#Inherited renal diseases

[lexingtonrenalcare]

Nephrology is the subspecialty of internal medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the kidney. Lexington Renal Care Physicians Services in Kentucky We provide services that help you with the prevention and treatment of kidney disease.

[appalachiananarchist]

Work-related rant here…

I have noticed that a lot of the colleagues in my area let so many "minor" abnormalities slide despite being signals of a larger problem. I have had patients walk in with really obvious abnormalities ongoing for years without any further investigation done. Example: I had a guy come in with a complaint of weight loss and joint pain. His skin looked weird. Did some basic labs - AST was 40, platelets were ~130. Obviously alarm bells started going off, so I checked his ferritin. It was 3500. Did genetic testing to confirm- hereditary hemochromatosis. It took me quite literally one visit to diagnose this man. Here's the annoying part: afterwards, he got me copies of labs from his previous providers. He had mild LFT elevations and mildly low platelets for years. He has been dealing with this, having damage done to his liver, for years because no one thought an AST 40 + PLT 130 was a combination worth investigating, despite his "unexplained" family history of death by liver cancer.

I would love for this to be a one-off event, but it isn't. I inherit "diet controlled" diabetics with double-digit A1Cs, patients with positive HCV ab testing and no follow up, people with a GFR <60 and no mention of kidney disease in their chart or renal dosing performed, HFrEF patients with no ACE-I/SGLT-2/BB etc, and just… ugh! I am so upset about this HH patient that now I all of my frustrations about shoddy local care are coming out. I just want people to pay attention. I feel like I am always cleaning up messes and I am tired of it.

[singingmountainwitch]

You can predict diseases through tarot, I have done this many times myself.

This is a broad topic so I have made the following summary :

The fool : Health disorders that tends to make a person unbalanced, physically or mentally…diagnosis and treatment is difficult. Insanity, alcoholism, anxiety, depression, amnesia, neurosis, drug addiction, a temporary disease. as a negative outcome, adverts about suicide and accidents. This person is being careless about his/ her health.

The magician : Strength, vitality, stress, mental disorders. Starting a treatment.

High priestess : It has all to do about hormonal issues, hidden pregnancy, female reproductive organs, for male, issues about prostate. It also can indicate a hidden disease. Inner anger.

Empress : A good health condition. Pregnancy or skin disorders, plastic surgery.

Emperor : Strong & good health…as negative outcome Stomach, Stress and Liver problems but in general this card is very positive.

Hierophant : Shows a good health condition. POSITIVE

Lovers : Uncertain diagnosis, Lung diseases, ears, eyes, all body parts that comes in two. diseases caused by emotional issues. A second doctor opinion would be welcome since this cards brings doubts about diagnosis.

Chariot : Great health condition, a balanced health, muscle issues. Victory over the sickness. Be cautious about car accidents ( specially if following cards are negative ).

Justice : Surgery, backache, disease will be cured, poor renal function, metabolism.

Hermit : Tiredness, rheumatism, old age issues, there is stability in health condition, slowness, poor nutrition, excess or deficiency of vitamins and minerals.

Wheel of fortune : A new diagnosis, a temporary disease, Hormonal and blood pressure and blood circulation issues, avoid anxiety.

Strength : One of Best cards for health, advises to practice sports, you are fit and healthy. as negative outcome : facial problems ( nose and eyes ),heart, excess of physical work, bleeding,

Hanged man : Tiredness, problems in neck, head, arms, legs, lungs. Advises to Start caring more for you than for others. A convalescent period until you are completely recovered. High risk pregnancy, depression, suicide, mental disorders.

Death : A disease confirmation, Surgery and Bones problem, be careful about your health. As death prediction, in general, it must be followed by very negative cards ( swords in minor deck ) or judgment ( inheritance ).

Temperance : POSITIVE - For health, one of best card you could get, it advises to drink water, if you are sick it could be showing you will be cured, also advise to seek for homeopatic, ayurveda or treatments other than conventional. as a rare negative out come : Coma, allergies, difficult baby delivery ( delayed ) and incurable disease.

Devil : This card is related to Cancer, HIV, sexual diseases in general, sexual organs, impotence and insanity due to excess of materialism, drugs, sex.

Tower : NEGATIVE - Accident, falling from high height, breaking bones, Scars, Vital organs.

Star : Positive for the cure of a disease, but as negative outcome means flu, allergies, lazzyness, nervousness, intoxication, childhood diseases, drugs, but this is not a negative card, it’s all upon the following ones.

The Moon : There is a disease for sure, it could be depression, poor blood circulation, breasts, lymphatic system and in general mental disorders. you don’t know you are sick, but you are ( this card has a strong occult aspect ). As positive outcome indicates high fertility. If you get this card about health questions … ( it’s a red flag…consult a doctor, go for a check up ) specially if the following cards are negative.

The Sun : The best card for health condition denoting vitality, but often comes for heart patients ( heart attack ) and also could mean sunburns.

The Judgment : A disease is cured but in negative it could be a hereditary/ chronic disease. The return of a past disease. seeking for a better treatment since previous one haven’t worked properly.

The World : In general a good health, as negative, may indicate intestinal disorders.

*** This method should not replace a medical diagnosis, but take this just as a complement, especially if you want to know about someone’s real death cause or a disease of difficult diagnosis ***

[mcatmemoranda]

There are multiple risk factors for the development of osteoporosis. These include but are not limited to advanced age, cigarette smoking, chronic glucocorticoid therapy, low body weight, previous fractures, history of rheumatoid arthritis, and excessive alcohol intake.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are associated with adverse effects on bone health. The AEDs most commonly associated with altered bone metabolism are those that induce the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Specifically, the AED phenytoin has a direct inhibitory effect on intestinal calcium absorption and can stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption.

A score of less than -2.5 on DEXA scanning would indicate osteoporosis, a score of -1.0 to -2.5 would indicate osteopenia, and a score greater than -1.0 indicates normal bone density. Additionally, a fragility fracture (fracture from minor trauma such as a fall from a standing height or less) is diagnostic of osteoporosis without any further workup.

