#Sacral bone

[honey-crypt]

y’all, my disability is disabling me rn

[bodyalive]

AI generated image, using the keywords “sacrum, flying, wings” Watch for it in my upcoming Massage & Bodywork article on the SI joint:-) #advancedmyofascialtechniques #advancedtrainings #tilluchau— at Advanced-Trainings.com

[Til Luchau]

* * * *

“The greatest mistake in the treatment of diseases is that there are physicians for the body and physicians for the soul, although the two cannot be separated.” 

~ Plato

[thefoulbeast]

ough the pains

[tiredwitchplant]

It's Time for Samhain! (Oct 31- Nov 1)

What is Samhain? In the Celtic calendar, Samhain marks the end of summer and the harvest season, and the beginning of the dark, cold winter months. It falls opposite Beltane on May 1, which represents the beginning of spring and the life-filled growing season.

It’s believed that the veil between the living and the dead is thinnest on Samhain. Historically, people were worried that they would encounter ornery spirits if they ventured outside on Samhain night, so they dressed as ghosts or wore masks to disguise themselves. Folks would leave treats on their front porch or place an extra setting at the table to welcome any friendly spirits who stopped by. You can see how these Samhain rituals easily morphed into our modern-day version of trick-or-treating in costume.

Nighttime bonfires were another of the long-standing Samhain rituals - this one was thought to help combat the impending darkness of winter and the fearful chill that accompanied the idea of roaming spirits. Because the veil between living and dead is believed to be the thinnest on this night, Samhain is also a powerful night for divination and spellcasting by candlelight.

Usual Symbols of Samhain:

Ale or Mead

Pumpkins

Skulls

Besom or Broom

Beans

Cauldron

Bats

Keys

Squash

Pomegranate

Nuts

Apples and Cider

Bones

Herbs and Plants for Samhain:

Rosemary – Associated with remembrance and is needed during this season in taking time to honor the memories of our ancestors and other lost loved ones. Can be used in an incense blend and at ancestor altar

Fall Flowers – Includes flowers like marigolds and chrysanthemums. Are associated with protection and chrysanthemums come in handy with connecting to the spirit world

Apples (the fruit, branches and blossoms) – Is considered sacred to a lot of gods. A good apple harvest means that the gods have shown the community their favor. You can use apples in different rituals, especially divination

Pomegranates – Is associated with the realm of the underworld and helps with communication with the dead. It is also associated with fertility of the fall.

Squashes, Pumpkins and Gourds – Is associated with abundance and provides sustenance for your family when the fields become bare and covered in snow. Is linked to psychic awareness and development and protection.

Mugwort – Is associated with divination and dreaming. Using Mugwort baths or incenses in the rituals can focus on treating depression, especially with the seasons changing

Rowan Trees – The branches and berries are a way to keep evil spirits out of your house and are associated with good health. If you plant a tree near a grave, it will prevent the dead from rising.

Sage – Is associated with cleansing and grounding. Is a great incense to cleanse your home to bring in the new and out with the old

Hawthorn – Has been associated with the gateway between humans and the spirit world. Is also rumored to an area where you can see fairies.

Crystals for Samhain:

Amethyst – Aids in opening one’s third eye and is valuable to be able to see Samhain’s spirits around

Black Obsidian – Is great for grounding and protect from evil spirits. Can be used in scrying when speaking to deities and spirits of Samhain

Citrine – Is used to honor the sun. Aids in prosperity spells and carries joy

Black Tourmaline – Wards off unwanted spirits from your property and can be buried into the ground to protect from psychic attacks and spirit intrusion

Orange Calcite – Orange is a sacred color to Samhain. This stone is associated with one’s sacral chakra and can cleanse and align reproductive organs, sexuality and get creativity flowing

Bloodstone – Known to heal cardiovascular illness and disease. Can help with ancestry links and work

Spirit Quartz – Is great in helping communicate with the spirits of Samhain and releasing old and toxic habits

