#Earth and atmospheric sciences

[jcmarchi]

Scientists pin down the origins of the moon’s tenuous atmosphere

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/scientists-pin-down-the-origins-of-the-moons-tenuous-atmosphere/

Scientists pin down the origins of the moon’s tenuous atmosphere

While the moon lacks any breathable air, it does host a barely-there atmosphere. Since the 1980s, astronomers have observed a very thin layer of atoms bouncing over the moon’s surface. This delicate atmosphere — technically known as an “exosphere” — is likely a product of some kind of space weathering. But exactly what those processes might be has been difficult to pin down with any certainty.

Now, scientists at MIT and the University of Chicago say they have identified the main process that formed the moon’s atmosphere and continues to sustain it today. In a study appearing today in Science Advances, the team reports that the lunar atmosphere is primarily a product of “impact vaporization.”

In their study, the researchers analyzed samples of lunar soil collected by astronauts during NASA’s Apollo missions. Their analysis suggests that over the moon’s 4.5-billion-year history its surface has been continuously bombarded, first by massive meteorites, then more recently, by smaller, dust-sized “micrometeoroids.” These constant impacts have kicked up the lunar soil, vaporizing certain atoms on contact and lofting the particles into the air. Some atoms are ejected into space, while others remain suspended over the moon, forming a tenuous atmosphere that is constantly replenished as meteorites continue to pelt the surface.

The researchers found that impact vaporization is the main process by which the moon has generated and sustained its extremely thin atmosphere over billions of years.

“We give a definitive answer that meteorite impact vaporization is the dominant process that creates the lunar atmosphere,” says the study’s lead author, Nicole Nie, an assistant professor in MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. “The moon is close to 4.5 billion years old, and through that time the surface has been continuously bombarded by meteorites. We show that eventually, a thin atmosphere reaches a steady state because it’s being continuously replenished by small impacts all over the moon.”

Nie’s co-authors are Nicolas Dauphas, Zhe Zhang, and Timo Hopp at the University of Chicago, and Menelaos Sarantos at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

Weathering’s roles

In 2013, NASA sent an orbiter around the moon to do some detailed atmospheric reconnaissance. The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE, pronounced “laddie”) was tasked with remotely gathering information about the moon’s thin atmosphere, surface conditions, and any environmental influences on the lunar dust.

LADEE’s mission was designed to determine the origins of the moon’s atmosphere. Scientists hoped that the probe’s remote measurements of soil and atmospheric composition might correlate with certain space weathering processes that could then explain how the moon’s atmosphere came to be.

Researchers suspect that two space weathering processes play a role in shaping the lunar atmosphere: impact vaporization and “ion sputtering” — a phenomenon involving solar wind, which carries energetic charged particles from the sun through space. When these particles hit the moon’s surface, they can transfer their energy to the atoms in the soil and send those atoms sputtering and flying into the air. 

“Based on LADEE’s data, it seemed both processes are playing a role,” Nie says. “For instance, it showed that during meteorite showers, you see more atoms in the atmosphere, meaning impacts have an effect. But it also showed that when the moon is shielded from the sun, such as during an eclipse, there are also changes in the atmosphere’s atoms, meaning the sun also has an impact. So, the results were not clear or quantitative.”

Answers in the soil

To more precisely pin down the lunar atmosphere’s origins, Nie looked to samples of lunar soil collected by astronauts throughout NASA’s Apollo missions. She and her colleagues at the University of Chicago acquired 10 samples of lunar soil, each measuring about 100 milligrams — a tiny amount that she estimates would fit into a single raindrop.

Nie sought to first isolate two elements from each sample: potassium and rubidium. Both elements are “volatile,” meaning that they are easily vaporized by impacts and ion sputtering. Each element exists in the form of several isotopes. An isotope is a variation of the same element, that consists of the same number of protons but a slightly different number of neutrons. For instance, potassium can exist as one of three isotopes, each one having one more neutron, and there being slightly heavier than the last. Similarly, there are two isotopes of rubidium.

The team reasoned that if the moon’s atmosphere consists of atoms that have been vaporized and suspended in the air, lighter isotopes of those atoms should be more easily lofted, while heavier isotopes would be more likely to settle back in the soil. Furthermore, scientists predict that impact vaporization, and ion sputtering, should result in very different isotopic proportions in the soil. The specific ratio of light to heavy isotopes that remain in the soil, for both potassium and rubidium, should then reveal the main process contributing to the lunar atmosphere’s origins.

With all that in mind, Nie analyzed the Apollo samples by first crushing the soils into a fine powder, then dissolving the powders in acids to purify and isolate solutions containing potassium and rubidium. She then passed these solutions through a mass spectrometer to measure the various isotopes of both potassium and rubidium in each sample.

In the end, the team found that the soils contained mostly heavy isotopes of both potassium and rubidium. The researchers were able to quantify the ratio of heavy to light isotopes of both potassium and rubidium, and by comparing both elements, they found that impact vaporization was most likely the dominant process by which atoms are vaporized and lofted to form the moon’s atmosphere.

“With impact vaporization, most of the atoms would stay in the lunar atmosphere, whereas with ion sputtering, a lot of atoms would be ejected into space,” Nie says. “From our study, we now can quantify the role of both processes, to say that the relative contribution of impact vaporization versus ion sputtering is about 70:30 or larger.” In other words, 70 percent or more of the moon’s atmosphere is a product of meteorite impacts, whereas the remaining 30 percent is a consequence of the solar wind.

“The discovery of such a subtle effect is remarkable, thanks to the innovative idea of combining potassium and rubidium isotope measurements along with careful, quantitative modeling,” says Justin Hu, a postdoc who studies lunar soils at Cambridge University, who was not involved in the study. “This discovery goes beyond understanding the moon’s history, as such processes could occur and might be more significant on other moons and asteroids, which are the focus of many planned return missions.”

“Without these Apollo samples, we would not be able to get precise data and measure quantitatively to understand things in more detail,” Nie says. “It’s important for us to bring samples back from the moon and other planetary bodies, so we can draw clearer pictures of the solar system’s formation and evolution.”

This work was supported, in part, by NASA and the National Science Foundation.

[theofficialastronomy101]

Earth is such a beautiful planet

[nasa]

Sharpening Our View of Climate Change with the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem Satellite

As our planet warms, Earth’s ocean and atmosphere are changing.

Climate change has a lot of impact on the ocean, from sea level rise to marine heat waves to a loss of biodiversity. Meanwhile, greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide continue to warm our atmosphere.

NASA’s upcoming satellite, PACE, is soon to be on the case!

Set to launch on Feb. 6, 2024, the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission will help us better understand the complex systems driving the global changes that come with a warming climate.

Earth’s ocean is becoming greener due to climate change. PACE will see the ocean in more hues than ever before.

While a single phytoplankton typically can’t be seen with the naked eye, communities of trillions of phytoplankton, called blooms, can be seen from space. Blooms often take on a greenish tinge due to the pigments that phytoplankton (similar to plants on land) use to make energy through photosynthesis.

In a 2023 study, scientists found that portions of the ocean had turned greener because there were more chlorophyll-carrying phytoplankton. PACE has a hyperspectral sensor, the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), that will be able to discern subtle shifts in hue. This will allow scientists to monitor changes in phytoplankton communities and ocean health overall due to climate change.

Phytoplankton play a key role in helping the ocean absorb carbon from the atmosphere. PACE will identify different phytoplankton species from space.

With PACE, scientists will be able to tell what phytoplankton communities are present – from space! Before, this could only be done by analyzing a sample of seawater.

Telling “who’s who” in a phytoplankton bloom is key because different phytoplankton play vastly different roles in aquatic ecosystems. They can fuel the food chain and draw down carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to photosynthesize. Some phytoplankton populations capture carbon as they die and sink to the deep ocean; others release the gas back into the atmosphere as they decay near the surface.

Studying these teeny tiny critters from space will help scientists learn how and where phytoplankton are affected by climate change, and how changes in these communities may affect other creatures and ocean ecosystems.

Climate models are one of our most powerful tools to understand how Earth is changing. PACE data will improve the data these models rely on.

The PACE mission will offer important insights on airborne particles of sea salt, smoke, human-made pollutants, and dust – collectively called aerosols – by observing how they interact with light.

With two instruments called polarimeters, SPEXone and HARP2, PACE will allow scientists to measure the size, composition, and abundance of these microscopic particles in our atmosphere. This information is crucial to figuring out how climate and air quality are changing.

PACE data will help scientists answer key climate questions, like how aerosols affect cloud formation or how ice clouds and liquid clouds differ.

It will also enable scientists to examine one of the trickiest components of climate change to model: how clouds and aerosols interact. Once PACE is operational, scientists can replace the estimates currently used to fill data gaps in climate models with measurements from the new satellite.

With a view of the whole planet every two days, PACE will track both microscopic organisms in the ocean and microscopic particles in the atmosphere. PACE’s unique view will help us learn more about the ways climate change is impacting our planet’s ocean and atmosphere.

Stay up to date on the NASA PACE blog, and make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of sPACE!

[wonders-of-the-cosmos]

Belt of Venus and Earth's shadow

The Belt of Venus is an atmospheric phenomenon visible shortly before sunrise or after sunset, during civil twilight. It is a pinkish glow that surrounds the observer, extending roughly 10–20° above the horizon. It appears opposite to the afterglow, which it also reflects.

In a way, the Belt of Venus is actually alpenglow visible near the horizon during twilight, above the antisolar point. Like alpenglow, the backscatter of reddened sunlight also creates the Belt of Venus. Though unlike alpenglow, the sunlight scattered by fine particulates that cause the rosy arch of the Belt shines high in the atmosphere and lasts for a while after sunset or before sunrise.

As twilight progresses, the arch is separated from the horizon by the dark band of Earth's shadow, or "twilight wedge". The pinkish glow is due to the Rayleigh scattering of light from the rising or setting Sun, which is then backscattered by particulates.

