#Serial Peripheral Interface

[didw2rden]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--comm-products--i2c/pca9515adp-118-nxp-5973557

I2C CAN Bus Module, I2C adapter, I2C devices, Serial Peripheral Interface

PCA9515A Series 3.6 V 5 mA 400 kHz 6 pF Surface Mount I2C-bus Repeater - SOIC-8

[commodorez]

Thinking up some wild combinations of expansion devices for a VIC-20 to create the ultimate VIC. Idk, is this something y'all do with your computers for the fun of it?

If you're not sure what you're looking at, the first one is a VIC-1020 expansion chassis with a VIC-20 plugged into it, along with:

C2N datasette

Xetec Super Graphix Gold centronix printer adapter

SD2IEC

3 way user port expander

1660 Modem

VIC-REL relay expansion

VIC-1111 16K RAM Cartridge

VIC-1211A Super Expander with 3K RAM Cartridge

VIC-1213 Machine Language Monitor

VIC-1112 IEEE-488 Interface Cartridge (replica)

Protecto 80 40/80 Column Board

My custom VIC-20 Dual Serial Cart Mk I

The second one here is a different 6-slot multi-cartridge expander with those last 6 cartridges installed.

The thing is, this wouldn't even fully expand the VIC-20's RAM, you'd need a denser RAM cart, or maybe more expansion slots.

The question is more about what your target use case is intended to be, if not "the most powerful VIC-20 in the history of ever". What job is the VIC supposed to be doing that it might need all of these peripherals? Most likely, you'd be attaching the things you need as you need them, and there are so many other things that could be in the mix here that aren't, for example a 1540 disk drive, several other printers, game cartridges, a programmers aid cartridge, a user port serial adapter... I could keep going.

Most of the time, I don't need nearly as many cartridges installed. In fact, the vast majority of the time I'm running just a Super Expander or a Penultimate cartridge of some kind. Either because I'm working with a minimal setup or I really just want the all-in-one functionality that a Penultimate provides (although the latter takes a bit of setup to configure the same functions that several physical cartridges provide)

More often when I am doing a multi-cart setup, I go with my 4-slot expansion due to size constraints. Fortunately, it lets me fit an IEEE-488 adapter, super expander or penultimate, machine language monitor, and now my dual serial cart -- all without going overboard.

[quartz-components]

DB9 connector is a widely used electrical connector. Recognizable by its distinctive D-shaped metal shell and 9-pin configuration, the DB9 connector has been a staple in electronics for decades, especially for serial communication.

What Is a DB9 Connector?

The DB9 connector features a D-shaped shell to ensure proper orientation when connecting. The 9 pins (or sockets in female versions) are arranged in two rows, with 5 pins on the top and 4 on the bottom. This compact design is suitable for low-profile applications.

The connector comes in two main types:

DB9 Male Connector: Have pins and are typically used on cables.

DB9 Female Connector: Have sockets and are often found on equipment or devices.

Key Features of DB9 Connectors

Durable Construction: The metal shell provides mechanical strength and shields against electromagnetic interference (EMI).

Compact Design: Ideal for devices where space is limited.

Versatile Applications: Commonly used for RS-232 serial communication, connecting peripherals like mice, keyboards, and modems.

Customization: Can support different pin configurations and wiring for varied uses.

Common Applications of DB9 Connectors

Serial Communication: Widely used in RS-232 interfaces to connect computers, printers, and industrial equipment.

Automation and Control Systems: Frequently seen in programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and industrial machines.

Networking Equipment: Used in switches, routers, and legacy systems.

Testing and Prototyping: Found in diagnostic and development tools for electronics.

DB9 Pinout Diagram

Here’s a standard pinout for a DB9 connector used in RS-232 communication:

Advantages of DB9 Connectors

Reliable Connection: Secure locking mechanism ensures a stable link.

Broad Compatibility: Works with many legacy and modern devices.

Easy Maintenance: Simple design allows for straightforward repairs or replacements.

[nhaneh]

funny thing with retro PC hardware is how the further back in history you go, the less you can really expect the mainboard to do for you.

you take a modern mainboard and it'll likely have most functions and features you're likely to need already integrated by default, be it sound, network, WiFi... there's usually even going to be video out from whatever barebones GPU is very likely integrated into the CPU by default, as well as a plethora of USB ports for whatever peripherals or other devices you might possibly want. It's basically almost a complete system in and of itself - just add a CPU, RAM, and some kind of storage medium and off you go. Plenty of boards of today will even have built-in support for plugging in fancy chassis RGB lighting straight into the mainboard itself.

Not so with older mainboards - the one I'm looking at using for my retro build project supports basically the typical two channels of IDE/Parallel ATA for a total of four main drives of whatever combination of hard- and optical, a single floppy drive, two PS/2 ports, one keyboard one mouse, a parallel LPT port, a few serial COM ports, an old AT DIN-5 keyboard port, and - shockingly - two USB ports that I'm guessing are ancient 1.0 standard. And that's it. There's no sound, no graphics, no networking - that's all stuff you have to add via expansion cards. You basically cannot use this computer at all without adding at least a graphics card - the Power On Self Test (or POST) will fail and straight up refuse to boot the system if no graphics card is detected. You go back far enough in history to the original IBM PC and it won't even have integrated hard drive support, necessitating an expansion card just to add fixed storage space.

And this is basically why the PC is such an inherently flexible platform - it was and is built pretty much grounds up to be extensible, providing the option to add just about whatever functions and features you might require via expansion slots built on open standards, allowing pretty much anyone with the prerequisite know-how and manufacturing capabilities to build their own. With the relative ease and low cost of circuit board manufacture of today combined with the ready access to powerful microcontrollers like the Raspberry Pi Pico, there's a good number of hobbyists making expansion cards that can more or less be programmed to do pretty much whatever.

Though this is technically still possible to do on modern PCs, the relative speed and complexity involved with modern PCI Express interfaces makes it far less accessible than making your own ISA expansion cards.

[techav]

Wrap030-ATX Remembers

No general-purpose computer will do much without a good amount of Random Access Memory for transient storage of code and data. Now that I have confirmed basic operation of CPU, bus controller, ROM, and serial, it's time to turn my attention to main system memory.

Every homebrew computer I've built to date, including previous iterations of the Wrap030 project, has used Static RAM. Static RAM is nearly as simple as peripherals can be — give it an address, assert a Chip Enable and a Read or Write strobe signal, wait a bit, and release. Done, cycle complete. If you don't need to retrieve some data for a good long while, it's no matter so long as the chip still has power. For a small system, SRAM is reliable and dead simple to use.