Lepidolite – Used to appease the fairies that roam during Samhain

Serpentine – Is associated with snakes and aids in remembering past lives. Loki seems to like this stone and may be great to use for him if you work with him during this season

Dragonstone – Dragons are guardians of the earth, spirits of place, and connect us to Mother Nature. Helps say goodbye to the old years and our old selves

Skull shaped Stones – Since skulls are symbols of Samhain, skull shaped stone can help with symbolism during this holiday. They represent the life-death-rebirth cycle, wisdom and our ancestors

Spells and Rituals:

A Samhain Tea (Apple and Hawthorn Berry)

1 apple, sliced

2 Tablespoon dried hawthorn berries (or 4 Tablespoons fresh)

1 cinnamon stick

A pinch of cloves

4 cups water

Honey, to taste (optional)

Combine all ingredients in a small stockpot.

Bring to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer, covered, for 10 minutes.

Strain the plant material from the tea, then transfer the tea into two mugs.

Enjoy one for yourself, and leave the other on your table or front porch to nourish any wandering spirits who may pass while the veil between the living and the dead is thinnest.

A Pumpkin Spell for Prosperity

A pumpkin

Some paint

Go to the pumpkin patch (or local store) and select a pumpkin. Or let the pumpkin choose you.

Bring it home and paint prosperity symbols on it – money signs, runes for prosperity or harvest glyphs (whatever means prosperity to you).

Then place by your front door to invite prosperous vibes into your home this Samhain season.

Bonfire Release Purification Spell

Paper

Pen

Source of fire (bonfire, fireplace, candle flame)

Gather your materials and sit by the fire.

Take a few minutes to just listen to the fire crackling.

Gaze into the flames and connect with this powerful element.

Next begin to think about what habit or person you are releasing this Samhain. Think about why you’re purifying your life from this thing or person.

Then write the habit or person down on the piece of paper.

Fold it away from you 3 times.

Hold it in your hands and allow all of the negative thoughts and energies inside of you to “drain” out of you and into the paper.

Then throw it in the fire and say,

“After this Samhain, never again. Never again. I release _________ from my life by the power of the Samhain fire. So, mote it be.”

How to Make a Samhain Altar

Beautiful autumn leaves or flowers that you collect on a nature walk

A candle

A mugwort bundle

A string of rowan beads

A bowl of apples or a small pumpkin

A hawthorn wand or bowl of freshly picked hawthorn berries

A picture of your ancestors

To make an altar, first find a corner of your home or a table surface where you can arrange a few treasures. You don’t need a ton of space. You could use the top of a dresser, the corner of your desk, an unused side table, etc. 

After you’ve assembled your altar, spend some time sitting quietly in the space. Light the candle and/or mugwort wand, sip on a cup of Apple & Hawthorn Berry Tea and meditate on this energetically powerful day. 

I could find specific written instructions for a crystal grid but I found a video!

Crystal Grid for Samhain

Let's get ready for Samhain and have a great and safe time!

[ciriceart]

All your traditional art and printing experiments are super rad!! What's the strangest or most intense medium you've ever worked in?

Hey!! Thank you so much! I'm always really glad to hear when people take an interest in my experiments and things like that.

I’m not sure about a specific medium used to create an entire piece. I feel like I err on the side of traditional "normal" stuff like oils or ink for the bulk of the work, so I ended up consulting my friends on this lol

some things I’ve done that I feel meet the brief arrreeee:

1. My best friend gave me their wisdom teeth. I then made a silicone mold of these teeth, cast them in resin, and made them some dangling earrings out of the resin copies of their own teeth. The earrings were about jaw length, which was the best I could do to replace the teeth they had taken from them :) Sadly I don't think I posted pics of the completed earrings... But I do have plans to make more "friendship earrings" for us out of my own baby teeth, so I'll remember to document the process + take good pics next time.

2. I’ve made other stuff out of bones as well. Jewelry, wall decorations, I made my partner a cloche thingy with turkey bones in it (lumbar + sacral curve, iirc), and another friend got some rat bone earrings from me! All these bones were found naturally and cleaned.