Source

Image Credit: Kent Duryee, Kevin Palmer, Mike Lewinski, Alan Dyer

[briery]

An astronaut took this photograph of the Aurora Australis in August 2017. At the time, the International Space Station was moving over the southern Indian Ocean towards the Great Australian Bight and Melbourne, Australia.

[mantamaya]

[thepastisalreadywritten]

[simpsforscience]

Guess 🤔 what's a curtain of emerald green and fiery crimson dancing across the dark skies? - Aurora!, everybody knows that!😊 But do you know what's the Science 🔍🔭 behind this mesmerising phenomena ? Read on this post ➡️ to satisfy your curiosity around this natural beauty.

[wayti-blog]

"Two University of Alaska Fairbanks scientists have discovered a new type of "whistler," an electromagnetic wave that carries a substantial amount of lightning energy to the Earth's magnetosphere. The research is published today in Science Advances."

"The wave carries lightning energy, which enters the ionosphere at low latitudes, to the magnetosphere. The energy is reflected upward by the ionosphere's lower boundary, at about 55 miles altitude, in the opposite hemisphere.

It was previously believed, the authors write, that lightning energy entering the ionosphere at low latitudes remained trapped in the ionosphere and therefore was not reaching the radiation belts. The belts are two layers of charged particles surrounding the planet and held in place by Earth's magnetic field."

"Review of plasma wave data from the Van Allen Probes showed that specularly reflected whistlers are a common magnetospheric phenomenon."

continue reading

[kaiowut99]

Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX Episodes 111 & 112 Subbed (Finalized)

(Previously: Episode 110 Subbed [Finalized])

(Check out my Subbed!GX Stream Masterpost!)

TURN-111: Manjoume and Amon of the Cloud Deck

Realizing that Amon has been investigating nearby, Cobra urges him to engage in a Dis-Duel. Amon also suspects that Cobra has become aware of his actions and is coming for his life, putting a certain plan into action. Elsewhere, Manjoume is bothered by Amon and looks up his profile. Learning that he is the first son of the Garam Conglomerate as a result, Manjoume goes to ask Amon to duel with him. Using his Cloud deck, Amon baits Manjoume into attacking him.

TURN-112: Manjoume VS Eye of the Typhoon

Manjoume summons V-to-Z-Dragon Catapult Cannon, raining its raging assault down on Amon--but Amon just takes it, a composed smile on his face before he finally begins his counterattack.* He opens two of his reversed cards--Rain Storm and Natural Disaster--and uses their effects to inflict damage on Manjoume. Manjoume then fights back, only for Amon's combo to drive him further into a predicament--but an undeterred Manjoume attempts a counterattack with Ojama Delta Thunder, but... *The summary here mentions V-to-Z attacking, but in the episode proper, V-to-Z doesn't actually get to attack Amon--at most, Manjoume used its effect on him near the end of 111, while VW- and XYZ- were the ones that attacked there.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

*cue "In the Clouds" by Under the Influence of Giants*

After a bit of a delay, my subs for episodes 111 and 112 are now finalized! An interesting duo of episodes that show Amon's calculating character and give us the first hint of his backstory (and why he'll do what he does as the season goes on, for better or worse), while Manjoume's brought to reflect on the inferiority complex that has been fueling him only for Amon to break it to him that it actually makes him the spoiled one; I do like the reveal of Amon coming from the background that he does and that he likely would've died in the desert had it not been for Goa Garam finding him (the dub, for all of the... frustrating writing choices they made in these, keeps this mostly intact). Also, Manjoume channeling more Kaiba by making their duel happen in midair suspended by helicopters, A+.

(A few quick Translation Notes here before going on:

As Manjoume looks up info on Amon and pulls up his profile in 111, I edited in my translation for it, as well as retranslated the screen describing the Garam Conglomerate, for the hardsub as detailed here.

As Chronos and Napoleon run into Samejima's office in 112, they find a note from Samejima reading, "I am going on a business trip for a while. Handle things here. Samejima."--as detailed below the cut, I applied a translation to it for the hardsub.)

Animation error-wise, a fair amount throughout both, ranging from quality-of-watching like split-screen timing to card errors and even an error or two with some parts of characters not being fully drawn in. There was also one error in 112 involving Manjoume on his airlifted platform where... the platform and the ropes holding it up were missing that I attempted to fix but ultimately scrapped. As always, details on those and the translation edits I applied further below for the interested!

Also, some housekeeping, as I touched up quite a few things in the last couple of weeks: while working on the translated credits for these, I noticed some minor errors that I fixed for consistency throughout a few episodes, along with one in-episode sub error, and also revised 110 for a few updates. Quick rundown below, but tl;dr episodes 4, 77, 81, 83, 89, 91, 95, 104, 106, and 110 have been re-finalized and re-uploaded (hopefully for the last time lol), and I updated the links in their individual release posts (I'll be re-posting them over on NAC with 111 and 112's release soon):

Revised episode 4 to update the "V-to-Z Dragon Catapult Cannon" name to "V-to-Z-Dragon Catapult Cannon," as well as its attack name from "V-to-Z! Ultimate Destruction!!" (with "V-to-Z!" shouted like a normal line) to "V-to-Z-Ultimate Destruction!!", for consistency with finalized!111.

Missed that the one Backgrounds credit for Hwa Ran Kim had their last name updated to Lee as of episode 77--I corrected this for episodes 77, 81, 83, 89, 91, and 95.

Missed that the one In-Between Animation credit for Eun Young Sin had their last name updated to Shin as of 104--only had to correct this for 104 since their last episode was 85 as "Sin" and their first episode in Season 3 is 111. Also corrected 104's Key Animation credits for some subtitle-positioning miscalculations.

Missed that the one Photography credit for Jung Yul Kim was updated to Joung Ryul Kim as of episode 81, and while I updated accordingly for most of their episodes after that, I missed two instances of "Jung Yul Kim" still being there in 81 and 83--corrected both accordingly.

Missed that I kept "Big Bro" for Ojama Yellow's "aniki" towards Manjoume in 106 when I've been using "Bro" for that--corrected accordingly.

110's revisions: 1) updated two of Cobra's lines as he watches Jim and Kenzan collapsed to match updates I made while preparing 111's script (one was changed to "So, a duelist’s instinct is to battle..." and the second to "Their energy is going to fuel it..." while being made a thought subtitle [as there's less environmental reverb to that line versus his spoken first line there], 2) fixing the Kenzan Disk-related animation error I cover here that I missed initially, and 3) revised the cast credits to fix some sub-positioning errors.

Anywho, enjoy; with these done, we'll be getting into start of some meta questions being posed to Judai that will be pretty relevant for how the rest of S3 goes, so look forward to 113 and 114 next time! I'll also be going back to TFSP for a brief bit to work on retranslating more of the character bios as I've been (catching up to Aki's before I work on more of the 5D's story to then work on bios as I work on stories); stay tuned!

Fixes and Edits! (111)

As Professor Ayukawa tries to tell Cobra just how bad the fatigue among students is from the Dis-Duels compared to normal duels, Cobra lifts his hand to stop her, saying that he's en route to see a "problem student" (Amon)--but his hand isn't fully drawn in for the first three quick frames of it moving. Fixed all three using Photoshop by drawing in the rest of his pinkie finger in each frame, using Sony Vegas to throw the fixed frames into the footage.

As Amon analyses his Dis-Belt, his computer reads out the different parts of the Dis-Belt, but "generator card" is misspelled as "jeneretar card." Fixed by first using Photoshop on the last frame of the zoom-in here to fix the typo, copy/pasting the correct letters from the other text on the screen (rather than using a new font), then reversed the clip in Sony Vegas so I could use AfterEffects to work the fixed frame in using Track Motion--this was my first edit attempted using Track Motion, and I think it worked well (though I probably didn't need to reverse it but oh well). Once that was done, I threw the edited clip into Vegas, where I unreversed it and worked some fading magic to make the fixed text fade in with everything else as the zoom-in happens--all told, I think it came out nicely!

As previously mentioned here, as Manjoume digs up Amon's profile, I edited in a slightly updated translation I worked on for the hardsub, now with hyperlinks, as well as working in a close-up edit as Manjoume clicks on "Garam Conglomerate" and a retranslation of the webpage describing the Garam Conglomerate that Manjoume's taken to.

As a frustrated Manjoume insists he's not petty enough now to let comparing his family's fortune to Amon's get to him and that he's been on his own path since taking on the "Manjoume Thunder" name, there's a quick frame as he moves his head down where the open lip flap in the following frame is accidentally overlaid over his closed mouth. A quick fix as I just replaced that frame with the preceding closed-mouth frame.

After Amon starts the Dis-Duel tourney at his party and the students start dueling, one plays Trojan Horse on their Disk, but it's placed in reverse on his Disk, with the name box facing the front of his Disk. Fixed in AE by applying a proxy facing correctly, masking in the border on the original card and the student's fingers on it.

After Manjoume and Amon take off into the air, as Judai and co sneak up about to go snatch some food from the party hall, the wind picks up around them as Manjoume and Amon pass them overhead--but for two movement frames (repeated twice, lasting two frames each) as their hair moves from the wind, Judai's left hair bang and his forehead bangs get cut off by parts of his face. If I had to guess, the animators accidentally left parts of a layer with Judai's face above the layers with those parts of his hair or something. Fixed both using Photoshop by drawing in the rest of those pieces of hair, guessing at their length with what was visible, then mixed the fixed frames into the footage in Vegas.

After Manjoume tells Amon that they're going to settle their score, Amon asks what will happen if he declines; Manjoume then slides in on a split-screen to say that he'll cut the wire holding up his platform, but Amon starts moving for it two frames before Manjoume's side starts to slide in. Fixed in Vegas by making Manjoume slide in right as Amon starts moving.

[cont]

(8) A bit later, as Manjoume activates Premature Burial, 1) in a quick few frames as he swings his arm, we see VWXYZ-Dragon Catapult Cannon on his Disk already when he should still have VW-Tiger Catapult, and 2) as he slides the card into his Disk and pays his 800 LP, we see a blank space (or the sky behind him) where VW- should be. Fixed both in AE by applying a proxy, then lighting up the card as the light from his Cemetery slot glows outward.

