#ESRD

[superflaminggayelmo]

I have a headache and I wish I could take naproxen instead of useless Tylenol

[black-girls-wizdom]

https://gofund.me/6732cec4

Behind every dope ass woman is one hell of a story💚🪄🌻

[teachingrounds]

Kidney transplant-recipient and former dialysis patient Patrick O. Gee wrote a rebuttal to Saturday's article, arguing that a keto diet worked much better for his diabetes, weight, and kidney health than the plant-based diets the researchers recommended.

[rahulcmi]

Global Kidney Dialysis Equipment Market is Estimated to Witness High Growth Owing to Technological Advancements and Increasing Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Diseases

The global Kidney Dialysis Equipment Market is estimated to be valued at USD 20.12 billion in 2023 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 5.50% over the forecast period 2023-2028, as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights.

A) Market Overview:

The global Kidney Dialysis Equipment Market refers to the medical equipment used for kidney dialysis, which is a life-saving treatment for individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney dialysis equipment includes hemodialysis machines, peritoneal dialysis machines, dialyzers, dialysis accessories, and services.

Kidney dialysis equipment provides an artificial replacement for lost kidney function by removing waste, salt, and extra water from the body, as well as maintaining the balance of minerals in the blood. This treatment helps in managing the symptoms of kidney failure and improves the quality of life for patients.

B) Market Dynamics:

The Kidney Dialysis Equipment Market is driven by two major factors: technological advancements and the increasing prevalence of chronic kidney diseases.

1. Technological Advancements:

Technological advancements in kidney dialysis equipment have significantly improved the efficiency, safety, and convenience of dialysis treatment. For instance, the introduction of high-flux dialyzers has led to better clearance of toxins from the blood, reducing the duration and frequency of dialysis sessions. Additionally, portable and wearable dialysis machines have emerged, providing greater freedom and flexibility to patients, enabling them to perform dialysis at home or even on the go.

2. Increasing Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Diseases:

The increasing prevalence of chronic kidney diseases, primarily driven by rising diabetes and hypertension cases, is fueling the demand for kidney dialysis equipment. According to the National Kidney Foundation, around 10% of the global population suffers from chronic kidney diseases. In the United States alone, more than 37 million adults are estimated to have kidney disease, and over 726,000 people have ESRD.

C) Segment Analysis:

Among the Kidney Dialysis Equipment Market Segmentation the hemodialysis machines segment is expected to dominate, owing to the high demand for these machines in hospitals and dialysis centers. Hemodialysis is the most common form of kidney dialysis treatment, where blood is filtered using a dialyzer outside the body. The dominant position of hemodialysis machines can be attributed to their efficient removal of waste products and toxic substances from the blood.

D) PEST Analysis:

Political: Government initiatives and policies promoting dialysis treatment, reimbursement policies, and healthcare infrastructure play a crucial role in the adoption of kidney dialysis equipment.

Economic: Economic factors such as increasing healthcare expenditure and disposable income levels of individuals drive the growth of the Kidney Dialysis Equipment Market.

Social: The rising incidence of chronic kidney diseases, aging population, and growing awareness about kidney health contribute to market growth.

Technological: Technological advancements in kidney dialysis equipment, such as wearable devices and telehealth solutions, improve patient convenience and treatment outcomes.

E) Key Takeaways:

- The global Kidney Dialysis Equipment Market is expected to witness high growth, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.50% over the forecast period, due to increasing technological advancements and the rising prevalence of chronic kidney diseases.

- North America is expected to dominate the market due to the presence of advanced healthcare infrastructure, high healthcare expenditure, and a large patient pool.

- Key players operating in the global Kidney Dialysis Equipment Market include Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co, Baxter International, Inc., Nipro Corporation, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Nikkiso Co, Ltd., Asahi Kasei Corporation, NxStage Medical, Inc., Guangdong Biolight Meditech Co., Ltd, Dialife SA, and DaVita Inc. These players focus on strategies such as mergers and acquisitions, partnerships, and new product launches to strengthen their market position and expand their product portfolios.

[jcrmhscasereports]

Sickle cell nephropathy, a complication not to be ignored, through a Moroccan case by Asmaa Biaz in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences 

SUMMARY

Nephropathy is a major complication of sickle cell disease. Indeed, the kidneys are particularly sensitive organs to this disease.