3. I’m in a phase right now where I’m enjoying gluing stuff onto my paintings. One of them features shards of pill bottles! Others have colorful pieces of plastic and other little doodads stuck on. I love collecting interesting "trash" when I go out or holding onto things for whatever reason. Friends have called it "magpie behavior".

Bonus Round: I have plans for a bag of black goat wool mailed to me as a gift from the aforementioned best friend/partner in crime!

[mineralsrocksandfossiltalks]

Fossil Friday: Mamenchisaurus

A fairly well known sauropod, Mamenchisaurus was discovered in 1952 in a highway construction site in China. It was named Mamenchisaurus constructus by C.C. Young. This holotype specimen consisted of five dorsal vertebrae, 30 caudal vertebrae, rib fragments, dorsal neural spines, and chevrons. Fourteen cervicals were preserved but none were complete. There were also chunks of a femur, a complete tibia, fibula, astralagus, metatarsals, phalanges, and claws.

A second species, M. houchuanensis, was described in 1972. Locals had first discovered the animal during the Chinese Revolution but ultimately they were abandoned and excavation didn't occur until 1957. It became the holotype of this species and it had an almost complete and articulated vertebral column including 19 elongated cervicals, 12 dorsals, four sacral, and 35 caudals.

A third species, M. sinocanadorum was found in 1987 in a different formation and basin from the other two. This specimen consisted of a left mandible, a right dentary, a vomer, a right pterygoid, a possible ectopterygoid, a right quadrate, parts of the second through fourth cervicals, and an intact left cervical rib. This was the first time a skull for the genus was found.

A fourth species M. youngi was described in 1996. This was a very complete holotype preserving all vertebrae from the head down to the 8th tail vertebra, the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and material from all four limbs. A rare feat for a sauropod.

Finally, a fifth species M. jingyanensis, was described in 1998. The type specimen includes a partial scapula, a complete coracoid, forelimb material, a complete ischium, a relatively complete skull, and a hyoid bone.

The most exceptional part of the this genus lies in its neck of which almost half their total body length comes from. They have between 18 and 19 cervical vertebrae (for reference, humans only have 7 and a Diplodocus only had 15.) This makes it the animal with the longest neck. In fact, even though elasmosaurs (very long-necked plesiosaurs) had up to 76 cervicals in some cases, those cervicals were short and overall body length was only 39ft (11.88m) while Mamenchisaurus's neck alone was 31ft (9.3m) long.

Well, it has been a blast discussing sauropods this month. Next month, I will be out in the field so I will not be posting to this blog. However, if you want to keep up with me I will be doing livestreams on TikTok to show what paleontologists do out in the field. It's a treat that most people never get to experience so I do hope you come to see. I will try to film between 8 and 9am MST everyday so keep an eye out. Here is the link to my profile so you can check it out!

[breathing-rapture]

Had a nightmare last night that I literally put ON HALT to enthusiastically explain what a bird’s synsacrum was to the unfortunate dreamt up person I was traversing the horrors with.

“HOLD ON, that human pelvis could NOT just be from “a really large bird”, bird pelvises don’t look like that. They’ve got something called a synsacrum, where some posterior thoracic, all lumbar, sacral, and some anterior caudal vertebrae all kinda fuse with the innominate bones to form this big ol bone structure that’s basically an avian pelvis. Yeah they look totally different, it’s a trait shared by birds and dinosaurs. No way that’s mammalian. Anyways what were we doing? Oh yeah, the horrors. We found mutilated human remains. Sorry, continue.”

