#present perfect tense Spanish examples

[onaswife]

The winner takes it all

Couple:  Barça Femení x reader

Au! Omegaverse, Alpha x Omega

Note: This will be a complete orgy, reader will be occupied as a competition for the alphas, lots of smut but a fluff ending. If there is any mistake, please let me know.

The first member of the team you met was Aitana. You were in your fourth year of your English teaching degree, and as part of your professional practice, you had started giving personalized and private lessons in addition to the hours you were required to work at a student residence.

She had found you through a mutual friend. According to what she had told you the first time you met to discuss these lessons, she wanted to learn more English so she could do better in interviews, speak better with her foreign teammates, and overcome her fear of English. Aitana was a very calm, gentle Alpha. She always listened attentively to what you were teaching her and was very eager to learn everything you taught her.

As soon as Aitana was able to schedule the first study session with you, she refurbished one of her spare rooms. She painted it creamy red and bought the necessary supplies. A notebook for her, a small whiteboard so you could write down important things she needed to write, pencils, and markers. It was a study room, filled with books in Spanish and books in English that you had recommended.

You found it very endearing to see how focused she was on learning English. You still remember that time she was excited to be able to formulate a sentence correctly in the past tense.

"So, since we've already taken the placement test, we'll start talking about verb tenses. I suppose you know the main verb, right, Aitana?" You placed a printed piece of paper in front of her on the table, while she looked at you with Bambi-like eyes, quite confused by what you had just said.

"I…" She lowered her gaze as she seemed to stare at the sheet of paper as if it were the most important thing in the world, as if it were going to give her all the universal answers and open another door to the universe. You, on the other hand, laughed tenderly; she reminded you of a little Bambi.

"Okay, we'll start by reviewing that, and then the first thing we'll look at is the Present Tense." She had given you a small board, but you could write on it. "The main verb is the verb "to be." We covered that at the end of last class. I think you wrote it down. So, there are three tenses. Do you know what they are?" She shook her head slowly, and you smiled in understanding. You'd met many children who felt self-conscious because it was a different language, but who actually knew a lot.

"They're the present, the past, and the future," she nodded quickly, beginning to write in a notebook. Apparently, she wasn't very different from the children you taught in the mornings.

"Those moments are divided into four," you saw her raise an eyebrow and decided to continue. "There's the simple, the continuous, the perfect, and the perfect continuous." You gave her a few minutes to write and then continued making a timeline listing the four moments. You slowly explained the four and gave her an example of each, so that she understood the information.

"Now that we've covered the four, I'm going to pass this on to you." You held up a worksheet where she would first have to see which present tense it belonged to, find the mistake, and, lastly, write an example for each one. You gave her 15 minutes; you knew it would be difficult for her, so you gave her the time she needed.

You organized some of your things, putting the ones you didn't need in your bag, the rest in your pencil case, and leaving the essentials outside. You began to look around Aitana's house, trying not to look at her so she wouldn't get nervous. It gave off a great vibe, a warm light, minimalist arrangement, and light gray and white walls. There were many photos of her family and herself throughout her career hanging on the gray walls, each one framing an important moment.

After the 15 minutes were up, she timidly extended the sheet of paper toward you, anxiously awaiting feedback.

You silently reviewed them for yourself, then smiled broadly.

"Okay, shall we begin the feedback?"

"Yes, please," she sounded tired. "I didn't ask how your work went today. You're very tired, Aitana," you began as you wrote things down on the whiteboard. You looked up and saw her nod slowly. "Sorry if I was too nosy. I guess it's a teacher's way of worrying about students like that," you commented jokingly, trying to get her to let go of the day's stress. You heard her laugh at your words and felt a strange warmth in your chest.

"Okay, let's begin."

Aitana had done almost everything right, with small mistakes despite it being her first time seeing the topic. Until the final part. She became nervous and started bouncing her leg, waiting for you to tell her everything was wrong.

"I must say, I think you're the fastest learner in my classes." You smiled. "You had all good ones, Aitana. Congratulations. You're one step closer to speaking English better." You congratulated her on her new achievement, giving her a big smile that was reciprocated with emotion.

"Did I really have all good ones? Are you sure? Completely sure?" she asked, already getting up from her seat and almost jumping for joy.

"Yes, Aitana, I'm sure you had all good ones."

You saw her celebrate as if she had won the World Cup, jumping up to hug you.

That day will remain in your memory; you had never seen her so full of energy so close up.

Then came the day you met her teammates.

Aitana had forgotten to tell you that that Thursday, like every Thursday, they wouldn't be able to have tutoring because her teammates would be attending the traditional team meeting held every three weeks at one of the girls' houses.

You arrived and knew immediately that something wasn't right. When you stood outside her apartment door, you smelled a lot of different odors, all of them alphas. At first, you thought it might be the neighbors, but when a completely different person than Aitana opened the door, your suspicions were confirmed.

It wasn't that you weren't a soccer connoisseur; your best friend was a soccer fanatic, along with his father and yours, so it was a big surprise when none other than Alexia Putellas opened the door to your student's apartment.

"Do you want something? I think you've got the wrong apartment." Her voice was soft, though you knew she wasn't happy with your presence.

"I'm looking for Aitana… we had a class today." Your voice sounded weaker than usual. Her presence was imposing, and her scent even more so, making your omega feel very weak, ready to be marked or taken by that alpha. She raised an eyebrow, and when she was about to ask again, she was stopped by the hostess.

"Y/N? God forgive me. I forgot to tell you that we couldn't have class today." Aitana looked very embarrassed, while Alexia's gaze flicked between you and her companion.

"Do you want to come in? I'm sorry you had to come all the way here and we can't have class because I forgot to tell you." You could sense the change in Aitana's scent, while an apologetic look crossed her face.

"It's okay, Aitana. I don't mind going home,"you tried to dismiss her guilt as a soft, but tired smile appeared on your face.

"No, no, come on in." She brought her hand to your wrist, where she gently took it and pulled you into the apartment. You felt Alexia's gaze on you and heard her close the door behind you.

You felt like you'd just walked into the lion's den.

You were surrounded by very beautiful female athletes, all alphas. You felt a little uncomfortable being the only omega there, so you stayed close to the only person you knew, Aitana.

She introduced you to all her teammates, while they greeted you cordially. You noticed how every time she introduced you to someone, they looked you up and down. Some were more adept at hiding it, others not, and bit their lip while giving you flirtatious glances. You felt your blush grow every time that happened.

There was a moment in the night, which had been filled with meaningless conversations with the older alphas who were also showing interest in learning English, while the younger ones were more interested in flirting with you. You had decided to go out to Aitana's balcony to get some fresh air, and also to look over some things the university had sent you.

You went out with your bag to sit on the beanbag Aitana had on the balcony. You took out your computer and placed it on your lap, turning it on and logging into the university website. You put on headphones so you could hear the material better.

You were so focused on your computer that you didn't notice when someone came out onto the balcony as well. It wasn't until she sat down next to you that you realized, jumping in your seat and placing a hand on your heart, while sighing, feeling your heartbeat a thousand times an hour. "God, that was scary," you heard her laugh as she looked up at the sky.

"Sorry for scaring you. I didn't mean to. I just wanted to get some fresh air. I didn't think you'd be here… We thought you were gone. The others were starting to feel sad."

You felt embarrassed when you heard her words. Even though everyone else had made it clear they had other intentions, they always respected each other's boundaries.

Ona settled in next to you, brushing her arm against yours, but not making eye contact. A few minutes later, another person joined them, Jana. You'd noticed that she, like the other younger ones, was quite talkative and energetic. So it seemed strange to you when she sat on your other side in silence, simply looking at what you were doing on your computer and asking you questions about words she didn't know, and you happily explained everything to her. Ona, who was on your other side, was resting her head on your bicep, her eyes closed, and she seemed content with the scent of you enveloping her.

A few minutes later, you had two alphas sleeping on your sides, their heads resting on your shoulders. Aitana called out to you, but you were determined not to move so as not to wake them.

Weeks later (after exchanging numbers with most of them under the guise of planning a tutoring session), you'd been invited to a party to celebrate a big victory.

You couldn't refuse; you really needed it. You were a few weeks away from finishing your semester, and that meant a lot of stress.

You put on comfortable but nice clothes; you never know, maybe you'd find a hot alpha or something to spend the night with.

You arrived and could see how the girls seemed to be enjoying the atmosphere. Ona was dancing close to Jana, Cata was dancing close to Pina's back, and Patri was filming them. You saw Alexia standing face to face with Ingrid, while Mapi sat drinking with a smile on her face.

You approached them, greeted by their greetings and a beer. "I don't know if you'd like it, but if not, I'll tell Aitana to order something for you, little one," Kika spoke, giving you a flirtatious smile, typical of her. You sat next to Ellie, accepting the beer they'd given you. You quickly fell into a conversation with the English girl, her hand resting on your shoulders, caressing them, and your hand occasionally resting on her knee. There was a moment where she stopped hugging you to lean over to drink her drink. When she sat back down, she placed her hand on your thigh, squeezing and caressing there. It felt so good to feel her caresses on your sensitive skin.

A while later, you went to the dance floor, where you danced with all the Alphas, unaware that you had left them aroused and with a plan in mind.

That day, like the previous ones, you had gone to class with Aitana, although this time you encountered a new surprise. All of Aitana's teammates were in her apartment, apparently waiting for you as well.

You entered, greeting everyone present politely and heading to the table where they usually held classes. You took out your books, your computer, and the markers for the board, waiting for Aitana to join you. You were in the weeks leading up to exams, so you were more sensitive and stressed than usual. It was noticeable in your scent; it was less sweet, almost imperceptible, which had worried the other girls.

Ingrid had entered the small area where you felt comfortable teaching. She sat down next to you and put her arm around your shoulders.

You inertia nestled against her, inhaling her scent and relaxing slightly. She placed a kiss on your hair, beginning to caress your arm with her fingertips, sending shivers down your spine.

Then Mapi joined her. She was more active, unlike Ingrid; she started talking.

