#class 1 C(2006)

[captaindemodemon]

[empirearchives]

Women artists in Napoleonic France

(Young women copying: ‘Love begging Venus to forgive Psyche’ which was displayed at the 1808 Salon. Sketch by Georges Rouget)

Quotes from an article about women’s participation in the art world during the Napoleonic era.

Article:

Heather Belnap Jensen, “The Journal des Dames et des Modes: Fashioning Women in the Arts, c. 1800-1815,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 5, no. 1 (Spring 2006) (source)

“More and more women artists began exhibiting their work in public venues and receiving recognition for their contributions at this time. While only three women artists had participated in the 1789 biennial Salon, fifty participated in the Salon of 1806–an increase in women’s participation of over 1600 percent in seventeen years.”

(Woman artist giving a drawing lesson — Self-portrait, 1810, by Louise-Adéone Drölling)

“We see a move away from the emphasis on the public sphere to the private space as motifs, intimating a valorization of a woman’s world. While history painting, which played such a crucial role in Revolutionary visual culture, remained the privileged genre at the turn of the century, the rise in portraiture, landscape, and genre painting in Napoleonic France indicates this shift in values.”

(Young Woman Drawing—Portrait of Charlotte du Val d'Ognes, 1801, by Marie-Denise Villers)

“Women’s journals, which often published art-related materials, have been largely overlooked in discussions of developments in late eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century French visual culture. This is surprising, given that bibliographies on art criticism of this period frequently cite items from these publications.”

One of the most influential women’s journal of the period was Journal des Dames et des Modes. It was created by Jean-Baptiste Sellèque and Pierre de La Mésangère in 1797 and continued until 1839.

“La Mésangère’s key collaborator during the Napoleonic period was a woman, Albertine Clément, née Hémery, a well-known figure in both journalistic and cultural circles in post-Revolutionary France, and that several women were regular contributors to this journal during this era.”

Annemarie Kleinert did a study on the journal:

“She determined that the journal targeted bourgeois women between the ages of 18 and 40 years old who could afford the annual subscription rate of 10 livres, and that the majority of subscribers during the period from 1800 to 1815 were from the provinces.”

(Portrait of a Young Woman Drawing Herself, early 1800s, by Louis-Léopold Boilly)

Interest from women in creating their own designs:

“Fashion plates that accompanied each issue of this journal gave visual testimony to this heightened interest in women’s artistic engagement. Indeed, women in fashion plates were sometimes presented in the act of sketching and drawing, as shown in a plate that appeared as an insert in an 1802 issue of the Journal des Dames et des Modes.”

The act of women creating art was compared to motherhood. In that way, women were encouraged to make art, but in terms which enforced traditional and patriarchal ideas:

“Furthermore, the vocabulary used by the author stresses the ways in which artistic creativity mirrors childbirth and elicits feelings of exaltation over one’s art that are similar to those evoked by motherhood when he writes that ‘she smiles at the objects which are born of her colors’ and calls the site of her production a ‘creative space.’”

There were opportunities for women to paint nude subjects for classical style art:

“Recent scholarship suggests that there were opportunities for such study in the Napoleonic era. By 1800, female students could attend anatomy classes given by the surgeon Sue and also by the École du Modèle Vivant at Versailles, and artist Adele Romilly reported that David, Régnault, and Guérin all provided mixed studios that offered courses on life drawing from the nude.”

One of the claims made against the women’s journals is that they were sexist. The author points out that it’s more complicated and not entirely true. The journals included laudatory reviews of paintings by female artists at the salons, biographies of women artists, such as Angelica Kauffmann, and published excerpts of pamphlets written by women, such as Angélique Mongez.

(Portrait of an Artist Drawing after the Antique, c. 1800s, Jean François Sablet)

However, the author also says there was a lot of anxiety about the increase in female participation in the art world, both as creators and as spectators. There were articles describing women at museums in derogatory terms. One in particular described a young girl being overcome by emotion at the sight of the statue of Apollo Belvedere and creating such a large scene that she had to be dragged away in tears.

These articles imply that women spectators had become dominant enough that it could inspire critics.

Women had become so important in the art world that a really unique phenomenon happened:

“Roger Bellet has demonstrated that there are known instances in late eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century France when men published under a female pseudonym.”

Many of the top artists who were admired in the era were women such as Élisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun, Marguerite Gérard, Constance Mayer, Adèle Romany, Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, Pauline Auzou, Jeanne-Elisabeth Chaudet, Marie-Guillemine Benoist, Constance Marie Charpentier and many others.

[spine-buster]

So High School ft. Adam Cole | Chapter 7

A/N: Back from a little hiatus! Won't be posting every week as work has started up again and chapters need to be written, but this is something I'm determined to finish! Hope you all enjoy and let me know what you think :)

It had been almost a month since Violet saw Austin.  She’d had an amazing break – a Christmas where she got Starbucks gift cards, a new tennis racquet, a digital camera from her aunt in Toronto, and a white MacBook from her parents to replace her clunky desktop in her room; a New Year’s skiing in Whistler her family; and a flight back to Philadelphia with an email from St. Anne’s to her parents that she had aced all her midterms.  Despite all her good fortune, she couldn’t help but be constantly reminded of the last thing that happened between them before she ran off into her house.

The kiss.

Was it a mistake?  She wasn’t entirely sure.  Most of the time, she didn’t think it was.  It was what she wanted to do in that moment.  Plus, he had kissed her back.  He hadn’t pulled away before her.  That must have meant it was what he wanted in that moment too, right?  It occupied her mind more than she wanted to admit, and not exactly at the most opportune times, either: during her AP Government midterm when she was trying to remember the specifics of the Bill of Rights; during her AP French midterm when trying to compose a paragraph about the novella they’d read in class; at dinner with her parents at a restaurant in Whistler after a day of skiing. 

It wasn’t like they’d gone radio silent, though.  They had texted.  Violet started it.

[12/25/2006] 10:52am merry christmas 2 u and ur family austin! <3

 [12/25/2006] 10:55am

merry christmas 2 u too. hope ur midterms were good

[12/28/2006] 7:24am off 2 whistler 4 me & the fam!

[12/28/2006] 8:01am

have a safe flight

when r u back?

[12/28/2006] 8:05am jan 5

[1/1/2007] 12:05am dunno if u will get this but happy new year! i’m so happy we became friends this year :-)

[1/1/2007] 12:05am

happy new year, vi

dunno if u will get this cuz ur in canada

hope we can spend more time 2gether this year

[1/3/2007] 4:17pm

miss u vi

can’t wait 2 c u when ur back

[1/5/2006] 8:50pm just landed in philly! such a long travel day just got ur texts from the week i missed u 2 i’ll c u monday on the bus right?

[1/5/2007] 8:55pm

welcome back!

i just got ur text too

of course u will

can’t wait

***

Violet was basically vibrating in her seat for how excited she was to see Austin on the bus the first Monday morning back at school.  She didn’t even care to get back to St. Anne’s, and that was shocking for her to say, because she genuinely liked school – she only wanted to see him.  She wondered if he was as excited to see her as she was to see him.

When he finally climbed on the bus, a smile automatically spread across her face, large and wide and excited.  When he got sight of her, an identical smile spread across his face.  He rushed over to her, and without knowing what her body was going to do next, she got up from her seat.  They hugged each other forcefully, like people who hadn’t seen each other in months or years.  “I missed you,” were the first words out of Austin’s mouth.

“I missed you too,” she repeated, pulling away from the hug so they could settle into their usual seats.  She couldn’t wipe the smile off her face.  God, he even smelled good.  She could smell his cologne even through his coat and layers of clothing.  “You have to tell me all about your break.  How was it?”

“My break?  My break was boring.  I stayed home and played video games all day.  What about your break?  I want to hear all about it.”

Violet couldn’t hold back as she spent the entire bus ride into Lancaster telling Austin all about her break.  The flight to Toronto then Vancouver, then the car to Whistler; skiing down Whistler and Blackcomb Mountains day after day; staying at the cutest ski chalet; having dinner at restaurants in the village.  Austin ate up every word, barely even blinking as she spoke on and on.  He missed the sound of her voice.  He missed how glossy her brown hair was.  He missed seeing her red nails.  He missed everything about her and he was so fucking happy to have her back in Manheim. 

Violet kept yapping even as they got off the bus and walked towards Lancaster West.  She was telling him some story about almost crashing into some woman while skiing before she stopped dead in her tracks.  “Oh my god, I almost forgot!  I got you something!” she exclaimed.

“You what?” Austin asked, watching her as she swung her backpack around.

“My mom and I went into this consignment store while we were shopping one day in Whistler, and I saw something that reminded me completely of you—”

“—Vi, what are you even—”

“—And so I just had to buy it!  Look!” she exclaimed.

Austin watched as she dug through the small pocket of her backpack, only to pull out action figures, still in their packaging.  Except it wasn’t just any old action figures, and it wasn’t just regular packaging – the action figures were of Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock, two of his favourite wrestlers, and the packaging made it known that they were exclusive Wrestlemania X-7 editions.  His favourite wrestlers for his favourite match – the one that really made him want to be a wrestler in the first place.  “You didn’t,” he deadpanned, thoroughly shocked.

“I don’t know if I can even call them vintage because they’re only, like, four years old,” she said.  “But, well—do you even like Stone Cold and The Rock?”

He couldn’t believe the coincidence.  The happenstance.  What were the chances?  “They’re my favourite.  They—Vi—this match at this Wrestlemania is the reason why I even want to become a wrestler.”

Violet’s eyes lit up.  “No way!”

“I can’t believe you found something like this!”

“I’m glad you like it.”

Austin hugged her.  Just wrapped his arms around her quickly, and tightly, and hugged her like she’d just brought him the Holy Grail or something.  Physical contact between the two of them in front of Lancaster West.  “You’re the best, you know that?” he asked.

“I’m really not.  It’s just something that made me think of you.  And like, I know how much wrestling means to you.”

Austin didn’t want to pull away from the hug.  He didn’t even want to go to school anymore.  All he wanted to do was ditch and spend the whole day with Violet.  They’d talk all day.  He’d talk to her more about pro wrestling and how he envisioned his future.  He’d tell her his entire plan.  Maybe he’d get to kiss her again.  “Thank you.  Thank you so much, Violet,” he settled on saying instead. 

“You’re welcome,” she smiled.  She didn’t pull away.

___

“And next on the announcement docket, Lancaster West will be hosting the regional basketball quarterfinals this Friday after classes as their team faces off against the visitors, Murray High School from Elizabethtown.  Students from Lancaster West will be in the cafeteria all this week selling tickets for $10.”

___

“Austin’s friends will be there too, right?” Harper asked.

“We don’t want to be your guys’ third and fourth wheel,” Abigail winked playfully.

“Shut up,” Violet smirked at them.  “Yes, his friends will be with us.  I think it’ll be really fun.  What about our ride after?”

“My cousin says she has no problem driving you back to Manheim if it’s dark cause we decide to do something after.  Your parents are allowing you to stay out, right?”

“Curfew’s at midnight.”

___

Violet applied her mascara in one of the girls’ washrooms at St. Anne’s with butterflies in her stomach.  Her, Harper, Abigail, and Abigail’s older cousin Serena were getting ready together before walking over to Lancaster West for the basketball game.  Austin was going to meet them with his friends before they watched the game.  “Does it look good?” she asked, looking at Harper for validation.

Harper stopped applying her lip gloss momentarily.  “Looks great, Violet.  Makes your eyes pop.”

In grade 9, Harper was the first person to compliment Violet on her heterochromia and how it looked so cool, making her much less self-conscious about it.  Since then, she hadn’t worried as much whether people got weirded out by it, and wasn’t as scared to apply makeup that highlighted her eyes.  “Thanks.  Can I borrow your lip gloss?”

“Trying to look good for Austin?”

“No,” Violet deadpanned, but couldn’t help the smirk that overtook her face.  She’d already told Abigail and Harper this past week about the kiss before Christmas Break.  They sounded like guinea pigs as they squealed about it, and were totally excited about something, anything happening with Austin since Violet spoke so highly of him.  It was a night and day difference compared to what she had to go through before midterms.  Thank God she had Abigail and Harper on her side during all of it.  “But…is my outfit okay?”

Jeans and a Hollister top – was there anything else teens were wearing?  “You look good, don’t worry.”

As Violet took out her digital camera and took a candid photo of everyone in the mirror getting ready, she felt her phone buzz from inside her Coach wristlet in-between her legs.  Once she took it out, she saw the text from Austin.  R u guys on ur way? gym is already filling up.  “Let’s finish up and then let’s go!  We’re going to be late!” she announced to everyone. 

Only a few minutes later, they had their coats on and were out the door, hurrying towards Lancaster West.  There were teachers taking their tickets once they got into the front entrance, and Violet could see Austin waiting with his friends in the foyer.  When he saw her, he smiled, and a shiver ran down her spine.  The first thing they did when they got close was hug.  They were the only two that knew each other, but it was becoming more of an automatic reflex now than an action that required any thought.  After Austin made quick introductions to his friends Trevor, Jack, and Connor, they made their way to the makeshift concession stands for some popcorn. 