[talonabraxas]

Chakras Root Chakra - Represents our foundation and feeling of being grounded. Location: Base of spine in tailbone area. Emotional issues: Survival issues such as financial independence, money, and food. Location: behind the sacrum bone (here is where the kundalini resides) Color: red Musical note: C Function: vitality to the physical body (life force) Gemstones and Crystals: Smoky quartz, garnet, alexandrite, ruby, agate, bloodstone, onyx, tiger’s eye, rose quartz, hematite (magnet) Physical body affects: adrenals, kidneys, spinal column, colon, legs, bones Aspects: survival instincts, good self-image, and our ability to ground ourselves in the physical world, material success, stability, individuality, courage and patience; main aspect is innocence, this innocence gives us dignity, balance, a tremendous sense of direction and purpose in life. Blockages: paranoia, insecurity, and a feeling of being out of touch with gravity Too Open: dishonest, bullying, hyperactive, defensiveness Essential oils: (those coming from the root or trunk): juniper, frankincense, sandalwood, cedar wood, vetiver, tea tree, rosewood Sacral Chakra - Our connection and ability to accept others and new experiences. Location: Lower abdomen, about 2 inches below the navel and 2 inches in. Emotional issues: Sense of abundance, well-being, pleasure, sexuality. Color: red-orange Musical note: D Function: birth, assimilation of food, sexuality Physical body affects: ovaries, testicles, prostate, genitals, spleen, womb, bladder. Attributes: relates to our sexual and reproductive capacity, vitality and sexuality, emotions, desires, pleasure, change, health, family, tolerance, surrender Gemstones and Crystals: Amber, citrine, topaz, aventurine, moonstone, jasper Blockages: emotional problems, sexual guilt, lust and base emotions, when this center is drained of energy (out of balance) it allows diseases like diabetes or blood cancer to occur. Too Open: Sexual addictive, manipulative and excessive behavior Essential Oils: (those that come from seeds): spices and herbs such as cumin, fennel, coriander, sage, clary sage, marjoram Solar Plexus Chakra - Our ability to be confident and in-control of our lives. Location: Upper abdomen in the stomach area. Emotional issues: Self-worth, self-confidence, self-esteem. Color: yellow Musical note: E Physical Body Affects: pancreas, adrenals, stomach, liver, gallbladder, nervous system, muscles Gemstones and Crystals: Yellow Citrine, apatite, calcite, kunzite, rose quartz, iron pyrites, topaz, malachite Attributes: give us our sense of personal power (will power); destiny, autonomy, determination, assertion, personal power, purpose and sight, self-control, humor, laughter; keeping this center in balance helps you to get rid of habits of laziness, gross attachments, and anything that enslaves us. Blockages: sense of victimization, inability to manifest, over emotional and attached love, afraid of being alone Too Open: judgmental, workaholic, lack of humor, anger, addictive behavior Essential Oils: (those coming from fruits): orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, lavender, chamomile Heart Chakra - Our ability to love. Location: Center of chest just above heart. Emotional issues: Love, joy, inner peace. Color: Bright Green Musical note: F Physical body affects: heart, thymus gland, circulatory system, arms, hands, lungs Gemstones and Crystals: Emerald, Green Calcite, Amber, Azurite, Chrysoberyl, jade, rose and watermelon tourmalines Attributes: ability to express love for self and others, compassion and intuitiveness, unconditional love, balance, acceptance, contentment, oneness with life; when in balance all our worries, doubts, and fears are destroyed Blockages: immune system or heart problems, lack of compassion, suppression of love emotions towards others and even self, or if felt, only for a short time before it is withdrawn; fear and rage, feeling stuck and afraid to let new things manifest; feeling unworthy, self-pitying and fearing rejection Too Open: an over stimulated heart chakra can result in a ‘bleeding heart’ and possessiveness. Essential Oils: (those that come from leaves) peppermint, eucalyptus, rosemary, pettigrain, lavender Throat Chakra - Our ability to communicate. Location: Throat. Emotional issues: Communication, self-expression of feelings, the truth. Color: sky blue Musical note: D Physical Body Affects: thyroid, parathyroid, hypothalamus, throat, mouth Gemstones and Crystals: Lapis, Lazuli, aquamarine, sodalite, turquoise, sapphire Attributes: directly tied to creativity, communication, sound, logic and reason, truth, gentleness, kindness, reliability. When balance the heart is then aligned with what is in your head Blockages: laryngitis or sore throats, creative blocks or general problems communicating with others; rigidity, prejudice, and an inability to accept other people’s views Too Open: Over-talkative, arrogant, self-righteous Essential Oils: geranium, frankincense, cypress, tea tree, and lavender Third Eye Chakra - Our ability to focus on and see the big picture. Location: Forehead between the eyes. (Also called the Brow Chakra) Emotional issues: Intuition, imagination, wisdom, ability to think and make decisions. Color: Indigo (deep purple) Musical note: A Physical Body Affects: pituitary gland, pineal gland, left eye, nose, ears Gemstones: amethyst, purple Apatite, Azurite, Calcite, pearl, sapphire, blue and white flourite Attributes: seat of intuition, awareness, and inner wisdom, clairvoyance, imagination, ability to perceive truth in the world, analyze, think, and reason; peace of mind, forgiveness Blockages: can manifest as sinus and eye problems, wish to control others, egotistical Too open: Impatience and authoritarian Essential oils: lavender, vanilla, chamomile, neroli, ylang ylang (alcohol and tobacco will impair this chakra) Crown Chakra - The highest Chakra represents our ability to be fully connected spiritually. Location: The very top of the head. Emotional issues: Inner and outer beauty, our connection to spirituality, pure bliss. Color: White Musical note: B Physical Body Affects: vitalizes the upper brain (cerebrum) Gemstones: diamond, white tourmaline, white jade, snowy quartz, and Celestite Attributes: highest spiritual consciousness, personal expression, connection to the source of love, to God, divine wisdom and understanding, gives us direct and absolute perception of reality on our central nervous system. Blockages: can manifest as emotional problems, feelings of alienation and condemnation Too open: psychotic or manic depressive, frustrated. Essential Oils: rose, jasmine