"Oh my God, baby, are you okay?" She helped you get up from the chair and, without asking, made you sit on Ingrid's lap, so you could bury your face in the Norwegian's neck. Mapi sat next to Ingrid. "I'm worried about not smelling your scent. Are you okay? I don't know if that's normal for Omegas, but if not, we should take you to the hospital for a checkup. You can't lose your scent… I really like the way you smell, love." You opened your eyes slightly and saw the exact moment a pout formed on her lips, making you feel extremely tender.

"I'm fine… it usually happens to me when I'm really stressed… It's the last few weeks of exams and I need to pass them. I don't want to waste a year and have to repeat it."

Ingrid's hands were all over your back, trying to help you relax. While Mapi seemed to have the mission of filling the space with her scent. You felt lips on your temple, making you open your eyes again, connecting with Ingrid's green ones.

"How can we help you, Kjære?" Ingrid's hands rested on your lower back, over the end of your shirt.

You felt dizzy from the attention they were both giving you; it was very difficult for you to think straight when there were two alphas marking you with their scent, trying to relieve your stress.

Mapi's lips landed on your shoulder, followed by a small bite that made you shudder completely, making you gasp slightly.

You hid your face closer to Ingrid's neck, listening to both of them laugh softly at your reaction. "It's okay, Cari." Mapi's hands rested on your waist, pressing against your side. They stayed like that for about 10 more minutes, and you were already going crazy. You were enveloped in both of their scents and could feel their cocks unconsciously rubbing against your body or pressing against yours.

You emerged from your hiding place on Ingrid's neck, sharing a look with her, which she then undressed toward her lips. She seemed to get the hint, as she slowly leaned toward you to touch her lips to yours. It began as a shy, innocent brush of lips, her hands resting on your knee, leaving small caresses with her fingertips.

But it quickly transformed into a quicker, more lustful kiss. Her hands softly and slowly moved to your waist, where she gently tugged to adjust you so that your back was to Mapi, who was standing in front of Ingrid.

As soon as she finished positioning you on her lap, you could feel the prominent erection already growing through Ingrid's pants, making you gasp and moan when you touched there. Mapi was already sitting in front of you, her hand positioning her member and also trying to calm the uncomfortable erection that was growing as she watched you rub and kiss her girlfriend with such need. Her head fell back as she now squeezed her member. When she turned her gaze towards you, she saw both of you staring at her intently.

"Mapi, we need to help our girl here. Then we can help you, right, baby?" Ingrid asked the last thing to you while she rubbed her nose against your neck, while you couldn't tear your gaze away from Maria's erection; it was almost hypnotizing.

You felt Ingrid's hands assault your backside, leaving a firm grip. You moaned, turning your gaze forward, watching as she shifted to remove your shirt and, in passing, your bra. She paid attention to your breasts, first taking one of them to her warm mouth and running her tongue over your already hard nipples. Her hands roamed over your abdomen and thighs, feeling your skin react to her touches.

"Ingrid…" you moaned as you moved your hips against her cock. "God… yes, please." Your hands gripped his hair, tugging as you felt her teeth press against your sensitive nipples. You could still feel Mapi's scent filling the space, though it was stronger now.

Ingrid brought her hands to your butt, kneading it as she began to bite near your collarbones, leaving small marks. You began to move up and down, pressing Ingrid's cock in the right place, feeling that familiar sensation of pleasure rush through your body.

Ingrid threw her head back, feeling you move against her, her hands still on your butt. She looked over your shoulder for a second, watching Mapi stare at your butt and touch her cock, now free of her pants and looking pleased. She instantly decided you should see it too.

She lifted you from her lap, and as soon as you stood up, she placed a kiss on your abdomen while slowly unbuttoning your pants, followed by soft, fluttering kisses, trying to show care and affection.

When she had your shorts off, caressing and kissing in between, she made you sit down, this time with your back to her, so you could look at Mapi, who was standing with her cock wrapped in her hand, looking at you shyly and with a blush on her face. You felt yourself getting even wetter at the sight, if possible, feeling even more in need of a cock, while Ingrid took her time kissing your body.

"Ingrid," you moaned, staring at Mapi, who had once again begun to stroke herself, this time slower but with deeper movements. She stroked from the tip to the base of her penis, while you watched the precum begin to flow out.

Ingrid pulled her pants down enough to free her member. First, she stroked it for a few seconds, then helped you align it. As soon as it entered, you could feel a small release of pleasure. It ran through your entire body, from the tips of your toes to your head.

You took a few minutes to get used to its size and thickness, then you began to ride it with her help. Her hands were firmly gripped on your hips, while her own moved upward, penetrating you deeper. In the moment when you could keep your eyes open, you were able to see the exact moment Mapi had her orgasm.

First, you saw her face, constricted with pleasure and red from the heat that had been building in the room. Then, you looked down, observing how her nipples were erect and her abs were defined by the continued tension, making you gasp as thoughts began to flood your mind, mostly about what it would be like to cum on her abdomen. Finally, your eyes reached her cock, which was at its peak in her hand.

It was wet and rumbling as she moved her hand along its length. It was a sound similar to the one Ingrid's cock made inside you. You saw how she began to move her hand faster, and her moans intensified. It didn't take more than five minutes for her to reach her orgasm. It was addictive to watch her neck tense and her veins pop out, while the same thing happened on her tattooed arms, which were then splashed with the whitish liquid that flowed from her cock. It took about 15 seconds for the semen to flow from Mapi's big cock, while she moaned with pleasure and tried to breathe normally again.

Ingrid was also close, and you were the one who was almost cumming. The familiar tugging began to appear, and your thighs were already trembling. You brought your hands to your tits to knead and play with your nipples, pulling them, giving yourself more pleasure. You lasted no more than 10 minutes with these movements before you came on top of Ingrid, satisfied. She moved against you as she came, and you tried to come down from the cloud of pleasure and ecstasy you'd been lifted to.

While you were in that state, Mapi approached Ingrid and handed her a marker. She took it and leaned you forward, making you hug her abdomen while you wiped the tears there.

She wrote on your lower back, before reaching your buttocks: "Ingrid: 1."

Mapi smiled at her, watching her write with a satisfied smile on her face. All the alphas had planned such an encounter, and they had also talked about writing down how many orgasms they could give you.

"Does that also count as an orgasm caused by me?" Mapi asked as she ran her hand through your hair, leaving soft, tender caresses.

"Do you think so?"

"She watched me masturbate for her, it turned her on and helped her cum," she murmured, feeling triumphant. Ingrid handed her the marker so she could write it down, then pulled you towards her chest as she hugged you and placed small kisses on your shoulders and neck. Mapi leaned down and wrote her name with a 1 below your right collarbone.

She smiled contentedly, watching you draped over Ingrid, her cock still resting inside you.

"There's still a lot of night ahead, baby, so come on. We all want to make you feel less stressed and better. Are you ready for the night?" Ingrid whispered against your ear, as she began rubbing your clit, making your legs tremble slightly and you moan her name.

"Can you answer me?" A long gasp left your chest as you opened your eyes again, looking at a smiling Mapi in front of you.

"Yes, God, yes. Please." You brought your hand to Ingrid's, gently squeezing her wrist. You both looked at each other and shared a knowing smile, already knowing what was coming next.

[cotl-betrayal-sacrifice]

The Ćol'kotusan Master Post

This will be the closest thing I have to a centralised post about my Conlang, Ćol'kotusan, spoken by the people of Ćol'kotsarup in my Cult of the Lamb fanfiction series, Betrayal and Sacrifice. This post will include the sounds, syllable & word structure, explanation of the four tenses, and word stresses. This wont' cover the basics of Conlangs and defining words used to describe them, mostly because I don't trust myself to get those right, so if a term confuses you, you might have to look it up yourself. It'll be a bigun, so read more under the cut.

Pt1. Phonotactics & Word Order

This won't cover the basics of Phonotactics, but I will provide a link to a Consonant and Vowel chart that has audio for you listen to, to help you pronounce some of the sounds. Additionally, when writing in Ćol'kotusan /xolˈkotusan/, I'll provide both the Anglicised and /IPA/ version.

I would add a consonant and vowel table here, but Tumblr doesn't like having a table in posts, so I'll just have to list them by Manner for consonant, and Tongue position for vowels. If the IPA character is different from the anglicised character, the IPA character will be in /slashes/

Consonant Sounds: Nasal: m, n Plosive: p, t, k, g Non-sibilant affricate: c /k͡x/, ǵ /ɡ͡ɣ/ Sibilant fricative: s, z Non-sibilant fricative: f /ɸ/, ć /x/, ɣ, h Approximate: r /ɻ/, y /j/ Lateral Approximant: l

Vowel Sounds: Close: ee /i/ Close-Mid: o Open-Mid: u /ʌ/ Open: a

Note that /i/ is written as 'ee', this is because the /i/ sound is closer to the written 'ee' than it is to 'i'. So for future reference, in anglicised Ćol'kotusan, 'ee' is a single vowel. Most of the sounds and words I've chosen are just based on what I think sounds nice, there's very little logic beyond that.

Syllable Structure: In Ćol'kotusan, a single syllable can be up to 5 letters long, composed of up to 2 consonants, a vowel, then another two consonants. The shortest syllable is made up of one consonant and one vowel. There are no restrictions on what can go where, except that the last letter of a root word cannot be a Velar consonant (/k/, /g/, /k͡x/, /ɡ͡ɣ/, /x/ or /ɣ/) for reasons that will be explained in the next part.

Word Order: The word order of Ćol'kotusan is identical to English's, I initially wanted it to be closer to Spanish's (called Head Initial), but I found that I was having difficulty making more complex sentences, so I swapped to a direct word for word translation method.

Pt2. Tenses & Compound Words

Ćol'kotusan has 4 tenses, Future, Present, Past, and a special 4th tense that will be referred to as Indefinite Past. To indicate a tense, you place a Velar consonant onto the end of a word, a voiceless consonant indicates an Imperfective (Ongoing) form, and a voiced consonant indicated a Perfective (Once/Complete) form. Plosive consonants (/k/, /g/) are used for Future Tense, Non-Sibilant Affricate (/k͡x/, /ɡ͡ɣ/)consonants are for Past Tense, and Non-Sibilant Fricative consonants (/x/, /ɣ/) for Indefinite Past. Present just uses the root word without any suffixes. For example: "Ća ah'eehno" /Xa ahˈihno/ (I sleep) can become "Ća ah'eehnog" /Xa ahˈihnog/ (I will sleep) or "Ća ah'eehnoǵ" /Xa ahˈihnoɡ͡ɣ/ (I slept).