We report a case of a patient with a major sickle cell syndrome; she was hospitalized in the nephrology department of Mohammed V Military Training Hospital, forend-stage renal failure. The family investigation revealed a composite S/O-Arab heterozygosity responsible for the severity of the clinical disorder.

Key words: Sickle cell nephropathy - End stage renal failure - Sickle cell major syndrome S/O-Arab.

INTRODUCTION

Sickle cell nephropathy (SCN) is a major complication of sickle cell disease. It manifest’s in various forms, including glomerulopathy, proteinuria, hematuria, and Renal tubular disorders, and frequently results in end-stage renal disease(ESRD). Hemolysis and vascular occlusion are the main factors promoting the manifestations of this disease. Dialysis and renal transplantation are the last resort for patient with SCN [1].

Through the case of a patient with a major sickle cell syndrome S/O-Arab complicated by end-stage renal failure, we will explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of this complication and emphasize the importance of biological monitoring.

CASE REPORT

The patient was 24 years old and was admitted to the nephrology department of the Mohammed V Military Training Hospital for incidental renal failure in the context of an impure nephrotic syndrome revealing sickle cell nephropathy. In his history, we retained a

follow-up since the age of 5 years in another hospital structure for a hemoglobinosis S treated by iterative transfusions with notion of acute renal failure during sickle cell crises.

The biological result showed an anemia at 7.7 g/dL, corrected serum calcium at 82 mg/L, serum phosphorus at 64 mg/L, intact parathyroid hormone 1-84 at 543 pg/L, Alkaline Phosphatase at 201 U/L.

Hemoglobin electrophoresis was ordered to this patient, but due to repeated transfusions, her electrophoretic profile remains uninterpretable (Figure 1). Therefore, hemoglobin electrophoresis (HBE) was performed in the parents as part of the hemoglobin phenotypic study. The HBE of both parents is performed on Capillarys (Sebia®) at alkaline pH followed by electrophoresis at acidic pH on Hydrasys (Sebia®) which showed a heterozygous Hb O-Arab variant in the mother (Figure 2) and a heterozygous hemoglobinosis S (A/S) in the father (Figure 3).

Figure 1: Electrophoretic profile of the patient uninterpretable due to recent transfusion

Figure 2: Electrophoretic profile of the mother showing hemoglobinosis O-Arab in the heterozygous state

Figure 3: Electrophoretic profile of the father showing hemoglobinosis S in the heterozygous state

Referring to the phenotypic study of Hb performed in the parents, it is concluded that the patient has a composite heterozygosity S/O-Arab explaining the severity of the renal manifestations.

The evolution was marked by the absence of improvement of her renal function and the aggravation of the uremic syndrome motivating her setting in peritoneal dialysis. The patient was treated with erythropoietin ARANESP 30µg/ per 2 weeks with a blood transfusion of 2 packed red blood cells on average every two months.

The patient died at the age of 26 years before benefiting from either a hemoglobin genotyping study or a renal transplant.

DISCUSSION

Sickle cell disease is the most common hereditary hemoglobinopathy in the world. An estimated 300,000 children are born with this disease each year, three quarters of whom are born in sub-Saharan Africa [2]. It is characterized by extreme variability in terms of clinical manifestations, the most serious of which are renal manifestations.

The association S/O Arab is responsible for a major sickle cell syndrome, as in the case of our patient. Indeed, Hb O Arab stabilizes the intracellular polymerization of Hb S and leads to an irreversible sickle cell disease of red blood cells, thus expressing by a more severe clinical disorder. The clinical and biological manifestation of this association is similar to homozygous sickle cell disease and the association Hb S / Hb D Punjab. The onset is usually early, in infancy, and is marked by the classic triad of chronic hemolysis: anemia, jaundice and splenomegaly. Anemia is usually moderate outside of hemolytic attacks (Hb = 7 - 10 g/dL). The evolution is often marked by sickle cell complications. Osteoarticular complications are the most frequent, such as vaso-occlusive crises, septic arthritis and osteoporosis. Pneumonia, leg ulcers and vesicular lithiasis are also reported [3].

Sickle cell nephropathy is a major complication of sickle cell disease. The kidneys are particularly sensitive organs to the disease. Sickle cell disease substantially alters the structure and function of the kidneys and is the cause of several renal diseases and syndromes. Renal damage is more severe in SS homozygous patients than in other major sickle cell syndromes [4]. Approximately 5-18% of patients have SCN, thus increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality of the disease [5].