[crippled-peeper]

I can't remember exactly, but are any of your spinal issues around the lumbar-sacral area (specifically anywhere near L5-S1)? If so do you have any recommendations for supports or other aids that help with pain and general ability to move around somewhat comfortably?

Sorry if these kinds of questions are annoying but you're kind of the unofficial Spine Guy™ of disabled Tumblr and I don't know of anyone else to ask

Hey, so I do have issues around that area and I am so glad you asked me because nobody explained the concept of a 6th lumbar vertebrae to me and it turns out it’s something I actually have and you might have it too?

10% of people have a 6th lumbar vertebrae. So it is uncommon but not rare, kinda like endometriosis affects 10% of ppl with uteruses. Unless you’ve seen a doctor for that area specifically or had imaging done, it’s unlikely anyone would have told you about it.

For most people it is harmless. However, due to the nature of how L6 can underdevelop/fuse to other vertebrae, it does cause chronic pain and chronic mobility issues for certain folks

This article explains it really well.

The best thing you can do for a lumbar spine injury is light exercise to build your core strength.

Here are some simple exercises you can do with a yoga ball , foam mat, and 20 minutes . It’s always better to see a physical therapist who can guide you through these but physical therapy is very expensive in my country so I understand if that’s a barrier

[radioactiveradley]

It’s SPOOKY SCARY SKELETONS MONTH

So let’s talk about yer bones! Yeah, that’s right, Captian Holt. I said –

An adult has (roughly) 206 bones (I say ‘roughly’! You can have non-pathological anatomical variation, such as lumbarised sacral vertebrae (an extra bone in your back) or accessory sesamoids like the flabella (a little bone at the back of the knee!))

A newborn has (roughly) 300 bones

That's a big difference! Almost 100 bones of difference! Where do they go?

Well, you see - as you get older, every time you come into the hospital we steal more of your bones...

Just kidding.

...Or am I

As an embryo, your skeleton is completely composed of cartilage. This gradually ossifies as you age, until, as an adult, you have a full skeleton, with only the interactive portions of joints being capped with hyaline cartilage.