Bottom Line: The risk factors for osteoporosis include advanced age, cigarette smoking, chronic glucocorticoid therapy, physical inactivity, poor intake of calcium and vitamin D, body weight less than 127 lb, previous fractures, anticonvulsant use, hyperthyroidism, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and excessive alcohol intake.

The characteristic need for the child to use his hands to push himself to an upright position when arising from the floor is the Gower sign. It results from weakness in the proximal lower extremity muscles. Physical examination reveals pseudohypertrophy of the calf, lumbar lordosis, a waddling gait, shortening of the Achilles tendons, hypotonia, and hyporeflexia or areflexia. Patients usually use wheelchairs by age 12 or 13. Additional complications include delayed growth, dilated cardiomyopathy, increased fractures, progressive scoliosis with impaired pulmonary function, cognitive impairment, and eventual respiratory insufficiency.

Bottom Line: Elevated laboratory markers in the setting of Duchenne muscular dystrophy include serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine transaminase.

COMBANK Insight: DMD is a progressive, myopathic disorder inherited in an X-linked, recessive fashion and caused by a defective gene on the X chromosome responsible for dystrophin production. Dystrophin normally serves to stabilize and prevent the breakdown of muscle fibers. Loss of dystrophin thus leads to muscle fiber degeneration, resulting in muscle weakness.

Wilson Disease, also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is an autosomal recessive defect involving an ATPase, Cu2+ -transporting, β-polypeptide. In this disease state, copper is deposited in tissues of the brain, liver, kidneys, and Descemet membrane of the cornea (known as Kayser-Fleischer rings, which are seen in the exhibit). Parkinsonian-like tremor and dementia may be evident when the nervous system is affected. Renal tubular damage occurs in the kidneys and cirrhosis can develop in the liver. Diagnosis can be made with the observation of decreased serum ceruloplasmin. Treatment includes penicillamine, which creates a soluble complex with the metal that can be excreted through the urine.

Bottom Line: A Kayser-Fleischer ring is a golden brown ring observed in the Descemet layer of the cornea as a result of copper deposition and is seen in Wilson disease. Labs reveal low serum ceruloplasmin and treatment with penicillamine can stop the progression of this degenerative disease state.

The types of cancers that metastasize to the bone most commonly are lung, breast, thyroid, renal, and prostate. Multiple myeloma and lymphoma can both form lytic lesions from their origins within the marrow.

A SPEP and UPEP are sensitive for multiple myeloma and should be obtained along with a measurement of the patient's total protein and globulin levels.

Bottom Line: The initial workup of a new lytic lesion generally involves a CT chest/abdomen/pelvis, SPEP/UPEP, bone scan, basic labs, and mammogram or PSA

[colinwilson11]

Rare Kidney Disease: An In-Depth Look

There are over a hundred rare diseases that can impact the functioning of the kidneys. Some of the less common renal diseases include Alport syndrome, Medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD), Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and Nephronophthisis.

Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by kidney failure and hearing loss. It is caused by mutations in genes coding for type IV collagen, which is an important component of the glomerular basement membrane in the kidneys. Over time, the glomeruli are damaged, resulting in proteinuria and declining kidney function. Approximately 1 in 5000 individuals are affected by Alport syndrome worldwide.

Medullary cystic Rare Kidney Disease involves the development of cysts in the medulla of the kidneys, which are the inner regions. Two main types are MCKD type 1 and type 2. They are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Cysts accumulate over time, leading to kidney enlargement and eventual failure. MCKD has a prevalence rate of about 1 in 50,000.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is one of the most common life-threatening genetic disorders. It is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Multiple cysts form in both kidneys, enlarging them considerably. Symptoms include high blood pressure, kidney pain, urinary tract infections, blood in urine and late-stage renal failure. ADPKD has an incidence of about 1 in 1000-4000.

Nephronophthisis is a tubulointerstitial kidney disease leading to end-stage renal failure during childhood or teenage years in most cases. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant trait. Tiny cysts form along the renal tubules as the disease progresses. Overall prevalence is estimated to be between 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000.

Diagnosis And Management Challenges

Given the rarity of these disorders, diagnosing them accurately can prove difficult. Initial tests ordered by doctors usually include urine examination, ultrasound of kidneys, serum creatinine levels and creatinine clearance tests. However, definitive diagnosis requires specialist kidney biopsy in many cases to check for characteristic pathology changes under microscopy. Genetic testing is also important to confirm the specific type and mutation involved.

Lack of awareness about Rare Kidney Disease poses challenges in management. Patients often face delays before reaching specialist nephrologists. Limited published research means treatment protocols are still evolving for some conditions. Managing complications like hypertension, pain, infections etc. requires multidisciplinary teams. Coordinating long-term care and follow-up can be an issue as patients transition between pediatric and adult medical services.

Access To Novel Therapies

As understanding of disease pathways improves, new treatments are being developed for Rare Kidney Disease. For instance, antiviral drugs that block JC polyomavirus replication show promise against Nephropathia epidemica (a zoonotic infection causing tubulointerstitial nephritis). CRISPR gene editing is being explored as a curative approach for hereditary conditions. Drugs inhibiting ACE2/angiotensin pathways help slow ADPKD progression. Research is ongoing into stem cell therapy using patient-derived podocytes for Alport syndrome. Management of symptoms also incorporates dietary changes, lifestyle modifications and palliative care approaches. Government approvals have enabled access to orphan drugs for rare disorders in many countries.

The rare diseases impacting the kidneys remain an important public health problem due to their chronic nature and lack of standardized care protocols. Improving awareness, expediting diagnosis, streamlining multi-specialty management, facilitating clinical trials and making innovative therapies more affordable are some priorities. Coordinated global research programs are necessary to find new treatments and eventually cures for these challenging conditions afflicting patients worldwide.

