#tetanus core

[firefrostfaith]

why do homosexuals always have to consume each other 😭😭get your teeth out that bitch he hasn't showered in weeks!!

[digital-grim]

Ever wondered what this image means? Or just curious about the layers of skin on your body? And to make it worth your while I'll cover how to treat the wounds

First we have the epidermis which is also known as the 'Cat Scratch' layer. The Epidermis is also the outer Barrier which is the outermost layer of the skin. It acts as the body’s first line of defense against bacteria, viruses, UV rays, and dehydration.

Some key features of this layer are: made of stratified squamous epithelium, Avascular, (contains no blood vessels) Constantly regenerates every 28-40 days, Composed of five sublayers (from deepest to outermost): Stratum basale – where new skin cells are produced.

Stratum spinosum – strengthens skin through keratin production.

Stratum granulosum – cells start to die, forming a waterproof barrier.

Stratum lucidum – found only in thick skin (palms, soles).

Stratum corneum – layers of dead keratinized cells.

And finally the important cells of this layer: Keratinocytes (produce keratin)

Melanocytes (produce melanin for pigment)

Langerhans cells (immune response)

Merkel cells (touch sensation)

Next we have The Dermis also known as the Styro/foam layer

Beneath the epidermis lies the dermis, a thicker layer that provides strength and elasticity.

The structure of this layer is divided up into two regions: Papillary layer (upper): loose connective tissue, capillaries, and sensory neurons, and the Reticular layer (lower): dense connective tissue, collagen, and elastin fibers.

The function for these two layers Houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings. Thermoregulation, sensation, and wound healing happen here.

Now we have the 'Beans' layer which is called The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer) The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous tissue, is the innermost layer of the skin, which is made of loose connective tissue and fat cells (adipocytes).

The functions of this layer Insulates the body and maintains core temperature, Cushions internal organs, Stores energy as fat, Connects skin to underlying muscles and bones.

Fun Fact:

The thickness of skin varies depending on the location—it's thickest on the palms and soles (up to 4 mm) and thinnest on the eyelids (around 0.5 mm).

Finally the Laffy Taffy and bedrock layers are simply muscle and bone. Now I'm going to move on to what everyone is waiting for and that is

what happens when each layer is cut and how to treat the wound

Cut to the Epidermis (Superficial Wound)

➤ What Happens:

Only the top layer of skin is damaged. Minimal bleeding or none at all. May sting or look red. Example: light scratch, razor nick.

➤ Healing & Treatment:

The body quickly begins regeneration of skin cells from the stratum basale.

Usually heals in 3–7 days without scarring.

Clean the area, apply antibiotic ointment, and bandage if needed.

Cut to the Dermis (Partial-Thickness Wound)

➤ What Happens: Bleeding occurs due to blood vessels in the dermis. Pain, redness, and inflammation. Possible exposure of nerve endings, causing sensitivity.

Example: deeper knife cuts, second-degree burns.

➤ Healing & Treatment:

May take 1–3 weeks depending on depth.

Wound must be kept clean and moist to prevent infection.

May require stitches, antibiotics, and regular dressing changes.

Skin may scar depending on healing and depth.

Cut to the Hypodermis (Full-Thickness Wound)

➤ What Happens: Deep wound cuts through all skin layers. Exposure of fat tissue; bleeding can be profuse. Risk of infection is higher.

Example: puncture wounds, lacerations, animal bites.

➤ Healing & Treatment:

Professional medical attention required.

Usually needs stitches or even surgical intervention.

May require tetanus shot or oral antibiotics.

Heals slower, and scarring is likely.

Cut into Muscle Tissue

➤ What Happens: Muscle fibers are damaged—can cause weakness, limited mobility, or muscle spasms.Deep bleeding, swelling, bruising.Risk of nerve or tendon damage if injury is severe.

➤ Healing & Treatment:

Requires stitches or even surgical repair if muscle is torn.

Long healing period (weeks to months).

May involve physical therapy to regain strength and function.

Pain management with medication.

Injury to the Bone (Open or Compound Fracture)

➤ What Happens: Bone is fractured and exposed through the skin. Extreme pain, bleeding, and high risk of infection. Can damage surrounding nerves, muscles, and vessels.

➤ Healing & Treatment:

Emergency medical care is critical.