Whilst the past tense is used for things that happened in the past (obviously), what does that mean for the Indefinite Past tense? The Indefinite Past tense is used for something that has happened at least once, but cannot happen again. It comes with a implication of mourning or sense of loss, and can only be used in situations where the inability is not from choice. If you choose to not play an instrument anymore, you would use the past tense. But if you are unable to due to things such as loss of limbs, then you may use the Indefinite Past tense. Due to the indefinite nature of it, the Perfective form is not used for Indefinite Past (As if you can play an instrument again, it's just the past tense), but the /ɣ/ consonant exists for completeness purposes. Rarely, using a word in the Indefinite Past tense changes its meaning completely, if the word for Alive is "Zun'eel" /zʌnˈil/, can you figure out what the word for Dead is?

Compound words: Many words in Ćol'kotusan rather than be their own word, are a combination of other, smaller words. Examples include "Ća'un" /xaˈʌn], (We) being a compound of "Ća" /xa/ (Me/I) and "Mun" /mʌn/ (Many). Ownership and possession work in a similar manner, "Tuss'eep" /tʌssˈip/ (She owns). Word compounds tend to follow the formula of Gender + Root Word + Descriptions + Misc additions (such as ownership)

Due to adding syllables, compound words can change stresses in a way that makes it harder for non-native speakers to pick up on it quickly. For example, you stress the second /i/ in "Keep'yeep" /kipˈjip/ (Fox), but if you say "Tuss'keepyeep" /tussˈkipjip/ (Female Fox/Vixen), you would stress the first /i/, as the second syllable is now the first /i/, resulting in a different sounding root word.

Pt3. Formality and Stresses

By default in Ćol'kotusan, you stress the second syllable of a word, but this changes when formality is concerned. Whilst it doesn't show up much in Betrayal and Sacrifice, when words have 3 or more syllables, the position of the stressed syllable becomes important as an indicator of formality. Stressing the first syllable makes a word formal, whilst stressing the last makes it informal. Some words are translated into English differently depending on formality. For example: "'Tanumro" /ˈtanumɻo/ (Father), is the formal version of "Tan'umro" /tanˈumɻo/ (Dad). Not all words are like this, but even if there is no direct translational difference, the formality does have an impact.

Formality is dependant on how you see the person or activity. "Ća leek'usanǵ fee'op ća'eep 'tanumro" /Xa likˈʌsanɡ͡ɣ ɸiˈop xaˈip ˈtanumɻo/ (I spoke with my Father) can be used to mean a casual chat with your dad who you have a sterner relationship with. Meanwhile "Ća 'leekusanǵ fee'op ća'eep tuss'umro" /Xa ˈlikʌsanɡ͡ɣ ɸiˈop xaˈip tussˈumɻo/ (I spoke with my Mum) means you had a more serious talk with a mother who has a much softer relationship with you. Failure to properly formalise words correctly is a common mistake made by new speakers, who often forgo formalising people entirely to avoid this problem.

Formality is often used to indicate how you see somebody or an activity. You may refer to a friend informally, but you can also refer to somebody you do not respect informally, which can make informality an insult.

Closing words

I would add a dictionary, but I honestly don't have the spoons to make a bunch of words (The dictionary is seriously lacking, atm.) Thanks for reading, I'll answer any questions you guys have in my ask box and I'll occasionally update this post if anything changes/needs updating, as Ćol'kotusan will likely evolve as I continue to write, and for formatting/ease of reading purposes.

[thishumanformislimiting]

IN SPANISH THERE ARE THREE PAST TENSES RIGHT

present perfect

preterite

imperfect

AND ALL OF THEM HAVE SPECIFIC TIME FRAMES TO USE THEM IN AND ITS SO COMPLICATED I HATE ITTTTTT

basically present perfect (the name is a LIE) you use for actions that started in the past and continue to the present

and preterite (my enemy) is for completed actions in the past or things you did once and never again (like i went to the corner store last week)

and imperfect is for things that happened repeatedly in the past or had no specific start or end time or you don't know when they happened

IM SO DONE WITH THIS 😭

and the example sentances that we used for homework used interuptionw which i hate becuase you need to use both preterite and imperfect

so one sentance would be "i walked into the room while my dad was watching tv" and instead of doing one tense you'd have to use preterite for "i walked into the room" abd imperfect for "my dad was watching tv"

i hate tenses

thank you for coming to my ted talk :3

Ugh it’s rlly similar for French as well

so you’d use the perfect for completed actions and the imperfect for repeated actions and things that happened in the background

And it’s probably worse in Greek. There’s 2 different perfects. The strong aorist and the weak aorist. Some words only use the weak. Some words use only the strong and some use both. The strong aorist has its own stem but uses the imperfect endings and the weak aorist uses its own endings but the present tense stem.

and then there are the participles. THERE ARE DIFFERENF ENDINFS FIR EACH GENDER. There are 3 genders. So that’s 4 (4 declensions) x 3 (genders) x 2 (singular and plural) = 24 FOR ONE TENSE OF PARTICIPLES

there’s also the weak aorist participle and the strong aorist participle

each with the same. (72 endings so far)

and then there’s also the future (we haven’t learnt this yet but my teacher has mentioned it in passing)

72 ENDINGS

FOR JUST PARTICPLES

[marcuslanguageacademy]

🇪🇸 Simple Present of Regular Verbs in Spanish | Spanish Grammar for Beginners with Marcus Are you starting to learn Spanish? 🇪🇸✨ In this lesson, you will master the Simple Present Tense (Presente de Indicativo) of regular verbs — one of the most important foundations for speaking Spanish confidently. ✅ Learn how to conjugate regular Spanish verbs in the present tense ✅ Practice with clear examples and repetition to master it ✅ Improve your Spanish grammar step by step ✅ Perfect for beginners starting their Spanish journey! 💬 What verb would you like to practice the most? Let me know in the comments! 🌐 Visit my website for full Spanish courses and more free materials: https://ift.tt/aGXRuE7 ============ ❤️ SUPPORT ME: 🔗 https://ift.tt/TYwkyj8 ============ THE SMART WAY TO LEARN SPANISH Feel like a child again and learn Spanish the smart way. Learn Spanish through stories, pictures, and colors. READY TO HAVE FUN LEARNING SPANISH? Marcus Language Academy has thrown out the old, boring, and complicated approach to learning languages … and replaced it with a fun, simple, and effective method to master an A2 speaking level of Spanish. 92% OF STUDENTS SHOW ENORMOUS IMPROVEMENT IN JUST ONE MONTH! With every language you speak, you live a new life. The reward is so great that doors open for a new journey, a new job, or even a new life in a new country. ============ 🇪🇸 FREE SPANISH COURSE: YOUTUBE PLAYLIST https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLthk4M8agieb6EFUw161xTz7ghHb_B4cD 🇪🇸 LEARN SPANISH WITH MARCUS https://ift.tt/fcbth42 📅 BOOK A PRIVATE LESSON WITH MARCUS https://ift.tt/vSaMfrD ============ 🔔𝐃𝐨𝐧'�� 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐩𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬. https://www.youtube.com/@MarcusLanguageAcademy/?sub_confirmation=1 ============ 🔗 Stay Connected With Me. Facebook: https://ift.tt/dlpx0L2 Instagram: https://ift.tt/jduM3gZ TikTok: https://ift.tt/VjPsiJ3 Linkedin: https://ift.tt/kKqLCWQ Website: https://ift.tt/tpWjZGi 📩 For business inquiries: support@marcuslanguageacademy.com ============ 🎬Suggested videos for you: ▶️ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLthk4M8agieb6EFUw161xTz7ghHb_B4cD ▶️ https://youtu.be/lQmrvesYUUc ▶️ https://youtu.be/vF0OHtjaraA ▶️ https://youtu.be/kx_z4An8MKM ============= 🔎 Related Phrases: learn spanish, spanish for beginners, spanish grammar, simple present tense, spanish verbs, regular verbs in spanish, conjugation in spanish, spanish present tense, marcus language academy, spanish made easy, spanish lessons, grammar practice spanish, beginner spanish course, spanish language learning, present tense spanish, aprender español, curso de español, español para principiantes, spanish with examples, easy Spanish #LearnSpanish #SpanishGrammar #SpanishForBeginners #SimplePresentSpanish #SpanishVerbs #ConjugateSpanishVerbs #SpanishMadeEasy #SpanishWithMarcus #SpanishCourses #SpanishPractice https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSQmaik54jI via Marcus' Language Academy https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp5CBk8WeGHTmnHSI_iFDgw May 01, 2025 at 11:00PM

[myownwholewildworld]

Hey I'm trying to (terribly) translate a fic of mine using my roughly a2 knowledge and an online dictionary. Should I continue, knowing the final product might be ass, or should I not?

Hi, Anon! Sorry it’s taken me a few days to get back to you <3

Firstly, let me tell you that translating stuff from scratch is one of the best ways to learn a language, as well as reading books, listening to music, watching videos to get a grasp of how native speakers talk, etc.

When you say you are translating a fic, do you mean the whole fic or just the dialogues? Because the whole fic might be a bit of a daunting task if you don’t feel comfortable with the language yet, so perhaps you could start with something smaller like dialogues first and once you have practiced, then jump onto bigger blocks of text.

If your idea is to post the entire fic to the public (or even if it is for your own personal enjoyment), here are some quick tips I can offer (and these are applicable to any language really):

Keep to the same tense. If you write in the present tense, don’t switch to the past tense.

Don’t try and overcomplicate the translation. At first, keep to simple sentences, and when your confidence builds up, you’ll be able to add more depth to it and create beautiful sentences. Spanish is a very poetic language in the way we describe things, or at least I feel like it is. I am able to draw more “poetic” parallels in Spanish than I can in English, but that might be down to me not being a native English speaker haha

Avoid literal translations as the meaning of what you are trying to convey might be lost (literally lost in translation).