(9) As we zoom out from Amon having summoned four Sheep Cloud Tokens, Manjoume's taken aback as Amon slides in on a split-screen to explain Sheep Cloud's effect, but two things happen: 1) as Amon slides in, his Summon Cloud card in his Disk--which was there throughout the zoom-out--suddenly vanishes, and 2) as their split-screen slides apart, Amon seems to move within his split, causing the background behind the split-screen going into the next shot as we pan up the field to seep into his split. Fixed these using Vegas by first masking in Amon's Summon Cloud card within his Disk as he slides in, then by redoing the split-out so that Amon stays as he is within his split; as I had to redo the pan slightly behind them for the duration of the slide-out, I also had to briefly redo Manjoume's split-out and mask in his Different Dimension Hangar for a few frames.

(10) Near the end of the episode, as Manjoume sets a card down to end his turn, he has XYZ-Dragon Cannon on his Disk where VWXYZ should be. Fixed in AE by applying a proxy, then applying motion blurring as the screen rapid-pans up to his face.

Fixes and Edits! (112)

As the episode opens, I reprised the XYZ->VWXYZ fix I applied as Manjoume ends his turn during the brief recap of 111.

As Amon starts his turn, he tributes his four Sheep Cloud Tokens to summon Cloudian -- Nimbusman; he then goes on to say that Nimbusman lets him tribute as many Water-Attribute Monsters as he wants [for his second effect, as he mentions two shots later], but as he does so, the screen pans towards him, and we see he already has Cloudian -- Poison Cloud on his Disk, which wouldn't be summoned for another 8-9 minutes. Applying my new Track Motion knowledge, I fixed this in AE to nice effect by first tracking the motion of the shot's panning, then applying a proxy and attributing the keyframes generated to it for a smooth edit (which beats the hell out of how I'd manually keyframe one edited frame in Vegas for panning/zooming shots like this lol). [Side-note, but the way 4Kids decided to dubify the card here (while also keeping the error, mind you) seems to have been to take part of Amon's Disk with the dubified card in place and move it along with the pan, which is noticeable because the area around the piece they edited in warbles during the pan. Also, a frame of the Japanese card slips through a frame before their edit starts.]

After Shou comments on how Manjoume's about to easily beat the East Campus champion Amon, Judai and Johan chime in about how neat Amon's deck is; Shou comments that, neat or not, Manjoume's still dominating things, and after Judai laments that it's all win or lose, Johan says he has to hand it to his cloud-obsessed spirit--but after he says that, Shou oddly jitters three frames before the end of the shot as if to gasp, though doesn't audibly do so. Quickly fixed in Vegas by replacing that with the previous frame to keep him still.

A bit later, after Amon gets his Rain Storm and Natural Disaster going with Nimbusman, it dawns on Manjoume that it was what he was planning the whole time; the screen cracks apart to show Amon about to destroy his Hyper Coat Trap, but as the screen splits apart, one side of the split takes an extra frame to slide offscreen. Fixed in Vegas by replacing it with the following split-less frame so both sides slide off together.

After Amon has Ghost Fog attack V-to-Z, an annoyed Manjoume tells the fog to disappear, but for a quick frame, his closed mouth vanishes as he starts turning to V-to-Z to have it fight back. A quick fix in Vegas by masking in his closed mouth and mouth shadow from the previous frame.

After Amon summons Poison Cloud, we have the inverse of #2 happen as Nimbusman is instead on his Disk in Defense Mode. Fixed in AE after another bit of Track Motion use, with the keyframes generated for the shot's panning here applied to the proxy I put into place on his Disk.

A bit later, as Manjoume activates Angel's/Graceful Charity, he draws his three cards, but as he slides them into his hand to grab two to discard, there's a quick frame where it looks like he actually drew four cards. Fixed using Photoshop to wipe away the extra card border on the third card he drew, stretching from his right middle finger to his left middle finger.

As Amon slips Wonder Cloud into his Disk as he activates it, the shot of his Disk isn't fully in the frame, as there's a thick black bar along the bottom. Fixed this in Vegas by slightly cropping the shot to remove it, uncropping as the screen pans up to Amon's face.

As Amon explains Eye of the Typhoon's Battle-Mode-switching effect, a surprised Manjoume slides in on a split-screen to react, but Amon moves for it a frame before his split starts to slide in. Fixed in Vegas by having Manjoume start sliding in right as Amon starts to move.

[cont]

(10) Chronos and Napoleon, in panic, run into Samejima's office demanding that he put an end to the Dis-Duels, only to find a note he left for them on his desk. For the hardsub, I translated the note, reading, "I am going on a business trip for a while. Handle things here. Samejima," by creating a new image with the translation in Photoshop, then CC-Power-Pinning it into place in AE and masking in the edges of the original note for blending. (I also made an edit using the dub's version of the note, as read by Crowler, for reasons.)

(11) In the next shot, Chronos walks up to grab the note, but there's a quick frame where part of it is missing as it passes by Napoleon. Fixed this by filling it out in Photoshop. Additionally, I also applied my translation for the note here in AE for the hardsub, using the Mesh Warp effect to warp it along the edges of the original note as Chronos lifts it up. (And I also worked my dub note edit in.)

(12) After reading the note, Chronos shows it to Napoleon in disbelief, Napoleon nervously asking what they should do now as we fade to black to end the episode. For the hardsub, I applied my translation (and also the dub version) in AE, using one video track applying the Mesh Warp effect to it for a few of the initial frames as Chronos moves it towards Napoleon where it's still bent, then just using the CC Power Pin effect for the remaining frames, and masking in Chronos's hand over it; once done, I took the edit into Vegas where I re-faded it to black.

(13) In the preview for 113, we see Professor Satou's Demandman attacking Air Hummingbird, but there's a black space on Judai's Disk where Air Hummingbird should be as he moves while the attack connects. I fixed this first in 113 proper, applying a proxy using AE and masking in Demandman's wires over it, then applied the fix to the Japanese preview here by additionally masking in part of the episode title text back over it.

One fix I attempted but scrapped: a few shots later using Angel's/Graceful Charity, Manjoume uses Enchanting Fitting Room to summon his three Ojamas, but notably, the platform he should be standing on, as well as the ropes leading to the wire holding it up, are missing (you can see a gap in Manjoume's feet where the platform should be). As mentioned here, I attempted a fix here using a similar shot later in the episode, and while I think it could've been doable with another bit of Track Motion (and probably some masking to account for Fitting Room fading out), I scrapped it as I didn't have a good enough reference to use with more properly redrawing Manjoume's legs and shoes.

[gameraboy2]

“Entering Earth's Atmosphere” Worlds of If, April 1955 Cover by Charles Casler

[jcmarchi]

A carbon-lite atmosphere could be a sign of water and life on other terrestrial planets, MIT study finds

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/a-carbon-lite-atmosphere-could-be-a-sign-of-water-and-life-on-other-terrestrial-planets-mit-study-finds/

A carbon-lite atmosphere could be a sign of water and life on other terrestrial planets, MIT study finds

Scientists at MIT, the University of Birmingham, and elsewhere say that astronomers’ best chance of finding liquid water, and even life on other planets, is to look for the absence, rather than the presence, of a chemical feature in their atmospheres.

The researchers propose that if a terrestrial planet has substantially less carbon dioxide in its atmosphere compared to other planets in the same system, it could be a sign of liquid water — and possibly life — on that planet’s surface.

What’s more, this new signature is within the sights of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). While scientists have proposed other signs of habitability, those features are challenging if not impossible to measure with current technologies. The team says this new signature, of relatively depleted carbon dioxide, is the only sign of habitability that is detectable now.

“The Holy Grail in exoplanet science is to look for habitable worlds, and the presence of life, but all the features that have been talked about so far have been beyond the reach of the newest observatories,” says Julien de Wit, assistant professor of planetary sciences at MIT. “Now we have a way to find out if there’s liquid water on another planet. And it’s something we can get to in the next few years.”

The team’s findings appear today in Nature Astronomy. De Wit co-led the study with Amaury Triaud of the University of Birmingham in the UK. Their MIT co-authors include Benjamin Rackham, Prajwal Niraula, Ana Glidden Oliver Jagoutz, Matej Peč, Janusz Petkowski, and Sara Seager, along with Frieder Klein at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Martin Turbet of Ècole Polytechnique in France, and Franck Selsis of the Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux.

Beyond a glimmer

Astronomers have so far detected more than 5,200 worlds beyond our solar system. With current telescopes, astronomers can directly measure a planet’s distance to its star and the time it takes it to complete an orbit. Those measurements can help scientists infer whether a planet is within a habitable zone. But there’s been no way to directly confirm whether a planet is indeed habitable, meaning that liquid water exists on its surface.

Across our own solar system, scientists can detect the presence of liquid oceans by observing “glints” — flashes of sunlight that reflect off liquid surfaces. These glints, or specular reflections, have been observed, for instance, on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, which helped to confirm the moon’s large lakes.

Detecting a similar glimmer in far-off planets, however, is out of reach with current technologies. But de Wit and his colleagues realized there’s another habitable feature close to home that could be detectable in distant worlds.

“An idea came to us, by looking at what’s going on with the terrestrial planets in our own system,” Triaud says.

Venus, Earth, and Mars share similarities, in that all three are rocky and inhabit a relatively temperate region with respect to the sun. Earth is the only planet among the trio that currently hosts liquid water. And the team noted another obvious distinction: Earth has significantly less carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.

“We assume that these planets were created in a similar fashion, and if we see one planet with much less carbon now, it must have gone somewhere,” Triaud says. “The only process that could remove that much carbon from an atmosphere is a strong water cycle involving oceans of liquid water.”

Indeed, the Earth’s oceans have played a major and sustained role in absorbing carbon dioxide. Over hundreds of millions of years, the oceans have taken up a huge amount of carbon dioxide, nearly equal to the amount that persists in Venus’ atmosphere today. This planetary-scale effect has left Earth’s atmosphere significantly depleted of carbon dioxide  compared to its planetary neighbors.