[Paediatric normal whole leg radiograph, showing epiphyseal plates around the head of the femur, the femoral condyles, the proximal tibia, the distal tibia and the lateral malleoli that can mimic fractures. Courtesy of radiopaedia]

See all those weird blobs? Those are bones in the process of fusing together! The transverse lines that could be mistaken for fractures are actually epiphyseal plates – hyaline cartilage bridges between the shaft of a bone and what will become its tip, which don't attenuate x-rays, and thus appear black on our radiographs! This is where bone growth occurs - the cartilage forms a sort of template matrix that then ossifies into bone.

Compare our paediatric radiograph to the AP knee radiographs of an adult with no visible pathology:

[Adult normal AP knee radiographs, showing fully fused bones. Courtesy of radiopaedia]

See how all those ragged pieces have joined up? That’s endochondral ossification, BABY!

This is how we can figure out the age of a paediatric service user from their bones! Certain bones form at different times.

Let’s check out the carpal bones – all those fiddly little bones in your wrist! Anyone who’s binged Hatecrimes MD – sorry, House MD as often as I have will know the classic acronym for remembering the names of these bones. Moving thumb side to pinkie side, we have…

Scared (Scaphoid - red)

Lovers (Lunate - dark blue)

Hate (Hamate - green)

To (Triquetrum - yellow)

Try (Trapezium - orange)

The (Trapezoid - light blue)

Coolest (Capitate - purple)

Positions (Pisiform - pink)

[Normal adult wrist radiograph, shown with and without coloured carpal bones. Courtesy of radiopaedia.]

But did you know that these bones form at different times?

The Capitate ossifies at 1-3 months

The Hamate ossifies at 2-4 months

The Triquetrum ossifies at 2-3 years

The Lunate ossifies at 2-4 years

The Scaphoid, Trapezium and Trapezoid ossify at 4-6 years

And the Pisiform ossifies at 8-12 years

So, I can look at this picture, and tell you that this child is approximately 3 years old, because their Capitate and Hamate have ossified, and their Triquetrum is just visible, starting to ossify below the thumb (circled!)

[Normal wrist radiograph of a paediatric patient, triquetral ossification centre circled. Courtesy of Radiopaedia.]

Your bones continue to form and fuse until you reach about 25! Your olecranon (the bump of your elbow) starts to ossify at 6-11 years, and fuses at 13-16 years! We can look at the base of your fifth metatarsal to age afab folks who are approx. 10 and amab folks who are approx. 12, as this bone fuses in the 2-4 years following these ages! The medial end of the clavicle can be used to assess your age from approximately 18-22, and your facial bones continue to ossify into adulthood! How cool is that?

If you’re over 25, fret not – there’s still plenty of funky stuff happening to your bones. But we’ll get into all of that next time, when we take a look at the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and explore all the cool little jobs that your bones perform within your body - it's more than you might think! So, tune in next time for more Bone facts...

And thank you for reading!

[whiskeysmulti]

.Whiskey. Back from the doctor's and going to attempt writing. But medical tw and rant tw under the cut first.

So apparently my last doctor was fired for lying on insurance papers. She had me marked down as a quadrapalegic with severe cerebral palsy. I have never had anything like that in my entire life. The only time paralysis was even mentioned in my entire past was the doctor who oversaw my mother's pregnancy warning her that with spinal cord deformities and spine diseases that paralysis was always possible, there was a chance I could have been born with it but I wasn't. And even one look at my medical history will tell any doctor that I have never had cerebral palsy, (which for those who don't know is basically a brain injury caused by lack of oxygen in the womb) what I have is a sister disease to cerebral palsy and spina bifida. I have Sacral Agenesis (missing the Sacrum of the spine) caused by Caudal Regression Syndrome. Basically big long fancy words to explain there's a deformity to my spine itself, I am missing bones in my spine. Literally that's all it means. Spina Bifida - spinal cord deformity Cerebral Palsy- brain injury Caudal Regression Syndrome- spinal column deformity

There's a huge difference there!