Beware of “false friends” in English/Spanish, they are a real threat lmao

I have already touched on this on other posts, but be conscious of what Spanish you use for your text/dialogues based on where your characters are from. For example, if you’re writing for a Mexican character, don’t have them use Argentinian slang (unless said character has lived in Argentina for a long time, in which case they might have picked up words/expressions).

Remember that your work won’t be perfect, but practice makes perfect! The more you do it, the easier it will become. You can always go back to your work and rephrase stuff once you have learnt more.

Be ready to invest a lot of time. You won’t learn a language overnight; it will take literal years.

Be open to constructive criticism. There are good people out there, and your Spanish speaking readers might be willing to offer advise from time to time.

If you can, consider asking a native speaker (family, friend) to proofread your work. But please remember that it’s okay for them to say no, it is quite mentally taxing to do translations, as I’m pretty sure you know by now.

Do as much learning as you can to help you translate. Whether that’s on your own with books/music/apps, signing up to free online resources, joining online forums (I’d recommend WordReference), or signing up to an online or in-person classes.

Consistency is key! Dedicate some time per day/week/month (whatever suits you best) to learning the language.

I know it’s a lot of work, but please don’t be put off! The first draft might not be what you expected, but over time you’ll see the improvement. And also, being able to read/write/speak a second language is an amazing skill to have in life, so my recommendation? Keep going <3

[acteur-dramatique]

Chapter Twenty-Two: Spanish and Takeout

A knock at the door broke the comfortable quiet in the room, and Adam got up to answer it. Standing there was Chase, his usual grin in place.

“Hey, TJ,” Chase said, leaning in with an easy smile. “You wanna go over that Spanish homework? I feel like a fucking idiot with this stuff sometimes.”

TJ glanced at Adam, who gave him an encouraging nod. “Yeah, sure,” TJ replied, grabbing his notebook and textbook. He followed Chase down the hall to the study bubble on their floor, a cozy room with large windows, a couple of couches, and a whiteboard that stretched across one wall. It was a perfect spot to study and offered just enough seclusion from the bustling dorm floor.

As they settled in, Chase scratched the back of his head, flipping through the pages of his Spanish workbook. “I swear, this stuff is way harder than it looks. Half the time, I don’t even know what I’m saying.”

TJ chuckled, giving him a reassuring smile. “It’s not as bad as it seems. Spanish just has a few rules that don’t always make sense at first, but once you get those down, it clicks. Trust me.”

With a marker in hand, TJ stood at the whiteboard and started breaking down conjugations and sentence structures, illustrating each rule with simple sentences and examples. He wrote out conjugations for regular verbs in the present tense, adding little notes on each one as he went.

Chase’s face lit up gradually as he watched TJ explain, his brow furrowing in concentration but his eyes shining with understanding. “Wait… that actually makes sense,” he said after TJ broke down the difference between ser and estar.

“See?” TJ said, smiling. “You’re not an idiot. It just takes practice.”

They continued to work through the exercises, with TJ explaining each section and Chase growing visibly more confident. He tried writing a few sentences on his own, and each time he got stuck, TJ was right there to guide him. They fell into an easy rhythm, Chase listening carefully and TJ feeling a quiet thrill each time Chase looked at him with that genuine, grateful smile.

After a couple of hours, Chase’s stomach let out a loud grumble, and he laughed, leaning back in his chair. “Guess my brain isn’t the only thing that’s hungry. How about you, TJ? Ready for dinner?”

“Yeah, actually. I was getting pretty hungry too,” TJ admitted, capping the marker and setting it down. “Wanna head to the dining hall?”

Chase made a face, shaking his head. “Honestly? I’ve got this serious craving for Chinese food.”

TJ raised an eyebrow, intrigued. “Great Wall?”

“You know it.” Chase pulled out his phone, grinning as he navigated to DoorDash. “Nothing better than takeout on a study night. My treat.”

TJ’s heart did a small flip at the offer. “You sure? I don’t mind splitting it.”

“Nah, I’ve got this one,” Chase said, waving him off. “You saved my ass with this Spanish stuff. Consider it a thank-you.”

TJ smiled, feeling his face warm. “Alright, thanks. In that case, extra egg rolls for me.”

Chase chuckled, placing the order with a few quick taps. “Extra egg rolls, coming right up.”

As they waited, they kept working through a few more exercises, though the atmosphere grew more relaxed. Chase asked TJ about his interest in languages, and TJ explained how he’d started with French before picking up Spanish, sharing stories of his travels and even some of the music he loved.

By the time the food arrived, they were both laughing and chatting easily, their books and notes forgotten as they tore into the bags. The smell of lo mein, fried rice, and egg rolls filled the study bubble, and they wasted no time digging in, Chase practically groaning with satisfaction after his first bite of General Tso’s chicken.

“This,” Chase said through a mouthful, pointing his chopsticks at TJ, “was the best decision I’ve made all day.”

TJ laughed, his cheeks flushing. “Good company and good food. I’d call that a win.”

They shared a smile, their laughter echoing softly through the quiet hallway. For TJ, it was one of those small, perfect moments—the kind that felt real and familiar, the kind he hadn’t realized he’d been missing until now.

[ghostflowerhotpotch]

To be honest I am fine with him being bad at the theory because is really bullshit.

Hi, Spanish is my first language and I learned back home, being in a school back home until I move when I was an older teen.

But here is a funny story, when I moved to Canada I only did the last two years of high school, and in my last year I didn't have enough credits in almost all of the classes for my grade, so my own ESL teacher suggested me getting Spanish because that was a class I would be able to attend regardless of credits. I ended up doing it because of a lack of options.

I didn't get a 100%, or even that close, why? The theory part continued tripping me over. Ask me the difference between pretérito perfecto and pretérito imperfecto with a gun pointing at my head and I will be dead.

Want to know the difference? Is basically verbs in the present tense and past tense, and I never remembered because rather than just saying that, they put names that weren't indicative of what they do (At least not for anyone speaking colloquially at this time, maybe this made sense a few centuries ago.) You technically can just ask someone to do X verb in present/future/past, but there are formal names that we were taught both in Spanish classes here in Canada and the ones we had back home.

And no one ever remembers.

No seriously, once my family started making fun of me for not having a 100% at the end, I ask them how many of them remembered these details, like participios (aka the -ing at the end of a verb, because spanish works differently we have more than that,) and other stuff, and then everyone shut up. My own mother, who was a teacher for over 30 years; told me she also couldn't recall most of these details, and she taught classes from kindergarten to high school.

Again, I am only one latine person, and we have a big community, but if I am honest I think if I ask at random about any of these details to any of my friends who speak Spanish as a first language, they wouldn't remember.

The point with all of this is that you can functionally speak Spanish perfectly, even having good grammatical skills, use of the language, and so forth, and still be tripped by the theory because of technicalities.

So it would make perfect sense for Miles to go to a test, have the test ask to separate the participios regulares e irregulares, and have him flunking the test because the question was using such obtuse terminology his mom may not even know what the question is about, and I say this because neither of my parents could answer this question without some explaining and juggling their memory.

If I am honest, the difference in how they teach Spanish in English-speaking countries vs the Spanish I learned back home wasn't really that different? Yeah, there was some different way to conjugate things and some words, but no teacher in their right mind would disqualify Miles' way of speaking Spanish unless they were asking for VERY specific things.

You can even have him trip for things that actually defy the grammar because those words are exceptions and the only way to know is remembering them.

For example, in Spanish rather than having "The" we have "El" and "La", these are normally assigned by what the word ends up in.

La Casa.

El Coche.

(There is obviously more to this but this is the idea.)

Simple enough, right? What would you use for the word "Dentista"? If you said La, that's wrong! It's actually "EL Dentista."

How do you know that? Well you memorize it, there is literally no other way.

Hope this doesn't come as a rant or anything, I understand that Miles speaking Spanish (which while the pronunciation is accurately a bit wonky, is pretty good btw,) is really important not just for the fans, but to remember that he keeps his roots dear to his heart,

This was really just me wanting to talk about how honestly the language can be pretty dumb anyways and if people whose first language is Spanish are forgetting this crap I don't want to imagine someone who speaks it as a second language and also missed 6 classes.

So believe me, is entirely possible to speak this language perfectly and still do the classes poorly regardless.

I prefer the theory that Miles has a B in Spanish because the Spanish they teach in schools is different than the Spanish he speaks at home more than the theory that he’s just bad at Spanish

Also, I’m getting tired of how people keep portraying Miles as more and more terrible at Spanish, like even if he’s not better at home, a B is still good!!

I know it’s mostly just jokes, but I swear it’s gonna cause a ton of people to just believe that Miles is just horrible at Spanish and refuse to give up that characterization, we’re gonna be watching in real time as a fanon version of a character gets popular and unavoidable

[pooma-english]

50 DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

Table of Contents

1-Declarative Sentence

2-Declarative Sentence Types

3-50 Declarative Sentences Examples

1-DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

Declarative sentences are the type of sentences used to explain or state something. Such sentences are especially preferred in English. Such sentences are preferred to explain a situation that you want the reader to know. It makes communication simpler and easier as a statement is often used to explain something. In daily life English, declarative sentences will be the most correct use when sharing thoughts and things that people want to know. Declarative sentences, which sometimes appear with plain simple sentence structure, always end with a dot. Like other sentence types, it needs a subject and a predicate.

2-DECLARATIVE SENTENCE TYPES

Declarative sentences are written using the present tense.

3-50 DECLARATIVE SENTENCES EXAMPLES

1.He is running.

2.Susan is leaving here.

3.He wanted to spend time with him.

4.He’s back from school.

5.The weather is warm and sunny; A perfect day to go to the sea.

6.Studying.

7.He left here.

8.He just asked you.

9.Ice cream is cold.

10.He wanted to play football but his mother wouldn’t let him.

11.Sam loved the beach but hated the sea.

12.She reads and accompanies him.

13.He is swimming.

14.He is reading a book.

15.I like climbing.

16.Dan is upset.

17.My cat is white.

18.Dogs are cute

19.He is six years old.