A number of studies have focused on this pathology, its evolution includes several stages; it starts with hyperfiltration, then the occurrence of microalbuminuria, then macroalbuminuria and finally the progression to renal failure. The prevalence of these complications increases with the age of the patients but can also be seen from a young age.

Two models have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of SCN. Becker et al. showed that prostaglandin release following ischemic injury causes an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This increase leads to glomerular injury and eventually manifests as proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis [6]. Alternatively, Nath and Katusic [7] classified the manifestations of SCN into two different phenotypes: the hemolysis-endothelial dysfunction phenotype and the viscosity-vaso-occlusive phenotype. The hemolysis-endothelial dysfunction phenotype affects the renal cortex and leads to hyperfiltration and glomerulopathy; heme released due to intravascular hemolysis predisposes to proteinuria through its accumulation on the glomerular filtration barrier, which disrupts membrane selectivity by exerting cytotoxic effects on podocytes and endothelial cells [8]. On the other hand, the viscosity-vaso-occlusive phenotype is responsible for hematuria, papillary necrosis, and tubular acidosis [9].

Microalbuminuria, reflecting the early stages of renal damage, should be routinely sought in the follow-up assessment in this category of patients.

Decreased GFR, which suggests loss of kidney function, occurs with the progression of sickle cell disease and may be a sign of uncontrolled disease. Sickle cell patients have a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease compared to the general population.

Specific treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II

receptor antagonist should be considered in these patients in order to slow the progression of the renal disease. The prevention of microthrombosis and thus of renal damage requires the maintenance of a hemoglobin A level of more than 50% by regular blood transfusion as soon as sickle cell disease is diagnosed. The role of hydroxyurea in the prevention and/or treatment of renal function abnormalities in sickle cell disease remains to be studied [10].

CONCLUSION

Sickle cell nephropathy is a major complication of sickle cell disease. It must be systematically and early sought in all sickle cell patients to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality of this disease.

The development of new biomarkers has become increasingly essential for the early detection of sickle cell disease in order to improve the survival of patients with sickle cell disease.

Declaration of interest:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

For more information: https://jmedcasereportsimages.org/about-us/

For more submission : https://jmedcasereportsimages.org/

[mcatmemoranda]

You avoid gadolinium contrast with MRI in pts with CKD because you want to avoid gadolinium-induced nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.

[cannondisabledcharacters]

Today’s disabled character of the day is Helen Chavez from Bojack Horseman, who has kidney failure

[Image Description: Drawing of a women laying in a hospital bed next to a monitor. She has short curly brown hair and black eyes. She is wearing light purple eye shadow and a white hospital gown.]

[alfakidneycare]

End stage of Renal disease happens to be the last stage of acute or chronic renal failure. read about Causes, Symptoms, Treatment of End stage Renal disease

[accesshealthcarephysicians]

Medicare Risk Adjustment Tip: ESRD and Dialysis Status

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a medical condition in which a person's kidneys stop working permanently, requiring a regular course of dialysis or kidney transplant for a long period of time to sustain life. Beneficiaries may be entitled to Medicare based on ESRD. Benefits based on ESRD are for all covered services and not just services related to kidney failure conditions. Once a patient is diagnosed with end-stage kidney disease and has been accepted and documented by the health plan and CMS, the patient's MRA score is calculated differently.

[labetalol]

tell me why the acc has a widget to post their articles to tumblr

[superflaminggayelmo]

Damn near forgot today was Saturday (aka a treatment day). Thank g*d for my alarm going off

[black-girls-wizdom]

Shoutout to my GOD-mama for my cup! It’s most definitely a coffee ☕️ kind of day.

https://gofund.me/6732cec4

[teachingrounds]

In a prospective study of 15K American adults over ~25 years, researchers at Johns Hopkins and University of Minnesota found an association between healthy plant-based diets and a lower risk of chronic kidney disease.

[queen-of-the-avengers]

MCU Series

Below you’ll find series that have more than three parts and stories that are only two parters. If you see a story that only has two parts that you want to see more of, let me know!