The problem with SRAM is it is also very expensive. The 2MB of SRAM I had on the previous iteration of Wrap030 cost over $20 — and it's still far from enough to run an operating system like Unix System V, NetBSD, Linux, etc. This is the reason computers generally use Dynamic RAM for primary system memory.

The difference is SRAM uses several transistors to create a flip-flop for storing each and every bit of memory, whereas DRAM uses a capacitor to store each bit of memory. This reduces manufacturing costs and increases storage density, but does come with some trade-offs. Most notably, the capacitors that store bits in DRAM will lose their charge — and the stored data with it — after a rather brief period of time. This means the DRAM capacitors need to be topped off regularly in a process known as a refresh cycle.

Another complication of using DRAM is the bus interface has been changed to allow much larger storage capacities without the physical chip package growing to absurd sizes. Instead of the chip accepting the entire address at once, it expects to be given a Row address (along with a Row Address Strobe [RAS#]) then a Column address (along with a Column Address Strobe [CAS#]), with myriad specific timing requirements for when each signal should be asserted and deasserted.

In short, DRAM is much more difficult to interface with compared to SRAM, so I've never really gotten around to it.

With one of the long term goals of this project being running a *nix operating system though, I'm going to need the larger memory that DRAM affords. So i made provision for a CPLD to serve as a dedicated DRAM controller on the Wrap030-ATX motherboard and added a couple 72-pin SIMM slots. In theory this setup should be able to support up to 256MB of RAM (if rare 128MB SIMMs should fall into my hands...).

So where do we turn when dealing with complicated timing with multiple modes and a bunch of I/O? Why, Finite State Machines, of course! That bit where the DRAM expects a row address for a little while, that's a state. And the following bit where the DRAM expects a column address is another state. And then another state to make sure the DRAM has enough time to write or fetch the data. The round it out with one last state to tell the CPU data is ready.

What about that weird refresh timing? Well, that's just few more states for the state machine. And then one last "idle" state that waits for a refresh timing counter to hit 0 or for the CPU to start a bus cycle. Laid out like that, the DRAM controller became a state machine with 7 or 8 states, a counter, and an address multiplexer.

The logic actually came together easier than expected. Not completely without bugs of course.

There's this note in the datasheets about startup initialization where the DRAM should not be accessed 200μs after power on, and there should be 8 refresh cycles before the first access. Initially I had built this entire sequence into my logic. It consumed a ton of resources and didn't really work right.

I realized that my reset circuit held the CPU in reset for longer than 200μs on power on, so I was guaranteed that first initialization time. So I removed that startup delay from my DRAM controller logic, and made a few tweaks to the state machine so it could do 8 back-to-back refresh cycles after reset.

I was able to successfully write to DRAM and read that data back!

That much proved to be the easy part. The next steps were confirming DRAM accesses worked reliably, that I had the order of my byte select signals correct, that I could identify the amount of installed memory, and that all of the installed memory was working. These are programming problems, not logic problems, and I am not a strong programmer. On top of that, not only am I working with unproven DRAM logic, but I'm also using untested SIMMs that I had picked up from Computer Reset.

I quickly ran into errors, but was it a problem with my logic? A problem with my timing? A problem with the SIMMs?

I had a large back of 72-pin SIMMs, split fairly evenly between Fast Page Mode (FPM) and Extended Data Output (EDO) types. I tried them all. Some would pass the tests for nearly all addresses but fail at the end. Some seemed to have a stuck bit. Some were just plain bad and gave errors everywhere. It didn't really answer the question about whether my logic was bad, but results were consistent enough for me to think that maybe the logic might be ok.

And then finally I came across a pair of HP-branded 8MB EDO SIMMs that passed a simple write-read test without error ...

... right around the time my serial port stopped working. But the memory test was passing, and I could at least see the serial output on the logic analyzer.

The serial port problem was a bit setback. It had been working but suddenly wasn't. Clearly the UART itself was working, I just wasn't getting anything past the level shifter. Well that at least gave me a starting point of where to look. Sure enough, one of the 12V supply pins was not well soldered. Thankfully a quick fix.

Back to testing memory, I started writing a program to identify the size of the installed SIMM and write a register I added to the DRAM controller to configure the specific geometry of the installed memory. See, DRAM has another lovely quirk — chips of the same size may have a different configuration of Row and Column sizes. For instance one chip may have a 9-bit Column and a 10-bit Row, but the next may have a 10-bit Column and a 9-bit Row, and both are the same size. If the DRAM controller just assumes 12-bit Row and Column (the largest supported by 72-pin SIMMs), then there will be gaps in the memory map that will need to be accounted for in software (using MMU, for example). If the DRAM controller knows the geometry of the installed memory, then it can present the memory to the CPU as one contiguous block of memory.

And that's where I found my next bug. The system would just hang when trying to write to that DRAM controller configuration register.

... because I had forgotten to complete that part of the state machine. The result was the state machine would end up in a state for writing to the configuration register, but then it couldn't get out of it. Once I added the missing condition to the state machine logic I was able to correctly identify the geometry and size for my installed memory!

Wow that was long. This has been the biggest, most involved step in the process of bringing up this computer yet. It turns out there are a lot of moving pieces that have to all work together to get the computer running code from ROM and reading/writing DRAM.

Now that I have my main memory working, I should be able to get some software running. I'm hoping to at least have BASIC running in time for VCFSW at the end of June.

[homeandkitchenparts]

Understanding the Functionality of Samsung Refrigerator PCB Main Assembly

Samsung refrigerators have become essential appliances in modern households, offering innovative features and advanced technologies to ensure food preservation and convenience. The (Printed Circuit Board) PCB Main Assembly serves as the brain of the refrigerator, coordinating various functions and ensuring optimal performance.

Components of the Refrigerator PCB Main Assembly

 The Refrigerator PCB Main Assembly consists of several essential components, each playing a crucial role in the refrigerator's operation.

Microcontroller: It is the central processing unit (CPU) and the computer performs programmed instructions to coordinate communication between the components.

Sensors: The ambient parameters (temperature, humidity, door status) supply critical information for regulation.

Relays: You control the flow of electricity to the compressor, fan motors, and defrost heater.

Capacitors: It will help you store the electrical energy and help to regulate voltage, and guarantee that the PCB is operating reliably.