“On Earth, much of the atmospheric carbon dioxide has been sequestered in seawater and solid rock over geological timescales, which has helped to regulate climate and habitability for billions of years,” says study co-author Frieder Klein.

The team reasoned that if a similar depletion of carbon dioxide were detected in a far-off planet, relative to its neighbors, this would be a reliable signal of liquid oceans and life on its surface.

“After reviewing extensively the literature of many fields from biology, to chemistry, and even carbon sequestration in the context of climate change, we believe that indeed if we detect carbon depletion, it has a good chance of being a strong sign of liquid water and/or life,” de Wit says.

A roadmap to life

In their study, the team lays out a strategy for detecting habitable planets by searching for a signature of depleted carbon dioxide. Such a search would work best for “peas-in-a-pod” systems, in which multiple terrestrial planets, all about the same size, orbit relatively close to each other, similar to our own solar system. The first step the team proposes is to confirm that the planets have atmospheres, by simply looking for the presence of carbon dioxide, which is expected to dominate most planetary atmospheres.

“Carbon dioxide is a very strong absorber in the infrared, and can be easily detected in the atmospheres of exoplanets,” de Wit explains. “A signal of carbon dioxide can then reveal the presence of exoplanet atmospheres.”

Once astronomers determine that multiple planets in a system host atmospheres, they can move on to measure their carbon dioxide content, to see whether one planet has significantly less than the others. If so, the planet is likely habitable, meaning that it hosts significant bodies of liquid water on its surface.

But habitable conditions doesn’t necessarily mean that a planet is inhabited. To see whether life might actually exist, the team proposes that astronomers look for another feature in a planet’s atmosphere: ozone.

On Earth, the researchers note that plants and some microbes contribute to drawing carbon dioxide, although not nearly as much as the oceans. Nevertheless, as part of this process, the lifeforms emit oxygen, which reacts with the sun’s photons to transform into ozone — a molecule that is far easier to detect than oxygen itself.

The researchers say that if a planet’s atmosphere shows signs of both ozone and depleted carbon dioxide, it likely is a habitable, and inhabited world.

“If we see ozone, chances are pretty high that it’s connected to carbon dioxide being consumed by life,” Triaud says. “And if it’s life, it’s glorious life. It would not be just a few bacteria. It would be a planetary-scale biomass that’s able to process a huge amount of carbon, and interact with it.”

The team estimates that NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope would be able to measure carbon dioxide, and possibly ozone, in nearby, multiplanet systems such as TRAPPIST-1 — a seven-planet system that orbits a bright star, just 40 light years from Earth.

“TRAPPIST-1 is one of only a handful of systems where we could do terrestrial atmospheric studies with JWST,” de Wit says. “Now we have a roadmap for finding habitable planets. If we all work together, paradigm-shifting discoveries could be done within the next few years.”

[theofficialastronomy101]

How beautiful is our planet????

[itsgerges]

Best Regards

The Planets Were Moving In Their Orbits Before The Sun Creation

or

or

or

Abstract

The Paper General Hypothesis

The gravitational waves can move by speed of light and can produce a light beam by its motion- The paper general hypothesis tells – the sun rays is created by this method and not by the sun nuclear fusion- means- The Sun Is NOT doing nuclear fusion to produce its rays but the sun rays is created by the gravitational waves motions energies – I depend on this new article to form the hypothesis.

This Is Extraordinary: Gravity Can Create Light, All on Its Own

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsnHYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"ei=83

The article tells the gravitational waves can move by speed of light and can produce a light beam- the paper general hypothesis supposes the sun rays is created based on this method by the gravitational waves motions energies and not by the sun nuclear fusion- also – the hypothesis tells No star rays is produced by the nuclear fusion process but all rays are created by the gravitational waves motions as the article explains.

The General Hypothesis Explanation

Preface

The Gravitational Waves Source And Motion Analysis

The Refutation Of The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory

The Paper Four Branch Hypotheses

1- Preface

The paper general hypothesis depends on four branch hypotheses will be discussed and proved after the general hypothesis explanation-

The paper general hypothesis tells – the planets were found and moving in their orbit before the sun creation- the planets were revolving around a point in space- this point is a point of space (dark similar to any other point of space)- the planets were revolving around this point for long period before the sun creation- and later the sun is created above this point of space- the hypothesis tells the sun rays is created from the planets motions energies and by that the hypothesis refutes two Major Theories in the physics book which are

1st Theory

The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By The Sun Gravitational Field

I refuse this theory- and claim the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies- the following analysis proves this fact

Planet moves and produces motion energy (1/2mv^2) and this energy can NOT be stored inside the planet body because the planet temperature would be raised by this energy and no planet temperature is raised by its motion- logically- we have to conclude that the planet motion energy is stored in the space in waves form- means- the planet motion is similar to a fish swimming in the sea- the fish motion produces energy and this energy creates waves in the water- similar to that- the planet motion produces energy and this energy creates waves in the space- that tells- the space must have waves because the space is the only place in which the planet motion energy can be stored- now- the scientists discovered these waves and they supposed these waves are produced by the sun gravitational field while these waves are produced by the planets motions energies

My paper provides strong refutations against Newton theory of the sun gravity- no planet moves by the sun gravity and the sun has NO massive gravity as Newton imagined also the Sun doesn't produce a gravitational field as Einstein told us- all these ideas are imaginary- the paper provides solid critic against all of them.

NOTICE

We realize the article still supposed the gravitational waves are produced by The Sun Gravitational Field – I refuse this idea- but – I accept the article other facts – means- the gravitational waves can move by speed of light and the gravitational waves can produce a light beam– these article facts I accept- and based on them- I suppose the sun rays is created by the gravitational waves motions energies and Not by The sun nuclear fusion process.    

2nd Theory

The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory- 

I refuse this theory- the sun is NOT doing nuclear fusion to produce its rays- instead – the sun rays is created by the gravitational waves motions energies-

Also all stars use this same method and NO Star rays is created by any nuclear fusion process.

2- The Gravitational Waves Source And Motion Analysis

(1st Item)

The Sun Gravitational Field Theory Refutation

The Sun Doesn't Produce A Gravitational Field Nor Has Massive Gravity – let's prove that (1st Proof)

The sun rotation period is (25.4 days– at equator) and (34.4 days – at pole) that shows the sun has no massive gravity nor even ordinary gravity equal any planet gravity otherwise the sun would rotate around its axis in one period of time- 

(2nd Proof)

No Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity – Newton is wrong- because- the planet moves by the force caused its creation- means- the planet creation and motion is done by one force only- because- if two forces have effects on the same one planet this planet would be broken- now- suppose the planet is created (by any force) and the sun gravity attracted this planet and forced it to revolve around the sun by the sun mass massive gravity (as Newton imagined) that would force the planet to move against its inner creation and will cause this planet to be broken- this is similar to a human is forced to walk on his hands in place of his legs and when this human refuses to do that (they told him we can force you by our power) for that this human walk on his hands forcedly and later this human is dead by this motion- shortly- the planet is NOT broken by its motion because the planet creation force is the force causes this planet motion- it's one force caused the planet creation and motion-

(3rd Proof)

The mass gravity force can NOT cause any motion- the mass gravity creates a bond between two masses- (the Earth and the moon are bond by the mass gravity)- by that they are similar to a lorry and its trailer – if the lorry moves the trailer will move with the lorry- but the mass gravity can NOT cause any motion- why? suppose the moon moves by the Erath gravity force- the moon moves and produces energy (1/2mv^2) and we have to ask from what source this energy will be provided?- from the mass itself- means if the Earth causes the moon to move the Earth and the moon masses should be decreased by the motion energy- this is a wrong definition for the mass gravity- the mass gravity creates a bond between two masses (The Earth and the moon) if some outer force causes the Earth to move the moon will move with it and in this case the outer force will provide the motion energy for the Earth and the moon-

(2nd Item)

The Gravitational Waves Source And Motion Trajectory

(1)

We agreed, Planet moves and produces motion energy (1/2mv^2) and this motion energy can NOT be stored inside the planet body otherwise it causes to raise its temperature- that tells Planet motion energy must be stored in the space in moving waves- by that the space must have moving waves which are produced by the planets motions energies

let's analyze this idea deeply

Planet motion is similar to a fish swimming in the sea- while- the fish swims in the sea because it hits the water by its body and that causes to create waves and these waves move by velocity equal the fish velocity (because of the reaction force)- similar to that- the planet motion in the space produces energy and this energy creates waves in the space and these waves move by velocity equal the planet velocity- means- Mercury (for example) moves and its motion energy creates waves in the space and these waves move by velocity = Mercury velocity (47.4 km/s) – we understand these waves are similar to the water waves they move far from their source and can be reflected.

(2)

The planets revolve around the sun in the same direction- for that- the planets motions energies waves move toward Pluto orbit (Perpendicular on the revolution trajectory) and in Pluto orbit the planets motions energies waves are unified into One Unified Wave which moves by the planets velocities total – means- while the planets revolve around the sun there's one unified wave revolves around the sun and moves by velocity 205.8 km/s (the nine planets velocities total =176 km/s but I add the Earth moon velocity 29.8 km/s because the energy is stored finally in the Earth moon orbit-and -the moon velocity equals the Earth velocity because they revolve together around the sun- the velocities total is 205.8 km/s )- Shortly – One unified wave revolves around the sun its velocity 205.8 km/s and This wave is found in Pluto orbit – AND         

This unified wave (205.8 km/s) will be sent (reflected) from Pluto orbit to Venus orbit. 

(3rd Item)

Can The Gravitational Waves Move By Speed Of Light? And Can They Produce A Light Beam? And How?

This Is Extraordinary: Gravity Can Create Light, All on Its Own

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsnHYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"ei=83

Simply the article tells the gravitational waves can move by speed of light and can produce a light beam- these two facts are proved by this article- BUT

If the gravitational waves move by speed of light- How Can These Waves Motions Produce A Light Beam?