“You look really nice by the way,” Austin said to her quietly as they stood in line with so many other students.  Abigail, Harper, and Serena were already in conversation with Trevor, Jack, and Connor since Serena was wearing a Fall Out Boy tee, so Austin felt it was a good opportunity to say it now.

“Thanks,” Violet couldn’t help but blush.  “You think it’ll be packed in there?”

“Oh God yeah.  Basically our whole school is here.”

A small part of her wondered if they’d see Beth.  She knew a lot of girls were at the game too, because St. Anne’s girls went to school events for any school where there were boys.  She almost wanted to ask, but she didn’t want to know the answer.  She stayed silent as Austin ordered popcorns for everyone, but she swept in and paid for them before he could reach for his wallet since he bought the St. Anne’s girls their tickets.  She made sure to take out her digital camera to take pictures and document the night – everybody hammed it up for the camera, which was amazing and made for some great photos.  When they made their way into the gym, Violet was shocked by how packed it was, and how loud it was.  They climbed the bleacher stairs and almost reached the top until Connor saw some of their other friends and made everybody scoot their way in.  There were so many people already that everything was tight.  And, well, Austin wanted to make sure Violet didn’t slip or trip or fall, so he placed his hands on her hips as they wiggled their way through, leading the way.  When he saw her trying to hide her smile, he knew he’d done the right thing.  Violet gave her camera to someone who took a few great group shots of them, and when she looked at them on her camera’s screen, all she could look at was Austin’s smile and his arm around her waist.

There was so much energy in the room when the basketball teams came out, but there was more energy between Austin and Violet that either thought possible.  They were loud and screaming during the first and second quarter, with every basket garnering cheers from the crowd.  But then Violet would brush up against him.  Or their hands would touch as they raised in the air after a three-pointer.  Or she’d lose her balance on the bleachers and he’d have to put his hands on her waist to keep her steady.  A smile would appear on her face, and then a smile would appear on his face, and it was like everything was meant to be; like they weren’t supposed to be anywhere else besides Lancaster West High on a Friday night cheering on a basketball team in the regional quarter finals.

During the half-time, the gym was still buzzing but everybody was moving around, rushing to the bathroom or going to get more popcorn.  Austin could see a lot of his teachers around, and some even brought their spouses or kids.  Harper and Jack had escaped to “go get some more popcorn”.  Abigail and Serena had seen some other girls from St. Anne’s and went to talk to them, and Trevor and Connor followed them like puppies.  Violet was talking to him about what they could do after the game.

And then Austin saw her.  Beth.

She was staring directly at him and it almost instantly made him feel unsettled.  But then he realized she wasn’t actually staring at him, more so that she was staring at Violet, which only made him more unsettled.

“—Anyway, all I know is we can’t go to Livvy Eaton’s party.”

“Why not?” he asked, focusing his attention back on her.

“I know Beth will be there,” Violet revealed.  “I really don’t want to see her.  I know she’s here tonight and I’m happy I haven’t caught her yet.”

“Don’t worry about her,” Austin said.  “She’s just jealous of you.”

“I’ve managed to avoid her at school all week,” she said.  “Has she—has she still been texting you?”

“I don’t know.  Jack showed me how to block her number.  But even if he hadn’t I’d just be ignoring her.”

“You mean you don’t want the ego boost of a constant barrage of texts to hook up with you?” Violet joked.

“No,” his tone was serious but he said it with a small smile, “I have everything I want right here.”

Violet stopped.  Her smile left her face once she heard the words, but upon her actual understanding of what he was saying, she smiled again.

He didn’t ask.  Maybe he should have but he didn’t.  But as they sat on the bleachers waiting for the second half of the game to start, he kissed her.  It was quick, just like last time, but it was the same as the kiss before Christmas: the other responded, which meant the other wanted it too.  Now they each had one kiss to their name.  When he pulled away, Violet was already smiling.  “Was that okay?” he asked.

Violet had been rendered speechless.  All she could do was nod.

With little warning, Abigail and Serena came back.  Harper and Jack came back and Harper asked to borrow Violet’s lip gloss.  The timer expired and both teams made their way back onto the court, with the crowd going wild when the Lancaster West boys came out.  The gym was just as loud as it was in the first half after every basket made.  Violet would still brush up against him.  Their hands would still touch as they raised them in the air after a three-pointer.  The giant crowd would stomp their feet to intimidate the Elizabethtown players during free throws and it was so forceful it would shake the bleachers.  Violet would get nervous and lose her balance but Austin was always there with his hands on her hips to steady her.  He’d leave them there a couple seconds too long.  Eventually, they stayed there.  A giant smile was on Violet’s face the entire time, and a giant smile was on his face the entire time, and when it was all said and done, Lancaster West High beat Elizabethtown Central 78-70.

***

The group didn’t end up going to any St. Anne’s party – Connor was able to wiggle his (and their) way in to the party with the basketball team, at the point guard’s house in Lititz.  It was a bit crazy considering the big win, but everybody was having fun and getting along.  Josephine Kominsky made it to the party, along with some other girls Violet got along with (who wouldn’t want to be partying with the winning team?), and Beth wasn’t in sight, so she was happy.  She appointed herself to be the official photographer and got so many good shots of everyone.  But the best ones she got were of her and Austin, who only left her side to get her drinks.  They were much more touchy-feely than before, than even the game.  Harper and Abigail got along great with Austin, which made Violet even happier.  They talked and joked for so much of the party, despite her and Austin not being able to stop being close and touching one another. 

Inevitably, part of the conversation shifted to college talk.  Now that they’d gotten their midterms, their guidance counselors had been setting up appointments all week to speak about colleges and programs in preparation for next year.  Violet explained how her guidance counselor called her in to confirm her UPenn, Georgetown, or Boston University for speech language therapy. 

“Does Lancaster West do that, too?” Abigail asked innocently.

Austin and Connor both chuckled.  “I don’t think I’ve seen my guidance counselor since the first few weeks of freshman year,” Austin revealed.

“And the only reason I see mine is because he’s also the baseball coach,” Connor added.  “He can brag that he’s trying to get me  a scholarship to Temple for it.”

“Ours have, like, lists of colleges, programs, residences, scholarships – oh my God, and we can’t forget alumni – everything in these binders and on their computers,” Abigail went on.

“So what would yours say?” Connor asked.

“Bryn Mawr for pre-med.”

“That’s it?”

“I’m a legacy there, so yeah,” she chuckled.  Life was so easy when you were a legacy.  “What would yours say?”

“Temple or Penn State.  Baseball scholarship.  Economics.  You?” he nodded towards Harper.

“UPenn, NYU, or Brown for pre-law,” Harper revealed.  “You?” she nodded towards Austin.

Violet held her breath slightly.  She knew he didn’t want a lot of people knowing about the pro-wrestling ambitions.  It was a very personal thing for him.  That’s why she was shocked as ever when all he responded with was, “Pro wrestling.”

She watched as Abigail and Harper furrowed their brows in confusion.  “You mean like Olympic wrestling?” Abigail asked.

Leave it to Abigail to have the exact same reaction that Violet did in Francesco’s when Austin first told her.  Violet couldn’t hold in her smile, especially after the quick eye contact Austin made with her.  St. Anne’s girls were so alike.  “No, not Olympic wrestling,” Austin clarified.  “Pro wrestling.  Like the kind on TV.”

He was displaying confidence on the outside, but on the inside, Austin was scared as hell.  He’d just revealed one of his biggest secrets – one that was very, very much out of the ordinary for so many of his friends who were thinking about college, let alone private school girls whose only option it was to go to college.  Not to mention that Harper and Abigail were Violet’s best friends.  He wanted to impress them, he really did, because he knew how girls worked.  If they didn’t like him or thought he was a dud, they’d let Violet know about it. 

When it clicked for the girls what he meant, both their jaws dropped.  “No.  Fucking.  Way,” Harper deadpanned.

“That is sooooo awesome!” Abigail followed up.

Austin let out the breath he was holding.  So did Violet.  She knew the girls would be like her, and have a similar reaction as when she was told, but it was still a big moment.  “You’re gonna be on TV?!” Harper asked.

“That’s the dream,” Austin smiled.  “There’s a lot of training involved first, but—”

“That is honestly the coolest thing I’ve ever heard,” Abigail interrupted innocently, looking to Violet.  “Seriously!  How many people can say they know a famous pro wrestler?  How many people can say they know someone on TV?!”

Harper went on and on about how much her younger brothers loved wrestling.  Abigail asked Austin all about the wrestling team at Lancaster West and if that was good training for what he would have to do on TV one day.  They were so incredibly genuine, Violet wanted to cry.  Instead, she smiled the entire time – smiled as Austin nodded along to all the pro wrestlers Harper could name thanks to her brothers, smiled as Austin answered all of Abigail’s questions, smiled as she could see the twinkle in his eye as he knew he was winning them over by just being himself.

***

Since Lititz was only a ten minute drive to Manheim, the group stayed extra late before Violet, Austin, Connor, and Serena piled into Serena’s car to get home for curfew.  Serena dropped Connor off first, then asked Austin where he lived. 

“Serena, can you actually go to The Berries first?” Violet asked.

“I thought you lived in The Berries,” Serena furrowed her brows from the driver’s seat.

“I do.  Can you just drop us both off at the corner?”

Violet could see Serena smirk.  “As long as you promise me you won’t get your tongues frozen on a pole.  I don’t want a lawsuit.”

Serena did as she was told.  Austin didn’t really know why Violet had requested it, but he had a hunch.  “I never thought I’d be able to get three St. Anne’s girls excited about pro-wrestling,” he joked as he watched Violet watch Serena drive down the street.

When Serena’s car was out of sight, Violet turned towards Austin.  She had a look in her eyes he could see right away.  It took maybe half a second for her to get close to him.  No words were said, because both knew what was going to happen.  Each had one kiss, so now both had to get another.  They were standing under a streetlight.

When they kissed each other, Austin knew he hadn’t felt anything like this before.  He’d kissed other girls, sure, but none of them could hold a candle to what he was currently feeling kissing Violet in the middle of winter under a streetlight in Manheim.  Violet, too, hadn’t felt anything like this before.  She’d kissed other boys, sure, but none of them could even compare to what she was currently feeling as she kissed Austin at the corner of her street under a streetlight in their small town.  A part of her thought she was in a movie; that this wasn’t her life and that maybe it was somebody else’s.  But when he kept kissing her, and she kept kissing him, she realized that yes, this was her life.  It wasn’t just a single kiss anymore, given before midterms or during the intermission of a high school basketball game.  There were many kisses now, big and small and everything in between, kiss after kiss after kiss as she felt Austin’s hands on her waist through her coat, pulling her closer to him. 

Neither of them knew how long they’d been kissing for, but when they finally pulled away, it was only so they could catch their breath.  Violet looked into Austin’s blue eyes, their breath visible in the crisp night air.  “That was okay, right?” she asked.

“God yeah,” he responded.  “You have no idea how long I’ve wanted to do that.”

She couldn’t help but smile at his admission.  “Don’t say a word.”

“Don’t worry.  I won’t.”

“Our secret?”

“Our secret.”

Austin was about to go in for another kiss when an alarm started going off on Violet’s BlackBerry Pearl.  Her eyes widened.  “Oh my God.  I gotta go.  That’s my two minute warning.”

“Violet—”

“—I’ve gotta go—”

“Vi—”

She had wiggled out from his grasp.  He was desperate for one more kiss, but she was already down the street.  “Safe run home!” she called back to him without stopping.

He stood under the streetlight, dumbstruck.

***

Austin was already in his hospital gown and gurney, trying not to pay attention to the work around him that the nurses and others were doing to prep the surgery.  Violet was still beside him, holding his hands.  “It’ll just be a few more moments, Mr. Jenkins,” one of them said. 

 “Take all the time you need,” he said.  He was scheduled for a 9:00am surgery and it was still only 8:45. 

He could feel Violet squeeze his hand.  “Don’t be nervous,” she whispered.  “It’s going to be fine and—”

Before she could finish her sentence, the door to the room opened and Dr. Bridges walked through.  “It’s time, Austin.”

Austin looked over to Violet.  “I’m gonna  be in the waiting room,” she whispered.

“I love you.”

She leaned down to kiss him.  “No matter how much I say I love you, I always love you more than that,” she said before standing up, making eye contact with Dr. Bridgers.   “Take good care of him.”

“Oh, I will.”

“You don’t want to have to answer to her.  Trust me,” Austin quipped as he was pushed out of the room.  “She’ll get ya.”

Violet made her way to a seat in the waiting room, one close to an outlet.  She opened her messages app and began composing a message about him being in surgery to the most important people:  his parents.  His brother.  Her parents.  Kyle.  Chris.  Kenny and Hazel.  The Massies.  Harper.  Abigail.

And now, she waited.

[theeccentricraven]

OC Origins

Thank you @kaylinalexanderbooks for the tag! This is an especially fun one.