And I am not paralyzed at all, I walk wearing KAFOs, knee, ankle and foot orthotics, AKA leg braces because I have muscle weakness from the knee down.

She marked me down as having Cerebral Palsy and paralysis because my insurance would pay higher for it because Caudal Regression is harder to prove because it's rarer. Cerebral Palsy occurs in the US alone at a rate of 3 children in every 1000 births.

Caudal Regression Syndrome (which is what I actually have) occurs at a rate of 1-3 out of every 60,000 to 100,000 births in the US. (much rarer than Cerebral Palsy.)

Rant aside, going to refill my coffee and get to work. I'm just really pissed she ripped off my insurance because she wasn't even marking my diagnosis correctly!

Inbox: 15 Drafts: 31

[er-cryptid]

Skeletal System Orthopedics Abbreviations

AKA = above the knee amputation

anti-CCP = anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide

AP = anteroposterior

BKA = below the knee amputation

BMD = bone mineral density

C1 = cervical vertebra 1

C2 = cervical vertebra 2

C3 = cervical vertebra 3

C4 = cervical vertebra 4

C5 = cervical vertebra 5

C6 = cervical vertebra 6

C7 = cervical vertebra 7

Ca = calcium

Ca²⁺ = calcium ion

CDH = congenital dislocation of the hip

DEXA = dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

DXA = dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

DIP = distal interphalangeal joint

DJD = degenerative joint disease

ESWT = extracorporeal shock wave therapy

Fx = fracture

L1 = lumbar vertebra 1

L2 = lumbar vertebra 2

L3 = lumbar vertebra 3

L4 = lumbar vertebra 4

L5 = lumbar vertebra 5

LLE = left lower extremity

LUE = left upper extremity

MCP = metacarpophalangeal joint

NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

OA = osteoarthritis

ORIF = open reduction and internal fixation

ortho = orthopedics

P = phosphorus

PIP = proximal interphalangeal joint

PT = physical therapy

QCT = quantitative computerized tomography

RA = rheumatoid arthritis

RF = rheumatoid factor

RLE = right lower extremity

ROM = range of motion

RUE = right upper extremity

S1 = first sacral vertebra

T1 = thoracic vertebra 1

T2 = thoracic vertebra 2

T3 = thoracic vertebra 3

T4 = thoracic vertebra 4

T5 = thoracic vertebra 5

T6 = thoracic vertebra 6

T7 = thoracic vertebra 7

T8 = thoracic vertebra 8

T9 = thoracic vertebra 9

T10 = thoracic vertebra 10

T11 = thoracic vertebra 11

T12 = thoracic vertebra 12

THR = total hip replacement

tib-fib = tibia-fibula

.

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[ildarotyrannus]

Reconstruction of the early dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis from the Late Triassic (Carnian stage) Argentina. This genus was described by Osvaldo Reig back in 1963, but due to the fragmentary nature of the bones, the classification of the animal was controversial (opinions were expressed that it was a prosauropod or even a dinosaur outside the two main groups). Only in 1988 was a complete skeleton with a skull found, which allowed reconstructing the dinosaur and its approximate kinship. However, it is still unclear whether Herrerasaurus was an early theropod or whether it was closer to sauropodomorphs. The remains, named Ischisaurus cattoi and Frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis, were later assigned to Herrerasaurus.

Herrerasaurus is interesting for its rather large size for an early predatory dinosaur: some specimens of "Frenguellisaurus" reached 6 m. The skull was relatively small, but the jaws carried sharp saw-toothed teeth, including "fangs". There was also a shock-absorbing joint in the middle of the jaw, which allowed holding large prey. The hands were armed with three grasping fingers, and the longest of them was the third. The rudimentary fourth and fifth fingers were hidden by soft tissues. The pelvis of a Herrerasaurus is unusual. Only two sacral vertebrae fused with it (at least 3 in other dinosaurs), and the acetabulum was not completely open. At the same time, the pubic bone was directed not forward, but backward, as in maniraptorans, and carried a massive "boot". At one time, this served as the basis for Gregory Paul to designate the herrerasaurs as an early group in which bird-like features arose, and even to bring them closer to the "protoavis".