My second branch hypothesis answers this question – it tells-

The gravitational waves are reflected in the solar system and this reflection of energy causes to square the wave velocity- means- the wave velocity after the energy reflection is squared the velocity before the energy reflection-

Now- the article tells the gravitational waves can move by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and my 2nd branch hypothesis tells (the energy reflection causes to square the velocity) means- if the gravitational wave velocity is (C=300000 km/s)  before the energy reflection, this speed will be (C^2) after the Energy reflection- and this source of energy (C^2) can produce a light beam- by that –my 2nd branch hypothesis explains how the gravitational waves can produce a light beam- that explains the importance of the energy reflection study because without the energy reflection NO light beam can be produced.              

3- The Refutation Of The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory

The Sun is NOT doing nuclear fusion to produce its rays- But- the Sun rays is created by the gravitational waves motions energies- and- the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies- Shortly- the sun rays is produced by the planets motions energies – there are five facts prove this solid fact – let's summarize them in following

1st Fact 

The Sun Corona Temperature is 5 millions Kelvin but the sun surface is 5800 Kelvin

This fact puzzles the scientists – No puzzle here- because

The Sun rays is Not produced by the sun nuclear fusion but by the planets motions energies – the energy is Not produced from the sun body but by the planets motions energies – means- The energy out of the sun is greater hundreds times the energy inside the sun because the energy is provided by the planets motions energies-

The Sun Corona Temperature proves that the sun is NOT doing nuclear fusion to produce its rays – instead the planets motions energies total is used as the source of energy to produce the sun rays

2nd Fact 

The gravitational waves are created by the planets motions energies- I proved that- simply Planet motion energy (1/2mv^2) must be stored in the space in moving waves because no other place to store this energy- that tells the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies- it's doubtless conclusion- the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies-

Here we see The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory ERROR because the solar planets revolve around the sun moving continuously and that produce massive motion energy which is stored in the space in waves form- so we have to ask (when and how this stored energy will be used?) understandable the energy can not be stored in the space forever without using- means- the sun rays is the outlet for the stored motion energy and the using of this stored energy protects the solar system from all risks found by the unused stored energy-

The problem here is seen clearly, while the solar system is so rich in the motion energy, the scientists created a strange source of energy (the sun mass) to produce the sun rays by the nuclear fusion process and no one interested for the planet motion energy nor the stored massive energy in the space-

The problem here is that (No Source Of Energy Is Required) because there's massive motion energy stored in the space in waves form and The scientists have discovered already these waves proving this massive energy is stored in the solar system space –

3rd Fact 

This Is Extraordinary: Gravity Can Create Light, All on Its Own

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsnHYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"ei=83

This article tells the gravitational waves can move by the speed of light and can produce a light beam- it's another machine to produce the light beam- and we can't imagine there are many methods to produce the light beam- shortly- If the light beam can be produced by the gravitational waves motions- that tells The Sun Rays must be produced by this method.

The paper explains clearly how the light beam is produced by the gravitational waves motions- but- here– I want to say- It's not logical to have many ways to produce the light beam but only one method to do that- and this article gives a proof for the light production by the gravitational waves motions while No proof for the sun nuclear fusion theory- that tells the sun rays must be produced by the gravitational waves motions energies.

4th Fact 

The Sun Point Velocity is 2 km/s – because

The Sun circumference 4.37 million km and the sun rotates around its axis in (25.4 days at equator)- this motion is done by a velocity = 2 km/s 

Means if the sun moves by 2 km/s, the sun would rotate around its axis a complete rotation in 25.4 days-

My theory for the sun rays production tells the sun point velocity should be 1 km/s

My theory tells is the sun point velocity is 1 km/s the planets should move 90000 million km to produce the sun rays- but- in fact- the planets move 180000 million km to produce the sun rays- this change in distance is done because the sun point velocity is 2 km/s and Not 1 km/s- by that the velocity 2 km/s is a proof for my theory

Notice- the process in details will be explained in the next point-

5th Fact 

The sun rays is produced by a relative motion- means-

The sun point and the gravitational waves are moving relative to each other by accurate relative motion- means- there's accurate geometrical design by which the sun point and the gravitational waves move relative to each other–this is similar to a train moves relative to another train- the relative motion is done accurately

This relative motion is the method by which the sun rays are created- and without this relative motion the sun rays can't be created even if the available energy is sufficient- the next point will explained this fact in details- but – here – I want to say-the relative motion is not required for the sun nuclear fusion theory- the sun position in the space and its data proportionality has NO effect on the sun nuclear fusion process- but the sun position and data have great effect on the relative motion by which the sun rays is created- for that the sun position and data proves the sun rays is not created by any nuclear fusion process but by the gravitational waves motions energies- the next example explains this meaning

Example No.(1)

We See The Sun Disc= The Moon Disc tat enable the total solar eclipse to be occurred because

The sun diameter / the moon diameter= Earth orbital distance/ Earth moon distance

Why does the diameters rate equal = the distances rate?

Example No.(2)

4900 mkm (Jupiter orbital circumference) = 1.39 mkm (the sun diameter) x 3475 km =12104 km x 406000 km = 12756 km x 384000 km = 6792 km x 2 x 363000 km

3475 km      = the moon diameter                 12104 km    = Venus diameter

12756 km    = The Earth diameter                6792 km      = Mars diameter

 363000 km, 384000 km and 406000 km are the distances between the Earth and its moon in perigee, orbital distance and apogee radiuses respectively

The proportionality between the sun position and data with the other planets data is found to form accurate design for the relative motion by which The Sun Rays Are Produced. 

Clearly this data proportionality has no role in the nuclear fusion process

4- The Sun Rays Production Details (A Summary)

How Is The Sun Rays Created? let's remember the new article

This Is Extraordinary: Gravity Can Create Light, All on Its Own

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsnHYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"ei=83

The article tells the gravitational waves can move by the speed of light and can produce a light beam- and- I claim - The sun is Not doing nuclear fusion to produce its rays- instead the sun rays are produced based on this method by the gravitational waves motions  - And

I have proved the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies and not by the sun gravitational field- now- if the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies how can these gravitational waves move by speed of light and how can produce a light beam?

The sun rays production process depend on three basic features which are

(1st Feature) The Storing And Accumulation Of The Motion Energy  

And

(2nd Feature) The Relative Motion Between The Wave And The Sun Point Of Space

(3rd Feature) The Wave Reflection In The Solar System

Let's summarize how these three features work

(1st Feature) The Storing And Accumulation Of The Motion Energy 

The planets motions energies are unified into one unified wave (one unified energy) and this wave energy is increased during the time by the energy accumulation-let's explain that the planets velocities total is 205.8 km/s, means, the planets motions for one second produce one wave moves by a velocity 205.8 km/s-  now- during one hour this energy will be increased 60 times and the velocity should be 12348 km/s– means- the energy is accumulated during a period of time to produce the required sufficient energy which enable the gravitational waves to move by speed of light-

But 

How can that be possible?

The planets motions use different rates of time-

These rates of time enable the gravitational wave to increase its energy greatly and that causes to increase the wave velocity-

The gravitational wave moves by speed of light uses the rate of time (1=1461) means One second of the sun clock = 1461 seconds of the gravitational wave clock

The wave velocity is 205.8 km/s and during 1461 seconds moves 300000 km/s but the sun clock moves in this period only one second and by that the relative motion shows a distance = 300000 km in a period = one second which is (speed of light)- that shows how the gravitational wave can move by speed of light (relative to the sun)

The solar system secret is the using of the rates of time because by it the energy can be accumulated till be massive energy sufficient to produce a light beam

The 3rd branch hypothesis explains in details how the rates of time be created and how be used to produce the required massive energy

(2nd Feature) The Relative Motion Between The Wave And The Sun Point Of Space

The sun rays is created by a relative motion is done by two players (the gravitational wave and the sun point of space)- the gravitational wave moves by speed of light (300000 km/s) and the sun point of space moves by 1 km/s- now-let's ask– how can the sun point of space move by this velocity 1 km/s? the space is NOT static but moving as the sea of water – how can we find a stationary point on the sea of water? 

The sun point of space moves by 1 km/s and this is the only one point in the solar system moves by this velocity because this point is created to be used as the place for the sun – How Is This Point Created?

Let's see the process in following… 

The planets revolve around a point in space (any point in space), The revolution creates two velocities on both sides of the revolution- the two velocities are equal in value opposite in direction and by that the total be Zero –

Means- the revolution design creates A Stationary Point in the revolution center

By that the sun point (1 km/s) is created by the planets revolution around it

By the sun point creation, the relative motion is created, and this relative motion has two players- the gravitational wave motion (1st player) and the sun point of space (2nd player)

We understand, the planets motions energies are unified into one unified wave, and this is the gravitational wave moves relative to the sun point of space- here we have the two players of the relative motion- the wave moves by speed of light (300000 km/s) and the sun point of space moves by 1 km/s (stationary point)

The Relative Motion Nature

The relative motion has many important discussion points

(1st Point)

The traditional wave moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) we understand that the wave can't move by speed greater than this one- means- the gravitational wave moves by speed of light and this speed can't be accelerated

(2nd Point)

The sun point of space moves by 1 km/s- No other point in space moves by this velocity-

(3rd Point)

The relative motion creates a difference in velocities equal = 300000 km/s = speed of light

That's why the wave should move relative to the sun point of space and not to any other point of space- because- the different velocity 300000 km/s can be produced only with the sun point of space (stationary point)-

Shortly- the wave moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and this motion can produce a different velocity =300000 km/s only if the motion is done relative to a stationary point (the sun point moves by 1 km/s)- if the different velocity is less than speed of light (C=300000 km/s) No light beam can be created- why? because the wave is reflected in the solar system and the wave reflection causes to square its velocity- now – if the different velocity equal speed of  light (C=300000km/s), the reflection of energy will produce (C^2) and this value can produce the light beam

Means- if the wave moves relative to any other point of space (moves by velocity faster than 1 km/s) in this case the different velocity will be less than speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and when the energy is reflected and the wave velocity is squared the value (C^2) will not be produced and by that No light beam is created

(3rd Feature) The Wave Reflection In The Solar System

The wave reflection is discussed in details in the branch hypothesis No. (2)- the reflection of energy does one useful result for the wave motion which is (the velocity squaring) because by this feature the speed of light (C=300000 km/s) can be squared and produce the value (C^2) from which the light beam can be produced- the second branch hypothesis proves the reflection of energy causes to square the wave velocity- this is the most important feature in the reflection of energy and the most useful one for the solar system motion- 

4- The Paper Four Branch Hypotheses

The paper provides four branch hypotheses- These hypotheses aim to explain each planet role in The Sun Rays Production Process- the hypotheses explanations provide their proves and discussions

Preface

1st Branch Hypothesis  

The planets motions energies are transported among the planets and the energy transportation cause the motion transportation also- the energy smooth and easy transportation among the planets is the major requirement to produce the sun rays- because- Planet energy is so small and the sun rays energy is so massive and for that the planets motions energies total should be unified together in one unified energy- If this unification of energy is not occurred No light beam can be produced- the energy unification can be performed only if the energy transportation is simple and easy         

The planets motions energies are unified together in Pluto orbit and then this unified energy is sent (reflected) toward Venus.

