawyers that Israel is violating international humanitarian law in Gaza, which suggests that countries supplying arms to Israel can be held accountable for complicity in international crimes. UK is ignoring mounting evidence of Israeli crimes by refusing to halt arms sales

🏥 60 medical staff + 107 patients incl. 30 paralyzed patients were abducted & held captive by Israeli forces in ongoing siege of al-Shifa Hospital

🇱🇧 UN peacekeeping mission in south Lebanon targeted by Israeli strikes injured 4 UN staff

• Israeli forces shot & killed 13 y/o Palestinian in West Bank

• Israeli strikes target homes in Khan Yunis, killing 22 people

[ezekiel-krishna]

Jupiter in Taurus ♉ Transit 2024 (Part 3)

💰💎Luck ,Abundance ,Fortune & Spirituality

{Vedic Astrology}[From May 2024 - May 2025]

⇝ Your Guide to Check Your Rising Sign > Refer Here

Sagittarius ♐

Jupiter's transit to your sixth house brings forth its influence on the 2nd, 10th, and 12th houses. It's important to note that Jupiter not only rules your ascendant but also your fourth house. The fourth house governs your mental peace, domestic bliss, and thought process, while the ascendant lord rules your physical body and way of thinking. During this period, you may find yourself facing an increase in workload and responsibilities at your workplace. My suggestion to you is to embrace this with a positive mindset. Your hard work has the potential to bring you great rewards and recognition. However, it's crucial to avoid harboring resentment or complaining, as this could diminish the benefic effects of Jupiter and even lead to other challenges.

You may encounter issues with hidden enemies or people talking behind your back in the workplace. They might even attempt to harm your image. In such situations, it's important to maintain a positive attitude and simply ignore them. Keep focusing on your work and continue to put in your best effort. Engaging in active conflicts with your enemies will only divert your energy and hinder your progress.

Some of you may even experience changes in your living conditions or have to relocate. This could be related to your spouse's career or family situation. Embrace these changes with an open mind and adapt accordingly. Remember, Jupiter's influence can bring positive transformations if you approach them with a positive attitude.

For those involved in real estate, this year presents opportunities for purchases. Any previous obstacles or delays in handling real estate matters will be resolved. Legal battles or disputes will also find resolution. Be cautious not to engage in new conflicts, as they can escalate quickly. Take care of your health and diet to prevent Jupiter-related health issues. Maintain a healthy diet and exercise routine to ensure your well-being. Avoid unnecessary stress and criticism towards others to prevent tension. Some may acquire a new pet or care for a sick one, leading to worries. Overall, Sagittarius will see positive impacts on their career if they work hard with a positive attitude.

Capricorn ♑

Jupiter's transit to the fifth house will have a significant impact on various aspects of your life. Not only will it influence your love life, children, education, creativity, and hobbies, but it will also bring positive energy to your communication skills, relationships with siblings, and personal initiatives. Additionally, Jupiter's aspect on the 1st, 11th, and 9th houses will further enhance these areas of your life.

To fully benefit from this transit, you will need to put in some effort. If you are seeking a love partner or planning to have a baby, your concentrated efforts will lead to the fulfillment of your wishes and desires. The same applies to your educational pursuits, where putting in more effort will result in rewarding outcomes. This is also an opportune time for those aspiring to travel abroad for higher education.

During this transit, you will exude a positive aura and others will seek your advice and guidance. Your wisdom and respected presence will attract people towards you. If you are involved in sports, religion, media, marketing, sales, finance, consulting, freelancing, or any form of writing, you can expect exceptional success in these fields.

Financially, this transit brings favorable opportunities for earning a good income. However, it is important to remember that your hard work and dedication are crucial in capitalizing on these opportunities. Moreover, you may find yourself drawn towards spirituality or your religion during this time. It is possible that you may encounter a spiritual guru or delve deeper into the realms of spirituality and religion. Embrace this journey and explore the profound aspects of your inner self.