20.The sky is blue.

21.He loves hamburgers.

22.The car is white.

23.He had to catch the next flight; He quickly gathered his bag.

24.It had snowed for days; The city was covered in snow.

25.Black nail polish is on.

26.The room smells bad.

27.I love my dog.

28.He is my new classmate.

29.His shoes were brand new and are now missing.

30.The dog chased the cat.

31.Mary is sick; That’s why he’s not at school today.

32.He likes trips; hates long travel.

33.My new dress is beautiful.

34.My brother likes to run but my sister prefers to stay at home.

35.I do not have a phone.

36.Apart from Spanish, she also teaches math.

37.She kissed her boyfriend again.

38.Alex likes Arya.

39.The house has a new roof; However, the roof is still leaking.

40.He is a humble man.

41.They should move on from here.

42.China is the fastest growing economy.

43.We like pizza.

44.There are 5 apples on the table.

45.She went to the park yesterday.

46.You go to holiday every summer.

47.She can speak Spanish, too.

48.She objected at first, but finally submitted.

49.They should take your umbrella because it’s raining.

50.If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.

[spinningbuster98]

We finally start Salazar's Castle! And this is where things start getting spicy!

I wouldn't call RE4 the hardest game ever by any means, but it is absolutely a game that is not afraid of throwing everything and the kitchen sink at you, and the Castle makes it very clear from the get go

The biggest difference from the Village is that your typical Ganado villagers have been replaced by Ganado Cultists and these guys are way more dangerous

They behave mostly the same, but they deal more damage, are sturdier, some can rock wooden shield to defend themselves, none of them throw dynamite but now they have archers that can snipe you from long distances, and some of these guys even wear helmets to protect their heads so no more headshots for them!

But to me the biggest threat are the Plagas that sometimes burst out of their heads: unlike the Type 1 Plagas with their long tentacles that were already pretty deadly, but these Type 2 Plagas can instakill you by biting Leon's head off! If one of them spawns make it priority number 1!

These guys are also way creepier for me, mainly due to their voices. RE4's sound design is somewhat underappreciated I find, because these guys' voices, along with the game's OST, can go a long way in unnerving the shit out of you. Their voices are more demonic, more inhuman sounding than the villagers', and there's nothing worse than hearing you taunting you while you're being chased around. (though in true RE4 fashion, if you know a bit of spanish, what they're saying is actually really corny. They're literally muttering "Brains...brains...brains...." or "To die is to live..." half the time)

All of this comes to an incredible climax at the end of this Chapter

The one part of the game that every RE4 player fears

The Water Hall

This is an absolutely GARGANTUAN room with an army of cultists! Way more than in any previous circumstance!

You're not safe anywhere you go: out in the open you'll get sniped and flagged from multiple angles, inside the narrow passages you can get easily trapped. The objective is to reach a room on the opposite side and activate two switches which will in turn activate another switch in the middle of the Water Hall that will unlock the final part of it

My strategy is to bait the enemies into said room so that you can bottleneck them, but this won't work on all of them, as you'll have no choice but to go out in the open for some of them

Did I also mention that you have to protect Ashley during all of this? Probably the only part of the game where even I'd say that protecting her gets genuinely treaturous

And during the final section you have to play sniper to protect her while she pulls some levels while also defending yourself at the same time.

Fortunately the two sections have a checkpoint inbetween but holy smokes! Talk about a difficulty spike! This might just be the hardest part of the whole game! I don't blame the Remake for toning it down a bit!

I have conflicting thoughts on it overall

On the one hand it is way too hard for being only at the halfway point of the game

On the other it's a perfect example of how RE4 can create tension and fear through its action gameplay mixed with its sound design and creepy ost. Do consider that while all of this transpires you'll be listening to this lovely melody and the cultists' demonic voiced taunting you while they chase you around. You won't be able to tell that they're following you because of how the camera works but you'll sure as shit be able to hear them!

I honestly find this one area to be way more tense than any Nemesis encounter from RE3 (the original), which is not to shit on good ol' Nemmy!

To relieve ourselves from that fun party, the Merchant presents us with a new activity: a shooting range!

It's pretty simple and completely optional, but I recommend completing each challange that gets added as the game progresses. You get awarded with little character modles, and with each row you complete you're also rewarded with a big payout in cash

Oh and Ashley gets captured! Thank God finally a bit of breathing room!

[spanishskulduggery]

hi, I was wondering when to switch between the imperfect and preterite tenses? I’ve been reading some spanish texts and I’ve noticed that the imperfect is the main tense used, but I also see the preterite thrown in sometimes.

I'll link to my other things I've done on this in a reblog since I'm on my phone atm but it comes down to narration vs action a lot of the time

In linguistic terms "perfect" means "completed" [lit. "thoroughly done"], so "imperfect" means "not yet completed"... the imperfect tense is used for things that may or may not still be happening or continuing, so it is often used for narration and description

Imperfect is often used for:

narration, description

continuous past ("was doing", "was eating", "was sleeping")

used to, was in the habit of

telling time - always imperfect (era la una, eran las dos, etc)

soler + infinitive as "used to" as past tense is ALWAYS imperfect; there is no preterite form accepted so you normally only see soler in present tense "to be in the habit of" and imperfect "used to"

Preterite is commonly called "simple past", where it is things that happened and are done, and they are actions

In terms of reading, it's more that imperfect introduces something and describes it, while the preterite shows an "interruption" or "the action"

A common example I like to use:

Dormía y sonaba el teléfono. = I was sleeping and the phone was ringing. [imperfect + imperfect; no interruption, background description] Dormía y sonó el teléfono. = I was sleeping and the phone rang. [imperfect + preterite; involves an "interruption" of an "action" to the background description]

If you use the two imperfect, it sounds like someone was sleeping through the phone ringing, and/or that the phone ringing was part of the background. If you use imperfect and then preterite, it implies the preterite was a sudden occurrence that breaks up the narration.

...

But please be aware that most verbs can exist in the two different tenses and it becomes a matter of how they're understood...

Assuming 3rd person singular - se dormía would be "was falling asleep", while se durmió would be "fell asleep"

Sometimes it really depends on the mood - especially with ser and estar in preterite or imperfect - like you don't see too much difference between ¿dónde estabas? "where were you?" vs. ¿dónde estuviste? "where were you?" except in context where preterite feels more like interrogation "where were you (at that specific time)?"

...

There are a handful of verbs that change meaning depending on preterite and imperfect

I'll link things below that will explain it more but in general be wary of:

poder

no poder

querer

no querer

conocer

saber

haber

And also tener. Where normally tener is imperfect as preterite tener can come across as "to obtain", but there are so many idiomatic ways of using tener like "hungry", "thirsty", "hot/cold", and your age that there are times when preterite could be used. Still, in general, preterite tener is most often a synonym of conseguir or obtener as "to get"

-

Additional links:

A Linguistic Perspective on the Spanish Past

More in-depth explanation of imperfect

Using soler

The imperfect tag

The preterite tag

Preterite and Imperfect Contrasted from Bowdoin

Spanish Tenses & Moods Masterpost

[beauty-and-passion]

Silly fun challenge prompt: what languages do you associate with the Sides/what would be the 2nd language each Side learn?

For example I am a big fan of Hispanic (Spanish speaking) Creativitwins fanon. And c! Thomas too could've learnt Spanish in high school and the fact his love interest is hispanic too just makes perfect sense-

And in contrast to Hispanic twins I headcanon Janus as a francophone (French speaking) for two reasons: 1) it was still lingua franca around Victorian era, his aesthetic inspiration and 2) dividing American high school by Spanish class vs. French class is like causing Civil War (I was and still am a language nerd, so I learnt both languages, which was a mistake but the kind of mistake that was worth it when you think about it later)

German suites Logan since lots of famous philosophers are German. I associate Japanese or Korean with Virgil since those two are really dominant in the current subculture world (and maybe our emo could've been inspired and turn into E-boy - wow that sounds terrifying)

I don't have strong preference on Patton's but Italian sounds nice, since all those music and dessert and anything sweet are often from Italy. And maybe 'Orange' can be some language that sounds harsh like Russian, so he can murmur in that in sleep and scares everyone else

I know you're in Europe: 1) you use GMT and 2) Americans wouldn't care about Eurovision. So I wonder how you would think based on your European experience!

Oooh, I like this! As European Who Studied Languages, I definitely approve this and I'll gladly add my two cents about which languages the sides should learn.

_________

Roman: He canonically knows Spanish and that's perfect like that. Spanish is a romantic language, someone speaks Spanish and you can't help but swoon. It’s a great choice for the Side responsible for romance and passion.

_________

Remus: Remus isn't just intrusive thoughts, but there’s a very high chance he’s also responsible for Thomas' sexual urges. So, what is the language made for sex? You’re right, it’s French. French is sexy. You can say anything in French and bam, ✨sexy ✨.

"Je sors la poubelle." Sexy, isn't it? Well, I just said "I'm taking out the trash". See? Very sexy.

(French people, please confirm my words. We all know it’s true)

_________

Janus: Your points are incredibly valid and I love them. But if we should choose among all languages, I would love Janus to be one of the very few (extremely few) people in the world who can speak Latin.

I know Latin is a dead language, but it would be great - and not just because of the connection with his name.

Let’s consider that the other Romance languages, despite evolving from Latin, cannot entirely understand it, because they all changed a lot through the centuries after mixing with the Germanic ones. On the other hand, the Germanic languages (English, German, Swedish and so on) are part of a completely different group, only slightly influenced by Latin, so they cannot understand it.

In other words, Janus would speak a language that only sounds familiar - and maybe you can grasp a couple words here and there if you know a romance language, but the true meaning is hidden. What is he actually saying? Who knows. Is he actually cursing someone? Who knows. After all, do you understand Latin? Yeah, me neither.

If I have to pick a language that is still spoken today instead, I think I'll join you with French. Your points are valid and French is a very elegant language, fitting for Janus’ whole aesthetic. So yes, French could work.