One planet only prevents the energy transportation- this planet is Neptune-

For that a fierce conflict is found between the four planets (Pluto- Neptune- Uranus- Saturn) and this conflict aims to send the energy from Pluto to Saturn and the process is done and the energy is sent from Pluto to Saturn but after a very hard war- we study this war in details with the hypothesis explanation.

2nd Branch Hypothesis  

The energy is transported among the planets by the energy reflection- means- the gravitational waves are reflected in the solar system and by this reflection the energy is sent from a planet to another- the reflection of energy causes changes in the physical properties of the gravitational waves – specifically- the energy reflection causes to square the velocities- means- the gravitational wave velocity after the reflection equals square its velocity before the reflection- also – there are other changes in data done by the reflection of energy – we have to study the reflection of energy in details to be able to discover the transported energy from a point to another.

The energy is reflected in the solar system three times – two times in the outer planets and one time in the inner planets- we study that in details in the hypothesis explanation-       

3rd Branch Hypothesis  

Planet motion energy is so small energy and the sun rays is massive energy- for that- the planets store their motions energies during long period of time to produce the required sufficient massive energy-

The energy storing is done by use different rates of time for the planets and the waves motions– specifically- the gravitational waves move by speed of light use the rate of time (1=1461)- but- the gravitational waves which produce a light beam uses the rate of time (1=1461^2)- the sun rays rate of time is produced by the motions of five planets which are (Saturn- Jupiter- The Earth- The moon- Mars)- the hypothesis explains in details how the motion energy is accumulated and stored by these rates of time-

Notice –

we understand that the solar system is one machine and all planets motions are used in the sun rays rate of time creation- specifically- the solar system motion depends on Mercury Clock- but- the referred five planets motions are the Major motions in the sun rays rate of time creation- 

4th Branch Hypothesis  

The light beam creation depends on a relative motion- means- a motion is done between two defined players which are- the gravitational wave and the sun point of space- the gravitational wave moves by speed of light (300000 km/s) and the sun point of space moves by 1 km/s- Shortly- a geometrical design is created to enable this relative motion to be occurred because by this relative motion the sun rays are created (Point no.4 explained how this relative motion causes to produce the sun rays)

The three planets (Mercury- Venus and the moon) use their motions to create the design of this relative motion- Specifically- Venus is the designer engineer for this relative motion because Venus reflects the energy toward Mars and defines its motion trajectory relative to the sun point of space-    

It's very important to understand what's happening here- the sun point of space is the only point in the solar system moves by velocity 1 km/s- and Venus reflects the gravitational wave energy toward Mars and defines its motion trajectory angle relative to the sun point of space by that the wave moves relative to the sun point of space and Not relative to any other point- by that the light beam will be produced by this relative motion – this relative motion is the reason behind the planet day period definition- Planet day period is a geometrical feature found to enable to create this relative motion between the wave and the sun point of space- Venus is the Engineer creates the geometrical design for this  relative motion between the sun and the wave is created.

NOTICE No. (1)

The four branch hypotheses aim to show each planet role in the sun rays creation process -and we understand that

The three planets (Mercury – Venus and The moon) creates the relative motion design which should be considered The Light Beam Production Machine

Means- these three planets use the sent energy to create the light beam- they create the machine by which the motion energy can produce a light beam -And

The five planets (Saturn- Jupiter- the Earth – The Moon- Mars) use their motions to store and accumulate the motion energy in one wave till this wave energy be so massive energy and sufficient to produce the sun rays- And

The four planets (Pluto- Neptune- Uranus- Saturn) have conflict with Neptune because Neptune prevented the energy transportation from Pluto to Saturn – the conflict produced the transportation of the energy from Pluto to Saturn

NOTICE No. (2)

The four hypotheses provides detailed analysis for the gravitational wave energy and its motion through the solar system- and by this analysis we will be able to know the facts and properties of the wave energy- for example- we will know that the gravitational wave velocity through the orbits of the planets (Pluto- Neptune- Uranus) is 205.8 km/s but the gravitational wave moves through Saturn orbit with speed 300000 km/s (C= speed of light) and the speed will be (C^2) in Mars orbit.

The four hypotheses explanations and discussions will give us very good vision about how the gravitational wave is produced and how the energy is accumulated in it and how this energy produces the light beam while we see this wave moves from a planet orbit to another and by that we see the effects of each planet on it and the wave energy effect on each planet- the four hypotheses discussions is very useful to see the real geometrical design of the solar system.

NOTICE No. (3)

Neptune is the solar system enemy because it prevents the energy transportation among the planets and also prevent to produce the sun rays by other methods we should study in the four hypotheses explanations.

The Branch Hypotheses Explanation

Preface

Planet Velocity Analysis

The Solar System Creation Theory

The Planets Motions Use Different Rates Of Time

Is there a proof for Time-Axis Motion?

Item No. 1 Planet Velocity Definition

Planet velocity definition is important point of study because many planet data is defined based on its velocity- specifically

Planet diameter is defined based on the rate (v1/v2) by my planet diameter equation –discussed later – and

Planet orbital distance is defined by the rate (v1/v2)^2 –and

Planet orbital period is defined by the rate (v1/v2)^3

Please note – Kepler stated (Planet orbit defines its velocity) and it's fact proved by the planets data – but Newton stated Planet motion depends on its mass- this is NOT Fact and Planet velocity is defined without any effect of its mass as the data shows

(I have refuted Newton theory of the sun gravity and his theory for mass gravity) 

Now – let's ask - How Is Planet Velocity Defined?

Planet velocity is defined by Five Rules let's see them in following

(i) First Rule 

v1v2 = constant= 322  (my 5th equation)

47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity)    x 6.8 km/s (Mercury velocity)             =322

35 km/s (Venus velocity)          x 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 2            =322

29.8 km/s (The Earth velocity) x 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) x 2       =322

24.1 km/s (Mars velocity)         x 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity)             =322 (Max error 2%)

The rule (v1v2=322) tells the velocities are defined in pairs and not individually, each planet velocity has its own complementary- the rule tells the velocities are reflected on one another- the reflection of energy and data is discussed later. 

In this rule we interest for the constant (322)- let's ask- why the constant = 322? 

The constant 322 depends on the speed 1.16 million km per second because

(1160000 seconds = 322 hours) - Means

Mercury (47.4 km/s) moves in 6.8 hours a distance = 1.16 million km and

Uranus (6.8 km/s) moves in 47.4 hours a distance   = 1.16 million km

Shortly -we realize that the constant 322 is produced based on the speed 1.16 million km per second- means- the planets velocities are complementary each other because they are defined as functions in this same speed 1.16 million km per second

(This is similar to electron and positron are produced from Gamma ray, The two particles depend on Gamma energy in their masses)

Based On This Data

I concluded there's a light beam its speed 1.16 million km per second and from this light beam energy the solar system is created- and the planets velocities are defined as functions in this speed 1.16 million km per second and that causes the velocities to be complementary each other-

(Note the speed 1.16 million km per second is proved strongly in my paper)

(ii) Second Rule 

v1v2 = 1

The velocity here uses the solar day (86400 seconds) – let's prove that-

Mercury moves per solar day              = 4.095 million km

Venus moves per solar day                 = 3.024 million km

The Earth moves per solar day            = 2.574 million km

The Moon moves per solar day           = 2.4 million km

Mars moves per solar day                   = 2.082 million km

Jupiter moves per solar day                = 1.1318 million km

Saturn moves per solar day                 = 0.838 million km

Uranus moves per solar day                = 0.5875 million km

Neptune moves per solar day              = 0.4665 million km

Pluto moves per solar day                   = 0.406 million km

AND

0.406 (Pluto velocity)               x 2.4 (the moon velocity)             = 1   (error 2.5%)

0.4665 (Neptune velocity)         x 2.082 (Mars velocity)                 = 1 (error 2.5%)

0.5875 (Uranus velocity)          x 3.024 (Venus velocity)/1.772   = 1   (error 2.5%)

0.838 (Saturn velocity)             x 1.1318 (Jupiter velocity)           = 1  (error 5%)

(1.772 = π^1/2)

The second rule tells very similar meaning (v1v2= constant= 1)

The data uses the velocities per solar day for that the constant is changed from 322 into 1 but the rule is the same- (v1v2= Constant)

I want to say- the rule (v1v2 = Constant) tells that (The Velocities Are Reflected On Each Other) this conclusion is simple one (A x 1/A= constant=1)  

The rule proves the energy is reflected in the solar system and this reflection has effect on the planets data and for that the planets velocities are defined by this energy  reflection and the velocities are produced complementary each other as a result.

Notice

The second rule causes confusion because the complementary player is changed- for example Pluto is complementary with Venus (in the first rule 35 x 4.7 x 2 = 322) but Pluto is complementary with the Earth moon in the second rule (0.406 x 2.4 = 1) that tells the players are changed which is illogical idea- how can we solve this problem?