Get more insights on this topic:  https://www.trendingwebwire.com/rare-kidney-disease-understanding-the-uncommon-causes-of-kidney-failure/

Author Bio

Vaagisha brings over three years of expertise as a content editor in the market research domain. Originally a creative writer, she discovered her passion for editing, combining her flair for writing with a meticulous eye for detail. Her ability to craft and refine compelling content makes her an invaluable asset in delivering polished and engaging write-ups. (LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/vaagisha-singh-8080b91)

*Note: 1. Source: Coherent Market Insights, Public sources, Desk research 2. We have leveraged AI tools to mine information and compile it

[twinkl22004]

“Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis”, Victor McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 1966.

Here I present: “Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis”, Victor McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man’, 1966. INTRODUCTION. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is observed on renal biopsy. Males tend to have a more severe phenotype than females and are more likely to develop end-stage renal disease, often necessitating dialysis or renal transplant. C3 glomerulopathy-3 (C3G3) is an…

[sidshospital]

Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Being one of the best kidney specialists in Surat, our experts say that the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition that affects millions of people worldwide, yet many are unaware of their condition until the disease has progressed significantly. This silent threat to health can have serious consequences if left unchecked, but with early detection and proper management, many people with CKD can lead full, active lives. In this blog post, we’ll explore what CKD is, its symptoms, causes, and available treatments to help you better understand this common but often overlooked condition.

What is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Your kidneys are remarkable organs that filter waste and excess fluids from your blood, regulate blood pressure, produce hormones, and help maintain bone strength. Chronic Kidney Disease occurs when these bean-shaped organs are damaged and can’t perform their vital functions effectively.

CKD is typically a progressive condition, meaning it worsens over time. Renal specialists from SIDS Hospital, well-known as one of the best hospitals in Surat, say that it’s divided into five stages based on how well the kidneys are working, with stage 1 being the mildest and stage 5 (also known as end-stage renal disease or kidney failure) being the most severe.

Recognizing the Symptoms

One of the reasons CKD is often called a “silent disease” is that symptoms may not appear until the condition has advanced significantly. However, some people may experience:

1. Fatigue and weakness

2. Difficulty concentrating

3. Decreased appetite

4. Trouble sleeping

5. Muscle cramping, especially at night

6. Swollen feet and ankles

7. Puffiness around the eyes, especially in the morning

8. Dry, itchy skin

9. Need to urinate more often, especially at night

As the disease progresses, additional symptoms may include:

10. Nausea and vomiting

11. Shortness of breath

12. Chest pain

13. Persistent itching

14. High blood pressure that’s difficult to control

It’s important to note that these symptoms can be caused by other conditions as well. If you’re experiencing any of these persistently, it’s crucial to consult with the best kidneys stone specialist in Surat for proper evaluation.

Understanding the Causes

Chronic Kidney Disease can result from various factors, but the two leading causes are diabetes and high blood pressure. These conditions can damage the blood vessels in your kidneys over time, impairing their ability to filter waste effectively.

Other potential causes of CKD include:

1. Glomerulonephritis — inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units

2. Polycystic kidney disease — an inherited disorder causing cysts to grow in the kidneys

3. Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract

4. Recurrent kidney infections

5. Certain autoimmune disorders like lupus

6. Overuse of certain medications, particularly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

According to the best kidney stone specialists in Surat, some people are at higher risk of developing CKD such as:

- Being over 60 years old

- Having a family history of kidney disease

- Being of African American, Native American, or Asian descent

Having a history of cardiovascular disease

Treatment Options

While there’s no cure for Chronic Kidney Disease, various treatments can slow its progression and manage symptoms. The treatment plan will depend on the underlying cause and the stage of the disease.

1. Lifestyle Changes: Often, the first line of defence against CKD progression involves lifestyle modifications. These may include:

- Following a kidney-friendly diet low in sodium, phosphorus, and protein

- Maintaining a healthy weight

- Quitting smoking

- Limiting alcohol intake

- Regular exercise as approved by your doctor

2. Medications: Various medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and complications of CKD, such as:

- Blood pressure medications

- Medications to lower cholesterol levels

- Drugs to treat anaemia

- Medications to relieve swelling

- Vitamin D and calcium supplements to protect bones

3. Treating Underlying Conditions: If diabetes or high blood pressure is causing your CKD, managing these conditions effectively is crucial to slowing kidney damage.

4. Dialysis: In advanced stages of CKD, when the kidneys can no longer filter waste effectively, dialysis may be necessary. This treatment uses a machine to filter waste from your blood.

5. Kidney Transplant: For some patients with end-stage kidney disease, a kidney transplant may be an option. This involves surgically placing a healthy kidney from a donor into your body.

Prevention and Early Detection

The best way to deal with Chronic Kidney Disease is to prevent it from developing in the first place. Regular check-ups with the best kidney specialists in Surat, especially if you have risk factors for CKD, can help catch the disease early. Simple blood and urine tests can detect CKD before symptoms appear.

Conclusion

If you’re diagnosed with CKD, remember that knowledge is power. Understanding your condition, following your treatment plan, and maintaining open communication with your healthcare team from the best hospital in Surat can significantly impact your quality of life and slow the progression of the disease. Many people with CKD lead full, active lives.

If you have concerns about your kidney health, don’t hesitate to speak with our renal experts at SIDS Hospital. Early detection and treatment can make a world of difference in managing Chronic Kidney Disease and maintaining your overall health and well-being.

[dietforchronickidneydisease]

Chromophobe Renal Cell Cancer Treatment

What is chromophobe renal cell cancer?

Chromophobe renal cell cancer is different from other kidney cancers. It originates in the cells lining the renal tubules. These cells play a crucial role in the kidney’s job of filtering waste from blood to make urine. Chromophobe RCC is set apart by its cell features. It also progresses more slowly than other types.

What are the risk factors for chromophobe renal cell cancer?