_________

Logan: German is a great choice and you are absolutely right with your point about the philosophers. Also German is a language of harsh sounds and strict grammar rules - for example:

declensions that should be used accordingly for articles, adjectives and nouns

specific verbs for specific meanings

words made by putting together shorter words (like Haustürschlüssel.  Haustür means “front door”, Schlüssel means “key” -> this word means “front door��s key”)

sentences that should follow a specific construction, with parts of the compound verb after the noun and part at the end of the sentence. And secondary phrases also have a specific syntax and should always be introduced by a comma

In other words, it's a very organized language and I think it would fit Logan.

But also, considering that almost all words related to science and philosophy come from Greek, I think Logan should at least understand some Greek. As a treat.

(Also because Greek is another incredibly complicated language, so if someone has the patience to learn it, it’s definitely Logan.)

_________

Virgil: oh my gosh, I never thought about an eastern language for Virgil. In a way, it would be a very peculiar choice and I kinda like it. Japanese and Korean are extremely complicated languages, they have a very specific alphabet (I'm especially thinking about the Japanese one, that even asks for a specific direction to write words) and require a lot of work (and memory) to learn them.

But Virgil is also a poet and when I think of poets and sonnets my first connection is with the french ennui, le mal du vivre and especially Baudelaire and his works. Virgil would appreciate Baudelaire a lot. So French, again.

But hey, there’s too much French now. So I’ll pick the other european literature full of sadness: the russian one.

Russian is supposed to be a big scary language and its alphabet is weird and omg what if they're cursing us? But if you learn it a little bit, you’ll find out that Russian has a lot of soft/open sounds (due to a good use of vowels) and it's very poetic.

So the language itself is a bit like Virgil: he seems scary and evil at a first glance, but if you learn about him, he's actually kinder than he looks.

But never underestimate Russian, because just like Anxiety, fear is just behind the corner: you start learning it and wow, there is just one present tense, one past tense and one future tense? This is great, what a wonderful language!

And then, before you’ll realize it, you will find out that each verb has a “doppelganger” used for entirely different purposes AND there a gazillion verbs of motion and you will end up crying on the floor, because there are just too many verbs - and look, there are also one trillion particles you can put before these verbs and they give them EVEN MORE MEANINGS.

No, this isn't entirely based on my personal experience, what makes you think that.

_________

Patton: I have never thought about Patton learning another language, because English just fits him too well.

But when you proposed Italian... well, my heart just wiped out everything else. There is nothing here, only Patton speaking Italian.

So yes, Patton's second language should be Italian. No, it must be Italian. Because French is the language of sex, Spanish is the language of love, but if you want to declare your eternal love to someone, you use Italian. Do you want to marry someone? Italian. Do you want to tell your significant other how much you adore them? Italian. Italian has one million ways to express love and Patton should use them all with his kiddos.

And yes, Italian is also associated with warm people, warm places and good food, all things Patton deserves and should enjoy. So Italian is a big yes.

_________

Orange: since Orange is a mystery, I am a bit torn between these two languages:

1) Esperanto: This language is amazing, because it isn’t a natural language, born like all others, but it has been built by a man, who wanted to create an universal language in order to foster world peace and international understanding.

So this language has been created to be as simple as possible, with a very regular grammar (unlike all other natural languages) and its words all have references to other language groups (romance, germanic, slavic, indo-europeans, finno-ugric languages and so on).

And if you actually listen to it (especially if you know some latin languages) you will find it weirdly understandable. I found this video in particular and I was impressed by how strangely familiar esperanto sounds.

And... that’s it, I just think it would be kinda poetic that the last side knows a language that all others can use and understand.

2) A Greenlandic language. Why? Because they are insanely polysynthetic.

What does that mean? If in German you can make words by putting together other two/three words (like in the example I used before), in the Greenlandic languages you can build an entire sentence by putting together nouns, verbs, articles and everything else. All together in one single word, whose meaning can be translated with an entire sentence in another language.

Do you want an example? Here is an example from Wikipedia: tuntussuqatarniksaitengqiggtuq.

Yes, this is a word.

This word is from the Yupik language and means "He had not yet said again that he was going to hunt reindeer.". And this word is made of:

tuntu- (= reindeer)

ssur-  (= hunt)

qatar- (future tense)

ni- (= say)

ksaite- (negative)

ngqiggte- (= again)

uq  (3rd.sing.IND)

Is this insane? This is fucking insane. Do you want to be scared? This is real fear. What the heck. How. Why.

You know what? This is perfect for Orange, I’ll leave Esperanto to Thomas. Orange deserves to be this scary. I can already see the other sides quiver before him.

_________

And so, here are my guesses! If someone has other ideas, feel free to add yours and tell us why, so we can all have a nice discussion :D

[beevean]

Opinion: How could Sonamy progress in IDW?

[note: the original article was written in Spanish by @latin-dr-robotnik​]

Today we’re going to discuss a recurring topic on my blog, with a more complete perspective.

Today’s article was inspired by an ask I got a few days ago about my possible perspective on the future of IDW Sonamy. I thought it would be interesting to revisit and expand this topic, because it’s still something of great interest for thousands of fans all around the world, and because SEGA has recently adopted a very peculiar position on the couple and their dynamic. As I detailed on my article SEGA and its most recent Sonamy side – more canon than ever, the dynamic has been going through a shift that can be distinguished into two main parts: 1) the commercial potential of Sonamy as a merchandising and marketing icon; 2) the stability of the interactions in the comics, in the short monthly stories on Sonic Channel, and so on.

That being said, there’s no need to mention that we’re going to focus entirely and nothing more than on this ship. I usually suggest other articles for those who prefer to read on other subjects, but today I will recommend our Discord server [translator’s note: the server is mainly Spanish-speaking], where discussions about ships are limited on their own canal that is separated from other themes: general discussions, music, fangames and mods, fanfics, fanart and even gaming in general. As you know, if you want to bring something else to our community, or just avoid talking about Sonamy, you’re more than welcome to join. Now, back on track.

What’s going on with Sonamy in IDW?

To recap what’s happened in these last months: Sonic and his friends finally got through the nightmare that was the Metal Virus, he and Amy hugged a few times, and since very recently they’ve been involved in a short arc about Chao races in Twinkle Park Zone, with a sinister background. In these last months after the eradication of the virus, there have been much closer and warmer interactions between our two hedgehogs, and I suspect that part of this is what inspired that question in the first place: what’s going on?

As I commented in the article where I proposed that Sonamy is “more canon than ever” (I know that it’s an exaggeration, that was the point), SEGA is treading carefully and the main canon seems to be willing to negotiate a more open representation of the relationship between the two in their different continuities, from best friends to something more. What I did not expect to happen was reading an answer from Evan Stanley (artist and writer that replaces Ian Flynn) about their dynamic, summing it up with “they like each other”.

The redrawing of Sonic’s expression when Amy hugs him in a recent drawing of hers made people wonder if this was yet another example of SEGA’s “censoring” (comparison below), to which Evan answered that it was modified to keep Sonic in character: he’s a guy that does not show much emotional vulnerability or too many negative emotions, and this is why sometimes the artists have to adjust WIPs to keep in line with this official point of view. Evan assured that this is not any kind of confirmation that Sonic does not like Amy, and doubles down by highlighting that in the official material, in the wikis and on Sonic Channel they show that, and I quote: “They like each other, but Sonic just isn’t the kind of guy who is going to make goo-goo eyes at Amy or perform grand acts of romance. If you wanna see that, that’s what fan works are for.”

And Evan’s words are a great way to sum up what’s going on with IDW Sonic right now. When it comes to interactions, they’re working with two characters who deep down “like each other”, but both show it in their own way. Amy is much more proactive when it comes to express her feelings, while Sonic only sometimes shows a glimpse of his feelings, with a smile or a small gesture. But at the end of the day they’re still friends and, depending on the situation, the comic can focus more or less on these details.

Comparison between the first sketch showed by Evan and the final product. The modification of the expression was minimal: Sonic’s slight blush was changed into a smile, maybe being a little overwhelmed by the gesture of affection.

The “progression” of the dynamic in the future

A good part of the answer to this question is based on my idea that right now, when it comes to Sonamy, we reached some kind of comfortable plateau. What am I referring to? To the fact that there have been a lot of varied interactions in these last 3 years of the comic, and they’re everything I could have asked for and then some. When we talk about Sonamy in canon, as Evan said, we don’t tend to hope for great romantic gestures from Sonic, we barely even ask for a look that hints that they understand each other beyond what it seems at first glance, so the fact that the IDW continuity is betting so much on this ship is basically a dream come true. For this reason, I don’t think things will change much in the future.

If I have to make a prediction on Sonamy’s future in IDW, I believe that there are still a lot of possibilities that our known writers (and maybe new writers!) could explore more, to see what makes this dynamic work so well. Actually, about 10 years ago, Ian Flynn wrote that if they could take advantage of the abilities and similarities between the two characters as adventurous spirits and with a strong moral sense, they would be “like poetry in motion”. This largely happens in IDW Sonic if you look carefully, but there are always new stories to tell and opportunities for them to work together and explore a bit more their strong bond, stronger than other friendships that they share. When the next major arc comes (which seems to be getting closer), they could explore aspects of their dynamic that are slightly more experimental, like being separated for extended periods of time and under dangerous situations… as long as they don’t turn it into a painful experience like the Metal Virus arc.

What Ian Flynn wrote about Sonamy, what works and what doesn’t. This was written in 2011, when Archie Sonic was still the major comic continuity, and when, according to Ian, Sonic was still “tied” to Sally Acord, leaving little room to the writers’ opinions.

The reality is that I see a stable future for the dynamic in the IDW universe. Sonamy is not fit for a lot of drama (fights, breaking up, etc.) without feeling forced or completely out of place, and only fanfics and fanart could be capable of capitalizing on this kind of content. On the other hand, for reasons I detailed in past articles, SEGA would not dare to alter the established order of the dynamic, let alone new that they managed to recover and maintain control over the ways Sonamy is being portrayed everywhere. SEGA won’t pull a Dragon Prince, which ended up confirming the main ship and then they made them go through a crisis and break up in a heartwrenching way in the graphic novel that acts as a bridge between season 3 and 4.