Rules: talk about the origins of the names and personalities (and maybe even the design?) of a couple of your OCs!

From The Blood Cleaners

Justin

When I got the idea for The Blood Cleaners back in 2006, I knew early on that I wanted a male protagonist. He was largely inspired by Jonas of Lois Lowry’s The Giver and Equality 7-2521 of Ayn Rand’s Anthem. Like them, he would be determined to stand up to the status quo to choose his own life. I imagined he would be determined for justice, both justice for himself and justice for the people around him, hence the name Justin fitted him perfectly. It was even more fitting when I later met a new friend named Justen who reminded me a lot of my own Justin with his determination to defend liberty and live his life with purpose. 

It took a long time to come up with Justin’s appearance and age. Originally I just imagined a dark-haired boy. As I developed the dystopian world of Corpa - a completely self-sufficient city - I knew I needed a place where it would be realistic to have quarries and mines. I picked Arizona as a location (though I did take some liberty to craft a fictional location). I then felt it would make sense for most of the population to be of Hispanic descent and have brown skin. Latin-American culture matters a lot to me since I studied Spanish for years, love the culture, have many friends of Hispanic heritage, and have nieces and nephews with Latino ancestry, too. I thought it would make sense for the nuclear war apocalypse to create a bottleneck in the population, hence the survivors would mostly be people of color and so their descendants also would be. Ultimately, I decided to have Chapter 1 begin with Justin at age 8 when he makes the two key discoveries that serve as the inciting incidents of the two main plotlines, and then the rest of the story would be about Justin at age sixteen. The age made sense since sixteen makes more sense to begin an occupation rather than twelve, and because the content and subject material of the book should be reserved for readers sixteen and up (age of the character often represents the ideal age of the reader). 

So that’s how I made sixteen year old brown skinned, black haired Justin who is determined to fight for his freedom.

Joselyn

Originally I thought Justin’s only love interest would be Clarice (I’ll tell her story in a future post). Clarice is one of the children of the Fists - the government and ruling class of Corpa - who lives in the Steel Castle. Justin would meet Clarice after earning the privilege to work in the Steel. The problem was that she would be absent for much of the story. For Justin to get to work in the Steel, he would have to first go through the training, the torturous transformation, work as a blood cleaner for a while, and slowly discover his telekinetic powers. This would be a lot without a love interest. When I started the revival process for The Blood Cleaners last year, I put behind a lot of years of regret for not writing. Not knowing how many books I would get to write for the rest of my life, I wanted to cover what I would regret not doing. For a long time, I wanted to have a story where two characters bump into each other after running around a corner. I wanted it to be a type of “meet cute”. I gradually came up with the idea of having Justin at age eight unwittingly bump into his  future love interest when they were chased by two separate groups of people. This allowed for Chapter 1 to start with the inciting incidents for two of the major plotlines. First inciting incident was when Justin discovered the secret note. Second inciting incident was him running into Joselyn, beginning their romance plotline. I named Joselyn after Jocelyn of the film A Knight’s Tale. I used S instead of C to make them different.

I wanted to make Joselyn and Justin be parallels and opposites. Unlike him, she lives on the surface, not underground. Like him, she’s one of the common people as she lives on a farm. I did this partly for world development, since I wanted to show how the farms played a part in the self-sufficient city. I also made her be a Spanish speaker, since Corpa has a good deal of English and Spanish speakers. I describe Justin and Joselyn having similar features with brown skin and black hair, though they are not related (thank heavens!). They have a familiar ancestry, as Justin’s late father was also a commoner on the surface. Joselyn’s farmgirl characteristics might have had some influence from the love interest in Anthem, Liberty 5-3000. I make it clear that Joselyn is a capable girl, not a vulnerable damsel in distress. She has similar beliefs as Justin, though she’s more outspoken, no concern for how speaking her mind could threaten her life. She’s good at taking charge, though she begins with self-esteem struggles. I don’t like the way that the media has a tendency to either portray a smart female character who needs to deal with the dumb guy getting in her way or to portray a dumb female who needs a smart guy to rescue her. I defied the tropes by having Justin be a constant support for Joselyn, helping her get out of a rut, not in a way that shows he’s capable and she’s incapable, but that they are both capable and need support from each other.  

I knew from the beginning that this meant there would be a love triangle because I did not want to cut Clarice - she plays a vital role in the story. I like having the love triangle be different from the usual love triangle tropes. I’ve observed that most love triangles are a girl choosing between two guys. When a love triangle is between a guy and two girls, the girls will often be nasty and the guy will be a jerk. I wanted my love triangle to be more innocent, in which both of the girls are worthy of and need to be loved. Justin never meant harm, as it happened because he didn’t want to hurt either Joselyn or Clarice and he genuinely fell in love with both of them. I won’t give away too much, but can say Justin will regret the heartbreak when it happens. As with any love triangle, a choice must be made, but I won’t give that away. 

Other Posts on Justin: here here

Other Posts on Joselyn: here here

Tagging (no pressure): @katenewmanwrites @willtheweaver @buffythevampirelover @winterandwords @addicted2coke-theothercoke @evilgabe29 @spitefulbull @tildeathiwillwrite and open!

[sidsledge]

1, 3, 12, 18, 26, 30, 37 and 44 for movies/film ask bait. (i would like to know all the answers, but) also, can you name your most favorite character, if there is one? or give me three, so it's not so hard c:

thank you so much for the ask ❤️❤️ answered questions 1 and 3 here!

12. subtitles or no subtitles?

well, english is not my first language but still i dropped dubbed movies a long time ago. slowly switched from watching them in the original english with spanish subtitles, to watching them in english with english subtitles. nowadays I can watch a movie with no subs but I prefer to use them anyways! im used to it at this point and it's not a problem for me

18. favorite actor

i have a bunch! i really like river phoenix both as an actor and a person as I mentioned in the last ask. also kieran culkin, winona ryder, and andrew scott. i honestly don't stan actors anymore but i think they're neat!

26. which movie made you think the most about life?

probably every coming of age film I've ever watched. but specifically, “the long day closes” (1992) by terence davies. it's one of my favorite movies and it follows a lonely, quiet and queer working class boy & his relationship with cinema. it resonated tremendously with me and is the main reason why terence davies is my favorite director. i remember after I finished it i just sat there in my room for a good 30 minutes thinking about what I'd just seen and how it impacted me. it's genuinely incredible, I can't recommend it enough (it's not for the weak though – it's quite heartbreaking).

30. are you looking forward to any upcoming releases?

i think it's released already on the US but not on my country so. “a real pain” (2024) by jesse eisenberg starring him and kieran culkin would be my choice. i've been looking forward to this for almost two years and I can't see it in theaters until january! but im always late on new releases so im not really excited for anything else tbh

37. do you ever watch documentaries?

not as much as I should is the truth. i used to watch animal docs all the time when i was a kid too so idk why i stopped. anyway i really need to get into more documentaries so if anyone has any recommendations, please send them my way!

44. do you like to watch the same movie more than once?

yes! I like rewatches a lot but I tend to limit myself to no more than one rewatch per year for each film because otherwise im gonna ruin the experience for myself. it's like when you listen to a song too much and you start hating it – i still love rewatching movies but not that much

ohhhh regarding favorite characters, that's very hard! to say a few, mikey waters from my own private idaho (1991), frank from little miss sunshine (2006), the sisters from ginger snaps (2000), and every single character from a wes anderson movie!

[earth-93]

BRIGADE FILES: UNUS THE UNTOUCHABLE

Stars & Stripes Hotline [Version 1.13]

C: \login\BuddyHolly

C:\Users\mini\BrigadeFiles\Xmen

Directory of C: \BrigadeFiles\Xmen

04/27/2006 10:19 AM Total Files Listed: 15 File(s) 168,248 bytes

Directory of C:\BrigadeFiles\Xmen\UNUSCIONE_ANGELO.txt

[file data =

Main Alias/Moniker: Unus the Untouchable

Legal Name: Angelo Unuscione

Other Aliases: Gunther Bain

Date of Birth: November 8th, 1968 (Age: 36)

Status: Alive

Species: Mutant

Sex: Male

Gender: Cisgender

Height/Weight: 6′1″ (1.85 m) / 220 lbs (99.79 kg)

Hair/Eye Color: Black / Blue

Timeline (1968 - 1987): Angelo was born in Milan, but primarily grew up in Caracas. His family fled the political violence in Italy at the time of Angelo's birth and resumed their careers as artists in Venezuela. Angelo was apparently not as deft with a pencil or paintbrush as his parents or siblings, which made him the black sheep of the family. He instead sought to continue the family tradition of the arts through an acting career, and through those pursuits took up bodybuilding and wrestling.

The Unusciones lived comfortably across Angelo's childhood, but were among those affected Venezuela's economic collapse in the 1980's. This is most likely when Angelo's fixation on material wealth in his youth first came about, as did his mutant abilities. It stands to reason that Angelo did not understand himself to be a mutant at the time, but even back then superhumans still permeated the global zeitgeist enough that he was able to reconcile suddenly having the ability to generate force fields.

Whatever the case, Angelo most certainly was quick to capitalize on his newfound powers. With his acting talents, formidable physicality and the ability to render himself untouchable, Angelo reasoned that American wrestling was the best venue to showcase his talents and earn the wealth and fame he desired. With Venezuela's situation only worsening through the decade, Angelo had little inclination to stay. With money likely stolen from his parents, he acquired a fake identity and immigration papers forged and fled to the US.

Timeline (1987 - 1992): After stints in various promotions under his fake alias of Gunther Bain, Angelo enlisted in the Midwest-based Ultra Class Wrestling Federation (Now known as the Unlimited Class Wrestling Federation). Through Hank's diligent investigations, we now know that the UCWF (As well as, most presciently, its holding company the Brand Corporation) scouted and pursued performers with observable superhuman traits for high-spectacle matches and tournaments. It was under his contract with the UCWF that Angelo first gained his title of "Unus the Untouchable."

Though he finally gained fame and fortune, he also found an organization eager to exploit him. After numerous arguments with the UCWF'S promotion over his matches, Angelo sought to walk out and bring his celebrity into a different promotion. Curtiss Jackson, the UCWF's owner, overbooked him without his awareness, and his string of no-shows effectively blacklisted him with any other promoter or territory. With both this and the threat to expose his falsified documents, Angelo was consigned to Jackson's whim, and spent the next few years strung along various international matches—which is most certainly where Angelo first caught word of Magneto and the Brotherhood.

Timeline (1992 - 2003): It's unclear how and when Angelo was officially approached by agents of the Brotherhood, but it's safe to say when his recruitment finally occurred Angelo was more than amenable to their agenda. Angelo has heavily credited the Brotherhood and Magneto's revolutionary rhetoric that made him into a better person. Having not only been personally exploited by the UCWF but witnessing many others caught within the same exploitation, Angelo claims to have become disillusioned with his younger drives towards material wealth and found a more noble cause to live his life by. His unique cultural background made him especially attuned to the Brotherhood's anti-nationalist views. Today, Angelo identifies more of a mutant that he does a Venezuelan or Italian.

Angelo was so committed to the Brotherhood that he maintained his celebrity and contract for the UCWF for several more years, acting as a scout and recruiter for other mutants across his travels. Fred Dukes was among those recruits, and Hank was of course was another attempt. Following our intervention of Santo Marco, Angelo finally went off the grid. Our first direct confrontation with him was a few months later when he, Dukes and Toad pretended to be X-Men, terrorizing people and causing property damage to sully our reputation.

That instance in itself ties back into Angelo's inconsistent code of honor. He believes in the cause of the Brotherhood wholeheartedly, and thus views the X-Men as an obstruction to their goals. However, unlike some members Angelo claims to wish no ill will against us, perceiving us more as misguided than betrayers or frauds. Even as the brief leader of the "Factor Three," Angelo repeatedly professed to us he wasn't anything personal.

This "no hard feelings" act was far more credible later that year, when he saved Jean and Hank's life. When they were abducted by the Brotherhood, even Angelo could see how the trial arranged for their crimes against mutantkind were unfairly rigged, and aided Jean and Hank in evading their death sentence and making their getaway. At time of writing, Angelo remains at large, though reports indicate he is among the loyalists of Magneto who have found sanctuary within the island nation of Genosha.

/file data]

[ptts2023]

TM GAME TOURNAMENT MAGAZINE ANNOUNCEMENT 11 PART 05

Written By: Neng Hong Lam Date Written: April 28, 2025

Table of Contents: Introduction Part 01-09 Chapter 01 Step By Step Long Journey To Acceptance And Forgiveness Part 07 Chapter 02 [1.] Emergency A. Recaps of the 5 High Priority In My Life B. Giving Myself A Break [2.] 1984 My Birth Place A. How To Appreciate Something That Is Very Hard To Appreciate B. Bread Days C. American Red Cross Foundation Providing Donations To My Country-Side C. Taking Bus To the City Step By Step Long Journey To Acceptance And Forgiveness Part 08 Chapter 2 Continue [3.] Capital City A. First Time In the City B. Toy Store [4.] Back To the Country-Side A. Night Life In the Country-Side Step By Step Long Journey To Acceptance And Forgiveness Part 09 Chapter 2 Continue [5.] Video Game And Sexiest Women Update A. Idol Singer Placement Revisit B. Movie Stars That Leave Lasting Impact

Video Game And Sexiest Women Update

Going back to the 31 Sexiest Women in the World. I'm not going to change those selections, because read Introduction Part 01-09 and Chapter 01, to know the problems in my life. And, the arguments against me. Anyway, I slightly rearranged Joey Wong up the chart from from 24 to 22. So, that Athena Chu, Joey Wong, and Zhang Ziyi are the sexiest women in the Asia continent.