Understanding the risk factors for chromophobe RCC can be key. They help in early detection and prevention. Researchers are still studying the specific causes. But, factors like genetics, lifestyle, and certain inherited conditions seem to play a big role.

In my journey, I learned that factors Read More  

Are you interested to read all about kidney disease and overall health Read More  

[drnishagaur123]

The Most Common Kidney Diseases: An In-Depth Overview

The kidneys are an important part of the human body, responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and maintaining fluid balance. However, they can be affected by various diseases, which can lead to serious health problems. In this blog, we will discuss the most common kidney diseases and their symptoms.

1. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Overview: Chronic Kidney Disease is a progressive loss of kidney function over months or years. CKD is categorised into five stages based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well the kidneys are filtering blood.

Causes: The primary causes of CKD are diabetes and hypertension. Other factors include autoimmune diseases (like lupus), genetic disorders (such as polycystic kidney disease), and prolonged use of certain medications.

Symptoms: Early stages may show no symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms can include fatigue, swelling in the legs and ankles, shortness of breath, confusion, and difficulty concentrating. In advanced stages, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and changes in urine output may occur.

Treatment: Managing underlying conditions, lifestyle changes (such as a kidney-friendly diet and regular exercise), medications to control blood pressure and blood sugar, and, in severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation.

2. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Overview: Acute Kidney Injury, previously known as acute renal failure, is a sudden and often temporary loss of kidney function. It can happen over a few hours or days.

Causes: Common causes include severe infections, dehydration, prolonged use of certain medications, obstruction of the urinary tract, and reduced blood flow to the kidneys due to surgery or heart failure.

Symptoms: Symptoms include decreased urine output, swelling in legs and feet, fatigue, confusion, nausea, and chest pain or pressure.

Treatment: Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as rehydrating the patient, managing infections, or removing blockages. In severe cases, dialysis may be necessary until kidney function recovers.

3. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Overview: Polycystic Kidney Disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, which can lead to enlarged kidneys and impair their function.

Causes: PKD is typically inherited. The most common form, autosomal dominant PKD, usually presents in adulthood. Autosomal recessive PKD is less common and presents in infancy or childhood.

Symptoms: Symptoms include high blood pressure, back or side pain, blood in the urine, frequent kidney infections, and an increased size of the abdomen due to enlarged kidneys.

Treatment: There is no cure for PKD, but treatments focus on managing symptoms and slowing progression. This includes controlling blood pressure, pain management, treating infections promptly, and in severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation.

4. Glomerulonephritis

Overview: Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys called glomeruli. It can be acute or chronic and can lead to kidney damage.

Causes: Causes include infections, autoimmune diseases (like lupus), vasculitis, and certain genetic conditions.

Symptoms: Symptoms include pink or cola-colored urine due to blood in the urine, foamy urine due to excess protein, high blood pressure, and swelling in the face, hands, feet, and abdomen.

Treatment: Treatment depends on the cause and severity. It may include medications to control blood pressure, reduce inflammation, treat infections, and manage autoimmune conditions. Severe cases might require dialysis or a kidney transplant.

5. Kidney Stones

Overview: Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. They can affect any part of the urinary tract and cause severe pain when passing through the urinary system.

Causes: Causes include dehydration, high-protein or high-salt diet, obesity, certain medical conditions (like gout), and genetic factors.

Symptoms: Symptoms include severe pain in the side and back, pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin, painful urination, pink, red, or brown urine, nausea, and vomiting.

Treatment: Treatment depends on the size and type of stones. Small stones may pass on their own with increased fluid intake. Larger stones may require medications, shock wave lithotripsy, or surgical procedures.

6. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Overview: Urinary Tract Infections are infections that affect the urinary system, including the kidneys. If untreated, UTIs can lead to kidney infections (pyelonephritis), which can cause kidney damage.

Causes: UTIs are commonly caused by bacteria, particularly E. coli, entering the urinary tract. Risk factors include poor hygiene, sexual activity, certain types of birth control, and blockages in the urinary tract.

Symptoms: Symptoms of kidney infection include fever, chills, back or side pain, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms of lower UTIs include frequent, painful urination, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine.

Treatment: UTIs are typically treated with antibiotics. Drinking plenty of fluids and practicing good hygiene can help prevent infections.

7. Diabetic Nephropathy

Overview: Diabetic nephropathy is kidney damage resulting from diabetes. It affects the kidney’s ability to filter waste from the blood effectively.

Causes: High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the kidneys over time, leading to nephropathy.

Symptoms: Early stages may have no symptoms. As it progresses, symptoms can include protein in the urine, swelling in the hands, feet, and eyes, high blood pressure, and increased urination.

Treatment: Managing blood sugar levels, controlling blood pressure, and following a kidney-friendly diet are crucial. Medications and, in advanced stages, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention and Management

Preventing and managing kidney diseases involves adopting a healthy lifestyle and monitoring for early signs. Key strategies include:

Maintaining a Healthy Diet: A diet low in salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats can reduce the risk of kidney disease.

Staying Hydrated: Drinking adequate water helps kidneys function properly.

Regular Exercise: Exercise can help control weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels.

Avoiding Smoking and Excessive Alcohol Consumption: These habits can exacerbate kidney damage.

Regular Medical Check-ups: Monitoring blood pressure, blood sugar, and kidney function can help detect issues early.

Conclusion

Kidney diseases encompass a range of conditions with various causes and symptoms. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent severe complications. By understanding the common kidney diseases and adopting preventive measures, individuals can protect their kidney health and overall well-being.In conclusion, it’s crucial to seek medical attention for any symptoms related to kidney function to avoid complications. By understanding common kidney diseases and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, you can protect your kidney health and reduce the risk of developing kidney disease.  If you are facing severe Most Common Kidney Diseases, then you should consult Dr. Nisha Gaur. Dr. Nisha Gaur is the most reputed Nephrologist doctor in Jaipur and has years of work experience and is the Best Nephrologist in Jaipur for Chronic Kidney Disease Care and also for treating ailments such as Kidney Transplantation, Peritoneal Dialysis, Hemodialysis, and Kidney Biopsy.