The third rule solves it – let's see this rule in following 

(iii) Third Rule 

v1/v2 = 0.8 (based on the planets order)

47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity)    x 0.8   = 38 (35 km/s = Venus velocity error 7.25%)

35 km/s (Venus velocity)          x 0.8   = 27.78 (The moon velocity)

29.8 km/s (The Earth velocity) x 0.8   = 24.1 (Mars velocity)                  (error 1%)

24.1 km/s (Mars velocity)         x 0.8   = 2 x 9.7 (Saturn velocity)

13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity)       x 0.8   = 2 x 5.4 (Neptune velocity)          (error 3%)

6.8 km/s (Uranus velocity)        x 0.8   = 5.4 (Neptune velocity)

5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity)      x 0.8   = 4.3 (Pluto velocity 4.7 the error 7.25%)

Please note

The error 7.25 is found by the rate 1.0725 – that means

47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity) x 0.8     = 38 = 1.0725 x 35 km/s (Venus velocity)

5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) x 0.8       = 4.3= 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) / 1.0725

29.8 km/s (Earth velocity)                  = 27.78 km/s (The moon velocity) x 1.0725

We know the rate 1.0725 is found by Lorentz length contraction effect- and we know this rate has effect on around 40% of all planets data – that's why we see this rate has effect on the planets velocities definition-

Let's remember the question-

In the rule (v1v2=322) we found that Pluto is complementary with Venus because

4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 2 = 322

But in the rule (v1v2 =1) we found Pluto is complementary with the moon because

0.406 mkm (Pluto Velocity Daily) x 2.4 mkm (The Moon Velocity Daily) = 1

The question asked – if the planets velocities are defined in pairs complementary each other and not individually how can the players be changed? 

The answer tells – the planets velocities are rated by (0.8) based on the planets order means – the moon velocity daily 2.4 mkm = Venus velocity daily 3.024 mkm x 0.8

The rate (0.8) defines all planets velocities depend on each other by order-

Now let's see Planet velocity final definition– because- the definition uses three planets velocities together and not only two – let's put that clearly in following-

 (iv) The Planet Velocity Final Definition

 (A)

47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity) x 0.8 = 38 km/s (Venus velocity 35 km/s)

Venus moves per solar day 3.024 million km -But

1/3.024 = 0.3307 million km = Uranus moves per solar day 0.5875 million km /1.77

(note 1.77 = π^1/2) and (38 = 35 x 1.0725)

For that

47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity) x 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocity) = 322

(B)

35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 0.8 = 27.78 km/s (The Moon velocity)

The moon moves per solar day 2.4 million km -But

1/2.4 = 0.406 million km = Pluto moves per solar day 0.406 million km

For that

35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 2 = 322

(C)

29.8 km/s (The Earth velocity) x 0.8 = 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity)

Mars moves per solar day 2.082 million km -But

1/2.082 = 0.4665 million km = Neptune moves per solar day 0.4665 million km

For that

29.8 km/s (The Earth velocity) x 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) x 2 = 322

(D)

13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity) x 0.8= 2 x 5.24km/s (Neptune velocity 5.4 km/s error 3%)

Neptune moves per solar day 0.4665 million km - But

1/0.4665 = 2.082 million km = Mars moves per solar day 2.082 million km

For that

13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity) x 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity) = 322

Shortly

Three planets velocities are defined in each equation- that tells the planet velocity definition is a process more complex than the simple equation (v1v2= constant)

Notice

The 9 planets velocities total is 176 km/s – if we add the Earth moon velocity (29.8 km/s) the total will be 205.8 km/s

The planets velocities are complementary also for this velocity 205.8 km/s – let's see

205.8 km/s = Mercury velocity (47.4 km/s) x Pluto velocity (4.7 km/s) / 1.0725

205.8 km/s = Venus velocity (35 km/s)       x Neptune velocity (5.4 km/s) x 1.0725

205.8 km/s = Earth velocity (29.8 km/s)     x Uranus velocity (6.8 km/s)

205.8 km/s = Jupiter velocity (13.1 km/s)   x Neptune velocity (5.4 km/s) x 3

Mercury velocity = 2 Mars velocity by that Pluto will be used for Mars also

Max error (3%)

Please Note- Saturn is exceptional because

205.8 km/s = 9.7 km/s (Saturn velocity) x 21.4

Where 21.4 hours = 2 x 10.7 hours (Saturn rotation period) -Means- the distance is passed by all planets motions in one hour equal the distance is passed by Saturn in 2 rotation periods (21.4 hours) that tells more analysis is required for Saturn velocity- as we should do later.

A QUESTION

(Why Is The Rate (0.8) Used To Define Each Planet Velocity Based On Its neighbor?) Kepler stated (Planet orbit defines its velocity) and

My planet orbital distance equation proves each planet orbit is defined based on its neighbor – means- my equation uses only 2 neighbor planets orbital distances

Here also-Planet velocity is defined based on its neighbor – means- this connection enabled Kepler to conclude his statement (Planet orbit defines its velocity)

But Why The Rate (0.8)??

The rate (0.8) is found by the energy reflection effect on Planets velocities definition, for that we analyze the energy reflection process deeply in the paper discussion

(v) Fourth Rule 

5.9 x 0.8 = 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) BUT (5.9)^2 = 35 km/s (Venus velocity)

And

6.8 x 0.8 = 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) BUT (6.8)^2 = 47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity)

And

8.5 x 0.8 = 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocity) BUT (8.5)^2 = 2 x 35 km/s

And

12.12 x 0.8 = 9.7 km/s (Saturn velocity) BUT (12.12)^2 = 3 x 47.4 km/s

And

16.4 x 0.8 = 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity) BUT (16.4)^2 = 9 x 29.8 km/s (Earth velocity)

Discussion

The data shows, the inner planets velocities are defined based on the outer planets velocities- that explains how the rules (v1v2=constant) is created

The data is produced by the reflection of energy and that shows why the planets velocities are reflected on each other-

(vi) Fifth Rule   (Pluto Velocity Analysis)

DATA

4.7 km /s (Pluto velocity)          = 3/2 (π) km /s

And

5.4 km /s (Neptune velocity) x 4.7 km /s (Pluto velocity) = 8π

And

π x 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocity) = 4 x 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity)

And

4 x (4.7)^2 = 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocity) x 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity)

And

(4.7)^3 = 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) x 9.7 km/s (Saturn velocity) x 2 = (205.8/2)

205.8 = the 9 planets velocities total + the Earth moon velocity

Discussion

The data shows a real puzzle- because- Pluto velocity can't be defined simply by some simple rules –even the previous 4 rules can't define this velocity-

The data shows- The planet velocity is defined by very complex rule more strong than the previous 4 rules (Specifically Pluto velocity) 

I want to say- the designer has a reason to define Pluto velocity by some complex system- the planets motions interactions causes this complex system-

The next data can explain better this meaning

More Data

13.1 km/s x 29.8 km/s x 142984         = 47.4 km/s x 9.7 km/s x 120536

13.1 km/s x 9.7 km/s x 142984           = 5.4 km/s x 27.8 km/s x 120536

9.7 km/s x 5.4 km/s x 142984             = 4.7 km/s x 13.1 km/s x 120536

13.1, 29.8, 47.4 km/s are the velocities of Jupiter, The Earth, Mercury respectively

9.7, 5.4, 27.8 km/s are the velocities of Saturn, Neptune, The Moon respectively

4.7 km/s = Pluto velocity

142984 km = Jupiter diameter and 120536 km = Saturn diameter

The data tells the planets velocities are defined by real complex system

(vii) Planet Orbital Inclination Definition

DATA

(Mercury velocity 47.4 km/s) = (Uranus velocity 6.8 km/s)        x 7

(Mercury orbital inclination = 7 degrees)

(The Moon velocity 27.8 km/s) = (Neptune velocity 5.4 km/s)   x 5.1

(The Moon orbital inclination = 5.1 degrees)

(Mars velocity 24.1 km/s)         = (Saturn velocity 9.7 km/s)      x 2.5

(Saturn orbital inclination = 2.5 degrees)

(Mars velocity 24.1 km/s)         = (Jupiter velocity 13.1 km/s)    x 1.9

(Mars orbital inclination = 1.9 degrees)

(Venus velocity 35 km/s)          = (Jupiter velocity 13.1 km/s)    x 1.3 x 2

(Jupiter orbital inclination = 1.3 degrees)

(Neptune velocity 5.4 km/s)      = (Uranus velocity 6.8 km/s)     x 0.8

(Uranus orbital inclination = 0.8 degrees)

(Saturn velocity 9.7 km/s)         = (Neptune velocity 6.8 km/s)   x 1.8

(Neptune orbital inclination = 1.8 degrees)

Discussion  The data shows that the planet orbital inclination is defined as a rate between two velocities- but- not no clear rule which planet velocity is used- for example Mercury uses the rule (v1v2=constant because 47.4 x 6.8 = 322 and v1/v2= 47.4/6.8 = 7)

this rule is used almost for the inner planets- but- the outer planets orbital inclinations don't follow this rule- because Neptune is complementary with the Earth but Neptune velocity is used with Uranus and Saturn to define Uranus and Neptune orbital inclinations- means- the rule (v1/v2 = inclination) is used for the inner planets but the outer planets use another rate and almost their orbital inclinations are created based on the rate (v1/v2) defined by my planet diameter equation- 

(viii) The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creation And Motion  

Let's remember the rule (v1v2= constant =322)

322 = 47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity) x 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocity)

322 = 35 km/s  (Venus velocity) x 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 2                   (error 2%)

322 = 29.8 km/s (the Earth velocity) x 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocities) x 2        

322 = 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity) x 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity)                  (error 2%)

322 = (17.9 km/s)^2 (Ceres velocity)

We realize the planets velocities are created in (pairs) and not in single- 

Now let's ask (Can We Add One More Planet In The Solar Group?)