Resistors: Protect sensitive components from harm by limiting the flow of electricity across certain circuits.

Diodes: Allow current to flow exclusively in one direction to avoid reverse polarity and safeguard components from damage.

Connectors: Facilitate electrical connections between the PCB and other refrigerator components to ensure seamless integration.

Working Principle PCB Main Assembly

The PCB Main Assembly operates on a set of programmed instructions that determine its behavior depending on sensor input and user command. The micro controller continuously monitors sensor input such as the reading of the temperature from the refrigerator compartment, and freezer. The microcontroller controls the transition of the compressor on, or off or the speed of the fan and also the defrost cycles based on the sensor data as to how to keep the temperature and humidity at the optimal level. In addition to the other refrigerator components, for example, display panel and user interface, the PCB Main Assembly provides feedback and enables users’’ interaction. The PCB Main Assembly incorporates safety features of overload protection and temperature sensors to protect the refrigerator from damage and to protect the user.

Communication Protocols

Data can be communicated to other components through microcontrollers by communication protocols like UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), and I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit).

UART is used to transfer real-time data from a microcontroller to external devices like display panels and temperature sensors.

There is a power of communication SPI and I2C for the communication of integrated circuits associated with the PCB Main Assembly for efficient data transfer and synchronization between components.

Troubleshooting and Maintenance

Common issues with the Samsung Refrigerator PCB Main Assembly include sensor failures, relay malfunctions, and power supply issues, which can affect the refrigerator's performance.

To solve PCB Main Assembly problems, we can use diagnostic methods, like running self-tests and checking the error code.

The assembly can stay longer depending on the main, such as cleaning dust and debris from the PCB and securing appropriate ventilation.

The PCB Main Assembly is an important component of the Samsung refrigerator systems since it organizes several functions to contribute to the overall efficiency of the refrigerator and food preservation. Fore-knowledge of the PCB Main Assembly and the way it is constructed can assist users in likely managing problems in their fridges.

[adafruit]

Testing our new adorable QT gamepad at the Adafruit factory 🎮🚀🛠️😍⏱️💪

We've often made little robots or games and we need a quick and small gamepad-like interface to control motors or robots or whatever. this gamepad will do nicely: it has an analog thumb-stick, and six buttons: A B X Y and select start. the two analog readings and six digital readings are managed by an onboard seesaw peripheral https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_seesawPeripheral attiny816 - so once the PCBs are assembled we gotta program that chip. we made a programming shield with a metro m0 https://www.adafruit.com/product/3505 and OLED screen. we use an M0 because we need a fair amount of memory to store the firmware of the target board in flash, plus solid hardware serial support to perform the UPDI program. the screen lets you know when its time to test the buttons by pressing them, in a few seconds we're done!

[jollyraiderguardian]

Arduino TFT Displays: A Comprehensive Guide to Size, Resolution, and Application

Introduction to Arduino TFT Displays

What is a TFT Display and Why Opt for It with Arduino?

TFT stands for Thin Film Transistor. It’s a kind of LCD (liquid crystal display) that employs thin-film transistor technology to enhance visual clarity. Unlike conventional LCDs, TFT displays deliver more vivid hues, crisper visuals, and swifter refresh speeds. A compelling reason to select a TFT for Arduino lies in its capacity to present distinct graphics and text, even in vibrant color. Additionally, certain TFT displays include touchscreen capabilities. These enable more inventive interaction with your Arduino creations.

The touchscreen variant, known as an arduino tft touch display, allows you to manage devices through taps or swipes. This imparts a contemporary, engaging quality to your work. With this technology, your Arduino screen transcends being merely a monitor. Instead, it becomes an integral component of your interface.

Common Use Cases for Arduino TFT Displays

TFT displays find application in numerous diverse endeavors. They’re widely used in arduino tft display project setups, such as IoT dashboards, smart home interfaces, and homemade weather monitors. Some enthusiasts employ them in portable gaming gadgets, crafting vibrant and interactive entertainment. Others construct control hubs for robots or machinery. Here, the lcd tft display arduino connection is pivotal. It permits users to transmit data and instructions to the screen, displaying real-time updates and controls. These displays render your Arduino work more user-friendly and visually striking.

Choosing the Ideal Size and Resolution for Your Project

Small Displays (1.8” to 2.4”)

Compact TFT displays, ranging from 1.8 to 2.4 inches, excel when your project demands portability or limited space. They suit basic readouts perfectly. A typical resolution for this size is 128×160 or 240×320 pixels. Though small, the screen can still convey essential details like digits, icons, or modest visuals. For instance, if you’re designing a wearable fitness tracker, you might opt for a petite arduino tft touch display. This keeps your project lightweight and streamlined.

Medium Displays (3.5” to 4.3”)

Mid-sized displays provide greater space for text, icons, and images. They’re simpler to read. Moreover, they can accommodate additional controls or features on a single screen. Resolutions typically range from 320×480 to 480×800 pixels. These suit smart home setups or robots requiring a screen for status updates or user commands. If you’re curious about how to use tft display with arduino for such tasks, libraries like Adafruit GFX simplify the process significantly.

Large Displays (5” to 7”)

For projects needing intricate details or video displays, larger screens are optimal. These usually offer resolutions from 800×480 to 1024×600 pixels. They’re less portable, yet they provide a sharp view of extensive data or complex menus. They’re ideal for crafting DIY arcade games or dashboards displaying weather, energy consumption, or home automation controls. For such cases, the display lcd tft arduino setup requires careful planning. This ensures the larger screen and power demands are met effectively.

How to Connect and Program TFT Displays with Arduino

Step-by-Step Guide to Wiring (SPI vs. Parallel Interfaces)

To link a TFT display to an Arduino, you must grasp its interface. Smaller displays often utilize SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface). This requires only a few wires. Conversely, larger or higher-resolution screens may use a parallel interface. This demands more pins but operates more rapidly.

For SPI displays, attach the MISO, MOSI, SCK, CS, DC, and RST pins to corresponding Arduino pins. If you’re seeking guidance on how to connect tft display to arduino, most manufacturers supply wiring schematics. Take care to avoid mismatching power connections. For instance, using 5V instead of 3.3V might harm certain displays.

Parallel interfaces transmit data across multiple lines simultaneously. This requires additional wires. However, the data transfers faster. These are typically used with expansive screens displaying numerous pixels. Regardless, precise wiring and a reliable power source are crucial for a functional setup.