[kidneytreatment01]

Effective Methods for decreasing Creatinine Levels to Restore Renal Health

High creatinine levels can indicate underlying kidney issues and require prompt attention to prevent further complications. Homeopathy offers a gentle yet effective approach to managing elevated creatinine levels, focusing on restoring balance to the body's natural healing mechanisms.

Individualized Assessment: A thorough evaluation of the individual's overall health, medical history, and symptoms is essential in homeopathic treatment. This personalized approach allows the homeopath to tailor the treatment plan to address the root cause of high creatinine treatment.

Constitutional Remedies: Homeopathic remedies selected based on the individual's constitutional type can help stimulate the body's innate healing response. These remedies aim to rebalance the body's vital force, promoting optimal kidney function and lowering creatinine levels.

Symptom-Based Remedies: Specific homeopathic remedies may be prescribed based on the unique symptoms associated with high creatinine treatment. These remedies target symptoms such as fatigue, swelling, urinary problems, and other signs of kidney dysfunction.

Renal Restoration: Approaches to Kidney Failure Treatment

Kidney failure, also known as renal failure, is a serious condition where the kidneys lose their ability to function properly, leading to a buildup of toxins and waste products in the body. Homeopathy offers a gentle yet comprehensive approach to supporting kidney health and managing the symptoms of Treatment for kidney failure.

Individualized Assessment: Homeopathic treatment begins with a thorough evaluation of the individual's overall health, medical history, and specific symptoms associated with kidney failure. This personalized approach allows the homeopath to tailor the treatment plan to address the underlying causes and unique manifestations of the condition.

Constitutional Remedies: Homeopathic remedies selected based on the individual's constitutional type can help stimulate the body's innate healing mechanisms and support overall kidney function. These remedies aim to address the underlying imbalances contributing to Treatment for kidney failure and promote holistic healing.

Symptom-Based Remedies: In addition to constitutional remedies, specific homeopathic remedies may be prescribed to target the symptoms of kidney failure, such as fatigue, swelling, high blood pressure, nausea, and urinary problems. These remedies work in harmony with the body's natural processes to alleviate discomfort and improve quality of life.

What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease and How to Treat It: An Understanding

chronic kidney disease causes and treatment (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. Understanding the causes of CKD is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies. Homeopathy offers a holistic approach to managing CKD, focusing on addressing the underlying causes and supporting kidney function.

Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease

Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes can damage the kidneys over time, leading to CKD.

Hypertension: High blood pressure can strain the kidneys, causing damage and increasing the risk of CKD.

Polycystic Kidney Disease: Inherited condition characterized by the growth of cysts in the kidneys, leading to CKD.

Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like lupus and vasculitis can cause inflammation and damage to the kidneys.

Other Factors: Smoking, obesity, family history of kidney disease, and certain medications can also contribute to CKD.

Different Strategies for Treating Kidney Failure: Topical Dialysis

kidney failure treatment without dialysis presents significant challenges, but for those seeking alternatives to dialysis, homeopathy offers a comprehensive approach focused on supporting kidney function and overall well-being.

Individualized Assessment: Homeopathic treatment begins with a thorough evaluation of the individual's health history, symptoms, and specific manifestations of kidney failure treatment without dialysis. This personalized approach allows the homeopath to tailor the treatment plan to address the underlying causes and unique needs of the individual.

Constitutional Remedies: Homeopathic remedies are selected based on the individual's constitutional type, aiming to stimulate the body's innate healing mechanisms and restore balance. These remedies work holistically to support kidney function and overall health.

Symptom-Based Remedies: In addition to constitutional remedies, specific homeopathic remedies may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms associated with kidney failure, such as fatigue, swelling, high blood pressure, and urinary problems. These remedies target the individual's symptoms, promoting relief and enhancing quality of life.

[twinkl22004]

“Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease”, Victor McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man”, 1966.

  Here I present: “Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease (autosomal dominant)”, Victor McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man’, 1966. INTRODUCTION. Medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD) is an autosomal dominant kidney disorder characterized by tubulointerstitial sclerosis leading to end-stage renal disease. Because the presence of cysts is neither an early nor a typical diagnostic feature of the…

[drbasilshomeo]

Manage uric acid the homeopathic way.

Most of the patients having a high uric acid level reach hospitals with joint pain. Many are aware of high uric acid levels when doing a blood test while having severe joint pain. Uric acid not only causes joint pain but also kidney stones and hypertension. The reason for high uric acid levels is impaired metabolism. Uric acid is a by-product that results from the metabolism of purine-containing food. Due to the unhealthy diet and lifestyle patients having high uric acid levels are increasing day by day. Homeopathy treatment for uric acid can cure metabolic errors causing high serum uric acid levels. Moreover, homeopathy medicines for uric acid are free of any complications and side effects. 

What is uric acid? And how is it formed?

Uric acid is a waste product that results from the breakdown of purines, which are chemical compounds found naturally in our bodies and certain foods.

Purines are present in many of the body’s cells and RNA and DNA, the molecules carrying genetic information. When purines are broken down, they produce uric acid.

Normally, uric acid dissolves in the blood, passes through the kidneys, and is excreted from the body in urine. However, if there is too much uric acid produced or if the kidneys cannot effectively remove it from the body, it can build up and crystallize in the joints or form kidney stones.

Most of the uric acid in our bodies comes from the natural breakdown of purines in cell nuclei. But levels can also increase from eating a diet high in purine-rich foods such as:

▶️Red meat

▶️Organ meats

▶️Seafood

▶️Alcoholic beverages

So in moderation, uric acid is a normal byproduct. Excessive amounts accumulating in the body lead to medical issues like gout, and kidney stones, and potentially contribute to conditions like hypertension and cardiovascular disease over time.