Having children can sometimes lead to differing opinions, especially when it comes to their education. Younger children may also feel confused about which path to take. On the other hand, if your children are older and unmarried, it might be a good opportunity for them to consider marriage. It's important to maintain a strong relationship with your children during this time.

Aquarius ♒

Jupiter is currently moving through your 4th house, influencing your 8th, 10th, and 12th houses. It also governs your 2nd and 11th houses, which are related to finances. The 2nd house is linked to food, family, financial savings, and speech, while the 11th house is associated with material gains and wish fulfillment. Your focus is now on your living environment and career. Jupiter's positive impact brings mental peace and domestic harmony to your relationships.

With Saturn currently transiting your ascendant house, you may have been feeling stressed. However, Jupiter's presence helps alleviate some of that mental burden. Some of you may suddenly relocate for career-related reasons, indicating a period of frequent travel or time spent away from home.

Be mindful of potential disagreements with your mother and strive to maintain positive relationships. Financially, expenses may increase due to aspects on the 12th house, possibly related to real estate, vehicle purchases, or travel costs. Renovations or redecorations at home are also likely. On the bright side, your income may rise, presenting opportunities for growth and increased earnings. Keep an eye out for career advancements or sudden changes, such as relocation.

Aquarius is on the brink of professional changes right now, with a strong chance of career shifts. Financial gains could come from unexpected sources like inheritance, insurance, in-laws, or real estate deals. If you've been struggling with sleep, there's some relief in sight. Remember to prioritize your health and avoid unnecessary stress. Focus on your career and finances, put in the hard work, and you'll see great results. Stay connected to your spiritual side for support, as luck may not be on your side at the moment. Your efforts will lead you towards a more spiritual path.

Pisces ♓

Jupiter's transit through your 3rd house is bringing a wave of positive energy to your career, Pisces. With aspects to your 7th, 9th, and 11th houses, new job opportunities and exciting changes are on the horizon. Make sure to put in the extra effort and hard work to fully capitalize on this lucky phase. Financial growth and success are within reach, but dedication is key. In terms of relationships, both single and married Pisces will experience a boost. Singles may find themselves walking down the aisle, while married individuals can look forward to happiness and harmony in their partnerships. Business ventures will thrive, and excellent gains are on the horizon.

This is a time for self-improvement and hard work, so make sure to stay focused. Starting a new business during this transit could lead to great success, as long as you put in the necessary effort. Expand your social and professional network, meet new people, and develop lasting friendships. Travel opportunities are also on the horizon, particularly for educational purposes.Your relationship with siblings will be positive and satisfying, with any past challenges being resolved. Look forward to celebrations such as marriages or the arrival of children in your siblings' lives.

Professionals in the fields of medicine, astrology, consulting, finance, law, public speaking, writing, or media are poised for success at this time. My advice is to invest in education, acquire new skills, or expand your knowledge base to enhance your career prospects and overall quality of life. Even if you're a homebody without a traditional career, dedicating time to learning new things can still be incredibly rewarding in the long term. Remember, this transit is highly favorable for you, but staying connected to your faith and spirituality will ensure continued blessings and good fortune.

Remember This is a General Analysis , Whole Chart is to be Considered for Accurate Personalized Predictions.

For Paid Personalized Analysis & Reviews ➤ Check Here

Masterlist ➤ Check Here

[a-d-nox]

yuletide gift game [ status: closed ]

the receipt

the review log

hello, my friends/followers! we are nearly done with the year - why not celebrate one of the most magical times of the year, so here i am hosting another ask game. i truly appreciate each and everyone of you - i hope all are having a lovely holiday season! i also appreciate everyone who has purchased a reading from me this year and thus paying for my green glyphs collection (so let's use them some more this game) AND all my presents for others this season!

please follow the rules (listed below) to participate →

i. you must be following me.

ii. reblog or like this post.

iii. only one ask per account! secondary asks regarding the game will be deleted.

iv. send the emoji that corresponds with the deck you want and your initials.