Often requires surgery, including:

Bone realignment (reduction)

Metal rods, plates, or screws (internal fixation)

Antibiotics, wound care, and immobilization (cast or brace).

Healing may take 6–12 weeks or longer.

My final notes:

Always seek medical attention for deep wounds, uncontrollable bleeding, or exposed tissue.

Proper wound care prevents infection and supports faster recovery.

Healing varies based on age, health, nutrition, and injury type.

And always remember to take proper care of yourself <3

[peachyfnaf]

I'm sorry but "MY BEAUTIFUL PRINCESS WITH A DISORDER<3" really made my day and I needed you to know

🤣🤣🤣

I can't believe Nexus is bullying peepaw war criminal.

Do you think Nexus is going to be stopped by big bro Sun or do you think the lil guy is going beyond the point of no return?

(Please talk about baby cringe Lord Nexus, I want to hear about your blorbo 🙏)

That's because Nexus IS my beautiful princess with a disorder, I'll have you know <3 they're diseased but it's okay I can give them their tetanus and flu shots and it'll all be better I GOT THIS

But. ahem, okay, blorbo yapping time. I'm not even gonna say "I'll try to keep this short" because I know it wont end up that way HAHAHAHAHA

"Do you think Nexus is going to be stopped by big bro Sun or do you think the lil guy is going beyond the point of no return?"

I... have absolutely no idea!!!1! (and also it took me an embarrassingly long amount of time to realize peepaw war criminal was Ruin KJDFHSDF)

The most frustrating thing about canon Nexus is how his morals, motivations, and goals seem to see-saw back and forth all the time. at first, he became how he is now due to Solar's death. he spiraled in his grief, identity-issues, and abandonment. but... now his motivation is to become an all powerful god??? while it's most likely that NSP is at play and affecting his thought process, it's... well, it's really hard to take him seriously as a villain because of it, lol. for an audience to enjoy, and even sympathize in some cases, with a villain, their goals and motivations have to be concrete. they have to be relatable, or at least understandable, but Nexus' whole thing is... not, Imho. and I know I'm not the only person who feels this way!!!

I see a lot of people calling Nexus "cringe", and the thing is, when it comes to canon Nexus, they're not really... wrong??? The worst thing Nexus has done so far is make Old Moon see his past victims, which is fucked up of him to do, but.. so far, that's kind of it??? other than that, his "villainy" consists of saying empty threats and cheesy evil one-liners. hell, he was supposed to kidnap Sun yesterday but instead spent the whole episode yapping and venting to him, chasing Sun around in the worlds darkest game of tag before getting some lead right in the face dkfjhsdfsd

Also, notice how he's only targeted Old Moon when it comes to actual physical violence? not Lunar, Earth, Solar, or Sun, but Old Moon? yeah, I did too. we already know that Nexus does everything because he's lashing out, but as of rn the only target he's gotten his hands on physically being O.M...? well. I think it says a lot. cause' yeah, he sure as shit scared the life out of the other Celestials, but he's never put his hands on them!! the only other one of them he harmed physically was Earth- and not only was he not aiming for her, she was just in the way- he felt immediate regret for his actions once in space, and has yet to even see Earth ever since that day.

So, I really have no idea if he's going to be "redeemed" or not. one second he's showing signs he might be, and the next he's falling further down the "pretty badly written villain" rabbit-hole. if he does get something akin to a redemption arc, he'll prolly mostly be accepted in the eyes of the viewers, considering a lot of peeps sympathize or at least understand where he's coming from, but I seriously doubt the other Celestials would take him back. the only one's who might see him as family/a close friend again are Sun and Solar, but even then, nothing would ever be the same.

I hope he gets redeemed, or at least freed from the hold Dark Sun has on him and he's able to live his own life, I really do. at his core, Nexus is a good person. a good person who was crushed under the weight of the shadow of the man he was born under. and we know this because he used to be New Moon. sweet, dorky New Moon.

New Moon, who made inventions like sentient knives and whoopee cushions. New Moon, who had matching My Little Pony stickers with his best friend. New Moon, who bought a whole ass island-luxury-house for Sun because he wanted to make him feel better and give him the proper space to heal. and New Moon- the poor freshly-baked A.I who gave his all to make sure he could do everything that Old Moon could, but it just wasn't enough. he tried and tried and tried, but it wasn't enough.