Nevertheless, because I have made the 31 Sexiest Women chart, so I have been occupied with thoughts about it. Example: What about the classical Hollywood actresses that was not that chart? What about the main stream female idol singers that are very famous?

The following are my brainstorming about the 31 Sexiest Women chart:

[Brainstorm Begin]

I voted Athena Chu, Joey Wong, and Zhang Ziyi as the most sexiest women in the Asia continent. This mean they are the most sexiest Asian women. If you are looking at their nationality, then, they have Chinese nationality.

Xianghua And Leixia: I was brainstorming to go back to Soul Calibur 4 & 5 video games walkthrough. Have a walkthrough on Xianghua Chai in Soul Calibur 4. And, Leixia Chai in Soul Calibur 5. Leixia is the daughter of Xianghua. Both Xianghua and Leixia have Chinese nationality.

Ling Xiaoyu: In addition, I'm brainstorming about have a walkthrough on Ling Xiaoyu in Tekken 6. Xiaoyu is on the cover of "Tekken: Blood Vengeance" movie. The cover art is she is holding Alyssa. Also, she play an important role in help out Jin in the fight, Jin versus Bison from Tekken X Street Fight video game. Xiaoyu have Chinese nationality.

Pai Chan: If I still have time, then I'll look into Pai Chan in "Dead Or Alive 5" Ultimate Edition. She is a fighter in the "Virtual Fighter" Series video games. She got cross-over to "Dead Or Alive 5" in the Ultimate Edition. She have Chinese nationality.

[Brainstorm End]

Dablo 3 And Tekken 6 Update

Diablo 3: I have got Azusa (Monk Class) to level 31. I have got Akasha (Witch Doctor Class) to level 23.

Tekken 6: New character: I got 53 Wins and 0 Lose with Heihachi Mishima. The older characters: Nina Williams have 300+ Wins and 0 Lose. Anna Williams have 150+ Wins and 0 Lose.

Idol Singer Placement Revisit

Back in my high school years and college years, I have heard talks about Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera are very famous in the music industry. Why did I placed Ashley Tisdale higher than Britney and Christina?

The following section is to answer that Ashley Tisdale placement question.

I would argues that back on 1999. I don't know if my parents know that I have the most First Places in the TM Game Tournaments or not. So, I took the babysitter chore to babysit my younger brother, Mon Hong Lam.

For now, I'm going to keep it at: Even if my parents doesn't know I have First Place Championship. If I'm doing my babysitter chore. Then, my parents still think I'm a responsible family member.

Coincidentally, around 2006. Mon tune in to "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody" TV Series often. Then, one day, in a talk with him, he told me that TV Series is one of his favorited TV Programs on the Disney Channel.

I'm 10 years older than him. Zack and Cody are twin brothers which mean they are the same age.

Because I'm babysitting him, so I would watched a little bit of that TV Series with him.

From a quick look at that TV Series, you would see that the plot is Maddie Fitzpatrick (Ashley Tisdale) and London Tipton (Brenda Song) are babysitting Zack Martin (Dylan Sprouse) and Cody Martin (Cole Sprouse). They are often inside a hotel suite. That is why the title have the words, "Suite Life". Zack and Cody is a few years from reaching their teenager age. Maddie is a poor servant teenager girl. London is a rich boss teenager girl.

The misunderstanding is I'm rich in life, because I have the First Place Championship. Also, I have time to babysit Mon and watch TV Series with him.

From the misunderstanding, I would argues that people think that I'm London, because I'm the babysitter. People would think Mon is Zack or Cody, because I'm babysitting him.

Because of the misunderstanding and my thoughts on the misunderstanding, so I would only relate to Maddie by thinking that if I was a filmmaker, then I would make Maddie as the main character. That is when I first wanted to know who is Ashley Tisdale.

At the same time, I vibe the following argument: If I'm a poor servant, then Disney Channel, Disney Studio, and Disneyland is way out of my league. So, Ashley Tisdale is way out of my league.

There are times Mon would talk to me as though me and him like watching that TV Series. I would argues that I barely just know the roles of each of the characters in that TV Series.

What if in my reality, Mon really does have Zack or Cody role? And, I really does have Maddie role? This mean Mon have associated with Disney Channel. As for me, Disney Channel is way out of my league.

I didn't want to think too much about the mess. I puts it at: The future have not made yet. I could get noticed as a Mesa College multimedia student. Being noticed I could became a filmmaker. After I became a filmmaker, then I would think about that mess. Example: I became a famous filmmaker mean that Disney Channel no longer out of my league.

I collected Ashley Tisdale pictures at around 2006. At the same time, I would argued I collected those pictures because I'm a multimedia student. But, I don't think about meeting her, get into interview with her, acknowledging her history, and so on.

Many years later. At around 2024. I saw "Kiss the Girl" music video. How come the lead singer, Ashley Tisdale in that music video look so familiar, where have I seen her before?

After I started sing along with her song. I look up her history. Then, I remember she have Maddie role in that Disney Channel TV Series.

It have been around 18 years ago.

18 years ago, Mon and Disney Channel is like a family. As for me, Disney Channel is way out of my league. What have Mon and Disney Channel became after 18 years? What is more than way out of my league?

Maybe if continue to sing along with Ashley's song, people would stop bringing up way out of my league?

That is why I placed Ashley Tisdale higher than Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera.

Movie Stars That Leave Lasting Impact

Who could forget the face of Carrie Fisher in the classical movie, "Star Wars" movie series? (I didn't placed her as the sexiest women.)

The following are some of the classical female movie stars I seen in classical movies that is not on the 31 Sexiest Women chart: Diane Lane in the "Outsider" movie. The controversy image of Sean Young in "Blade Runner" movie. Sharon Stone in "The Quick or the Dead" movie. Kate Hudson in "Skeleton Key" movie.

It is because the sexy women in the classical movies going to take up the 31 spots, and no room for the new generation? My thoughts are I think the sexy women in the older classical movies could be argued as older generation.

Quantity Argument: Does watching a lot of movies mean you know a lot about the movies and could talk about movies? Or, you have to go to performance art school to talk about movies?

In my father's talks, my father point that Gong Li is a talented movie star in Asia. She is also in the movie production in Hollywood. Also, she have very sexy look. What I wanted to says, like I wrote, the 31 Sexiest Women chart is vague/shallow.

I would defends myself with the following argument: Gong Li is in a higher league. Maybe the next year 31 Sexiest Women chart I would do a better job.

I would argues Ghost Story genre movies does leave lasting emotion involving sadness. The following are very sad ghost story movies that stand out the most: Chinese Movie: Joey Wong in "A Chinese Ghost Story" 1, 2, & 3 (1987, 1990, and 1991) movies. Cecilia Cheung in "Fly Me to Polaris" (1999). There is another very sad Ghost Story movie. I forgot the title. I only remember the melody of its theme song. I think that Ghost Story is based on that duet song. English Movie: Denise Moore in "Ghost" movie. (I didn't placed her as the sexiest women.)

"Step By Step Long Journey To Acceptance And Forgiveness Part 10" continue in TM Game Tournament Magazine Announcement 11 Part 06.

[literaturereviewhelp]

Social stratification means formation of classes basing on person’s social and economic wealth. Melamed (2005) explains that income, level of wealth, and employment rate play a key factor in determining the strata within which an individual is defined. Stratification therefore, is the process of placing individuals within specific classes, which can be divided into lower, middle, and upper levels. Kinship ties may additionally contribute immensely to the social stratification class of a group of people. For instance, individuals who have relatives from powerful and political ruling class are considered to fit within the upper class. Same status is also granted to persons who have ties with business tycoons. Social stratification is characterized by complexity and mobility of layers within strata. As such, generation shift may occur which leads to promotional advancement of particular people to an advanced stratum. According to Wood (2007), Karl Marx proposed a conventional production method which consists of superstructure and the substructure (p. 256). The two subsets of the economic system govern the relationship which exist within the employer-employee domain. The nature of relationship between an individual and the production mechanisms defines the social stratum in which an individual is placed. Marx’s concept is vividly evident in the modern industrial society. Employers acts as owners of various production mechanisms. The other constituent of the production system is made up of employees. The limited nature of production mechanisms results into the scenario in which employers seem to own the employees. As such, economical factors contribute immensely into the modern industrial societies and pertain to social stratification. Poverty Eradication Poverty persists among some stratas of the American society, despite the National wealth that America is known for, and this is attributed to the lack of money among the poor people. Several ways in which money can be taken to the poor are: tax breaks, reverse taxes, food stamps and other handouts given in order stipulated by the current legislation. There is, however, a technique which had not been used before, and which could give better results.This involves ensuring a minimal living standard for everyone (Fothergill & Peek, 2004). It is possible, given the costs, which are manageable by government, given the economic power. It is hard to determine who deserves help and who does not. Chances that free loaders will take advantage of government help are rather high, but it can be taken under control by moral stands that disapprove such behavior. Daly & Valletta (2006) claims that this technique is a promising one, and it can improve the level of income, which results in decline in crime rates, improved healthcare as well as a more educated workforce (p. 80). This, in essence, reduces the country’s expenditures on crime control, on corrective or remedial healthcare and further training of workers. This saves the country more funds, which could be invested into the economy, in a bid to fight poverty. Crime costs the country a lot. The costs of expanding police force departments, judicial system for the prosecution of crime suspects, as well as building new prison systems for criminals’ rehabilitation f are some of the directions on which the country excessively wastes money. Under-insurance is due to poverty among the poor populations of the country and reduced productivity of workers is owing to poor health are equal challenges to the fight against poverty. References Daly, M. C., & Valletta, R. G. (2006). Inequality and poverty in United States: the effects of rising dispersion of men’s earnings and changing family behaviour. Economica, 73(289), 75-98. Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. A. (2004). Poverty and disasters in the United States: A review of recent sociological findings. Natural hazards, 32(1), 89-110. Melamed, D. (2015). Communities of Classes: A Network Approach to Social Mobility. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 65(8), 65-67. Read the full article

[nursingwriter]

Preschool children are not "little adults" that simply require less amounts of the same foods as adults. For instance, according to Wittman (2013), young people aged 3 and 4 years are typically called preschoolers and have special nutritional needs that must be satisfied in order to ensure proper development. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's "Choose My Plate" recommendations for 3- and 4-year-old children for various food groups are set forth in Table 1 below. Recommended Daily Servings for 3- and 4-Year-old Children 3-Year-old Children 4-Year-old Children Fruits cup of fruits to 1-1/2 cups of fruit Vegetables cup of vegetables 1-1/2 cups of vegetables Grains ounce equivalents of grains ounce equivalents of grains Protein ounce equivalents of protein ounce equivalents of protein Dairy cups of dairy 2-1/2 cups of dairy Oils teaspoons teaspoons Source: Adapted from Wittman, 2013 Studies have confirmed that preschool children from low-income families suffer more nutritional deficiencies compared to their counterparts from middle-class families (Doong & Shariff, 2008). Moreover, preschool children from low-income families also have a higher prevalence of obesity compared to their middle-class counterparts, which has been attributed to higher consumption levels of high-fat content foods such as fast and junk foods (Doong & Shariff, 2008). A number of health conditions related to obesity that were once believed applicable to adults only have recently been seen in children with increasing frequency, including hypertension, early signs of hardening of the arteries, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, disordered breathing during sleep and polycystic ovary disorder (Daniels, 2006). Parents typically try to promote healthy eating habits among preschoolers by providing them with the recommended portions of vegetables and fruit each day and ensuring they eat breakfast (Cariun, Taut & Baban, 2012). In fact, research indicates that poor eating habits such as consuming too many sweets or skipping breakfast typically begin during the transition period between childhood and adolescence (Cariun et al., 2012). Most preschoolers (60%) consume too much fat in their diets, and only about a third (34% of boys and 33% of girls) consume the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables each day (Cariun et al., 2012). Nearly a quarter (24%) of young people eat too many high-fat, low-nutritional value foods, particularly fried foods, candy, soft drinks and cookies (Cariun et al., 2012). As a child, the only punishments used to compel me to eat the proper foods was being forced to remain at the table on occasion until I at least tried new foods (a time-consuming enterprise on many occasions). Rewards consisted of going to A&W for ice-cold root beer and hot dogs or making homemade peach ice cream on hot summer nights at the grandparents (this was the best ice cream and time ever). Overcoming picky eating habits can be a challenge for many parents, but parents can help promote healthy eating habits by ensuring their preschoolers eat breakfast and are provided with the above-listed recommended daily servings of fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, dairy and oils. References Cariun, C., Taut, D., & Baban, A. (2012, March). Self-regulatory strategies for eating behavior in children and adolescents: A concept mapping approach. Cognitie, Creier, Comportament, 16(1), 49-54. Daniels, S.R. (2006, Spring). The consequences of childhood overweight and obesity. The Future of Children, 16(1), 47-51. Doong, J.Y. & Shariff, Z.M. (2008, April). Growth status of low-income preschool children and the relation of birth weight to short stature and overweight. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 90(2), 12-17. Wittman, L. (2013). The nutrition requirement for preschoolers. Healthy Eating. Retrieved from http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/nutrition-requirements-preschoolers-4372.html. Read the full article