v. ask your question - look at reading types for limitations. THE LIMITS THAT APPLY ACROSS ALL READING TYPES: no legal, no pregnancy, and no illness.

vi. let me know what you look forward to seeing or hope to see on my blog next year, what you yourself are excited for next year, what you are hoping to receive as a gift this holiday season, OR what you are excited to give someone else this holiday season!

vii. asks that are missing the above requirements will receive a response of "game request denied".

viii. please be patient! i'm working full time, so i don't have a lot of time to sit down and do back to back readings (you can dm me and ask if yours ask sent or where you are in my queue - but please don't spam me as it won't make the process go faster, it will actually slow me down because i am answering you instead of answering asks). i will leave the game open until the end of yule (january 1, 2024) or until i reach 50 asks!

ix. feedback is greatly appreciated, but not required - it's always good to know if my intuition and interpretation of the cards was accurate (especially since i these are still relatively new decks and i am not sure if they vibe with me yet).

game options →

🌲TREE🌲

wryd web. ask me about any of your orbs or a section you don't understand (either on a personal web or compatibility web) BUT not the full web (limit 3 orbs - so you can do the karmic tail, your romance chain, your money chain, a chakra (the physics, the energy, and the emotions), etc.). BIRTHDATE IS REQUIRED IN ASK OR TO BE PROVIDED IN A DM.

⛸️ICE SKATES⛸️

runes. good for warning words or words of inspiration, past/present/future, advice, or general vibe checks.

🎁PRESENT🎁

lenormand. functions similarly to tarot - can be questioned like tarot EXCEPT NO "yes or no" questions. open interpretations given the line of cards - i will give you the meanings (so you can also see some answers or phases i may not think of because it is open to interpretation - you are the expert of your situation) and what i believe is the answer.

🕊️TURTLE DOVE🕊️

animal spirit. could be used to tell you what your present animal spirit is, the animal in your way and what animal energy you need to encompass to overcome them, and/or the animal you were / animal you are / animal you could become. NO "yes or no" questions.

🕯️CANDLE🕯️

oracle. great for advice! NO "yes or no" questions.

❄️SNOWFLAKE❄️

tarot. no explanation needed - everyone knows how tarot works. for yes or no questions, i generally pull three cards and do majority rule with explanation (i.e., "yes because...", "no, but...", etc.").

[champstorymedia]

Speak Confidently: Learning the Language of Law

Introduction: Learning the language of law can be a daunting task for many individuals. Whether you are a law student, legal professional, or someone simply interested in understanding legal jargon, speaking confidently in the language of law is crucial. In this article, we will explore the importance of speaking confidently in the legal field and provide valuable insights on how to improve your…

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

DNC convention

* * * *

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

August 18, 2024

Heather Cox Richardson

Aug 19, 2024

On August 18, 1920, the Tennessee legislature ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution by a vote of 50 to 49. The deciding vote came from Harry T. Burn, who supported suffrage but was under pressure to vote no. His mother had urged him to vote yes despite the pressure. “I believe in full suffrage as a right,” he said. “I believe we had a moral and legal right to ratify. I know that a mother’s advice is always safest for her boy to follow, and my mother wanted me to vote for ratification.”

Tennessee was the 36th state to ratify the amendment, and the last one necessary to make the amendment the law of the land once the secretary of state certified it.

The new amendment was patterned on the Fifteenth Amendment, which protected the right of Black men to vote, and it read: 

“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

“Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”

Like the momentum for the Fifteenth Amendment, the push for rights for women had taken root during the Civil War as women backed the United States armies with their money, buying bonds and paying taxes; with their loved ones, sending sons and husbands and fathers to the war front; with their labor, working in factories and fields and taking over from men in the nursing and teaching professions; and even with their lives, spying and fighting for the Union. In the aftermath of the war, as the divided nation was rebuilt, many of them expected they would have a say in how it was reconstructed.