So yeah, idk if he's getting one in canon, but to me, he more than deserves a good ending, for the life he was given. let him be at peace.

[sevasey51]

I’m an animal lover to my core. Toxic trait I would probably pet something that would kill me😂😂. Jay, will and maybe Stella and Kelly have some funny stories to tell Connor about how her love for animals gets her in trouble sometimes. 😂 this would be when they first started dating

Warning: May Stop Traffic for Goose

Summary: Connor’s still in the getting-to-know-you phase with Y/N’s closest people, so when she brings him to Molly’s one night to hang out with Jay, Will, Stella, and Kelly, he expects some harmless teasing. What he doesn’t expect are the chaotic, hilarious stories they unleash about Y/N’s unstoppable love for animals—stories that involve highway rescues, illegally adopted raccoons, and a very dramatic petting zoo incident. Connor can’t stop laughing… or falling for her even more.

It was a calm night at Molly’s—low lighting, music playing just loud enough to make you lean in to talk, and drinks in hand as Connor sat surrounded by the people who knew Y/N best.

She was beside him in a cozy sweater, laughing as Jay launched into a story that started with, “Okay, so you know she loves animals, right?”

Connor gave her a suspicious look. “She volunteers at a rescue. I figured that was the extent of it.”

Will choked on his beer.

“Oh no,” Kelly said, grinning. “It goes so much deeper than that.”

Y/N groaned and buried her face in Connor’s shoulder. “Ignore them. Nothing they’re about to say is legally admissible.”

“Too late,” Jay said, leaning forward on his elbows, clearly thriving. “Okay, story one: She once caused a full-on traffic jam on the Eisenhower because she spotted an injured goose on the side of the road.”

Connor blinked. “Wait. The Eisenhower? That’s like six lanes.”

“She stopped her car,” Jay continued, delighted. “Hazard lights on. Got out. In heels. And tried to herd the goose into her backseat with a granola bar.”

Y/N peeked up. “It was limping! And hungry!”

“You almost got run over,” Will added. “I had to drive from Med to help redirect traffic while Animal Control came.”

Connor was laughing now, both horrified and totally in awe. “What happened to the goose?”

“Oh, it bit her,” Stella said casually, sipping her wine.

“She needed a tetanus shot,” Jay said, deadpan. “And still called to check on the goose two days later.”

Connor turned to Y/N, eyes wide. “You got bitten by a goose and still followed up?”

She shrugged. “I just wanted to make sure Gary was okay.”

“You named it?!”

“Of course I did!”

Everyone burst into laughter.

“Oh! Tell him about the raccoon,” Kelly added, nudging Will, who just nodded solemnly.

“She tried to adopt a raccoon.”

“It was a baby!”

“It was a wild animal,” Will corrected, “that she kept in her apartment bathroom for two days.”

“I made him a nest and everything,” Y/N said proudly.

“He shredded your shower curtain and peed in your laundry basket.”

Connor looked like he couldn’t decide between laughing or kissing her on the spot. “Please tell me you didn’t bring him to the vet.”

“I tried,” she said indignantly. “But they wouldn’t take raccoons. Rude.”

Connor chuckled, shaking his head. “You’re unbelievable.”

“One more,” Stella said, eyes twinkling. “Last summer—petting zoo birthday party? Some poor toddler left the gate unlatched. The goats got out.”

“Oh no,” Connor said, grinning.

“Oh yes,” Jay said. “And guess who tackled a goat wearing a sundress and flip-flops before it could get to the parking lot?”

Connor looked at Y/N, who raised her hand proudly.

“I didn’t tackle it. I just… gently intercepted it with enthusiasm.”

“She rolled,” Will said. “Like full shoulder dive. Dirt everywhere. And the goat still headbutted her.”

Connor was laughing so hard now he nearly spilled his drink. “Okay. Wow. I thought I was dating a trauma nurse. Turns out I’m dating some kind of off-duty animal control vigilante.”

Y/N grinned, poking at his ribs. “Admit it—you’re impressed.”

“Oh, I’m in so much trouble,” he said, eyes softening as he looked at her. “But yeah… totally impressed.”

As the others kept laughing and reminiscing, Connor sat back, arm around Y/N, heart full.

He’d come to Molly’s expecting a casual night out.