Happy reading :)

*The image(s) I’ve used for the reader on the cover DOES NOT reflect what the reader actually looks like*

Series Rewrite Pairing: Varies From Movie To Movie Status: In Progress Summary: You call Earth home after fifty years of running from your home planet. There, you meet all kinds of people that you help, including the two loves of your lives: Bucky Barnes and Loki Laufeyson. They are two different sides of the same coin. How can you ever choose between them, and will you?

*The image(s) I’ve used for the reader on the cover DOES NOT reflect what the reader actually looks like*

Between Love and Hate Pairing: Mafia!Bucky Barnes x Female!Reader Status: In Progress Summary: Loving Bucky Barnes is like waiting for a grenade to go off. Fearful yet thrilling. Every time you allow yourself to feel something for him, a piece of you is chipped away and stored in his jacket pocket. How can you love a man who murders people for a living? How can you hate a man who gives you the world? You're stuck in the middle with no clear way to the end.

*The image(s) I’ve used for the reader on the cover DOES NOT reflect what the reader actually looks like*

My Savior Pairing: Sebastian Stan x Female!Reader Status: Completed Summary: Your entire life has been spent in and out of hospitals because you have ESRD or kidney failure. The only thing you’ve ever known is being hooked to monitors and machines that live for you. Never straying too far from the hospital, and never really connecting with anyone. When you get the news you have a kidney waiting for you, your donor surprises you in more ways than one… and he does something for you that you can’t ever repay him for.

*The image(s) I’ve used for the reader on the cover DOES NOT reflect what the reader actually looks like*

Cat and Mouse Pairing: Steve Rogers x Female!Reader Status: In Progress Summary: Much like Bucky, you've been a toy that Hydra just loves to use. You were taken at such a young age that you were shaped into what they wanted you to be. Well, you're not doing it anymore. You escaped. You got out. But that doesn't mean you can't fall back into the monster they made you.

*The image(s) I’ve used for the reader on the cover DOES NOT reflect what the reader actually looks like*

New World Order Pairing: Zombie!Steve Rogers x Vampire!Fem!!Reader Status: In Progress Summary: When the emergency alarms sounded, you knew the world wasn’t ever going to be the same. A new dawn is approaching with a whole new set of rules. One where you and the love of your life are no longer human. Well, that’s what you thought until you figured out the cure that will save humanity.

*The image(s) I’ve used for the reader on the cover DOES NOT reflect what the reader actually looks like*

Monster Inside You Pairing: Steve Rogers x Succubus!Fem!Reader Status: On Hold Summary: One fatal mistake and your life is turned upside down. You have to live with the consequences of what happened to you, and you're not always good at controlling your urges. Still, you do your best to keep who you are while still embracing this new side to you.

The Voice Behind Karen // Part 2 Pairing: Peter Parker x Female!Reader Summary: You’re Tony Stark’s daughter and also the AI in Peter’s suit. He calls you Karen but your name is Y/N. After he discovers your secret, you two get closer.

Office Romance // Part Two Pairing: Natasha Romanoff x Female!Reader Summary: You have a crush on your boss, and it's news to you when she shows you that she has one on you, too.

Pick A Side // Better Late Than Never Pairing: Steve Rogers x Stark!Fem!Reader Summary: Everyone expected you to pick your dad's side when it came to the Accords. You didn't. He kicked you out of his life. Now it's finally time to face him.

Not Allowed // Part Two Pairing: Cop!Bucky Barnes x Receptionist!Fem!Reader Summary: You go on a date with a man that Bucky doesn't approve of. He uses his power to break it up which is the best thing that could have happened to your relationship with Bucky.

Wolf in Sheep's Clothing // Part Two Pairing: Bucky Barnes x Female!Reader Summary: For an entire year you've been stuck inside your mind with no escape. Never did you think you'd be in such an abusive relationship, but he won't let you leave. Not until you see an opportunity through Bucky to confess everything he's ever done to you. Will you be saved?