Optimizing Code for Different Resolutions

Once your screen is connected, coding begins. Libraries like Adafruit GFX or TFT_eSPI streamline controlling various display types. They provide tools to sketch shapes, text, or even upload images.

Each resolution demands specific adjustments. If your project involves multiple screen sizes, define variables for width and height in your code. This way, upgrading your screen requires tweaking only one section. When learning how to use tft display with arduino, these libraries save considerable effort.

Advanced Features and Troubleshooting

Integrating Touchscreen Functionality

If your display includes a touchscreen, you’ll need a touchscreen controller and driver library. Resistive touchscreens detect pressure, while capacitive ones sense electrical signals. Both require calibration. With proper coding, your arduino tft touch display can manage sliders, menus, or buttons seamlessly.

In IoT projects, this allows users to tweak settings directly on the screen. For example, you might create a thermostat. A tap adjusts the temperature up or down. You can also switch screens or activate functions with one touch.

Solving Common Issues (Flickering, Color Inaccuracy)

Grounding is also vital. If your screen acts erratically, connect all grounds—Arduino, display, and power source—together. In a lcd tft display arduino project, minor wiring tweaks can yield significant improvements.

Custom Solutions for Unique Projects

Miqidisplay Arduino TFT Display Customization Service

Not every project suits a standard display. Miqidisplay offers tailored solutions. These include custom PCBs, enhanced touchscreen support, or robust bonding for screen durability. If your Arduino project must withstand outdoor conditions or rough use, these upgrades ensure longevity.

With over 20 years of expertise, Miqidisplay serves global clients. Whether it’s a basic prototype or a polished product, their team customizes the display to your precise specifications. For a professional arduino tft display project, they guide you from concept to completion.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What’s the difference between TFT and OLED displays for Arduino? TFT displays use a backlight. They excel in bright environments. OLEDs lack a backlight and offer richer blacks. However, they consume more power for bright visuals.

How do I choose between resistive and capacitive touchscreens? Resistive screens are more affordable. They work with any object. Capacitive screens are smoother and support multi-touch. Select based on budget and requirements.

Can I use a high-resolution TFT display with Arduino Uno? Yes, but limitations exist. High-res screens demand more RAM. You may need to shrink images or use external memory.

Why does my TFT display flicker when powered by USB? USB power can be insufficient. Try an external power supply. Alternatively, add a capacitor to stabilize voltage.

Does Miqidisplay offer waterproof TFT displays for outdoor projects? Yes. They provide waterproof versions with IP-rated protection against rain, dust, and sunlight.

Final Thoughts and Call to Action

Selecting the perfect TFT display resembles choosing an ideal camera lens. It reshapes your perspective. Whether crafting a vintage gaming console or a solar-powered weather station, Miqidisplay’s Arduino TFT Display Customization Service transforms your ideas into pixel-perfect reality.

Unsure about sizes? Our engineers can assist with prototyping. Email us a sketch of your project. We’ll reply with a complimentary compatibility checklist!

[govindhtech]

MS-CF20 ATX Motherboard for Intel Arrow Lake-S CPUs

MS-CF20: Next-Gen ATX Motherboard with 15th Gen Intel Arrow Lake-S Processors and Legacy Support

Strong ATX motherboard MS-CF20 supports 15th-generation Intel Arrow Lake-S Series CPUs and has the Intel W880 chipset. By supporting next-generation CPUs and legacy capabilities, the MS-CF20 provides unsurpassed versatility for current and older systems to meet the needs of advanced computing applications.

Power and performance optimised

For Intel Core U9/U7/U5, Pentium, and Celeron CPUs, the MS-CF20 uses the latest Intel 15th Gen Arrow Lake-S technology. New processors perform well in demanding and AI-driven applications because to their greater core counts, instructions per clock, and energy efficiency.

The board's four DDR5 UDIMM slots provide ECC and non-ECC memory up to 5600 MT/s and 192GB, giving data-intensive applications unsurpassed performance.

Advanced Graphics and Displays Support

VGA, DisplayPort (DP), and HDMI monitors make multitasking and visualisation easier on the MS-CF20. This makes it perfect for digital signage, control centres, and industrial automation with several high-resolution panels.

Good Network and Storage Connectivity

Four RJ-45 2.5GbE LAN ports on MS-CF20 provide server-grade and data processing networking. The board has four SATA 3.0 ports, two M.2 M Key slots, and SATA RAID 0/1/5/10 for safe data management.

Extended Expansion and I/O Interfaces

To satisfy various application needs, the MS-CF20 offers these features:

Accelerators, GPUs, and networks fit in one PCIe x16 (Gen 5) or two x8 and four x4 slots.

Two USB 3.2 Gen 1 ports, three USB 2.0 ports, and eight USB 3.2 Gen 2 connections connect fast peripherals.

Industrial-grade serial connectivity options include 10 COM ports (2 RS-485, 8 RS-232).

Audio connections, PS/2, GPIO, and TPM 2.0 for security are included.

Supporting Legacy

PS/2 Port: This port enables vintage keyboards and mice in industrial and automation situations that require reliability and low latency input.

PCI Slot: Supports legacy expansion cards for automation, legacy hardware support, and industrial control systems.

VGA connectors work with old displays and projectors in control systems, factory automation, and long-lifecycle applications.

Ten serial COM ports (one back and nine inside): COM1/2 supports Ring/0V/5V/12V Autoflow (default, Ring) for RS-232/422/485. The COM3-10 supports RS-232 with 0V/5V/12V Autoflow for diverse serial connection and industrial compatibility.

Reliability and Industry Standards

For reliable remote administration and monitoring, the MS-CF20 uses cutting-edge SMBus, I2C, PMBus, and Intel AMT 19.x technologies. Multi-system fan connections improve thermal management, and chassis intrusion detection provides physical security.

Key MS-CF20 Features

15th-generation Arrow Lake-S CPUs with Intel W880 chipset

4 DDR5 ECC/non-ECC UDIMM slots, 192GB.

HDMI, DP, and VGA displays.

Quad 2.5GbE LAN ports

Flexible Gen 5 and Gen 4 PCIe extension

Four SATA 3.0 and two M.2 M slots support RAID.

Built-in TPM 2.0, COM ports, GPIO, PS/2, USB 3.2, and PCI slot.

Previous PCI, VGA, COM, and PS/2 support.

ATX Power's advanced thermal and security features

Target Uses

The MS-CF20 supports high-performance computing systems like:

Production lines, process automation, and industrial machinery may be managed and monitored by industrial automation and control systems.