Instead, he got stories that made him fall a little deeper in love with the girl who would brave six lanes of traffic for a goose named Gary.

[afternoondreaming]

Imagine: Celebrating the New Year with Wheatley

(Gender Neutral Reader)

    Down in the depths of the Aperture Science Enrichment Center it becomes incredibly difficult to tell time. Most clocks are either broken or out of battery. Any atomic clocks that might have adorned a desk were damaged beyond repair. Two things, however, have never let you down. The first is your always chatty companion, Wheatley. The second: the moon.

    You catch glimpses of the beautiful celestial body in a very certain room. You’re on a higher level of the facility for sure, although through the years the floor level designations have long since worn away. There is a hole, large and rotten around the edges as the ceiling tiles wear away from rain. You can see through countless floors, countless miles up, until the moon- sublime and beaming- takes up the star-pocked sky.

    You had developed a simple moon calendar based on one Wheatley had mentioned during his rambling stories, and he even gave you a starting date to help. While you couldn’t be sure of his accuracy, you could at least be appreciative of his help. As often as you can, the two of you would return to the room for respite and to add a notch onto your calendar. One night as the two of you chat away about nothing, something comes to Wheatley.

    “Oh! Love, mark on that calendar- lovely job by the way, amazing idea I had and you completed, teamwork- it’s New Year’s Eve! You humans take that seriously, don’t you? That whole Y2K incident and all.” His optic rolled at the mention of that. Although you weren’t quite paying attention past his first statement.

    “It’s New Years Eve?” You repeated it back to him. It couldn’t possibly be New Years Eve. There’s no fanfare, no fireworks- the world is silent. To be fair, there is no one to celebrate it around here. Just Wheatley, GLaDOS, and you; you highly doubt GLaDOS would be holding a New Years Eve party. “Wheatley, how long until midnight?”

    “Around...” He pauses for a moment, glancing up at nothing. “Two hours. Love, I know New Years is important to you humans, but- don’t know if you noticed- we have no traditional means of celebration.”

    You clap your hands together and start putting your plan into motion. Wheatley watches you from the position you had put him on a desk, commenting and questioning here and there. You string some rusty paperclips into a chain and hang it using some spare push-pins- really hoping whoever had you asleep kept you up on your tetanus shots-  and get to work cutting out some firework shapes from colored printer paper to tape to the walls. 

    “You like fireworks, Love?” Wheatley asked, oddly quiet for his usual rambling self.

    “Well, they are loud, but they’re beautiful. The colors glowing against the dark night sky...” Some sadness creeps up on you as you’re cutting out the fireworks, but you push it back down and continue crafting. “Anyways, it really is beautiful. These little things don’t really compare.” You chuckle as you hold up one of them for Wheatley to see. “I think they’re cute though!” You start pinning them to the wall.

    “Y’know, Love, I’ve never actually seen them- well, never footage of them at least. Never been out of here anyway, no management rail up and all. I-... Like yours.” His eye is looking at anything but you at this point. He sputters “Could’ve done some science to make them glow- not hard of course, for a core of my intellect.” You giggle and his optic meets your eyes again. As you walk over to him you smile, taking a seat on the desk at a nice spot where you could see both the moon and your little craft project.

    “Time check, Wheatley?” You cradle him on your lap, gazing wistfully at the heavenly body.

    “From my extensive calculations- very hard to do, by way, very complex- I would say its about to be a minute from New Years Day. I’ve heard you humans- silly things you are- like to count down the seconds. You start from... Ten, I believe?”

    “You’re right, we humans are silly... Lets count down, okay, Wheats?” The sadness from before starts to weigh on you. How long has is been since you’ve been outside? Seen the world, seen any kind of civilization or people... Hearing him begin to count snaps you out of it. You join him, rhythmically counting down the seconds until you finally reach the end. You see no fanfare in the sky, hear no booming of fireworks or clinking of glasses. Just the unending silence and creaking of a facility long forgotten.

    “Happy New Year, Love...” Wheatley whispers, a rare quiet in his voice. “Thank you- for the fireworks and sparkly banners... Its the best one I’ve ever had.” His kind words are exactly what you needed. You look to your wall of crafts, the paper clips twinkling in the light and your crude paper cut outs finding new meaning.