In short

The future of IDW Sonamy is looking bright and stable. I don’t think there will be serious changes to what we’re experiencing right now, and this is why both Evan Stanley and Ian Flynn agree that the dynamic is practically in the perfect place, keeping in line to how SEGA wants them to be represented together. This means we won’t see more affectionate gestures than what we’re seeing now (I doubt we’ll ever see again Sonic offering Amy a rose like in Sonic X), but it also means that we have now a solid basis for our expectations. In the now old IDW Sonic #2, Sonic and Amy had the chance of seriously talking a bit about what they thought of each other, with Sonic being determined to keep living life his own way (although he wouldn’t mind Amy to accompany him… or even suggesting himself that she could come), and Amy being determined to respect his way of life, because that’s what she loves about him, and she doesn’t want him to change. Since then, all we have seen and we’ll keep seeing in the comic is a consequence of this key moment; the two philosophies that they have and they share, in a constant back-and-forth with some tense moments and some cute moments.

An interesting detail that wasn’t included in the ask and that makes me think is the possibility that all of this will feature in the games as well. This is a completely different matter for another day, but I like to think that there is the possibility that we’ll see SEGA being more interested in inserting more Sonamy in the games, even if in an indirect way like in Sonic Unleashed and its emotional support, especially if the rumors that we’re about to get a soft-reboot are true. Romance is not something Sonic games are famous for doing well… at all, but that doesn’t mean it would be a bad idea to add a little sprinkle of IDW Sonamy in the mix.

And finally, I think I’ve talked enough about this topic, As you know, we’re waiting for some news, and I hope we’ll see each other again here or on our Discord. We’ll see if on this 25th something interesting happens. In any case, see you next time!

The moment that shaped the present and future of their entire relationship, 3 years ago.

[ranahan]

I’m on a roll about TAM (tense/aspect/mood). Let’s take a quick peek at TAM systems in some creole languages and then compare them with TAM in Mando’a.

(This is getting pretty long, so I’m putting it under the cut.)

First of all, most creoles have a mixed tense-aspect systems and they generally put more emphasis on aspect than tense. In the Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures (APiCS), about 3/4 of the surveyed languages had a mixed tense/aspect system, a bit over 1/10 had purely aspectual system (almost exclusively found in SE Asia and Pacific), 1/10 had no or just one marker of any kind (all of these seem to be pidgins or trade languages rather than creoles), and just one had purely temporal system.

TAM in Atlantic creoles

Atlantic creoles are creole languages spoken around the Atlantic Ocean, in areas where Europeans practiced slavery and slave trade (in the Caribbean area and coastal West Africa). The superstrate languages (aka the lexifier, or the languages where most of the vocabulary is derived from) are Portuguese, Spanish, French, English, or Dutch, and the substrate language(s) (the native languages of the deported slaves) are West African languages like Yoruba, Ibo, Bambara, and others. Creole family trees aren’t always this neat: sometimes there’s influence from several European languages and sometimes the European overlords preferred to mix their slaves (harder to plan a rebellion when you don’t speak the same language).

While we can’t always identify the specific substrate language(s), it’s often possible to trace them to a certain language family or geographical region based on the kinds of effects they have exerted on the creole. TAM systems are one example where creole languages resemble their African ancestors more than their European ones—although a case could also be made that some features represent a convergence of both African and (sometimes regional varieties of) European influences. tldr: This is a really simplified presentation, is what I’m trying to say.

Atlantic creoles generally have no verbal inflection; instead TAM is marked by preverbal particles (this is a general tendency, not a rule). Such particles often include:

Anterior tense (relative past tense)—“I have run”, “I had run”

Progressive (can also indicate immediate future)—“I am running”

Habitual (sometimes marked by the same particle as progressive, which together can be called non-punctual)— “I usually run” or when combined with anterior, “I used to run”

Completive—“I have (already) run”, or “I have finished running”

Irrealis (sometimes the same as non-punctual)—“I would run”

These can be combined to express things like “I would have run”, “I will be running”, etc.

Sometimes several of these categories converge into a single marker, e.g. progressive + habitual, progressive + habitual + irrealis, or non-punctual + immediate future.

TAM in Pacific creoles

Pacific creoles spoken in SE Asia and Oceania have, of course, very different substrate languages from the Atlantic creoles. I couldn’t find a good review of TAM in creoles on that side of the world, so here are some of my own observations, take them with a good helping of salt as I’m certainly not an authority on this topic.

TAM systems seem to include:

Past and/or future tense: sometimes just past or future; sometimes future = also irrealis; sometimes the tense is relative, sometimes absolute, sometimes a combination of both.

OR perfective/imperfective aspect instead of tenses, especially in SE Asia. Time may be coded by temporal adverbs instead.

Aspect: some combination of progressive, completive and habitual; inceptive (“about to”) and durative also occur in some languages.

Several moods expressing ability, obligation, permission, desire, etc. Sometimes these are modal verbs instead.

Generally these languages seem to rely heavily on aspect and mood.

TAM in Mando’a

As far as I can tell, Mando’a has these preverbal TAM particles:

Ru/r: past tense (anterior tense?)

Ven: future tense (posterior tense?)

Ke/k: imperative

Tion: interrogative

Ret: irrealis (?)

This system is quite different from the Atlantic one: there’s no habitual, progressive, or completive aspect. It’s also different from the Pacific ones, which rely heavily on aspect and mood. So Mando’a must have other strategies for communicating those things (or it could have more particles that never made it to the teensy (relative to natural languages) 1k word dictionary we have).

Mando’a could use a locative construction like “I am at running” (like Portuguese or Dutch) or “I am on running” (like Early Modern English) to communicate progressive aspect. So that would be sha/shal or bat in Mando’a: “ni sha/bat viinir”—assuming that Mando’a uses infinitive as a gerund/verbal noun (which I do headcanon, because that makes a sensible use of a feature we already have & makes for less work when making the dictionary). We actually kind of have an example in the dictionary, if one wanted to go this route: ba’balut, ‘on patrol’—or “patrolling”, in other words. Or Mando’a could derive the progressive particle from a locative expression, and use it with the conjugated verb like the other TAM particles. Or it could use an auxiliary verb like late Vulgar Latin “I stand running”, “ni moti viinir”. In any case, there seems to be a general cross-linguistic tendency to associate location and progressive. Progressive is also really, really common in creoles. I’m not sure I came across any creole without it.

I’m actually kind of a little salty about the lack of completive aspect. I think it’s very neat and useful feature, and I think that mandos would find the distinction between complete and incomplete actions/tasks quite pertinent. “I shot at the enemy (but he might still live)” vs “I shot the enemy dead”. Or “I worked on breaking down the camp (but didn’t finish)” vs “I completed the task assigned to me and we’re packed and ready to go”. Anyway, that’s something I would’ve included in the grammar if I had made the language.

Moods might be expressed with auxiliary verbs like English must, can, etc. Some languages make the distinction between knowing and being able to, but many creoles don’t (and sometimes that’s conflated with habitual—if you do something a lot, then supposedly you know how and have the ability). Some (Pacific creole) languages distinguish between different kinds of necessities, for example moral obligation vs. logical/natural necessity. Not sure which moods/distinctions might be especially salient to mandos, but these are some examples of the kind of distinctions/conflations a language could make. No language makes all of the possible hyper-specific distinctions. So it’s a matter of picking the most salient ones and conflating the less-salient ones under wider umbrella terms.

Ven could perhaps also encode near-future (“I am leaving tomorrow”), inceptive (“about to”), or a state of becoming when combined with adjectives. A number of creoles make a distinction between certain/near and less certain/far-off futures. Conflating future and irrealis also seems common. Perhaps Mando’a might use ven for more certain, near future events & ret for irrealis and uncertain remote future? Just a thought—I think it could suit the nomadic mindset of being ready to pick up and leave with little notice.

Mando’a ru/r is interesting in that it can apparently appear not just as a part of the verb phrase, but also before the subject (in at least one canon example: “Bal'ban ru ni shaadla iviinyc.”). That’s… different. Usually only other TAM markers or only certain other items like adverbs can intervene between the past tense marker and the verb; it’s very rare for the past tense marker to be able to go wherever. Or it could be a mistake, as I can only find this one example.

The informal/formal imperative is a really interesting and distinctive feature. I think mandos are very direct, so they’re going to just say “give me the salt” rather than “would you pass me the salt, please?”. But then it might be useful to distinguish when something is a formal (military) order. I have a theory about how this feature might have developed: what if ke was originally an (auxiliary) verb *ker, so the construction was ke (conjugated) + viinir (infinitive). And in time, ke was reanalysed as a preverbal TAM particle along the same pattern as ru/ven, and people started saying ke’viini (conjugated). And the old form acquired the formal connotation and the new form acquired the informal connotation.

There was a blog post where Traviss said that mando’ade use tenses much like the Pirahã. Perhaps that was written at some earlier stage of development, because it’s my understanding that Pirahã has two tense-like morphemes: proximate and remote, which can refer to past or future. So the distinction it makes is immediate vs. non-immediate rather than past vs. future. But I don’t really see the connection to Mando’a here, unless it’s “there’s only a present tense” kind of a generalisation, which, uh, is also kind of true for languages like Mandarin or ASL or Yoruba (which is broadly similar to the Atlantic creoles described above) that rely on aspect rather than tense. That is to say, it’s a broad generalisation about what some language doesn’t do and tells us precisely nothing about what it does do.

Further reading:

APiCS: apics-online.info (free! online! comprehensive!)

And maybe your library has one of these or something similar:

John Holm 2004, An introduction to pidgins and creoles

Mark Sebba 1997, Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles (older)

Peter Bakker et al. (ed) 2017, Creole Studies—Phylogenetic Approaches (specific, but it has nice introductory chapters and it’s open access)

Middle-Mando’a creole hypothesis

Mando’a is said to be designed to have simple grammar so adults adopted into the culture can learn it easily. But natural languages aren’t designed—that can’t be the in-universe explanation (unless the Taung were doing something real funky). However, creole languages do exhibit simplified grammar (compared to the parent languages) and Mando’a grammar does in fact fit well with what we know about grammars of creole languages.