Real-time processing and analysis of massive amounts of data need data processing servers.

Transport Systems: Connects fleet, traffic, and logistical systems reliably.

Security and surveillance platforms: Powers analytics, real-time monitoring, and HD video streaming.

Medical imaging and data processing provide fast, accurate processing of medical imaging data for healthcare systems and diagnostics.

For intelligent edge and Internet of Things applications, Edge AI and Machine Learning Systems provide AI inference and real-time data processing.

Robotics and autonomous vehicles: Provides high-performance computing for real-time decision-making, automation, and navigation.

Helps manage resources in smart infrastructure, grid control, and energy monitoring.

Broadcast and streaming servers: Ensure reliable content distribution, live streaming, and high-bandwidth media delivery.

old System Integration: Integrates old devices, displays, and peripherals via PS/2, PCI, and VGA to extend industrial and corporate system lifetimes.

The MS-CF20 provides performance, connection, and dependability for today's most demanding applications while maintaining industrial historical compatibility.

[literaturereviewhelp]

Introduction   The role of radiology in autopsy has been extended to include multidetector computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. According to Thali et al (2003), the term Virtual Autopsy or Virtopsy refers to the technique of postmortem imaging with multidetector CT and/ or MR imaging. Conventionally, in forensic investigation and autopsy, the use of full-body radiography is well established and routinely applied to document “fractures, injury patterns, occult injuries, and foreign body and metallic fragmentation localization” (Levy, Abbott, Mallack et al, 2006, p.522). Full body radiography also helps in identification of human remains when conventional methods such as fingerprinting or DNA analysis cannot be used, or are not available. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the new development of virtual autopsy in forensic science, and identify its advantages and disadvantages over conventional autopsy procedures that have been employed until recently. Virtual Autopsy with the Help of Multidetector Computed Tomography The application of imaging methods for non-invasive documentation and analysis of relevant forensic findings in living and dead persons has not kept abreast of enormous technical development of imaging methods. Forensic radiology is now a rapidly growing interdisciplinary subspeciality of both forensic medicine and radiology. The new modalities that are now increasingly being promoted for use in forensic investigations include Computer Tomography (CT) including spiral multislice, and Magnetic Reso-nance Imaging or MRI (Thali et al, 2007). The VIRTOPSY project aims to utilize radiological scanning to upgrade low-tech documentation and autopsy procedures in the contemporary high-tech field of medicine. The purpose of this is to improve scientific value, and to increase significance and quality in the forensic field. The term VIRTOPSY is the combination of the terms virtual and autopsy.   OR Human—machine interfaces consist of the multimodal devices used to present information to VT users. For multimodal VT applications, advances in peripheral connections to the computer are the single largest issue. When an input device is connected, such as а body or limb tracker, а serial port is generally utilized, а port typically designed for character input and not high-speed data transfer. А solution to the input device connectivity issue that is available on commodity computing is the great unsolved problem. At some point, this input-port speed problem needs to be solved, and that resolution must be included on mass-marketed PCs or their descendents. Visual displays, especially head-mounted displays (HMDs), have come down substantially in weight but are still hindered by cumbersome designs, obstructive tethers, suboptimal resolution, and insufficient field of view, see the “HMD/VR—Helmet Comparison Chart, ” Bungert, 2001. ) Recent advances in wearable computer displays (е.g., Microvision, MicroOptical), which can incorporate miniature LCDs directly into conventional eyeglasses or helmets, should ease cumbersome design and further reduce weight (Lieberman, 1999). There are several low- to mid-cost HMDs (InterSense's InterTrax i-glasses, Olympus Eye-Trek FMD, Interactive Imaging Systems' VFX3D, Sony Cybermind, Sony Glasstron, and Kaiser ProViewXL) that are lightweight (approximately 39 g to 1,000 g) providing а true resolution of only about 60 K pixels.. For multimodal VT applications, advances in peripheral connections to the computer are the single largest issue. When an input device is connected, such as body or limb tracker, serial port is generally utilized, port typically designed for character input and not high-speed data transfer. solution to the input device connectivity issue that is available on commodity computing is the great unsolved problem. At some point, this input-port speed problem needs to be solved, and that resolution must be included on mass-marketed PCs or their descendents. Visual displays, especially head-mounted displays (HMDs), have come down substantially in weight but are still hindered by cumbersome designs, obstructive tethers, suboptimal resolution, and insufficient field of view, see the "HMD/VR-Helmet Comparison Chart, " Bungert, 2001. ) Recent advances in wearable computer displays (.g., Microvision, MicroOptical), which can incorporate miniature LCDs directly into conventional eyeglasses or helmets, should ease cumbersome design and further reduce weight (Lieberman, 1999).   Read the full article

[indraminershop]

For sell Dimatix Spectra Galaxy JA 256 series: JA 256/30 or JA256/50 or JA256/80

For sell Dimatix Spectra Galaxy JA 256 series: JA 256/30 or JA256/50 or JA256/80

Price: $1,150.00 Find more cheap dimatix spectra at www.indraminer.shop

The Spectra Galaxy JA 256/30 AAA is a high performance, robust and reliable jetting assembly designed for a broad range of wide format printers at resolutions up to 900 dpi. Two electrically independent piezoelectric slices, each with 128 addressable channels and two separate connecting cables, are combined to provide a total of 256 nozzles. The nozzles are arranged in a single line, at a native 0.010 inch distance between nozzles. The fluid interface and electrical connection are at the top of the jetting assembly and several mounting configurations are possible. This jetting assembly contains serial-to-parallel converters for selecting which jets to fire; all jets can be fired simultaneously or individually.

These Spectra heads are manufactured in the US and passed Dimatix Spectra US quality control tests to ensure the best durability. It carries a manufacturer product warranty.

NOTE: This print head is suitable for VUTEk PressVu 180/600 and 200/600 printers. Note that the print head is supplied in the original Spectra sealed packaged and doesn't include the metallic base manufactured by VUTEk. This part can be reused from old heads.