[thesewordsareallihavetogive]

I was thinking about watching TGM 'in the background' while I study for finals but I know my goofy ass will be glued to the screen the whole time. I'm not going to be focused on studying ESRD and hemodynamics and cardioversion and EKG strips and PD and HD and CAD and-

No. I'm gonna be watching my favorite little pilots do their silly little piloting things

[nursingscience]

Medical Abbreviations on Pharmacy Prescriptions

Here are some common medical abbreviations you may see on pharmacy prescriptions:

qd - once a day

bid - twice a day

tid - three times a day

qid - four times a day

qh - every hour

prn - as needed

pc - after meals

ac - before meals

hs - at bedtime

po - by mouth

IV - intravenous

IM - intramuscular

subQ - subcutaneous

mL - milliliter

mg - milligram

g - gram

mcg - microgram

stat - immediately, right away

NPO - nothing by mouth

cap - capsule

tab - tablet

susp - suspension

sol - solution

amp - ampule

inj - injection

Rx - prescription

C - Celsius

F - Fahrenheit

BP - blood pressure

HR - heart rate

RR - respiratory rate

WBC - white blood cell

RBC - red blood cell

Hgb - hemoglobin

Hct - hematocrit

PT - prothrombin time

INR - international normalized ratio

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

Cr - creatinine

Ca - calcium

K - potassium

Na - sodium

Cl - chloride

Mg - magnesium

PO2 - partial pressure of oxygen

PCO2 - partial pressure of carbon dioxide

ABG - arterial blood gas

CBC - complete blood count

BMP - basic metabolic panel

CMP - comprehensive metabolic panel.

ECG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

CT - computed tomography

PET - positron emission tomography

CXR - chest x-ray

CTX - chemotherapy

NSAID - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

DMARD - disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

ACE - angiotensin-converting enzyme

ARB - angiotensin receptor blocker

SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

TCA - tricyclic antidepressant

ADHD - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CAD - coronary artery disease

CHF - congestive heart failure

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

GI - gastrointestinal

UTI - urinary tract infection

OTC - over-the-counter

Rx - prescription

OD - right eye

OS - left eye

OU - both eyes.

TID - thrombosis in dementia

TDS - ter die sumendum (three times a day)

BOM - bilaterally otitis media (infection in both ears)

BT - body temperature

C&S - culture and sensitivity

D/C - discontinue or discharge

D/W - dextrose in water

ETOH - ethyl alcohol

FUO - fever of unknown origin

H&P - history and physical examination

I&D - incision and drainage

I&O - intake and output

KVO - keep vein open

N&V - nausea and vomiting

PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

PR - per rectum

QAM - every morning

QHS - every bedtime

QOD - every other day

S/P - status post (after)

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

UA - urinalysis

URI - upper respiratory infection

UTI - urinary tract infection

VO - verbal order.

XRT - radiation therapy

YOB - year of birth

BRBPR - bright red blood per rectum

CX - cervix

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

GB - gallbladder

GU - genitourinary

HCV - hepatitis C virus

HPI - history of present illness

ICP - intracranial pressure

IVP - intravenous pyelogram

LMP - last menstrual period

MRSA - methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MVA - motor vehicle accident

NKA - no known allergies

PEG - percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

PRN - pro re nata (as needed)

ROS - review of systems

SOB - shortness of breath

TAH - total abdominal hysterectomy.

TIA - transient ischemic attack

Tx - treatment

UC - ulcerative colitis

URI - upper respiratory infection

VSD - ventricular septal defect

VTE - venous thromboembolism

XR - x-ray

w/c - wheelchair

XRT - radiation therapy

ASD - atrial septal defect

Bx - biopsy

CAD - coronary artery disease

CKD - chronic kidney disease

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis

DNR - do not resuscitate

ED - emergency department

ESRD - end-stage renal disease

FFP - fresh frozen plasma

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone.

GCS - Glasgow Coma Scale

Hct - hematocrit

Hgb - hemoglobin

ICU - intensive care unit

IV - intravenous

JVD - jugular venous distension

K - potassium

L - liter

MCH - mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MI - myocardial infarction

Na - sodium

NGT - nasogastric tube

NPO - nothing by mouth

OR - operating room

PCN - penicillin

PRBC - packed red blood cells

PTT - partial thromboplastin time

RBC - red blood cells

RT - respiratory therapy

SOA - short of air.

SCD - sequential compression device

SIRS - systemic inflammatory response syndrome

STAT - immediately

T - temperature

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

WBC - white blood cells

ABG - arterial blood gas

A fib - atrial fibrillation

BPH - benign prostatic hypertrophy

CBC - complete blood count

CO2 - carbon dioxide

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPR - cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CT - computed tomography

CXR - chest x-ray

D5W - dextrose 5% in water

Dx - diagnosis

ECG or EKG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

ETO - early termination of pregnancy.