There is a ready-made in-universe historical reason for why this would have happened too: the Neo-Crusader movement. Within the space of few decades, the Mandalorians went from primarily Taung to the Taung going virtually extinct, clans becoming multi-species/human-dominated and accepting any worthy warriors. Following the Mandalorian wars was also some three centuries of disarray and diaspora. No wonder there was a break in the transmission of the language from the natively Mando’a speaking Taung to their new recruits. That’s the reason that would explain the creolisation. The lexicaliser/superstratum would be Classical Mando’a and the substrata would be the various languages of the peoples conquered/absorbed into the Neo-Crusaders (probably including but not limited to Early Modern Basic and Huttese).

Creolisation would neatly explain not just the “easy to learn” example, but also how Mando’a came to lose it’s verbal conjugation system and replace it with simple prefixes/preverbal auxiliaries.

So my new favourite headcanon is that Modern Mando’a started out as a creole (but has since had enough time to reacquire some features not encountered in recently creolised languages). I like this idea because it gives me lots of ideas for how to interpret and extend the existing language in ways that aren’t just “standard English word order because it’s easy to learn”, but SVO because that’s overwhelmingly the most common word order in creole and pidgin languages. And that tense system? They might actually be relative anterior tense/perfect aspect & relative posterior tense/prospective aspect, not absolute past/future (which would by the way probably be really common misunderstanding viz. Basic and L2 learners). Not that it makes that big a difference, but the exact nature of Mando’a tenses is something I’ve been thinking about and this fits the ideas I’ve had.

[lypomania]

🌸 Spanish Verbs that Change Meanings in the Perfect and Imperfect 🌙

In Spanish there are several verbs that exist that have different meanings in the perfective aspect (ex. present perfect or preterite) and in the imperfective aspect (ex. imperfect past or present tense.) This post is going to take a look at 7 of the most common verbs that change meanings in the perfect and imperfect aspect.

Note: This post assumes you have an understanding of the preterite, imperfect, present tense, and present perfect conjugations. If you don’t know these tenses, how they are different, and how to conjugate them, this post might be difficult to follow.

🌸 Part I - Saber 🌙

The word saber typically means ‘to know’, and in the imperfective aspect it keeps that meaning. Meanwhile, in the perfective aspect the word saber would mean ‘to find out’ or ‘to learn’.

Examples:

¿Sabes tú que Luis habla francés? - Did you know Luis speaks French?

¿Supiste tú que Luis habla francés? - Did you find out that Luis speaks French?

Ella no sabía que su papá estaba muerto - She didn’t know her dad was dead

Ella no ha sabido que su papá estaba muerto - She didn’t find out that her dad was dead

Yo sé esto - I know this

Yo supe esto - I found this out

🌸 Part II - Conocer 🌙

The word conocer typically means ‘to know (a person or place)’ or ‘to be familiar with’, and in the imperfective aspect it still means that. In the perfective aspect, however, the word conocer comes to mean ‘to meet (a person)’.

Examples:

Hace cinco años que lo conocí - It’s been five years since I met him

Hace cinco años que lo conocía - I’ve known him for five years

¿Conoces tú María? - Do you know Maria?

¿Has conocido tú María? - Have you met Maria?

No conocemos la maestra - We don’t know the teacher

No hemos conocido la maestra - We haven’t met the teacher

🌸 Part III - Poder 🌙

The word poder in the imperfective aspect means ‘to be able to’, whereas in the perfective aspect the word poder means ‘to manage to.’

Examples:

Puedo hablar español - I can speak Spanish

Pude hablar español - I managed to speak Spanish

¿Puede hacer eso para mí? - Can you do that for me?

¿Ha podido hacer eso para mí? - Have you managed to do that for me?

Ella podía correr muy rápido - She used to be able to run very fast

Ella pudo correr muy rápido - She managed to run very fast

🌸 Part IV - Estar 🌙

In the imperfective aspect, the word estar typically means ‘to be’, especially with regards to being in a physical or emotional state (ex. sick, happy, sad, excited, etc.) or in a place. In the perfective aspect, the word estar tends to carry a meaning closer to ‘to become’ or ‘to get’.

Examples:

Lo siento, estaba enojada - Sorry, I was angry

Lo siento, estuve enojada - Sorry, I got mad

Estaba enfermo porque comió carne cruda - He was sick because he ate raw meat

Estuvo enfermo porque comió carne cruda - He got/became sick because he ate raw meat

¿Por qué estás triste? - Why are you sad?

¿Por qué has estado triste? - Why have you gotten sad?

🌸 Part V - Tener 🌙

In the imperfective aspect, the word tener tends to mean ‘to have’ or ‘to own’ something. Meanwhile in the perfective aspect, the word tener has a meaning closer to ‘to get’ or ‘to recieve.’

Examples:

Tengo quince dolores - I have fifteen dollars

Tuve quince dolores - I got fifteen dollars

Mi mamá tenía dos perros - My mom used to have two dogs

Mi mamá ha tenido dos perros - My mom has gotten two dogs

Ella tiene un libro - She has a book

Ella ha tenido un libro - She’s recieved a book

🌸 Part VI - Querer 🌙

The word querer in the imperfective aspect typically means ‘to want’ something, and often it is used in conjunction with verb to express wanting to do something. On the other hand, the word querer in the imperfect aspect tends to mean something closer to ‘to try’.

Examples:

Quieres comer una arepa, ¿verdad? - You want to eat an arepa, right?

Quisiste comer una arepa, ¿verdad? - You tried to eat an arepa, right?

Nosotras queríamos comprar una casa - We wanted to buy a house

Nosotras hemos querido comprar una casa - We’ve tried to buy a house

¿Quieren venir ustedes? - Do you all want to come?

¿Quisieron venir ustedes? - Did you all try to come?

🌸 Part VII - No Querer 🌙

The negative form of querer carries a different meaning in the perfective aspect. In the imperfective aspect it simply means ‘to not want’ something, however, in the perfective aspect it actually means something closer to ‘to refuse.’

Examples:

No queríamos ir a la fiesta - We didn’t want to go to the party

No quisimos ir a la fiesta - We refused to go to the party

No quiero ver esa película - I don’t want to see that movie

No he querido ver esa película - I’ve refused to see that movie

¿Todavía no quieres ir? - You still don’t want to go?

¿Todavía no quisiste ir? - You still refused to go?

Disclaimer: I’m not a native speaker of Spanish, just a lover of the language. If there are any mistakes or things you think I missed please let me know so I can correct this post! 💖

[auronlu]

Oh no

I was working on Duolingo Spanish, inevitably drawing on a language I learned long ago, and I hit a form where I thought, "Right, that's just the Latin perfect tense. Like vivi, 'I (have) lived,' — oh hell."

You have to understand that the English word "perfect" comes from the Latin verb for "to finish, complete." The perfect tense is an action completed in the past. An infamous example is how Cicero announced the fate of the traitor Cataline and his co-conspirators: "They have lived."

Vivi is the first person form of that same verb.

Only maybe not.

On reflection I remember that while "I live, you live, she lives" is vivo, vives, vivet in the present tense, like a lot of verbs its past form is a little different (strike/struck). So "I lived, you lived, she lived" is actually vixi, vixis, vixit. What Cicero actually said was VIXERUNT.

(In fact vivi is some sort of inside out passive infinitive like "to be kissed" or "to be loved," except the verb "live" can't be passive, so I think that form can't actually exist?)

Just to add a further conplication, by the Middle Ages, people tended to forget irregular Latin forms and simplify. Church Latin does this a lot. I can't remember if it does it to vivo.

Square plays around with Latin and church Latin and fake Latin (fithos lusec vinosec), so I'm not sure whether I've found something that was intentional or not.

TL;DR: Vivi's name looks like it means "I lived [but now I don't]." But its spelling is halfway between present tense and past tense, so maybe it doesn't.

Which matches what his title card says in the game's opening FMV.

Q.E.D.

[spanishboone]

El voseo

What is the voseo? It’s just basically another way of saying tú. This is used largely in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, parts of Colombia (Antioquia), Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Chile In many cases, you swap out tú for vos. Fun fact: I primarily only use the voseo because that’s what my wife uses and that’s what I got used to using with my Colombian friends.

The voseo conjugates exactly like tú besides in the present tense and in the command form. The rest of the conjugations will be used exactly as you would with tú.

How to Form the Voseo in Present Tense

1. Take any infinitive and remove the final ar/er/ir

Examples:

hablar - habl

decir - dec

comer - com

salir - sal

practicar - practic

vivir - viv

(These are going to be your stems)

2. Add  the appropriate ending

    For ar verbs, add ás

    For er verbs, add és

    For ir verbs, add ís

Examples:

hablar - hablás

decir - decís

comer - comés

salir - salís

practicar - practicás

vivir - vivís

Now you have the present tense conjugations for the voseo. 

Example Sentences Using the voseo in Present Tense

Siempre hablás con tu novia cuando te estoy hablando - You’re always talking to your girlfriend when I’m speaking to you.

Cuando me decís que lo vas a hacer, nunca te creo - When you tell me that you’re going to do it, I never believe you

¡Vos comés como chancho! - You eat like a pig!

¿A qué hora salís del trabajo? - What time do you get off work?

Si practicás, serás el mejor jugador del equipo - If you practice, you’ll be the best player on the team

Vos, ¿dónde vivís? - Where do you live?

Voseo Commands

Simply take off the final ar/er/ir from the infinitive and add:

á for ar verbs

é for er verbs

í for ir verbs

Examples:

hablar - hablá

decir - decí

comer - comé

salir - salí

practicar - practicá

vivir - viví

There is one final and very important thing to keep in mind when using the voseo. It does NOT use ti.  Throw it away!!!!! 

Simply replace ti for vos

However, It still uses the direct/indirect object pronoun te. You will always use that. But if you want to use ti, throw it away! It’s not welcome here and won’t be used. I’ll give you an example sentence with the tuteo form and the voseo form.

¿A ti te gusta el helado?- Do you like icecream?

¿A vos te gusta el helado? - Do you like icecream?

I hope this was informative on how to use it and that it’ll benefit you on  your Spanish learning journey. Keep in mind, the preterite, imperfect and perfective tense and all the rest conjugation EXACTLY like the normal tuteo.