NOTE: On the VUTEk PressVu 200/600, this print head is used for the colour ink channel. If you need the print head for the white ink channel on the VUTEk PressVu 200/600, please refer to PPHSPGA50 (Spectra Galaxy JA 256/50 AAA)

The following items are expressly excluded from warranty coverage:

defects related, in any way, to the use of non-original inks clogged, missing or deviated nozzles defects related to misuse, abuse, accident, neglect, lack of use, or improper storage when not in use for extended periods defects related to failure to perform periodic maintenance as specified in the user documentation; operation for unintended purposes defects related to improper loading of media all other defects, failures or damage not considered manufacturing defects defects related to third-party applications, software, parts, components, or peripheral devices, including any bulk ink system. defects that are merely cosmetic in nature

[shakshi09]

What are the main communication protocols in embedded systems?

Embedded systems rely on various communication protocols to enable efficient data transfer between components, microcontrollers, sensors, and external devices. These protocols can be broadly categorized into serial, parallel, wired, and wireless communication protocols.

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) – A widely used serial communication protocol that facilitates full-duplex data exchange between embedded devices. It requires minimal hardware and is commonly used in debugging and low-speed data transfer applications.

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) – A high-speed, full-duplex protocol used for short-distance communication between a microcontroller and peripherals such as sensors, displays, and memory devices. It follows a master-slave architecture and is widely used in real-time embedded applications.

I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) – A multi-slave, half-duplex serial communication protocol designed for communication between multiple ICs using only two wires: SDA (data line) and SCL (clock line). It is highly efficient for low-speed applications and is commonly used in sensor integration.

CAN (Controller Area Network) – A robust, message-based protocol widely used in automotive and industrial applications. CAN allows multiple nodes to communicate efficiently without requiring a host computer. It ensures data integrity using error detection and correction mechanisms.

Ethernet – A widely adopted wired communication protocol that enables high-speed data transfer in embedded applications, especially in industrial automation and IoT systems. It supports networking capabilities for remote monitoring and control.

Bluetooth & Wi-Fi – These wireless protocols are essential for modern embedded systems, enabling connectivity in consumer electronics, IoT devices, and smart home applications. Bluetooth is preferred for short-range, low-power communication, while Wi-Fi offers high-speed data exchange over long distances.

Understanding these protocols is crucial for designing efficient embedded solutions. If you want to gain hands-on experience and expertise in these protocols, consider enrolling in an embedded system certification course.

[commodorez]

What was the purpose of the panels of blinking lights on those big mid-century computers? Were they showing calculations in progress?

Excellent question, this is one of my favorite subjects! Blinkenlights serve a number of functions. Hollywood tended to use just the lights to make it look like a computer was busy doing something, but real computers had more than just lights on their front panel. Let's walk through a few examples of use cases with photos of computers I've seen over the years at museums and vintage computer festivals:

Some front panels were built to be used for diagnostics. Computers like these were primitive enough that they required constant care and debugging to do their jobs, especially the early vacuum tube machines (everything pictured here is transistorized). You could tell what peripherals were being used, but also check the status of registers, carry flags, status flags, data, various buses, etc. It was also a way to see if a program had "gone off into the weeds" and started doing things that were irregular, possibly due to a software bug, or a problem with the hardware.

On many of these machines, you can enter programs directly into the main memory using the front panel, but it's an incredibly tedious process -- something to be avoided if possible. Consider it a last fallback.

Other times, it's a starting point, which we call "bootstrapping" (this eventually evolved into the term "booting"). You aren't likely to program everything on such a limited interface, but you are more likely to enter in a small program that can tell the computer how to run a more complex peripheral, like a paper tape or punch card reader, or maybe some type of magnetic storage device. Once you can get a program loading off of a larger permanent storage device, you can load up software to interface with a terminal of some kind which is much easier.

Eventually, the microprocessor made home computers a possibility, but many were only equipped with a front panel out of the box. You would have to add in a serial card, more RAM, possibly some ROMs, and either a teletype or glass terminal in order to get a more sophisticated and intuitive interface from the computer, capable of programming in a higher level language. Some were considered more like trainers, or hobbyist devices, and simply lacked that ability, meaning all you got was a front panel with switches and lights.

I made my own front panel to see what the experience was all about:

Then everything changed in 1977, with the introduction of these three machines: the TRS-80 Model I, the Commodore PET 2001, and the Apple II. They were what you might call "appliance computers" and they had no need for a front panel.

Hopefully that answered your question!

[trendingreportz]

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market - Forecast(2025 - 2031)

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Overview

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market is analyzed to grow at a CAGR of 16.6% during the forecast period 2021-2026 to reach $9.5 billion. PCIe or PCI Express generally refers to a high speed serial computer expansion bus standard that is designed with more advantages in comparison to older standards. PCIe standards are capable of providing benefits including better performance scaling, lower latency, synchronous rectification, pulse amplitude modulation, larger bandwidth support, higher data speeds and so on making it an ideal choice for various application areas like graphic cards, storage devices, network interface cards, and many other high performance peripherals. With rise in data traffic and need for high performance computing devices and integrated circuits, different generation models be it PCIe 5.0, PCIe 4.0 and so on are selected according to end-use requirements. Increasing rate of data center infrastructure growth as well as shift towards advanced technologies including artificial intelligence and machine learning are considered as some of the major drivers impacting the growth of PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. In addition, investments towards advancing telecom communication infrastructure with 5G technology along with rise of adoption in automotive applications like ADAS systems, infotainment systems and so on are further analyzed to fuel the growth of PCIe technology in the long run.

Report Coverage

The report: “PCIe Industry Outlook – Forecast (2021-2026)”, by IndustryARC covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the PCIe industry.

By Generation: PCIe 1.0 & 2.0, PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0, PCIe 5.0.

By Form Factor: Mini PCIe, PCIe.

By Product: SLC, MLC.

By Output Voltage: Upto 3.3V, 3.3-5V, 5-10V, 10-15V, 15-24V And Above 24V.

By Output Power: Upto 20W,20-50W,50-100W and Above 100W.

By Application: Graphic Processor Units, Network Interface Cards, Storage Device & Controllers, PCIe Switches (Gen 1, Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen 4 and Gen 5), Servers.

By End Users: Telecommunication, Industrial, Residential, Data Centers (Hyperscale, Colocation, Others), Automotive, Infrastructure, Others.

By Geography: North America, South America, Europe, APAC and RoW.

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Key Takeaways

Growing shift towards advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning along with increasing growth of data center infrastructures is analyzed to significantly drive the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market during the forecast period 2021-2026.

Storage Device & Controllers application segment had accounted for the largest market share in 2020, attributed to the factors including rise of cloud based data storage requirements, infrastructural developments for data centers and so on.

High investments towards research and development activities by some of the key market players such as Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Renesas Electronics Corporation and Toshiba Corporation with others have helped in boosting the growth of PCIe across APAC markets.