Maintaining healthy uric acid levels depends on limiting dietary purines and ensuring the kidneys can effectively eliminate excess uric acid.

Causes for high serum uric acid level?

👉Diet high in purines: Eating a diet rich in purine-containing foods like red meat, organ meats, seafood, and alcohol leads to increased production of uric acid.

👉Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases uric acid levels, likely due to increased purine turnover and decreased uric acid excretion.

👉Genetics: Some people inherit a genetic predisposition that causes them to either overproduce uric acid or have difficulties excreting it properly through the kidneys.

👉Medical conditions: Certain diseases and disorders like psoriasis, hypothyroidism, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and renal disease can disrupt uric acid production or excretion.

👉Medications: Diuretics, immunosuppressants, niacin, aspirin and some chemotherapies can raise uric acid levels.

👉High purine cell turnover: Conditions with rapid cell turnover like cancer, psoriasis or starvation increase purine breakdown and uric acid production.

👉Dehydration: Not drinking enough fluids decreases the body’s ability to flush out uric acid effectively.

👉Gender: Men tend to have higher baseline uric acid levels than women.

👉The kidneys normally filter out uric acid from the bloodstream. But factors like diet, obesity, genetics or kidney dysfunction can overload or impair this process, allowing uric acid to accumulate.

Symptoms of high serum uric acid level

• Acute gout attacks – Sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, swelling and tenderness in joints, often affecting the big toe. Gout flares are triggered by uric acid crystal buildup in the joints.

• Joint stiffness and reduced mobility – Chronic gout can lead to joint deformity and lack of flexibility from uric acid crystal deposits.

• Tophi – Chalk-like lumps under the skin around joints formed from uric acid crystal buildup over time. Common on fingers, hands, feet, elbows and ears.

• Kidney stones – High uric acid levels increase the risk of developing painful kidney stones when uric acid crystallizes in the urinary tract.  

• Fatigue and malaise – General feelings of tiredness, sluggishness or lack of energy from uric acid’s inflammatory effects.

• Cognitive issues – Some research links high uric acid to poorer cognitive performance and risk of conditions like Alzheimer’s disease over time.

• Hypertension – Excessive uric acid may contribute to the development of high blood pressure in some individuals.

The frequency, duration and severity of symptoms can vary greatly between those with moderately elevated uric acid versus long standing, poorly controlled hyperuricemia. Many people are being cured of the sufferings of uric acid with Homeopathy treatment. The number of people who choose Homoeopathy treatment for uric acid is increasing day by day.

Homeopathy treatment for uric acid

Homeopathy treatment for 

Uric acid manages patience with simple medicines, having natural origin without any complicated procedures. Call me medicines for Eure acid are prepared from natural sources like plants, animals and minerals. Safety and completely free of any side effects are the speciality of homeopathic medicines for uric acid. There are a good number of homeopathic medicines for uric acid, which are selected for eight patients based on symptom totality. Symptom totality is a group of individual symptoms of a patient which are selected from collective data obtained from case-taking. During the case-taking procedure, a homeopathic doctor inquires about the history, family history, physical and mental characteristics, moral and social values of the patient, etc…

Home medicines for uric acid are very effective and safe for all age groups even during pregnancy. Moreover, this Homeopathy treatment for your acid can be taken safely by any patient, who has any other health issues and is taking other medicines.

Some of the  important homeopathy medicines for uric acids are,

1. Bryonia alba: One of the top remedies for acute gout attacks with intense tearing pain, and red and inflamed joints that feel worse with the slightest motion. Also used for arthritis pain.

2. Ledum palustre: Useful for treating red, hot, swollen joints from gout where the pain is improved by cold applications. Often indicated when the foot/ankle is affected.

3. Benzoic acid: Helps eliminate uric acid from the body. Indicated when uric acid deposits cause nodules or tophi formations.

4. Urtica urens: Aims to alkalinize the body and blood to prevent uric acid buildup. May provide relief from burning pains and stiffness.

5. Colchicum: A common anti-inflammatory remedy for gout flare-ups with intense pain and swelling, especially in the big toe joint.

6. Arnica montana: Relieves pain, inflammation and arthritis symptoms from uric acid crystals. Often used after an acute gout attack.

7. Berberis vulgaris: Helps treat kidney stones and gallbladder issues related to high uric acid levels.

8. Lycopodium: Indicated for arthritic pains and digestive issues that can contribute to elevated uric acid.

9. Sarsaparilla: Believed to help purify the blood and remove uric acid and toxins from the system.

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Navigating Chronic Kidney Failure

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a severe disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. It occurs when the kidneys gradually lose function over time as a result of conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and inherited illnesses. CKD symptoms include weariness, swelling ankles, changes in urine patterns, and increasingly severe symptoms as the disease advances. Early diagnosis of CKD requires a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations. Lifestyle adjustments such as regulating blood pressure and blood sugar levels, eating a low-salt, high-protein diet, being physically active, and abstaining from smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are among the treatment choices for kidney disease. Medication and dialysis may also be required in some circumstances to maintain renal function. Understanding the origins, symptoms, and treatment choices for CKD can help to slow its progression and preserve a high quality of life.

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Kidney Diseases: Understanding, Managing, and Preventing

The kidneys, vital organs responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. However, various factors can lead to kidney diseases, affecting their ability to function properly. Among these conditions, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stands out as a significant health concern worldwide. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of kidney diseases, focusing particularly on chronic kidney disease and its management.

Understanding Kidney Diseases:

Kidney diseases encompass a broad spectrum of conditions that impair kidney function, leading to a buildup of toxins and fluids in the body. These conditions may include:

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): A progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Sudden damage to the kidneys, often caused by conditions like dehydration, infections, or medications.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): Inherited disorder characterized by the growth of cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney enlargement and impairment.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition wherein the kidneys gradually lose their ability to function effectively. Common risk factors for CKD include diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, smoking, and a family history of kidney disease. Left untreated, CKD can progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation for survival.