FHR - fetal heart rate

GSW - gunshot wound

H&P - history and physical exam

HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

I&D - incision and drainage

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

ICP - intracranial pressure

IM - intramuscular

INR - international normalized ratio

IOP - intraocular pressure

LFT - liver function test

LOC - level of consciousness

LP - lumbar puncture

NG - nasogastric

OA - osteoarthritis

OCD - obsessive-compulsive disorder

OTC - over-the-counter

P - pulse

PCA - patient-controlled analgesia

PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation.

PFT - pulmonary function test

PICC - peripherally inserted central catheter

PO - by mouth

PRN - as needed

PT - physical therapy

PT - prothrombin time

PTSD - post-traumatic stress disorder

PVC - premature ventricular contraction

QD - once a day

QID - four times a day

RA - rheumatoid arthritis

RICE - rest, ice, compression, elevation

RSI - rapid sequence intubation

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

SBP - systolic blood pressure

SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus

SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

STAT - immediately

TB - tuberculosis

TIA - transient ischemic attack.

TID - three times a day

TKO - to keep open

TNTC - too numerous to count

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

URI - upper respiratory infection

UTI - urinary tract infection

V-fib - ventricular fibrillation

V-tach - ventricular tachycardia

VA - visual acuity

WNL - within normal limits

AED - automated external defibrillator

ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome

BID - twice a day

BP - blood pressure

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

CAD - coronary artery disease

CHF - congestive heart failure

CVA - cerebrovascular accident

D/C - discontinue

DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis.

DM - diabetes mellitus

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

EGD - esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ER - emergency room

F - Fahrenheit

Fx - fracture

GI - gastrointestinal

GTT - glucose tolerance test

HCT - hematocrit

Hgb - hemoglobin

HRT - hormone replacement therapy

ICP - intracranial pressure

IDDM - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

IM - intramuscular

IV - intravenous

K - potassium

KVO - keep vein open

L&D - labor and delivery

LASIK - laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis.

ROM - range of motion

RT - radiation therapy

Rx - prescription

SCD - sequential compression device

SOB - shortness of breath

STD - sexually transmitted disease

TENS - transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

TIA - transient ischemic attack

TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone

UA - urinalysis

US - ultrasound

UTI - urinary tract infection

VD - venereal disease

VF - ventricular fibrillation

VT - ventricular tachycardia

WBC - white blood cell

XRT - radiation therapy

XR - x-ray

Zn - zinc

Z-pak - azithromycin (antibiotic).

AAA - abdominal aortic aneurysm

ABG - arterial blood gas

ACS - acute coronary syndrome

ADL - activities of daily living

AED - automated external defibrillator

AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALS - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AMA - against medical advice

AML - acute myeloid leukemia

APAP - acetaminophen

ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome

ASCVD - atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

BPH - benign prostatic hyperplasia

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

CABG - coronary artery bypass graft

CBC - complete blood count

CHF - congestive heart failure

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

CRF - chronic renal failure.

CT - computed tomography

CVA - cerebrovascular accident

D&C - dilation and curettage

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

ECG/EKG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

ESRD - end-stage renal disease

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone

GERD - gastroesophageal reflux disease

GFR - glomerular filtration rate

HbA1c - glycated hemoglobin

Hct - hematocrit

HIV - human immunodeficiency virus

HPV - human papillomavirus

HTN - hypertension

IBD - inflammatory bowel disease

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

ICU - intensive care unit

IDDM - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IM - intramuscular.

IV - intravenous

LFT - liver function test

MI - myocardial infarction

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

MS - multiple sclerosis

NPO - nothing by mouth

NS - normal saline

OCD - obsessive-compulsive disorder

OSA - obstructive sleep apnea

PCOS - polycystic ovary syndrome

PMS - premenstrual syndrome

PPD - purified protein derivative

PSA - prostate-specific antigen

PT - prothrombin time

PTT - partial thromboplastin time

RA - rheumatoid arthritis

RBC - red blood cell

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus

TB - tuberculosis.

It is important to remember that medical abbreviations can vary based on location and specialty. 

Healthcare professionals should use medical abbreviations with caution and only when they are familiar with their meanings. 

Patients should always communicate any questions or concerns they have about their medications or medical care to their healthcare provider or pharmacist to ensure they receive safe and accurate medical care.