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Segment Analysis- By Generation

Based on generation, the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market is segmented under PCIe 1.0 & 2.0, PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0 and PCIe 5.0. PCIe 3.0 generation had dominated the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market with 46.5% share in 2020, and is analyzed to grow significantly at a rate of 16.4% during the forecast period 2021-2026. Generation PCIe 3.0 can be referred to as a Gen 3 expansion card comprising of a four-lane configuration, used across some of the major end-use industries be it telecom, data centers and so on. However, with growing advancements towards Gen 4 and Gen 5, adoption of PCIe 3.0 based solutions has been still maintaining a significant growth in the markets, due to its long time presence. Capable of reaching speeds upto 1000 Mbps, PCIe 3.0 architecture incorporate features like enhanced signaling and data integrity, channel enhancements, clock data recovery, pulse amplitude modulation and so on, retaining its market position. Factors including growth in video streaming, video conferencing, online gaming, social networking and many others have surged the internet traffic amidst the COVID-19 pandemic situation, attributing towards the need for PCIe 3.0 interfaces. In addition, usage of PCIe 3.0 has been still in demand owing to rising rate of investments from various key vendors towards developing products with Gen 3 support. In 2020, AMD announced about the launch of A520 chipset, as a part of supporting its third generation Ryzen desktop processors. Through this, the company wanted to help its customers offer a path for future upgrades, based on Zen 3 architecture. Such factors have eventually helped in creating a positive impact towards the deployment of PCIE 3.0 solutions for the end-use markets.

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PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Segment Analysis- By Application

Based on application, Storage Device & Controllers had accounted for the largest share of 32.1% in 2020, analyzed to grow significantly with a CAGR of 15.5% in the global PCIe DC-DC Converter Market during the forecast period. The need for PCIe had evolved in the storage applications overtime with the introduction of technologies namely SATA Express and Non-Volatile Memory Express. With the shift towards ultra thin laptops, tablet PCs and so on, there is significant need towards connectors used in peripheral devices capable of fitting into narrower spaces. In order to address such requirements, PCI-SIG specified the M.2 connectors, thereby gaining it wide popularity. In addition, growing number of investments towards construction of new data centers or upgradation of existing facilities can be considered as some of the major factors attributing towards its market growth owing to rise of cloud based data storage and improved integrated circuits. NVMe and PCIe have been becoming highly popular owing to technological advancements in the field of solid state storage applications. Deployment of PCIe based solid state drives are raising its demand in the markets serving cloud computing requirements, with comparitively higher data transmission as well as high speed connectivity. Owing to these advantages, PCIe had turned as a popular choice among data centers and telecom sectors due to shift towards high-performance computing while storage applications. In 2021, Interface Concept announced about the launch of a removable SSD mass storage XMC module, named IC-EM2-XMCa, capable of supporting PCIe x1/x2/x4 Gen2/Gen3 interface connection. Owing to its capability of increasing storage capacity upto 2TB, as a part of adding mass storage capacity to any third party Single Board Computer or host carrier board, used across VPX, cPCI or VME systems, thus making it suitable for computing as well as storage-intensive applications. Such factors are further set to propel the growth of PCIe within storage devices or controllers in the long run.

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Segment Analysis- Geography

APAC had accounted for the largest share of 36.5% in 2020, followed by North America and Europe in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market, analyzed to grow at a rate of 19.6% during the forecast period 2021-2026. Factors including growing demand for cloud computing services, shift of telecom sector towards advancing network or communication infrastructures and many others have acted as some of the major factors attributing to the market growth. Presence of key players such as Renesas Electronics Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Toshiba Corporation with many others opting for R& D activities overtime have been also helping in creating significant growth of PCIe across the region. In 2020, Samsung announced about the launch of PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD (solid state drive), named SSD 980 Pro. This development was meant to help professionals as well as consumers opting for high performance PCs, workstations and gaming consoles, also making it an ideal choice for consumers working with 4K or 8K contents or playing high graphic games. High investments towards building data center facilities as well as growing shift towards improving virtualization, high-performance computing, and many others for automotives is further analyzed to drive the market growth in the coming years. In 2020, China revealed about constructing one of the world's highest-altitude cloud-computing data center in Tibet in order to meet data storage requirements for China as well as various South Asian nations including Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. As per Ningsuan Technology Group, an investment of about 11.8 billion yuan (around USD 1.8 billion) has been planned for this project, which will help in providing services such as video rendering, distance-learning data backup, autonomous driving and so on in the long run. Such construction projects related to data centers are set to drive the need for high-speed switches, storage devices, and so on, impacting the market growth of PCIe during the forecast period 2021-2026.

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PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Drivers

Increasing growth towards data center infrastructures:

Increasing growth towards data center infrastructures can be considered as one of the vital factors driving the market growth of PCIe. This growth is significantly impacting the need for high-speed devices capable of offering faster data transmission owing to rise of data traffic for optimizing data center facilities. Enterprise workloads have already started migrating towards cloud, which in turn requires the need for high performance computing, virtualization and related applications, making it beneficial for the use of PCIe based devices. In addition to this, with the surging COVID-19 pandemic situation, there is a rapid rise of remote work or work from home, driving the growth of data centers towards handling bulks of data with higher efficiency. Moreover, data centers have been continuously focusing on leveraging hyperscale computing networks to be able to meet growing cloud-based workloads, thereby accelerating the demand towards high-speed networking devices be it PCIe switches, servers, storage devices and many more. Large Enterprises including Microsoft Corporation, Google, Amazon Web Services and many others have been constantly focusing on expanding data center facilities across various regions alongside renovation or upgradation for the existing facilities to cope up with the growing data traffic is further set to propel the demand for PCIe based solutions. As a part of this, in 2021, Microsoft had revealed about its plans of investing about $200 million towards construction of two data centers of around 200,000 square feet outside Chicago, expected to become operational by 2022. Such factors are further set to propel the need for PCIe switches, servers, storage devices and so on owing to conducting various processes be it high-performance computing, optimum network connectivity and many others during the forecast period 2021-2026.