    “Happy New Year, my dear.” You whisper back, holding him close and putting a gentle kiss on his metal chassis. He doesn’t respond, but the gentle whirring of his fans lulls you into peace. Eyes still gazing up at the moon.

[definegodliness]

Silenced

Last I remember is The silence, and my oafish gratitude To finally be rid Of the lost-battle-struggle, Echoing deafening Screams and hollers within My rib cage, until weakened Animalistic groans Screeched, so, scratched at my sternum in Lock-jawed Lamentations of a voice Too hoarse to cry out; The excruciation of my core Cramped up to a leaden ball Til its last whimper, and, so, Its pitiful death, Much anticipated… then… The relief of silence, and Riddance of pain has made Place for Grief, since. What hurts no more, has turned Unfeeling; dead, rigor mortis post Tetanus, So, your departure Has infected my heart. I never guessed this silence Would not turn song, again, And Even though I am partial to believe in miracles, I know my heart, and as far as I can Remember, it will not Come Alive, again. Of this I am Certain.

--- 18-4-2024, M.A. Tempels ©

[grubus]

I'm not the Zhu Kang anon, but I might become one... unless Zhao De returns, I love evil bastards. Him and Lady Jia would make my day. But I can't believe Heng He was bitten twice! Does he need a tetanus shot? Does that exist or will his golden core handle it?

Lady Jia and Zhao De, my darlings <3 may karma strike them down in very fun ways.

He sure did!!! And honestly, golden core likely is enough. But imagine how funny that would be, ZK having to invent tetanus vaccines to save this basic face boy who seems very invested in him, oooh~

[hellsite-yano]

As usual: The List of Completed Games 2023

Arrival (DOOM) Sunder (DOOM) Mibibli's Quest Action Doom (DOOM) Action Doom 2: Urban Brawl (DOOM) Assault on Tei Tenga (DOOM) Maptroid: Worlds Demons of Problematique (DOOM) Demons of Problematique 2 (DOOM) Newgothic Movement (DOOM) Newgothic Movement 2 (DOOM) Legacy of Heroes (DOOM) TNT Revilution (DOOM) /pol/ (DOOM) Equinox (DOOM) Thunderpeak (DOOM) Pizza Tower Automaton Lung SMBNext: Sunset Shores Heart of the Killer Elderand Kama Sutra (DOOM) Brotherhood of Ruin (DOOM) Brotherhood of Ruin: The Lost Temple (DOOM) Metroid Fusion: Special Edition No End in Sight (DOOM) Counterattack (DOOM) Consolation Prize (DOOM) Golden Souls 2 (DOOM) Super Metroid Redesign: Axeil Edition REKKR The Legend of Dark Witch Episode 2 Castlevania: Simon's Destiny (DOOM) The Legend of Dark Witch 3 Micro Slaughter Community Project (DOOM) Cave Story 3D Plutonia Revisited Community Project (DOOM) 200 Minutes of /vr/ (DOOM) Hell Ground (DOOM) Mutiny (DOOM) Diabolus Ex (DOOM) Rusted Moss Dread Templar The Machine (Knytt Stories) Ashes 2063 Enriched (DOOM) Carnage Oasis (DOOM) Ashes Afterglow (DOOM) MAYhem 2048 (DOOM) Doom 2 Redux (DOOM) Bungle in the Jungle (DOOM) Anomaly Report (DOOM) MyHouse (DOOM) Dementium Remastered HROT BACULUS (DOOM) Doom 2 Reloaded (DOOM) Vracks Botanicals (DOOM) Resurgence (DOOM) Invasion UAC (DOOM) SuperDoom (DOOM) 2048 Units of /vr/ (DOOM) Cydonia (DOOM) Happy (DOOM) Tetris Effect: Connected Moonblood (DOOM) Liminal Doom (DOOM) Tetanus (DOOM) Plutonia Revisited Community Project 2 (DOOM) Shadow of the Wool Ball (DOOM) Monuments of Guilt BABBDI NaissanceE Post Void I wish it was morning all the time HOLEHOLE MAZEMAZE Kowloon's Curse: Lost Report South Scrimshaw Part One Outcore: Desktop Adventure Nyaruru Fishy Fight Viewfinder Sludge Life 2 Warhammer 40,000: Boltgun Slayers X: Terminal Aftermath: Vengance of the Slayer Herald of Havoc Pseudoregalia Deadlink Lone Fungus Fox Flares Turbo Overkill Blasphemous 2 AMID EVIL - The Black Labyrinth Bomb Rush Cyberfunk Inscryption Neyasnoe Northern Journey Wonderputt Forever Super Junkoid (Super Metroid) Manifold Garden Contra 4 Metal Slug 7 Space Invaders Extreme Space Invaders Extreme 2 Outer Wilds Ion Fury: Aftershock Submachine 1: the Basement Submachine 2: the Lighthouse Submachine 3: the Loop Quake II - Enhanced Edition Escape Escape PRIPRI MELLOWOLLEM Submachine 4: the Lab Submachine 5: the Root Submachine 6: the Edge Submachine 7: the Core Venturous (DOOM) Devotion Good Morning Phobos (DOOM) Winter's Fury (DOOM) OBZEN (DOOM) Rush (DOOM) HAPPY WORLD SJ-19 Learns To Love! Graze Counter GM Hypnagogia 無限の夢 Boundless Dreams Beeny The Sun Will Rise Again