But to their dismay, the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly tied the right to vote to “male” citizens, inserting the word “male” into the Constitution for the first time.

Boston abolitionist Julia Ward Howe, the author of the “Battle Hymn of the Republic,” was outraged. The laws of the era gave control of her property and her children to her abusive husband, and while far from a rabble-rouser, she wanted the right to adjust those laws so they were fair. In this moment, it seemed the right the Founders had articulated in the Declaration of Independence—the right to consent to the government under which one lived—was to be denied to the very women who had helped preserve the country, while white male Confederates and now Black men both enjoyed that right.

“The Civil War came to an end, leaving the slave not only emancipated, but endowed with the full dignity of citizenship. The women of the North had greatly helped to open the door which admitted him to freedom and its safeguard, the ballot. Was this door to be shut in their face?” Howe wondered.

The next year, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association, and six months later, Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe founded the American Woman Suffrage Association.

The National Woman Suffrage Association wanted a general reworking of gender roles in American society, drawing from the Seneca Falls Convention that Stanton had organized in 1848.

That convention’s Declaration of Sentiments, patterned explicitly on the Declaration of Independence, asserted that “all men and women are created equal” and that “the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.” It listed the many ways in which men had “fraudulently deprived [women] of their most sacred rights” and insisted that women receive “immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of these United States.”

While the National Woman Suffrage Association excluded men from its membership, the American Woman Suffrage Association made a point of including men equally, as well as Black woman suffragists, to indicate that they were interested in the universal right to vote and only in that right, believing the rest of the rights their rivals demanded would come through voting.

The women’s suffrage movement had initial success in the western territories, both because lawmakers there were hoping to attract women for their male-heavy communities and because the same lawmakers were furious at the growing noise about Black voting. Wyoming Territory granted women the vote in 1869, and lawmakers in Utah Territory followed suit in 1870, expecting that women would vote against polygamy there. When women in fact supported polygamy, Utah lawmakers tried unsuccessfully to take their vote away, and the movement for women’s suffrage in the West slowed dramatically.

Suffragists had hoped that women would be included in the Fifteenth Amendment and, when they were not, decided to test their right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment in the 1872 election. According to its statement that anyone born in the U.S. was a citizen, they were certainly citizens and thus should be able to vote. In New York state, Susan B. Anthony voted successfully but was later tried and convicted—in an all-male courtroom in which she did not have the right to testify—for the crime of voting.

In Missouri a voting registrar named Reese Happersett refused to permit suffragist Virginia Minor to register. Minor sued Happersett, and the case went all the way to the Supreme Court. In a unanimous decision in 1875, the justices decided that women were indeed citizens but that citizenship did not necessarily convey the right to vote.

This decision meant the fat was in the fire for Black Americans in the South, as it paved the way for white supremacists to keep them from the polls in 1876. But it was also a blow to suffragists, who recast their claims to voting by moving away from the idea that they had a human right to consent to their government, and toward the idea that they would be better and more principled voters than the Black men and immigrants who, under the law anyway, had the right to vote.

For the next two decades, the women’s suffrage movement drew its power from the many women’s organizations put together across the country by women of all races and backgrounds who came together to stop excessive drinking, clean up the sewage in city streets, protect children, stop lynching, and promote civil rights.

Black women like educator Mary Church Terrell and journalist Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, publisher of the Woman’s Era, brought a broad lens to the movement from their work for civil rights, but they could not miss that Black women stood in between the movements for Black rights and women’s rights, a position scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw would identify In the twentieth century as “intersectionality.”

In 1890 the two major suffrage associations merged into the National American Woman Suffrage Association and worked to change voting laws at the state level. Gradually, western states and territories permitted women to vote in certain elections until by 1920, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington, California, Oregon, Arizona, Kansas, Alaska Territory, Montana, and Nevada recognized women’s right to vote in at least some elections.