Managing Chronic Kidney Disease:

While CKD is not curable, its progression can be slowed through lifestyle modifications and medical interventions. Treatment strategies for CKD may include:

Blood Pressure Control: Maintaining healthy blood pressure levels through medication, diet, and lifestyle changes can help preserve kidney function.

Blood Sugar Management: For individuals with diabetes, controlling blood sugar levels is essential in preventing further kidney damage.

Dietary Modifications: Following a kidney-friendly diet low in sodium, phosphorus, and potassium can alleviate symptoms and reduce strain on the kidneys.

Medications: Depending on the underlying cause of CKD, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms, lower cholesterol levels, or treat complications such as anemia or bone disease.

Preventing Kidney Diseases:

Preventive measures play a crucial role in reducing the risk of kidney diseases. These include:

Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.

Monitoring Blood Pressure and Blood Sugar Levels: Regular monitoring of blood pressure and blood sugar levels can help detect and manage underlying conditions like hypertension and diabetes.

Staying Hydrated: Drinking an adequate amount of water daily helps maintain kidney function and flush out toxins from the body.

Regular Medical Check-ups: Routine health screenings can detect kidney diseases early, allowing for timely intervention and management.

Conclusion:

Kidney diseases, including chronic kidney disease, pose significant health risks and require careful management to prevent complications. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options available, individuals can take proactive steps to preserve kidney function and maintain overall health. Prioritizing healthy lifestyle habits, regular medical check-ups, and preventive measures can go a long way in safeguarding kidney health and well-being.

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All about Kidney Infection by Dr L H Hiranandani Hospital Kidney

In this article we’re going to see what kidney infection is, its causes, symptoms and natural treatments one can implement in their own lives. To start with, kidney infection also known as pyelonephritis, is a medical condition which occurs because of the inflammation in one or other kidneys. This disease is the silent killer in the human body caused by the bacterial infection. Inflammation occurs due to a specific type of UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) which begins in the urethra and bladder, then slowly travels to the kidney, eventually leading to severe discomfort when left untreated. Ignoring below mentioned symptoms and warning signs may lead to a bigger issue. Kidney’s job is to regulate what’s in the blood, make sure electrolytes are steady or regulate overall amount of water and they even make hormones.

Types of Kidney Infection :-

Chronic Kidney Disease: CKD, is a disease that develops over a timespan of 3 months.

Acute Kidney Injury: Decrease in kidney injury, that occurs less than 3 months.

Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of glomeruli, the tiny filters in the kidney can be acute or chronic which may be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases or other factors.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): It is another genetic disorder, formed by fluid filled cyst in the kidneys causing enlargement and impairment of function.

Kidney Stones: These are the hard substances that take a solid formation in the kidney, can lead to severe pain and obstruction of urine flow.

Urinary Tract Infection: Infections in the urinary tract if left untreated can cause various damage to the kidney.

Nephrotic Syndrome: This happens when there are a group of symptoms, swelling, high cholesterol often lead to potential kidney damage.

Renal Artery Stenosis: Here, arteries narrow down to a level where it may cause hypertension and kidney damage.

Interstitial Nephritis: In this one type, inflammation in kidney tubules and surrounding structure is caused by autoimmune disease or medications.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): In this condition a patient faces kidney failure because of the bacterial strains from the kidney infection.

Alport Syndrome: It’s a kind of genetic disorder, glomerular basement membrane which results in severe kidney damage and hearing loss.

Diabetic Nephropathy: Kidney damage, which happens in individuals with poorly controlled blood sugar levels in the body.

Hypertensive Nephropathy: It is a kind of kidney damage which is caused by prolonged high blood pressure.

Cystinosis: Is a rare genetic disorder that accumulates cystine crystals in different organs including kidneys.

Causes of Kidney Infection :-

Most people with early CKD have very few symptoms, if you are too concerned about the same you should get your test done. For most people it is caused by diabetes, high blood pressure or high cholesterol. In diabetes high blood sugar or high glucose makes the filtering units in the kidney to get blocked up and work less well and also affects the blood vessels. In high blood pressure or people with high cholesterol, again the blood vessels in the kidney tend to get narrowed and furred up which makes the kidney less good for getting rid of waste products. Inflammatory diseases where there is inflammation in the kidney sometimes called Glomerulonephritis can also attack the kidneys and cause chronic kidney disease.

And there’s one actually very common inherited disease called Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) which can cause chronic kidney disease and slowly progress damage. Up to 10% of people have this disease, blockage in the kidney can also lead to CKD. Blockages in the kidney for example caused by kidney stones can also lead to CKD, this is more unusual and finally long term use of some medicines can also lead to slowly progressive chronic damage. If you need them for other conditions you should have got your other blood test from renowned specialists of Dr. LH Hiranandani Hospital.

Symptoms To Look For :-

Let’s Look For Some Warning Signs from the viewpoints of Dr Sujit Chatterjee CEO at Dr. L H Hiranandani Hospital :

Pain in the abdomen, especially in the back

Fever

Chills

Sometimes, Burning Sensation the urine and other urinary problems.

Insufficient hydration or lack of fluid could be one of the major reasons for kidney problems. Lack of water and its substitute can make room for a lot of fatal issues including sharp-ended kidney stones, chronic diseases, and attract kidney infections. Body’s inability to flush out the toxins can cause imbalance and obstruction in the body’s regular functioning.

These symptoms occur more commonly in diabetics but they can occur in non diabetics also. Usually the on-set is acute which means they start suddenly without much warning signals, and they progress rapidly and the patient becomes very debilitated and weak and they can come to the hospital for immediate treatment, Dr. L H Hiranandani Hospital Kidney transplant unit, doctors professionally examine the patients, do some urine tests and blood tests and also an ultrasound of the abdomen. Confined analysis of the report, all together leads to a conclusion of the problem.