In this work, I tried out a style with shading using a black pencil, not a pen. It is much easier to apply shadows with a pencil, and I liked the result. It shows an extensive cover of filaments inspired by a possible "fluffy" ancestral state for ornithodirans (dinosaurs, pterosaurs and small groups close to them).

Black ballpoint pen and black colored pencils, 2023.

[cookinguptales]

that moment when you have a random menstrual cramp and you can feel all the bones in your sacral area moving around ;o;

[hylianengineer]

Also I NEED to tell you about bird pelvises. They're fucking weird.

In mammals, your pelvis is just your inominate bones (the things on the sides with the broad blade like parts) and you sacrum (the part in the middle. Made up of fused sacral vertebrae.)

Birds have those too, but they also have their fucking thoracic vertebrae fused in there too. Not all of them, usually around 3, but it's still fucking bizarre. And also at least one of their caudal (tail) vertebrae! All this stuck together stuff is called the synsacrum and it's WEIRD!

Oh, and birds don't have sacral vertebrae or lumbar vertebrae (sacral is in the pelvis in mammals, and lumbar is the lower back). They just have one category called lumbosacral, and they all go in the synsacrum. So weird.

Why are birds Like This? Because flying means it's important to have your body be as rigid as possible. That's why so many of their bones are fused. Apparently flying makes animals WEIRD.

[nolivingunderstarlight]

In the universe of the Locked Tomb, I would be in the Sixth House

Situation 1: I am at work, stripping stalls. (For the non-horse people among us, that's when you fully empty all of the bedding and feed out, sweeping and scooping up every last speck, so the stall is ready to powerwash or disinfect or sit empty for a while or whatever.) I'm scooping old hay scraps and dust out of a feeder, when I find bones! I take a picture for my friends to look at and then hide them in the truck until lunch, when I can look at them properly. We discuss possible animal options, not convinced of any of them. At lunch, I have a better look: two long bones, connected at a joint with some of the small bones and limited ligaments remaining. The small bones in the joint are clearly the bones of the knee (or the human wrist) and the length of the bones mean I am either holding the radius and ulna of some kind of predator or the radius and metacarpal of some kind of herbivore. After some more examination, I realize it's the radius and metacarpal, as the distal tip of the ulna is still attached to the radius, but the head has fractured off, so I likely have most of a deer leg.

No, the horse did not eat a deer leg. Sometimes deer die in hay fields (or died in the past and happen to be brought to the surface as the hay grows) and their bones get baled up. This also happens with cow bones, when a field that was once for cows becomes a hay field. Also, sometimes snakes, birds, mice, and other small critters can get baled up.

Situation 2: we live in rural Nevada. Our across-the-street neighbors, ah... majorly fucked up a lot in the last 3 years, culminating in getting evicted in November. The owners of the property have come to begin demo on the property, which the tenants took from "old, worn, but serviceable" to "absolute pile of trash, house unlivable" in a few years. The owners are lovely folks and had us over to see the damages and to let us know we could take anything we thought was useful, since they're planning to just take everything away and start over. The one owner, after showing us around, mentioned finding some bones in an area that we pointed out was originally where the tenants had kept goats. I, of course, went "BONES! I'd love to see them!" so away we went. In a 20ft radius, we found:

a damaged skull

half of a lower jaw

neck vertebrae

probably lumbar vertebrae

sacral vertibrae

one rib

a part of a pelvis

most of a hind leg (half of the femur through the metacarpal)

It's definitely a goat, and telling the owner this really eased some of her tension. She was afraid it was a dog or something worse; based on the state of the property, they wouldn't have been shocked to find a human body. But no, just a goat. We assume the rest of the bones got scattered by the dogs. (I will be taking the bones to add to my collection of Found Animal Bones.)