Suffragists recognized that action at the federal level would be more effective than a state-by-state strategy. The day before Democratic president Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated in 1913, they organized a suffrage parade in Washington, D.C., that grabbed media attention. They continued civil disobedience to pressure Wilson into supporting their movement.

Still, it took another war effort, that of World War I, which the U.S. entered in 1917, to light a fire under the lawmakers whose votes would be necessary to get a suffrage amendment through Congress and send it off to the states for ratification. Wilson, finally on board as he faced a difficult midterm election in 1918, backed a constitutional amendment, asking congressmen: “Shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right?”

Congress passed the measure in a special session on June 4, 1919, and Tennessee’s ratification on August 18, 1920, made it the law of the land as soon as the official notice was in the hands of the secretary of state. Twenty-six million American women had the right to vote in the 1920 presidential election.

Crucially, as the Black suffragists had known all too well when they found themselves caught between the drives for Black male voting and women’s suffrage, Jim Crow and Juan Crow laws meant that most Black women and women of color would remain unable to vote for another 45 years. And yet they never stopped fighting for that right. Women like Fannie Lou Hamer, Amelia Boynton, Rosa Parks, Viola Liuzzo, and Constance Baker Motley were key organizers of voting rights initiatives, spreading information, arranging marches, sparking key protests, and preparing legal cases.

In 1980, women began to shift their votes to the Democrats, and in 1984 the Democrats nominated Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York to run for vice president alongside presidential candidate Walter Mondale. Republicans followed suit in 2008 when they nominated Alaska governor Sarah Palin to run with Arizona senator John McCain. Still, it was not until 2016 that a major political party nominated a woman, former secretary of state Hillary Clinton, for president. In 2020 the Democrats nominated California senator Kamala Harris for vice president, and when voters elected her and President Joe Biden, they made her the first female vice president of the United States.

Tonight, on the 104th anniversary of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, delegates are gathered in Chicago, Illinois, for the Democratic National Convention, where they will celebrate Harris’s nomination for the presidency.

It’s been a long time coming.

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

HEATHER COX RICHARDSON

[betweendoctorsanddetectives]

I can't attend a protest tonight (Wednesday) or on Saturday so I'm trying to take some measures from home to support antiracist and antifascist efforts across the country.

Where to find protests:

Keep an eye on the organisations Stand up to Racism and Hope not Hate. Their instagram accounts are probably being updated better than their websites as this is such a rapidly unfolding situation.

Stand up to Racism are accepting donations to help with antiracist efforts and I believe support bail funds during this week's protests.

Go to protests in a group for your safety. Protect each other.

Know your rights:

Green and Black Cross specialise in legal support for protesters. They have lots of useful resources on their website. Their protest support line is 07946 541 511. Write this on your arm in permanent marker and keep hold of a bustcard which contains information and advice regarding arrests and cautions. They have localised bustcards for contacting local support. Print it or write it out by hand and have it on your person. Print out many and give them to your fellow protesters if you're able.

Mutual aid:

POC are needing extra funds for things like: taxis to get safely to and from places of work, food (both takeaway and groceries) ordered directly to their houses. Reach out to friends and members of your community who could use money, company, escorting, food dropping off, dog walking, or anything else.

UK POC please feel free to ask for any funds needed in the notes of this post and I will try to either personally help or amplify your request.

Keep an eye on the news for POC and their businesses who have been targeted in attacks and then research to see if they have funds to fix or replace their damaged/burned property. I don't have specific examples to share because thankfully any funds I have personally seen have far surpassed their goals.

Forward pertinent information:

Email photos, videos, or any information you have about plans for or people involved in rioting and violence to rightresponse@hopenothate.org.uk

Help with the aftermath:

See if you can offer assistance to businesses, mosques, and public buildings that have been attacked. Help to pick up the rubble and litter in the streets of towns and cities that have been targeted.

Get informed:

Read the report by The Runnymede Trust on the mainstreaming of far right values following the 2024 election. They are a research organisation challenging structural racism in Britain.

The Runnymede Trust accept donations to support their work.