Natural Treatments

Here are some beneficial tips shared by professionals at Dr L H Hiranandani Hospital Kidney care unit on how to hydrate the body healthily to prevent excessive pressure on the kidney.

> Having water in the morning clears bowels and flushes out the toxins effectively. This is a practice everyone should follow, first after waking up. Consume this magic venugree drink to kickstart your day. Soak one tablespoon of fenugreek seed overnight. In the morning, bowl it in a glass of water and add a little pinch of salt or lemon for the taste.

> Hydration at a regular interval is very much required to see that the body functions well and kidneys are kept healthy. One can forget to drink even water in the middle of an ongoing work cycle or during your regular household work. Hence, keep a blissful splashy water bottle with you all the time.

> To make it more exciting, you can add refreshing cucumber, cool lemon slices, revitalizing mint, aromatic ginger and sip this refreshing drink at a regular interval. This delicious drink will help you remove all the toxins and help in healthy kidney function.

> Hydration through meals: Make sure that your food also has a sufficient amount of water. Be mindful of including soups, dals or anyone brought in your meal. This will help in a better digestion and absorption of your nutrients. Consuming buttermilk at lunch time has proved to be wonderful. It really helps the kidney, it even helps the bladder. In buttermilk you can add coriander, and pepper to boost the taste, which would even be healthy for your system. In the buttermilk, instead of sticking regular salt or refined salt, better have rock salt (sendha namak), that pink rock salt, that would be very good for your health.

> Sipping Substitute tea and coffee with certain drinks. Opt for healthier alternatives for tea and coffee like green tea or fresh unsweetened juices. These will not only rejuvenate you but also detoxify your overall system. One can opt for any green tea variants to refresh after a midday slump. Parsley tea could be another very healthy substitute for tea and coffee. Here, understand how to make it, bowl parsley for 5–7 minutes on a medium flame and then strain it and add lemon and honey and drink it warm. If you don’t have parsley, you can have lemon grass.

> Switch to Healthy and Hydrating Snacks: Unsweetened smoothies powered by nuts and natural fructose are also good options to keep yourself hydrated. This would also serve a mood enhancer and a good snack in the midday hours.

At Dr. L H Hiranandani Hospital, we offer comprehensive assistance for all the healthcare covering all the emergent services. Our kidney transplant program is here to solve all the end stage requirements.

Conclusion:

Water does more for our body than we give credit for so right hydration is a key for better and happier health. Person should drink water when they are thirsty or see to it the moment you wake up in the morning, you have a glass of warm water and at night also before sleeping you must have a glass of warm water. In the morning, after the warm water a person should have a healthy drink which we have mentioned or have a milk with a pinch of haldi in it.

At Dr. L H Hiranandani Hospital, our dedication and competence has helped many patients recover. We are done talking about kidney infections, for any confusion or query you can reach out to the professionals.

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Test Bank For Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, Ninth Edition Sheila Grossman

Unit I: Concepts of Health and Disease Chapter 01: Concepts of Health and Disease Chapter 02: Concepts of Altered Health in Children Chapter 03: Concepts of Altered Health in Older Adults Unit II: Cell Function and Growth Chapter 04: Cell and Tissue Characteristics Chapter 05: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death Chapter 06: Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance Chapter 07: Genetic and Congenital Disorders Chapter 08: Neoplasia Unit III: Disorders of Integrative Function Chapter 09: Stress and Adaptation Chapter 10: Alterations in Temperature Regulation Chapter 11: Activity Tolerance and Fatigue Unit IV: Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity Chapter 12: Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Chapter 13: Innate and Adaptive Immunity Chapter 14: Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Wound Healing Chapter 15: Disorders of the Immune Response Chapter 16: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Unit V: Disorders of Neural Function Chapter 17: Organization and Control of Neural Function Chapter 18: Somatosensory Function, Pain, and Headache Chapter 19: Disorders of Motor Function Chapter 20: Disorders of Brain Function Chapter 21: Sleep and Sleep Disorders Chapter 22: Disorders of Thought, Emotion, and Memory Unit VI: Disorders of Special Sensory Function Chapter 23: Disorders of Visual Function Chapter 24: Disorders of Hearing and Vestibular Function Unit VII: Disorders of the Hematopoietic System Chapter 25: Blood Cells and the Hematopoietic System Chapter 26: Disorders of Hemostasis Chapter 27: Disorders of Red Blood Cells Chapter 28: Disorders of White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissues Unit VIII: Disorders of Cardiovascular Function Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System Chapter 30: Disorders of Blood Flow in the Systemic Circulation Chapter 31: Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation Chapter 32: Disorders of Cardiac Function Chapter 33: Disorders of Cardiac Conduction and Rhythm Chapter 34: Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock Unit IX: Disorders of Respiratory Function Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Respiratory System Chapter 36: Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders Chapter 37: Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange Unit X: Disorders of Renal Function and Fluids and Electrolytes Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Kidney Chapter 39: Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Chapter 40: Disorders of Acid—Base Balance Chapter 41: Disorders of Renal Function Chapter 42: Acute Renal Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 43: Disorders of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract Unit XI: Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System Chapter 45: Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function Chapter 46: Disorders of Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreas Function Chapter 47: Alterations in Nutritional Status Unit XII: Disorders of Endocrine Function Chapter 48: Mechanisms of Endocrine Control Chapter 49: Disorders of Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism Chapter 50: Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome Unit XIII: Disorders of Genitourinary and Reproductive Function Chapter 51: Structure and Function of the Male Genitourinary System Chapter 52: Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System Chapter 53: Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System Chapter 54: Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Chapter 55: Sexually Transmitted Infections Unit XIV: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function Chapter 56: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Chapter 57: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, Neoplasms Chapter 58: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Developmental and Metabolic Disorders Chapter 59: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders Unit XV: Disorders of Integumentary Function Chapter 60: Structure and Function of the Skin Chapter 61: Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function Read the full article