[wankerwatch]

Lords Vote

On: National Insurance Contributions (Secondary Class 1 Contributions) Bill

Lord Scriven moved Motion A1, as an amendment to Motion A, at end to insert “, and do propose Amendment 1B in lieu— 1B After Clause 1, insert the following new Clause— “Exemptions from the changes made by section 1: NHS and social care (1) The Treasury may by regulations made by statutory instrument specify that certain categories of persons are exempted from the changes to the rate of secondary Class 1 contributions made by section 1 of this Act. (2) The categories of persons any of whom may be specified under subsection (1) are— (a) a person providing a care home service or a domiciliary support service who is regulated under— (i) Part 1 of the Health and Social Care Act 2008, or (ii) Part 1 of the Regulation and Inspection of Social Care (Wales) Act 2016; (b) a person providing a service who is regulated under section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Public Services Reform (Scotland) Act 2010; (c) a person providing a care home service or domiciliary support service regulated under the Health and Personal Social Services (Quality, Improvement and Regulation) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003; (d) a person contracted to provide primary care under the provisions of— (i) Part 4 of the National Health Service Act 2006, (ii) Part 4 of the National Health Service (Wales) Act 2006, or (iii) sections 17J to 17O of the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978; (e) a person providing primary medical services through contractual arrangements with a Health and Social Services Board; (f) a person contracted to provide general dental services under the provisions of Part 2 of the National Health Service (General Dental Services) Regulations 1992; (g) a person providing general dental services under Part 2 of the General Dental Services (Northern Ireland) Regulations 1993; (h) a person contracted to provide pharmacy services under the provisions of— (i) Part 7 of the National Health Service Act 2006, or (ii) Part 8 of the NHS (Pharmaceutical and Local Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2013; (i) a person providing pharmaceutical services under Part 2 of the Pharmaceutical Services Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1997; (j) a charitable provider of health and care; (k) a provider of health and care registered as a charity by the Charity Commission for Northern Ireland; (l) a person providing hospice care whether in a hospice or elsewhere; (m) a carer to whom section 2(3A) of the National Insurance Contributions Act 2014 applies. (3) A statutory instrument containing regulations under this section may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.”” The House divided:  

Ayes: 271 (62.7% Con, 20.3% LD, 11.4% XB, 2.2% , 1.1% DUP, 0.7% UUP, 0.7% Green, 0.4% PC, 0.4% Bshp) Noes: 173 (90.8% Lab, 8.1% XB, 1.2% ) Absent: ~412

Likely Referenced Bill: National Insurance Contributions (Secondary Class 1 Contributions) Bill

Description: A Bill to make provision about secondary Class 1 contributions.

Originating house: Commons Current house: Commons Bill Stage: Consideration of Lords message

Individual Votes:

Ayes

Conservative (170 votes)

Ahmad of Wimbledon, L. Altrincham, L. Arbuthnot of Edrom, L. Ashcombe, L. Attlee, E. Balfe, L. Banner, L. Barran, B. Bates, L. Bellingham, L. Berridge, B. Biggar, L. Blackwell, L. Blackwood of North Oxford, B. Blencathra, L. Bloomfield of Hinton Waldrist, B. Booth, L. Booth-Smith, L. Bottomley of Nettlestone, B. Bourne of Aberystwyth, L. Brady of Altrincham, L. Bray of Coln, B. Bridges of Headley, L. Browning, B. Caine, L. Callanan, L. Camoys, L. Camrose, V. Carrington of Fulham, L. Cash, B. Choudrey, L. Coffey, B. Colgrain, L. Courtown, E. Crathorne, L. Cruddas, L. Davies of Gower, L. De Mauley, L. Dobbs, L. Dundee, E. Dunlop, L. Effingham, E. Elliott of Mickle Fell, L. Fairfax of Cameron, L. Farmer, L. Fink, L. Finn, B. Fleet, B. Fookes, B. Forsyth of Drumlean, L. Frost, L. Fuller, L. Garnier, L. Gascoigne, L. Geddes, L. Gilbert of Panteg, L. Goldie, B. Goodman of Wycombe, L. Goschen, V. Griffiths of Fforestfach, L. Hamilton of Epsom, L. Hannan of Kingsclere, L. Harding of Winscombe, B. Harlech, L. Henley, L. Herbert of South Downs, L. Hodgson of Abinger, B. Hodgson of Astley Abbotts, L. Horam, L. Howard of Lympne, L. Howard of Rising, L. Howe, E. Howell of Guildford, L. Hunt of Wirral, L. Jackson of Peterborough, L. Jamieson, L. Jenkin of Kennington, B. Kamall, L. Kempsell, L. Laing of Elderslie, B. Lamont of Lerwick, L. Lansley, L. Lawlor, B. Lea of Lymm, B. Leicester, E. Leigh of Hurley, L. Lexden, L. Lindsay, E. Lingfield, L. Lucas, L. Maclean of Redditch, B. Magan of Castletown, L. Mancroft, L. Manzoor, B. Markham, L. Marland, L. Maude of Horsham, L. McColl of Dulwich, L. McInnes of Kilwinning, L. McIntosh of Pickering, B. McLoughlin, L. Meyer, B. Minto, E. Mobarik, B. Monckton of Dallington Forest, B. Morris of Bolton, B. Mott, L. Moylan, L. Moynihan of Chelsea, L. Moynihan, L. Murray of Blidworth, L. Nash, L. Neville-Jones, B. Neville-Rolfe, B. Newlove, B. Nicholson of Winterbourne, B. Noakes, B. Northbrook, L. Norton of Louth, L. Offord of Garvel, L. Owen of Alderley Edge, B. Parkinson of Whitley Bay, L. Patten, L. Penn, B. Pickles, L. Pidding, B. Polak, L. Popat, L. Porter of Fulwood, B. Randall of Uxbridge, L. Reay, L. Redfern, B. Remnant, L. Risby, L. Robathan, L. Roborough, L. Rock, B. Sanderson of Welton, B. Sandhurst, L. Sater, B. Scott of Bybrook, B. Seccombe, B. Shackleton of Belgravia, B. Sharpe of Epsom, L. Shephard of Northwold, B. Sherbourne of Didsbury, L. Shields, B. Shinkwin, L. Smith of Hindhead, L. Soames of Fletching, L. Stedman-Scott, B. Stowell of Beeston, B. Strathcarron, L. Strathclyde, L. Sugg, B. Taylor of Holbeach, L. Trefgarne, L. Trenchard, V. True, L. Tugendhat, L. Vaizey of Didcot, L. Verma, B. Waldegrave of North Hill, L. Wharton of Yarm, L. Williams of Trafford, B. Wrottesley, L. Wyld, B. Young of Acton, L. Young of Cookham, L. Younger of Leckie, V.

Liberal Democrat (55 votes)

Addington, L. Bakewell of Hardington Mandeville, B. Barker, B. Beith, L. Benjamin, B. Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury, B. Bowles of Berkhamsted, B. Brinton, B. Bruce of Bennachie, L. Clement-Jones, L. Dholakia, L. Doocey, B. Featherstone, B. Foster of Bath, L. Garden of Frognal, B. German, L. Goddard of Stockport, L. Grender, B. Hamwee, B. Harris of Richmond, B. Hussain, L. Hussein-Ece, B. Janke, B. Kramer, B. Ludford, B. Mohammed of Tinsley, L. Newby, L. Northover, B. Oates, L. Pack, L. Parminter, B. Pinnock, B. Purvis of Tweed, L. Redesdale, L. Rennard, L. Roberts of Llandudno, L. Scott of Needham Market, B. Scriven, L. Sharkey, L. Sheehan, B. Stoneham of Droxford, L. Storey, L. Strasburger, L. Suttie, B. Taylor of Goss Moor, L. Thomas of Gresford, L. Thomas of Winchester, B. Thornhill, B. Thurso, V. Tope, L. Tyler of Enfield, B. Wallace of Saltaire, L. Wallace of Tankerness, L. Walmsley, B. Wrigglesworth, L.

Crossbench (31 votes)

Alton of Liverpool, L. Batters, B. Birt, L. Butler-Sloss, B. Carter of Haslemere, L. Clancarty, E. Colville of Culross, V. Cromwell, L. D'Souza, B. Erroll, E. Falkner of Margravine, B. Finlay of Llandaff, B. Fowler, L. Freeman of Steventon, B. Freyberg, L. Grey-Thompson, B. Hampton, L. Laming, L. Londesborough, L. Mair, L. Mawson, L. Meacher, B. Meston, L. Morse, L. Ravensdale, L. Sentamu, L. Stuart of Edgbaston, B. Vaux of Harrowden, L. Walker of Aldringham, L. Wheatcroft, B. de Clifford, L.

Non-affiliated (6 votes)

Cooper of Windrush, L. Fox of Buckley, B. Grade of Yarmouth, L. Hoey, B. Paddick, L. Prior of Brampton, L.

Democratic Unionist Party (3 votes)

Browne of Belmont, L. Morrow, L. Weir of Ballyholme, L.

Ulster Unionist Party (2 votes)

Elliott of Ballinamallard, L. Rogan, L.

Green Party (2 votes)

Bennett of Manor Castle, B. Jones of Moulsecoomb, B.

Plaid Cymru (1 vote)

Wigley, L.

Bishops (1 vote)

Manchester, Bp.

Noes

Labour (157 votes)

Alexander of Cleveden, B. Alli, L. Anderson of Stoke-on-Trent, B. Anderson of Swansea, L. Andrews, B. Ashton of Upholland, B. Bach, L. Bakewell, B. Barber of Ainsdale, L. Bassam of Brighton, L. Beamish, L. Beckett, B. Berger, B. Blackstone, B. Blake of Leeds, B. Blower, B. Blunkett, L. Boateng, L. Bousted, B. Bradley, L. Brennan of Canton, L. Brooke of Alverthorpe, L. Brown of Silvertown, B. Browne of Ladyton, L. Bryan of Partick, B. Caine of Kentish Town, B. Campbell-Savours, L. Carberry of Muswell Hill, B. Carter of Coles, L. Chakrabarti, B. Chandos, V. Coaker, L. Collins of Highbury, L. Crawley, B. Cryer, L. Curran, B. Davidson of Glen Clova, L. Davies of Brixton, L. Debbonaire, B. Donaghy, B. Drake, B. Dubs, L. Elliott of Whitburn Bay, B. Evans of Sealand, L. Falconer of Thoroton, L. Faulkner of Worcester, L. Foulkes of Cumnock, L. Glasman, L. Golding, B. Goldsmith, L. Goudie, B. Gray of Tottenham, B. Griffin of Princethorpe, B. Grocott, L. Gustafsson, B. Hacking, L. Hain, L. Hannett of Everton, L. Hanson of Flint, L. Hanworth, V. Harris of Haringey, L. Haskel, L. Hayman of Ullock, B. Hayter of Kentish Town, B. Hazarika, B. Healy of Primrose Hill, B. Hendy of Richmond Hill, L. Hendy, L. Hermer, L. Hodge of Barking, B. Hollick, L. Howarth of Newport, L. Hughes of Stretford, B. Hunt of Kings Heath, L. Hunter of Auchenreoch, B. Jay of Paddington, B. Jones of Penybont, L. Jones of Whitchurch, B. Jones, L. Jordan, L. Katz, L. Keeley, B. Kennedy of Southwark, L. Khan of Burnley, L. Kinnock, L. Knight of Weymouth, L. Lawrence of Clarendon, B. Lemos, L. Lennie, L. Leong, L. Levitt, B. Liddell of Coatdyke, B. Liddle, L. Lipsey, L. Livermore, L. Longfield, B. Mann, L. Mattinson, B. McCabe, L. McIntosh of Hudnall, B. McNicol of West Kilbride, L. Mendelsohn, L. Merron, B. Mitchell, L. Moraes, L. Morris of Yardley, B. Murphy of Torfaen, L. Nye, B. O'Grady of Upper Holloway, B. Pitkeathley of Camden Town, L. Pitkeathley, B. Prentis of Leeds, L. Rafferty, B. Ramsay of Cartvale, B. Ramsey of Wall Heath, B. Raval, L. Rebuck, B. Rees of Easton, L. Reid of Cardowan, L. Ritchie of Downpatrick, B. Robertson of Port Ellen, L. Rook, L. Rooker, L. Rowlands, L. Sahota, L. Sherlock, B. Sikka, L. Smith of Basildon, B. Smith of Malvern, B. Snape, L. Stansgate, V. Stevenson of Balmacara, L. Symons of Vernham Dean, B. Taylor of Bolton, B. Taylor of Stevenage, B. Thornton, B. Timpson, L. Touhig, L. Tunnicliffe, L. Turnberg, L. Twycross, B. Vallance of Balham, L. Warwick of Undercliffe, B. Watson of Invergowrie, L. Watson of Wyre Forest, L. Watts, L. West of Spithead, L. Wheeler, B. Whitaker, B. Whitty, L. Wilcox of Newport, B. Wilson of Sedgefield, L. Winterton of Doncaster, B. Wood of Anfield, L. Woodley, L. Young of Norwood Green, L. Young of Old Scone, B.