Growing shift towards advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning:

Growing shift towards advanced technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can be considered as one of the major drivers impacting the growth of PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. With technological advancements, there is significant rise towards AI or ML based workloads, eventually raising the need for upgraded or new generation of computing architectures. Since AI based applications work on generating as well as processing of massive amounts of data within real-time data speeds, there is significant demand towards various high speed PCIe devices like graphic processor units, switches, controllers and many others, capable of handling large bandwidth requirements at high-speeds. In comparison to traditional CPUs, the need for computational models is rising, owing to growing demand towards high-bandwidth and low latency communication channels. Rise of demands have been eventually attributing towards various PCIe generation models, particularly PCIe 4.0 or PCIe 5.0 for serving such application requirements. Leveraging PCIe technology can help CPU models to keep up with the increasing data flow from edge devices across various enterprises, thereby creating a positive impact on market growth. In 2020, an AI chipmaker, Hailo had introduced high-performance AI acceleration modules, namely M.2 and mini PCIe designed for empowering edge devices. The development of the modules was meant to allow customers integrate high-performance AI capabilities within edge devices, while offering a more flexible and optimized solution. Deployment of such modules can help in accelerating a large number of deep learning based application areas with higher efficiency, thereby creating its significant growth in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market in the long run.

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Challenges

Complexities related to designing, implementation or verification:

Designing, implementation or verification related complexities act as one of the major challenges restraining the growth of PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. PCIe based devices are capable of offering improved reliability, availability and many other advantages, gaining it wider adoption across various end-use verticals. However, configurability and complexities for PCIe pose several designing challenges, as the designer needs to read as well as understand various specifications associated with the standard for selecting an option to be incorporated within the designing architecture. In addition, due to its adoption across a broad range of application areas, manufacturing of PCIe in large quantities based on various factors be it voltage, temperature and so on, eventually affects its signal efficiency or integrity, thereby contributing towards high amounts of variation while designing process. Design or verification complexity issues exponentially rises due to need for a huge sample space of configurable features, along with a minimal error while selecting configuration can make the design unsuited for targeted application, thereby causing prolonged time to market. Such factors have been contributing towards lesser adoption of PCIe, while hampering its market growth across various end-use sectors.

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PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Landscape

Product launches, collaboration, and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. The key players in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market include Broadcom Inc., Microchip Technology Inc., Renesas Electronics Corporation, Intel Corporation, Nvidia Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Toshiba Corporation, Xilinx Inc., PLDA and Texas Instruments among others.

Acquisitions/Technology Launches/Partnerships

In April 2021, Samsung Electronics launched PM9A1 SSD, featuring a PCIe 4.0x4 interface. This development was meant to be used in PCs, specifically for enterprises as well as government agencies dealing with sensitive information with sophisticated security requirements.

In February 2021, Microchip Technology Inc. had introduced PCI Express 5.0 switch solution, Switchtec PFX PCIe 5.0 which is capable of doubling interconnects performance for dense compute, high-speed networking as well as NVM Express storage. Development of the world’s first PCIe 5.0 switch was done to support high density and reliability capabilities, including 28 lanes to 100 lanes and upto 48 non-transparent bridges.

[nhaneh]

tbh one of the things I really like about the PC platform is that it's still - despite all the attempts to make it less so - a relatively open and flexible platform in a way that few others really are, especially these days. You can mix and match hardware from all over the place, sometimes even surprisingly old hardware with the right conversion bits, and several interfacing standards are open and documented to the point where you could literally make your own USB devices or ISA/PCI/PCIe expansion cards given the proper hardware and know-how.

And sure, most of us are never going to have either the tools or technical expertise necessary to make our own PC components or peripherals, but the platform is still open enough to have the kind of wide cross-compatibility where at least in theory any peripheral or piece of hardware could in theory be adapted to work with it - it's simply a matter of someone figuring out a way to make it work and giving others the means to replicate what they did.

I could take literally any kind of input peripheral, be it a joystick, keyboard, gamepad, mouse, or whatever, and chances are someone out there will already have made some kind of adapter to let me hook it up to my PC if I wanted - and in the rare case that none exists to buy, there's still likely to be enough information around that I could use a cheap USB microcontroller as a go-between to make it work.

also look you basically have no idea how excited I am to have discovered that the mainboard I'm looking to get for a much needed PC rebuild somehow has an old 9-pin header for a serial COM port

[dondadon8]

UBTECH UGOT kit-AI Space Exploration version - ROBOSTEAM

https://robosteam.ro/product/ubtech-ugot-kit-ai-space-exploration-version/

Arduino GIGO R1 WIFI is the moat powerfull Arduino board ever, the GIGA R1 is based on the same microcontroller as thr Portenta H7, the STM32H747. The Arduino I/O pin can handle 40ma as an absolute maximum without damage to the Arduino. The STM32H7x7 lines combine the performance of the Cortex-M7 (with double-precision floating point unit) running up to 480 MHz and the Cortex-M4 core (with single-precision floating point unit)

- PERFORMANCE

480 MHz fCPU on the Cortex-M7, 240 MHz on the Cortex-M4, 3224 CoreMark / 1327 DMIPS executing from Flash memory with 0-wait states thanks to its L1 cache

L1 cache (16 Kbytes of I-cache +16 Kbytes of D-cache) boosting execution performance from external memories

- Security

Crypto/hash hardware acceleration, secure Firmware Install (SFI) embedded, security services to authenticate protect your software IPs while performing initial programming

Secure Boot Secure Firmware Update (SBSFU)

Power efficiency multi-power domain architecture enables different power domains to be set low-power mode to optimize the power efficiency. Embedded SMPS to scale down the supply voltage, supply external circuitry , combined with the LDO for specific use cases. USB regulator to supply the embedded physical layer (PHY).

145 µ/MHz typical @VDD = 3.3 V and 25 °C in Run mode (peripherals off) and SMPS

2.43 µA typical in Standby mode (low-power mode)

460 nA typical in VBAT mode with RTC (low-power mode)

- Graphics

LCD-TFT controller interface with dual-layer support MIPI-DSI interface for driving the DSI display Chrom‑ART Accelerator™. boosts graphical content creation while saving core processing power, thus freeing up the MCU for other application needs JPEG hardware accelerator for fast JPEG encoding and decoding, off-loading the CPU

- Embedded peripherals

Up to 35 communication interfaces including FD-CAN, USB 2.0 high-speed/full-speed. Ethernet MAC, Camera interface

Easily extendable memory range using the flexible memory controller with a 32-bit parallel interface, or the Dual-mode Quad-SPI serial Flash memory interface.

Analog: 12-bit DACs, fast 16-bit ADCs

Multiple 16- and 32-bit timers running at up to 480 MHz on the 16-bit high-resolution timer