Let's imagine we create a new planet and put it after Pluto

(1)

The New Planet Supposed Orbital Distance Is =7000 million km

What's this new planet velocity? we define it by kepler law, its velocity is 4.3 km/s

This planet motion distance per solar day =0.373 million km and its orbital period is 116300 solar days –

Now– what's its complementary planet by of the rule (v1v2= constant =322),

(322 =4.3 x 75), means, the planet complementary velocity is 75 km/s   

Where can we find a planet its velocity 75 km/s? this planet must be in the distance between the Sun and Mercury –

This planet orbital distance would be 23.2 million km where

(57.9/23.2) = (75/47.4)^2 where

(57.9 million km = Mercury Orbital Distance) and (47.4 km/s = Mercury velocity)

Shortly – to add one more planet after Pluto that forces us to put a complementary planet between Mercury and the Sun- clearly this is a complex process because the distance between the Sun and Mercury is short and no planet can be added in it!

The conclusion– No New Planet Can Be Added In The Solar System  

But how the found planets are added?

Shortly- The Sun is created after all planets creation and motion- means – after all planets be on their orbits the Sun is created- means- technically-  the Sun existence prevents to add any more planet to the solar system and also the sun prevents any planet to change its orbit – that proves the sun is created after all planets creation and motion.

Notice

Mars original orbit was between Venus and Mercury and Mars had migrated to its current orbit behind the Earth (before the sun creation), but, because of the sun existence Mars couldn't return to its original orbit- that proves- Mars is found before the sun creation- and that supports the conclusion tells (the sun is created after all planets creation and motion) Mars Migration is proved in point no. (**)

(ix) Can A Motion By Speed Of Light Be Found In The Solar System? 

300000 = (205.8)^2 x 7.1

Where

The 9 planets velocities total 176 km/s and I add the Earth moon velocity 29.8 km/s the total be 205.8 km/s - the unified wave velocity (205.8 km/s) proves the fact.

7.1 is Lorentz length contraction effect produced by speed 99% of speed of light-

Shortly

The unified wave velocity (205.8 km/s) is defined as a function in the speed of light (300000 km/s) and that explains how the unified wave moves by this speed because the unified wave velocity is 205.8 km/s and the reflection of energy causes to square the velocity to be (205.8 km/s)^2 and by Lorentz length contraction effect (7.1) the velocity be equal 300000 km/s (speed of light) explaining that the unified wave velocity (205.8 km/s) is defined as a function in the speed of light

ALSO

The previous data refers to the use of the rates of time- where

The unified wave (205.8 km/s) moves in 1461 seconds a distance 300000 km while One Second of The Sun Clock = 1461 Seconds of The Wave Clock

Means- The unified wave passes 300000 km in 1461 seconds but the Sun clock sees this period (1461seconds) as (one second only) and by that the sun sees a distance 300000 km is passed in one second producing speed = 300000 km/s (speed of light)

That explains how the gravitational wave can move by speed of light in the solar system.

NOTICE NO. (1)

Lorentz length contraction effect for a velocity 99% of speed of light (297000 km/s) is (7.1) as seen in the equation but the solar system uses this rate with modification

(7.1/100)+ 1 = 1.0725

And this final rate (1.0725) controls 40% of all planets data (distances, periods, axial tilts and other data)- this effect is a proof for the motion by high velocity because this rate (1.0725) controls 40% of all data in the solar system and no explanation except Lorentz length contraction effect- let's see examples of data

Example No. (1)

(28.3/26.7)=(26.7/25.2)= (25.2/23.4)=(122.5/113.4)=(97.8/91.3)= 1.0725

The values (28.3 degrees, 26.7 degrees, 25.2 degrees, 23.4 degrees) are the axial tilts of (Neptune, Saturn, Mars and the Earth)  respectively –

The values (122.5 degrees, 97.8 degrees) are the axial tilts of Pluto and Uranus

113.4 degrees =90 deg +23.4 deg and 91.3 deg =90 deg+ 1.3 deg (Jupiter orbital inclination)

Example No. (2)

(243/224.7) = (29.53/27.3) = (27.3/25.4)= 1.0725 –where

243 days      = Venus Rotation Period  

224.7 days   = Venus Orbital Period  

27.3 days     = The Moon Orbital Period  

29.53 days   = The Moon Day Period  

25.4 days     = The Sun Rotation Period (At Equator)      

The data shows the consistency between Venus and the moon cycles periods

Example No. (3)

(778.6/721)=(721/670)= (670/629)=(1433/1325)=(1284/1205)= (2872/2644)= 1.0725

These are distances measured in millions km – let's define them

778.6, 721, 670 and 629 are the distances between Jupiter and the sun, Mercury, Venus and the Earth respectively.

1433, 1325, 1284, 1025 are the distances between Saturn and the sun, Venus, the Earth and Mars respectively.

2872 and 2644 are the distances between Uranus and the sun and Mars respectively.

AND 629 million km (The Earth Jupiter distance)= (1.0725)^2 x 551 million km (Jupiter Mars Distance) AND 4495.1 million km (Neptune Orbital Distance) =1.0725 x 2 x 2094 million km (Jupiter Uranus Distance) AND 5906 million km (Pluto Orbital Distance)= (1.0725)^2 x 5127 million km (Jupiter Pluto Distance) AND 5127 million km (Jupiter Pluto Distance)= (1.0725)^2 x 4437 million km (Mercury Neptune Distance) AND 2.574 million km (Earth motion distance daily) = 1.0725 x 2.4 million km (TheMoon Orbital Circumference)

NOTICE NO. (2)

In Lorentz transformations study- there's a question asks (Can particle own data and dimensions be changed by the high velocity motion?) 

Shortly- Lorentz transformation tells– if a particle moves by high velocity motion- this particle own length will be contracted and its time will be dilated and its mass will be increased- these changes are defined by Lorentz transformations and we know these are real changes in this particle own data - BUT Some researchers tell No Real Changes are done for the particle data but they are illusions of measurements (means Lorentz transformations measure illusions) -I refuse this opinion - BECAUSE

The Physics Is The Measurements Science And What's Measured Is The Fact

If no real changes are done how the problem of Michelson and Morelly experiment is solved?- also- we can't understand why the synchronous events in one frame can't be synchronous in another (as Einstein stated) where no change is found for any data- the distances are Not contracted nor the time is dilated nor the mass is increased why the events can NOT be synchronous in any frame?  

If the particle own data are measured correctly while it moves by my motion velocity and these measurements are suffered from illusions because the particle moves by high velocity motion relative to my motion velocity that means (I'm the universe reference point)

We notice- Lorentz length contraction equation can't distinguish between particle length and a distance, both can be contracted by the same one equation- that supports my theory tells (The Matter And The Space Are Created From The Same Energy)– If the space is similar to the sea of water the matter will be similar to a whirlpool (or vortex) on the sea page- both the matter and space are created from the same one energy- that gives chance to change the matter dimensions by its motion

My planet diameter equation proves the planet diameter is created depending on its velocity- means- for example– Neptune diameter is 49528 km because Neptune velocity is 5.4 km/s- this fact is proved by my Equation strongly - that tells the motion has effect on the matter dimensions and data definition which supports the same meaning of Lorentz transformation.

(x) Planet Orbit Defines Its Velocity- BUT- Why? 

Kepler stated (Planet Orbit defines its velocity) – what's reason behind this feature? Let's answer in following

DATA

300000 km                     = 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 3600 x 17.73

5906 s x 300000 km/s     = 1773 million km

300000 km                     = 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) x 3600 x 15.43

5144 s x 300000 km/s     = 1543 million km                    ((5144= 4495 x (1.0725)^2)

300000 km                     = 9.7 km/s (Saturn velocity) x 3600 x 8.6

2870 s x 300000 km/s     = 8600 million km                   

300000 km                     = 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocity) x 3600 x 12.26

4085 s x 300000 km/s     = 1226 million km                   

300000 km                     = 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity) x 3600 x 6.36

2120 s x 300000 km/s     = 636 million km           

Where

5906 million km              = Pluto Orbital Distance

4495 million km              = Neptune Orbital Distance

2872 million km              = Uranus Orbital Distance = 2 x Saturn Orbital Distance

4900 million km              = Jupiter Orbital Circumference

Notice

18048 million km (Uranus Orbital Circumference) = 4.4 x 4085 million km

4900 million km (Jupiter Orbital Circumference)   = 2.3 x 2120 million km

4.4 = 2.2 x 2 (with 2.3 the error 5%)

Discussion

The data shows each outer planet velocity is related to its orbital distance by effect of the light motion (300000 km/s)-

Uranus and Jupiter shows the rate 4.4 which related to Jupiter (3.1 deg Jupiter axial tilt + 1.3 deg Jupiter orbital inclination)- the energy is reflected from Uranus to Jupiter that causes the two planets use the same rate.

The data proves the planets motions depend on light motion and explains how the planet orbit defines its velocity

Notice

0.8 = (27.8 /35) = (24.1/29.8) = (10.8/13.1) = (5.4/6.8) = (17.2/21.4) = 19.8/24)

Where

35 km/s       = Venus velocity  

29.8 km/s    = The Earth velocity  

27.8 km/s    = The moon velocity  

13.1 km/s    = Jupiter velocity  

6.8 km/s      = Uranus velocity  

5.4 km/s      = Neptune velocity   note (10.8 = 5.4)

17.2 hours   = Uranus Rotation Period

21.4 hours   = 2 x 10.7 h Saturn Rotation Period

19.8 hours   = 2 x 9.9 h Jupiter Rotation Period

24 hours      = The solar day period

The data shows harmony between the planets velocities and their rotation periods

A QUESTION

How is planet velocity created? If the solar system is one light beam and the planets are geometrical points found on this light beam and move by this light beam motion- how can planet velocity be low velocity if the motion reason is the light beam?

The planet creates a rate of time for its motion – for example

One second of the light beam clock = 6330 seconds of Mercury clock- By that the planet moves in the same period a distance equal the light motion distance (CONT)

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 

Peoples' Friendship university of Russia – Moscow   (2010-2013)

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