Crossbench (14 votes)

Aberdare, L. Clark of Calton, B. Craig of Radley, L. Green of Hurstpierpoint, L. Hogan-Howe, L. Hope of Craighead, L. Kakkar, L. Kerr of Kinlochard, L. Kinnoull, E. Macpherson of Earl's Court, L. Pannick, L. Russell of Liverpool, L. Stirrup, L. Walney, L.

Non-affiliated (2 votes)

Austin of Dudley, L. Mackenzie of Framwellgate, L.

[insulatingmats]

Does an 11 KV Electrical Rubber Mat Usually Come with BIS Certification?  

Do you know that you may get penalized if you do not use a standard compliant 11 kv rubber mat? You can also face various legal issues due to this. Thus, it is very important to have a third-party testing certificate for your insulating mats.

BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) ensures that your electrical insulation mat for 11 KV adheres to industrial safety regulations. This certification guarantees that your mat is legally compliant and is quality-assured.

Do all suppliers provide a BIS-certified 11 kv electrical rubber mat?

The Bureau of Indian Standards has set the IS 15652:2006 for electrical insulating mats. The IS 15652:2006 standard has three different classes- Class A (3.3 kV), Class B (11 kV), and Class C (33 kV). However, the 11 kv electrical rubber mat belongs to Class B of this standard.

11 kv rubber mat specification: An 11 kV rubber mat has a dielectric strength of 45 kV (approximately). On the other hand, the standard 11kv rubber mat thickness is 2.5 mm. Its AC-proof voltage is approximately 22 kV. Besides, its standard size is 1 m x 10 m.

Reputed manufacturers and suppliers provide the BIS certification. They usually have more commitment to the adherence to safety standards. Besides, it is a matter of reputation. Certification proves the authenticity and credibility of the electrical insulation mat for 11 KV.

Why is BIS certification mandatory for an 11 kv rubber mat?

Quality Control: The 11 kv rubber mat has to undergo rigorous testing to get the BIS certification. Besides, it ensures that it is manufactured with the best quality materials. This guarantees that the mat has good insulating properties and durability for industrial applications.

Enhanced Safety: BIS-certified 11 kv electrical rubber mat meets the safety standards of Indian industries. As a result, it offers optimum safety to the workers of different industries. It has proper insulating properties and dielectric strength. Hence, the 11 kv rubber mat can protect workers from electrical hazards like short circuits, arc flashes, and others. This enhances the safety of the workplace. Installation of an 11 kv electrical rubber mat increases the trust of the employees. They feel valued and safe while working with high voltages. As a result, it increases their productivity to a great extent.

Standard Compliance: The BIS certification ensures that the 11 kv electrical rubber mat adheres to the industrial safety regulations. Hence, it maintains the consistency of its performance in the industrial settings. The performance of the certified 11 kv electrical rubber mat matches its ratings.

What happens when your 11 kV rubber mat is not BIS-certified?

Safety Risks: A non-certified 11 kv rubber mat may fail to save you from electrical hazards. As a result, the workers may have risks of getting burns, injuries, or immediate death.

Legal Issues: Not having a certified 11 kv electrical rubber mat may bring up legal issues. There might be a fine imposed on you for violating the regulations.

Negative Brand Impression: Certifications increase the authenticity of a brand. Without certificates, the customers or resellers will have a negative image of the supplier.

To conclude,

A BIS-certified 11 kv electrical rubber mat is mandatory. It guarantees the authenticity and compliance of the mat. In addition, it ensures that the insulating mat is safe and ready to use for the industries. Not having a BIS certification for your 11 kv rubber mat can lead to fines or penalties. Besides, it can fail to protect workers from electrical hazards. Most importantly, it causes a negative impression about the insulating mat supplier.

Done reading the blog? How about some interesting FAQs?

1. What determines the 11kv rubber mat price? Ans: The 11kv electrical rubber mat price depends on its quality. Generally, prices are higher for high-quality mats. Besides, the supplier you are purchasing it from also plays a huge role. Reputed suppliers usually quote higher prices. On the other hand, the cost also depends on the quantity of the order. It is different for retail and bulk orders.

2. How does an 11 kV insulating mat prevent physical accidents? Ans: Workers can slip or fall and get severe injuries in the workplace. An 11 kV insulating mat may come with an anti-skid design. In other words, they may have a ribbed or dotted texture. This increases the friction of the feet to the mats. As a result, the workers do not slip or fall while moving. This also minimizes medical expenses and downtime due to physical accidents.

3. How to maintain an insulating mat? Ans: The first step to maintaining an insulating mat is to do a thorough visual inspection regularly. You should conduct periodic testing to check the mat's performance. Besides, you should regularly dust and clean your mats. Avoid the accumulation of dirt, dust, and moisture on the mat. In addition, you can also store your mats in a cool and dry place when you are not using them.

[ravelar-attorneysatlaw]

Licenças de Uso e Porte de Arma em Portugal: Uma Análise Completa

O quadro regulatório Português relativo à obtenção de licenças de uso e porte de arma figura entre os mais rigorosos da Europa, refletindo uma preocupação fundamental com a segurança pública.

Analisa-se de forma abrangente o acual sistema de licenciamento de armas em Portugal, desde o seu enquadramento jurídico, requisitos para obtenção de licenças e classificação das mesmas, até às questões jurisprudenciais mais relevantes.

A posse de armas em Portugal não é considerada um direito fundamental ou constitucional, mas antes uma possibilidade concedida pelo Estado sob condições específicas e rigorosas, sendo a Polícia de Segurança Pública (PSP) a entidade responsável pelo controlo e fiscalização deste regime.

Enquadramento Jurídico e Evolução Histórica

A regulamentação do uso e porte de armas de fogo em Portugal tem uma longa história que remonta ao século XV, quando as armas de fogo foram introduzidas no contexto da expansão marítima. Inicialmente, a posse destas armas estava limitada aos militares e às forças de segurança do Estado. A legislação evoluiu significativamente durante os séculos XVIII e XIX, adaptando-se às transformações sociais e tecnológicas da época.

Em 1981, foi publicado o Decreto-Lei n.º 207-A/81, de 1 de julho, estabelecendo as bases para a moderna regulamentação das armas de fogo em Portugal. O actual quadro legal assenta principalmente na Lei n.º 5/2006, de 23 de fevereiro, conhecida como Regime Jurídico das Armas e suas Munições (RJAM), que tem sido objeto de várias alterações ao longo dos anos, sendo a mais recente a Lei n.º 50/2019.

Esta evolução legislativa demonstra a adaptação contínua do ordenamento jurídico às necessidades de segurança pública e controlo de armas na sociedade portuguesa.

O RJAM surgiu num contexto de necessidade de reforço da eficácia no combate ao crime e disseminação de armas ilegais, proporcionando mecanismos de actuação policial mais desenvolvidos e contemplando uma maior repressão à detenção ilegal de armas e aos crimes cometidos com a utilização das mesmas. A legislação estabelece um equilíbrio entre a necessidade de permitir o acesso a armas em determinadas circunstâncias e os perigos que estas podem representar para a sociedade.

Sistema de Classificação de Licenças e Armas

O sistema português estabelece uma classificação detalhada das armas e das correspondentes licenças necessárias para a sua posse e utilização. As armas e munições são classificadas nas classes A, B, B1, C, D, E, F e G, de acordo com o grau de perigosidade, o fim a que se destinam e a sua utilização.

Classe A

As armas da classe A são aquelas consideradas de maior perigosidade, incluindo engenhos ou instrumentos construídos exclusivamente como armas de agressão. Esta categoria abrange armas de fogo automáticas, armas brancas ou de fogo dissimuladas, facas de abertura automática, espingardas com cano inferior a 46 cm e silenciadores. Estas armas não podem ser vendidas, adquiridas ou cedidas a particulares.

Classe B e B1

As armas da classe B englobam principalmente armas de fogo curtas de repetição ou semiautomáticas, como pistolas e revólveres. A subclasse B1, considerada de defesa pessoal, inclui especificamente pistolas semiautomáticas de calibre 6,35 mm Browning e revólveres de calibres específicos como .32 S&W.

Classes C e D

A licença C abrange armas de fogo longas aptas a disparar munições de percussão central, enquanto a licença D corresponde a armas de fogo de cano longo (superior a 60 cm) com canos de alma lisa ou estriada, desde que exclusivamente aptas a disparar munições próprias de canos de alma lisa.. Estas licenças são geralmente associadas à prática de atividades venatórias (caça).

Classes E, F e G

A licença E corresponde a aerossóis, armas elétricas até 200 mil volts e armas de fogo exclusivamente aptas a disparar munições não-metálicas. A licença F abrange matracas, sabres e armas brancas usadas em artes marciais, além de réplicas de armas de fogo para coleção. Por fim, a licença G corresponde a armas de uso veterinário, sinalização, ar comprimido e outras de menor perigosidade.

Requisitos Gerais para Obtenção de Licença

A legislação portuguesa estabelece requisitos comuns a todos os tipos de licença de uso e porte de arma, que devem ser cumpridos cumulativamente pelo requerente. Estes requisitos fundamentais são:

Requisitos Pessoais

Para qualquer licença de uso e porte de arma, o requerente deve ser maior de 18 anos, excetuando-se casos específicos como a prática de tiro desportivo para menores de 14 anos, sujeita a autorização parental e aproveitamento escolar.. O requerente deve encontrar-se em pleno uso de todos os seus direitos civis..

Um dos requisitos mais importantes e complexos é a demonstração de idoneidade, que será analisada detalhadamente em secção posterior. Adicionalmente, o requerente deve ser portador de certificado médico com especificações previstas no artigo 23.º do RJAM e obter aprovação no Curso de Formação Técnica e Cívica (CFTC) para o uso e porte de armas de fogo.

Justificação da Necessidade

O requerente deve demonstrar necessitar da licença, sendo que a natureza desta necessidade varia conforme o tipo de licença solicitada. Para licenças de defesa pessoal (B1), é necessário comprovar a necessidade por razões profissionais ou por circunstâncias de defesa pessoal ou de propriedade. Para licenças de caça (C e D), é necessário demonstrar a necessidade para a prática de atos venatórios, estando já habilitado com carta de caçador, ou demonstrar fundamentadamente necessitar da licença por motivos profissionais.

O Conceito de Idoneidade

A idoneidade constitui um dos requisitos mais importantes e subjetivos para a obtenção de licença de uso e porte de arma em Portugal. Este conceito traduz-se na capacidade ou qualidade de uma pessoa ser titular de tal licença, usando-a de forma correta e dentro dos limites legais.

Definição Legal e Jurisprudencial

O RJAM estabelece nos n.ºs 2, 3 e 4 do artigo 14.º os critérios para apreciação da idoneidade do requerente. Sem prejuízo do disposto no artigo 30.º da Constituição da República Portuguesa, é indicador de falta de idoneidade o facto de ao requerente ter sido aplicada medida de segurança ou ter sido condenado pela prática de crime doloso, cometido com uso de violência, em pena superior a 1 ano de prisão..

Importante notar que a jurisprudência clarifica que esta circunstância constitui apenas uma presunção de falta de idoneidade, que poderá ser afastada. Na actual redação do artigo 14.º, n.º 2, da Lei n.º 5/2006, a condenação do agente pela prática de crime doloso, cometido com uso de violência, em pena superior a 1 ano de prisão, é apenas suscetível de indiciar a falta de idoneidade..

Processo de Reconhecimento de Idoneidade

O pedido de reconhecimento de idoneidade deve ser remetido ao tribunal da última condenação. A falta de idoneidade para o uso e porte de arma não constitui uma pena, nem uma medida de segurança ou sequer uma sanção administrativa, não constituindo mais do que um efeito jurídico desfavorável para quem pretenda obter uma licença.

O Tribunal da Relação de Évora esclareceu que o reconhecimento ou a denegação de idoneidade para o uso e o porte de determinada categoria de armas envolve sempre um juízo qualitativo da parte do Tribunal e não é consequência automática da condenação por este ou por aquele crime, nesta ou naquela pena. Por exemplo, condenações por crimes de violência doméstica e de detenção de arma proibida são frequentemente consideradas reveladoras da desconsideração do regime legal, comprometendo a idoneidade do requerente.

Requisitos Específicos por Tipo de Licença

Cada tipo de licença tem requisitos específicos além dos requisitos gerais já mencionados, adaptados à natureza e finalidade das armas que abrangem.

Licença B1 (Defesa Pessoal)

Para a obtenção da licença B1, destinada a armas de defesa pessoal, o requerente deve, além dos requisitos gerais, demonstrar carecer da licença por razões profissionais ou por circunstâncias imperiosas de defesa pessoal. O processo inclui a frequência de um curso de formação técnica e cívica específico para portadores de armas da classe B1, tanto na concessão inicial quanto nas renovações.

O requerimento deve incluir o nome completo do requerente, número do bilhete de identidade, data e local de emissão, data de nascimento, profissão, estado civil, naturalidade, nacionalidade e domicílio, bem como a justificação da pretensão, acompanhado do certificado de aprovação para o uso e porte de armas de fogo da classe B1.

Licenças C e D (Caça)

Para as licenças C e D, destinadas principalmente à atividade venatória, o requerente deve estar habilitado com carta de caçador com arma de fogo e demonstrar necessitar da licença para a prática de atos venatórios de caça maior (Classe C) ou caça menor (Classe D).

Os titulares destas licenças estão sujeitos a um limite de detenção de um total de 25 armas de fogo, entre as classes C e D, embora este limite não se aplique às detenções já constituídas antes da entrada em vigor da Lei n.º 50/2019.

Licença E

Para a licença E, o requerente deve, além dos requisitos gerais, demonstrar justificadamente carecer da licença. Esta licença abrange aerossóis com gás pimenta, armas elétricas até 200 mil volts e armas de fogo exclusivamente aptas a disparar munições não-metálicas..

Processo de Licenciamento

O processo de licenciamento de armas em Portugal é rigoroso e inclui várias etapas, desde a apresentação do requerimento até à efetiva emissão da licença.

Documentação e Submissão

O requerimento para obtenção de licença deve ser apresentado em qualquer esquadra ou posto da PSP ou da GNR, acompanhado da documentação obrigatória, que varia conforme o tipo de licença solicitada.. Esta documentação geralmente inclui identificação pessoal, certificado médico, certificado de aprovação no curso de formação adequado e documentação comprovativa da necessidade da licença..

Análise e Decisão

A entidade competente para a emissão das licenças é a PSP, especificamente o seu Diretor Nacional para determinadas classes de armas. O processo de análise inclui a verificação dos requisitos legais, incluindo a idoneidade do requerente, que pode envolver a apreciação pelo tribunal em casos de condenações anteriores..

Obrigações Adicionais

Após a autorização e emissão da LUPA (Licença de Uso e Porte de Armas), segue-se o processo de aquisição das armas de fogo, a título oneroso ou gratuito, com necessidade de prévia autorização do Diretor Nacional da PSP para as classes B1 e C. Acresce a exigência de posse de cofre ou armário de segurança para a guarda das armas, bem como de seguro de responsabilidade civil.

Validade, Renovação e Obrigações

A licença de uso e porte de quaisquer armas tem a validade de três anos, sendo renovável, a requerimento dos interessados, por iguais períodos de tempo, conforme estabelecido pela Lei 22/97, de 27 de junho. A renovação requer a verificação da manutenção dos requisitos necessários à concessão original.

Renovação e Consequências da Não Renovação

A renovação nem sempre é requerida pelos titulares das licenças, ficando muitas vezes as armas na posse dos proprietários com a licença caducada, o que nos termos da Lei constitui uma contraordenação e uma posse ilegal. A PSP, enquanto responsável pelo licenciamento, controlo e fiscalização das armas de fogo, procede à fiscalização destas situações, localizando e apreendendo estas armas.

Obrigações de Segurança e Limitações

Os titulares de licenças têm obrigações contínuas, incluindo a guarda segura das armas e munições, geralmente em cofre ou armário de segurança. Existe também a obrigação de manter um seguro de responsabilidade civil válido.

Quanto às restrições no porte de armas, é importante ressaltar que portar uma arma de fogo em Portugal exige uma licença específica, e há limitações quanto aos locais e circunstâncias em que as armas podem ser portadas.

Perspectivas Jurídicas sobre a Posse de Armas

A jurisprudência portuguesa tem consistentemente estabelecido que o uso e porte de armas na ordem jurídica portuguesa não é um direito e muito menos um direito fundamental com consagração constitucional. Esta perspectiva fundamenta o rigoroso controlo exercido pelo Estado sobre a concessão de licenças.

A Posse de Armas como Privilégio

O Tribunal da Relação de Évora estabeleceu que a falta de idoneidade para o uso e porte de arma não constitui uma pena, nem uma medida de segurança ou sanção administrativa, mas simplesmente um efeito jurídico desfavorável para quem pretenda obter uma licença.

De igual modo, não se pode falar de perda de direitos, no contexto do n.º 4 do artigo 30.º da Constituição da República Portuguesa e do n.º 1 do artigo 65.º do Código Penal, já que a faculdade de usar e possuir armas não se configura como direito..

Regra de Proibição com Exceções Autorizadas

A jurisprudência também tem afirmado que o uso e porte de armas é, por regra, proibido, podendo ser autorizado às pessoas que, em concreto, possuam determinadas qualidades pessoais, incluindo a idoneidade. Esta abordagem reflete a preocupação primordial com a segurança pública e a ordem social.

O Tribunal da Relação de Coimbra estabeleceu que o uso e porte ou detenção de arma da classe B depende de concessão prévia de licença para o efeito, reforçando o princípio de que o acesso às armas está sujeito a autorização administrativa prévia em todos os casos.

Conclusão

O regime jurídico das licenças de uso e porte de arma em Portugal caracteriza-se pelo seu rigor e pela preocupação fundamental com a segurança pública. A legislação portuguesa estabelece um sistema complexo de classificação de armas e licenças, com requisitos específicos para cada categoria e um processo de licenciamento exigente.

A obtenção de uma licença de uso e porte de arma em Portugal não é um direito, mas um privilégio concedido pelo Estado mediante o cumprimento de condições rigorosas, incluindo a demonstração de idoneidade, a justificação da necessidade da licença e a obtenção de formação adequada. A idoneidade, em particular, constitui um conceito jurídico fulcral neste regime, sendo objeto de apreciação qualitativa pelos tribunais nos casos de dúvida.

A evolução histórica e legislativa deste regime reflete a adaptação contínua às necessidades de segurança da sociedade portuguesa, com um equilíbrio entre o acesso legítimo às armas para fins específicos e a proteção contra os riscos associados à sua proliferação. Este equilíbrio, embora desafiador, é essencial numa sociedade democrática que valoriza tanto a liberdade individual quanto a segurança coletiva.

[earth-93]

BRIGADE FILES: BEAST (Part 1)

Stars & Stripes Hotline [Version 1.08]

C: \login\BuddyHolly

C:\Users\mini\BrigadeFiles\Xmen

Directory of C: \BrigadeFiles\Xmen

04/23/2006 9:19 AM Total Files Listed: 15 File(s) 168,248 bytes

Directory of C:\BrigadeFiles\Xmen\MCCOY_HANK.txt

[file data =

Main Alias/Moniker: Beast

Legal Name: Dr. Henry Phillip McCoy

Other Aliases: Hank, Hankie, Link "The Beast" Phillips, The Missing Link, Beastie Boy, Golden Arm Hank, The Agile X-Man

Date of Birth: November 30th, 1983 (Age: 23)

Status: Alive

Species: Mutant

Sex: Male

Gender: Cisgender

Height/Weight: 6'3'' (1.9m) / 402 lbs (182.34 kg)

Hair/Eye Color: Black / Hazel

Timeline (1983 - 1998): Hank's mutant traits were apparent at birth. He was not only larger than average for a newborn, weighing in at over 12 pounds, but his hands and feet were already disproportionate in size. The doctors could find no trace of giantism in Hank or the health risks of any similar condition, but the McCoys couldn't leave it be.

They studied potential causes for Hank's condition, and became well-read on mutant theory. The McCoys had a good sense that life was going to be tough for Hank no matter what, so they resolved to provide as comfortable a childhood as they could. Hank's extended family also assisted with this. In particular, his aunts Edna and Gertrude, with how warmly Hank speaks of them to this day.

Hank received his share of taunts and jeers in school, but he claimed to have taken the attention in stride. He was a class clown in elementary school, and a prized athlete by high school, but on the whole Hank grew up preferring the company of books over people. At fifteen, Hank was reading and writing at a college level. His parents knew staying in their small town would only hold Hank back, but were hesitant to let him out onto the world without their supervision.

That's when the Professor entered the picture. He visited the McCoy's personally, divulging that, weeks earlier, Hank had sent an unsolicited paper on mutant theory to his office over in ESU. The Professor apparently laughed off Hank's forwardness, and offered to vouch for Hank should be and his parents choose to put him into college early.

Timeline (1998 - 2001): Hank spent most of his freshman year at ESU on campus, only venturing out into the city for the occasional exhibit or performance. Then on the first day of a genetics class, Hank met a fellow young student, Kavita Rao. The two became involved over the next year, but it was under the understanding that Kavita would eventually continue her studies elsewhere, whether or not Hank would come with her. Nonetheless, Hank took her eventual departure to London quite hard.

By then, Hank had already accumulated three doctorates, but lost the drive to stay and complete his PhD. He had offers from both the Professor and his own father as to what he could do next in life, but he ended up taking his own direction. Based on his love of athleticism and theatrics, Hank took to pro-wrestling. As the wrestling heel (or villain) Link "The Beast" Phillips, Hank was reportedly happy and content with where he was in life.

Timeline (2001 - 2003): Then one day, Hank showed up at the doorstep to the Professor's Mansion in a fugue state. It took Jean to pull him out of it and speak to us. He explained that he wasn't the only mutant performing in the Ultra (Later Unlimited) Class Wrestling Federation. One such wrestler was Gunther Bain, who became Hank's friend and mentor as they toured Hank's native Midwest. In actuality, Bain was a recruiter to the Brotherhood, and propositioned Hank when he had cemented their trust in one another.

Hank stressed to us that he was never tempted by Bain's offer, but he did rationalize he very well might have, had just a few things about him and his life had played out differently. The thought troubled Hank so greatly it put him in his fugue state that lasted all through his abandoning the UCWF circuit and the train ride to the Mansion. Once Jean got him back to his wits, Hank told the Professor he was fully on board with the pilot study that would eventually become the School.

Technically, Hank was more a staff member than a fellow student, brought on board as the Professor's assistant. But Hank very quickly slotted himself with myself and the rest of the "students." Being the Professor's confidante of sorts lent Hank a level of access to information that even I wasn't privy to. So when the Professor secluded himself on the news of the Santo Marco occupation, Hank was the one who gave the rest of us answers.

He told us the full history (Or at least as much as he knew about at the time) between the Professor and Magneto, and how the idea for the X-Men was one of many plans they made when they were still friends and allies. Hank was hesitant to intervene in Santo Marco, but probably due to his brush with the Brotherhood through Bain, he stood by me when I convinced the Professor that we needed to intervene.

continue data? y/n]

[mbbsblogsblog]

Explore the Top Medical Universities in Bangladesh for MBBS

Affordable, Recognized, and Quality Education

Dear Visitors, from your online navigation it is quite obvious that you are searching for the best medical university in Bangladesh.

If so, this page leads you to the find the best medical college in Bangladesh.

In terms of educational progress, Bangladesh has made significant advances. As a developing country in Asia, this is a significant achievement. Because of the inexpensive course fees, Bangladesh has become a popular destination for students seeking to pursue MBBS. It was an excellent decision to enrol in the MBBS program.

 Key Reasons to Study MBBS in Bangladesh

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The hospitals and medical facilities where medical students get practical training are equipped with cutting-edge technology and world-class infrastructure to enhance learning.

Top Medical Universities in Bangladesh

·  Dhaka Medical College

Location: Dhaka

Year of Establishment: 1946

Recognitions: Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BMDC), World Health Organization (WHO), Medical Council of India (MCI)

·  Sir Salimullah Medical College

Location: Dhaka

Year of Establishment: 1875

Recognitions: BMDC, WHO, MCI

·  Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU)

Location: Dhaka

Year of Establishment: 1998

Recognitions: BMDC, WHO, University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (UGC)

·  Chittagong Medical College

Location: Chittagong

Year of Establishment: 1957

Recognitions: BMDC, WHO, MCI

·  Rajshahi Medical College

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Year of Establishment: 1958

Recognitions: BMDC, WHO, MCI

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Year of Establishment: 1972

Recognitions: BMDC, WHO, MCI

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Recognitions: BMDC, WHO, MCI

·  North East Medical College

Location: Sylhet

Year of Establishment: 1998

Recognitions: BMDC, WHO, MCI

·  Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College

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Recognitions: BMDC, WHO, MCI

·  Enam Medical College

Location: Dhaka

Year of Establishment: 2003

Recognitions: BMDC, WHO, MCI

MBBS in Bangladesh: At a Glance

Degree Offered: MBBS

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Eligibility Criteria: 60% marks in PCB

Fees: Varies by college

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Entrance Exams: NEET-UG required

Approvals: Medical colleges approved by NMC and WHO

Medium of Teaching: English

MBBS in Bangladesh: Facts

 The pricing structure in Bangladesh medical universities is reasonable for Indian students.

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Pursuing an MBBS course in Bangladesh is also useful for those who do not achieve the requisite marks in the NEET test.

 This country's accommodations, hostel amenities, meals, and study environment are similar to living and studying in another home.

To gain admission to the finest medical colleges in Bangladesh for Indian students, visit the official websites of each medical institution in Bangladesh. You can also consult Ria Overseas for admission support. 

Call us now for the best deal!

[moko1590m]

航空機が音速を超えた時に発生するのが衝撃波、衝撃波が地上（海面）で雷のような音として聞こえるのがソニックブームです。

航空祭（エアショー）の展示飛行などの写真をWebで見ていると、音の壁を突き抜けた現象の写真として、機体の周囲に丸い雲が発生した様な写真を見かけます。これは、ベイパーコーンと呼ばれる現象で、衝撃波とは別の現象です。

衝撃波の画像（写真）は、シュリーレン法とよばれる特殊な撮影装置を使います。 ここでは、米国空軍のWebサイトのソニックブームの説明などを参考にして、ソニックブームとベイパーコーンについて説明します。

スポンサーリンク

目次 超音速飛行による衝撃波とソニックブーム ソニックブームの波形 ソニックブームの特徴と対策 ソニックブームの周波数範囲と持続時間 ソニックブームの経路と範囲 気象条件によるソニックブームへの影響 超音速飛行の制約 ソニックブームの研究例 ベイパーコーンとは 参考資料 まとめ 超音速飛行による衝撃波とソニックブーム ソニックブームとは、超音速で飛行する航空機により発生した衝撃波が、空気による圧力波となり、地面（海上）に到達した時に発生する雷と似たような衝撃音のことです。

音速は、海面では約1,200（km/h） 衝撃波は、船が進むことにより船首により発生する波面に似た現象で、波面が伝わる様子がソニックブームのイメージです。 下図は、超音速非行によるソニックブームのイメージです。

航空機が音速を超えると衝撃波（下図の赤線）が発生します。 航空機が下図左方向に進んでいくと、衝撃波により発生した圧力波（音）が下図右方向に伝わっていきます。 発生した圧力波（音）が、地上に伝わると、地上では衝撃音が聞こえますが、航空機はすでに通り過ぎていますので、音だけが聞こえます。 この衝撃音がソニックブームです。 大きい音（衝撃音）は、空気による圧力波なので、窓ガラスなどを割る様なケースもあるようです。 超音速飛行によるソニックブームのイメージ 超音速飛行によるソニックブームのイメージ

図1　超音速飛行によるソニック��ームのイメージ

ソニックブームによる圧力の変化は急激なもので、およそ0.1m2当たり2kg程度です。

この圧力の変化量は、エレベーターで2回か3回降りる時と同じ程度です。 ソニックブームの波形 ソニックブームの波形は、N波とU波とがあります。

N波は、定常飛行状態から発生し、これにより発生する圧力波の形がN字型をしている。 U波は、旋回などの運動をしている状態から発生し、これにより発生する圧力波の形がU字型をしている。 はかせ はかせ ソニックブームの波形の話は、専門的過ぎて個人的にも理解できていないので、この辺で・・・。

衝撃波により発生した音は、空気により地上に伝わりソニックブームとなります。

ソニックブームの特徴と対策 航空機の超音速飛行により発生した衝撃波が、地上で音として聞こえるソニックブームについて説明します。

ソニックブームの周波数範囲と持続時間 ソニックブームのエネルギー範囲は、周波数では0.1～100（Hz：ヘルツ）の範囲に集中しています。

100（Hz）の音は、航空機や工場などの騒音よりもかなり低い音です。 ソニックブームの継続時間は、機体の大きさによりますがとても短いです。

戦闘機サイズで100（ms）、0.1秒 スペースシャトルやコンコルドで500（ms）、0.5秒 ソニックブームの経路と範囲 ソニックブームの経路（進行方向）と範囲は、航空機の機体形状や操縦方法（機体の飛行状態）により変化し、次の様になります。

航空機の飛行高度が高くなるほど、より広い範囲に影響が出る。 航空機の移動経路の真下が、最も影響が大きい（圧力波が強い）。 例えば、

高度9,000（m）で超音速飛行した場合、横方向への広がりは約38（km）となる。 一定速度での超音速飛行の場合、ソニックブームも航空機と共に移動する。（カーペットブームという。） 飛行条件（加速や旋回運動など）におり、ソニックブームが強くなったり弱くなったりします。 気象条件によるソニックブームへの影響 ソニックブームは、気象条件にも影響を受けます。

気象条件により、ソニックブームがゆがむ場合もあります。 ソニックブームによる音を地上で必ず聞くことができるとは限りません。

航空機の飛行高度にもよりますが、ソニックブームは上空を通過してから2～60秒後に地上に到達します（音が聞こえます）。 音速は、気温や高度により変化します。

標準的な大気条件（気象条件）では、高度が上がると気温は下がります。 海面温度（高度：0m）が14.4度の場合、高度9,000（ｍ）では-45度 空気層の温度変化（温度勾配）により、音の進行方向は上方に曲がります。 音速は、高度9,000（ｍ）の場合1,080（km/h）、地上では1,207（km/h） 超音速飛行の制約 航空機の超音速飛行により発生するソニックブームによる地上への影響を防ぐため、米国空軍では次のようなルールとなっています。

飛行高度は3,048（m）以上 海岸から24（km）以内の外洋上空 陸上での超音速飛行は、9,144（m）以上か、特別に指定された区域 ソニックブームの研究例 下図は、NASAによるソニックブームを低減させる航空機設計のための試験飛行の写真です。

F-15B（Aeronautics Research Test Bed：飛行研究用の試験機）の機首に伸縮可能なブーム（黒い部分）が取り付けられています。 伸縮可能なブームの長さとソニックブームによる騒音レベルとの関係を調べる試験飛行です。 NASAのF-15Bによる試験飛行 Shhh. Be Very, Very Quiet. NASA continued to explore new aircraft designs capable of reducing the noise level of sonic booms by test flying an F-15B modified with an extendable boom on its nose. The Quiet Spike project conducted during 2006-2007 involved more than 50 flights and was a follow on to the Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration program.

図2　NASAのF-15Bによる試験飛行

F-15Eストライクイーグルの詳細については、以下の記事を参考にしてください。

F-15Eストライクイーグル：最強のマルチロール戦闘機 F-15EXイーグルIIとF-15Eストライク・イーグル、イーグルIIは現在量産2機の運用試験中です。F-15Eはすでに運用されているようなので別物と考えています。F-15Cの後継F-15Eストライク・イーグルについて、米国空軍Webサイト...

hakase-aviation.com ベイパーコーンとは 航空際（エアショー）での展示飛行の写真で、ベイパーコーン（vapor cone）とよばれる写真を見ることがあります。

音速を超えた衝撃波の写真として紹介されている場合もありますが、衝撃波ではありません。

ベイパーコーンとは、機体表面が低圧になることで発生する水蒸気（雲）のことです。

下図は、F-22ラプターのベイパーコーンの写真です。

写真のキャプションには、「Going supersonic」とありますが、音速で飛行しているわけではないと思われます。 主翼左右端から後方に細長く伸びているのは飛行機雲です。 ベイパーコーン：F-22ラプター Going supersonic An F-22 Raptor executes a supersonic flyby over the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis June 22, 2009, during Northern Edge 2009, a joint exercise in Alaska focusing on detecting and tracking units at sea, in the air and on land. (U.S. Navy photo/Petty Officer 1st Class Ronald Dejarnett)

図3-1　ベイパーコーン：F-22ラプター

出典：USAF（米国空軍）のWebサイト＜Home > News > Photos＞からの画像

下図は、F-35AライトニングIIのベイパーコーンの写真です。

音の壁を突破した様なイメージを受けますが、衝撃波の写真ではありません。 ベイパーコーン：F-35AライトニングII Lightning speed Maj. Kristin Wolfe, F-35A Lightning II Demonstration Team pilot and commander, flies at Mach .95 during the Oregon International Air Show at Hillsboro Airport in Hillsboro, Ore., May 20, 2022. The “She Flies with Her Own Wings” air show was considered an all-female air show including female performers, maintenance personnel, emcees and air bosses. (U.S. Air Force photo by Capt. Kip Sumner)

図3-2　ベイパーコーン：F-35AライトニングII

出典：USAF（米国空軍）のWebサイト＜Home > News > Photos＞からの画像

下図は、F/A-18Eスーパーホーネットのベイパーコーンの写真です。

キャプションには、「breaks the sound barrier」とありますが、音速で飛行しているわけではないと思われます。 ベイパーコーン：F/A-18Eスーパーホーネット 220703-N-NO874-1001 IONIAN SEA (July 3, 2022) An F/A-18E Super Hornet attached to the “Fighting Checkmates” of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 211 breaks the sound barrier during an air and sea power demonstration, July 3, 2022. The Harry S. Truman Carrier Strike Group is on a scheduled deployment in the U.S. Naval Forces Europe area of operations, employed by U.S. 6th Fleet to defend U.S., allied and partner interests. (U.S. Navy photo by Lt. John Van Anglen)

図3-3　ベイパーコーン：F/A-18Eスーパーホーネット

出典：US NAVY（米国海軍）のWebサイト＜Home > RESOURCES > Photo Gallery＞からの画像

下図は、B-1Bランサーのベイパーコーンの写真です。

B-1Bランサーは、可変翼の戦略爆撃機で大型の機体です。

ベイパーコーン：B-1Bランサー Low pass OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM — A B-1B Lancer performs a low-level fly-by for troops deployed for Operation Enduring Freedom on Oct. 27. The B-1B’s three internal weapons bays can accommodate up to 84 MK-82 general purpose bombs or MK-62 naval mines, 30 CBU-87/89 cluster munitions or CBU-97 Sensor Fused Weapons. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Rebeca M. Luquin)

図3-3　ベイパーコーン：B-1Bランサー

出典：ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE（米国空軍）のWebサイト＜Home > News > Photos＞からの画像

参考資料 この記事では、USAF（米国空軍）のWebサイトの以下の記事を参考にしています。

Access Denied

www.af.mil スポンサーリンク

まとめ 航空機が音速を超えた時に発生するのが衝撃波、衝撃波が地上（海面）で雷のような音として聞こえるのがソニックブームです。

航空祭（エアショー）の展示飛行などの写真をWebで見ていると、機体の周囲に丸い雲が発生した様な写真を見かけます。これは、ベイパーコーンと呼ばれる現象で、衝撃波とは別の現象です。

(超音速飛行による衝撃波とソニックブーム、ベイパーコーンとの違い | 実験とCAEとはかせ工房から)

[ucor-1100]

Week 2 - Required post 1

The two words I decided to search were “Japan + culture.” This is what I found:

Bibliography

Delwiche, Jeannine F. “You Eat with Your Eyes First.” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 107, no. 4, Nov. 2012, pp. 502–504, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938412002703, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.07.007. Accessed 6 Oct. 2024.

Hopson, Nathan. ““Fake Food: Authentic Japanese Product”—on the Rise of Visuality in Middlebrow Japanese Culinary Culture.” Japan Forum, vol. 31, no. 2, 1 June 2019. EBSCOhost, web-p-ebscohost-com.proxy.seattleu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=18a5e21c-5457-4e6f-b655-028e0b34f055%40redis, https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2018.1494206. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.

Sanpuru are precise models of food used a marketing tool found commonly in the display windows of Japanese restaurants. It’s visual appeal evokes hunger within potential customers. The accuracy of these displays built trust between customer and restaurant, ensuring quality and honest service.

Kim, Chi-Hoon. “The Power of Fake Food: Plastic Food Models as Tastemakers in South Korea.” M/c Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, 16 Mar. 2014, https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.778. Accessed 6 Oct. 2024.

Tamari, Tomoko. “Rise of the Department Store and the Aestheticization of Everyday Life in Early 20th Century Japan.” International Journal of Japanese Sociology, vol. 15, no. 1, Nov. 2006, pp. 99–118, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6781.2006.00088.x.

I’ve left annotations on the main article, ““Fake Food: Authentic Japanese Product”—on the Rise of Visuality in Middlebrow Japanese Culinary Culture.” However, looking through all three, I have learned that like Thai food culture (as we discussed in class), Japanese food culture has also adapted in accordance to Western preferences. Japanese people thought of the West as “modern” and strived to operate as such. Fake food was one of the strategies used to introduce and incorporate foreign foods into their own culture. Its strategy is also scientifically proven to invoke feelings of hunger.