[nursingwriter]

Diseases and Pathogens Pathogens Pathogens are disease-causing or infectious microorganisms (EPA 2011, Kennedy 2012). Some of them are often found in water from sewage discharges, leaking septic tanks, or runoff from feedlots. They enter the body and cause disease every day through the air we breathe, food, water or direct personal contact. The body's immune system is able to destroy many pathogens. When it cannot, infection occurs and the person gets sick. There are different types of pathogens, but the most common are the virus, bacteria, the fungus and protozoa (EPA, Kennedy). Most Common Types and Their Differences Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms, which have no nucleus (DHSS 2012, Kennedy 2012). They cause many diseases, many of which can be prevented by vaccination. Bacteria do not usually kill the infected person and only weaken him a lot. These non-fatal bacteria do not spread easily. Examples of bacteria are anthrax, Escherichia coli, salmonella, the streptococcus group, the staphylococcal group, tetanus, gonorrhea and diphtheria (DHSS, Kennedy). A virus is smaller than a bacterium and a cross between a living and non-living organism (DHHS 2012, Kennedy 2012). It has a RNA or DNA core and an outer protein coat. It attacks the cells of the host or person. There it multiplies rapidly by using the elements of the person's cells. The viral matter destroys, breaks the cell and the new copies proceed to infect other cells. A virus can grow only inside living cells. Examples of viruses are those causing smallpox, the common cold, influenza, herpes and HIV (DHHS, Kennedy). A fungus is a non-motile micro-organism with filaments and requires organic nutrition for survival (DHHS 2012, Kennedy 2012). Most fungi thrive on dead organic matter. Most of them are considered opportunistic in that they attack when the host body is weakened by another infection or has an open wound or AIDS. This pathogen attacks the skin or hair and causes infections, which are difficult to treat. They are dangerous or fatal when they attack vital organs and the nervous system. Examples of fungi infections are ringworm, jock itch, candidiasis and histoplasmosis (DHHS, Kennedy). Protozoa are single-celled organisms with defined nuclei (DHHS 2012). Many of them are human parasites, as in the case of malaria, giardiasis and toxoplasmosis (DHHS). Transmission and Development of Infection Pathogens can enter the body through any opening (Kivi 2010). It can be a cut in the skin, the lungs, the mouth and the digestive system, the mucous membranes, the eyes and the ears. Pathogens can enter the body if the skin is dirty, broken or has cuts. This is why doctors and nurses wear gloves and use only sterile needles and medical instruments in their practice. Some pathogens are in the air and can be inhaled. The healthy body has nasal mucous that traps these and them expels them. But some pathogens are able to withstand the mucous barrier and enter the lungs. They can enter the body also through the mouth and the digestive system and cause infection through infected foods or drinks. Touching the mouth, biting and licking can also bring pathogens in the air into the mouth. They can also enter the body through the sexual organ, the anus, the eyes or ears. Anything dirty that is placed in any of these organs can transmit pathogens (Kivi). The development of an infection or invasion by a pathogen begins when it attaches to the cells of the person or host's body (Tunkel 2008). Many pathogens produce toxins or poisons. The pathogen Clostridium tetani does this and causes the tetanus infection. The pathogen multiplies in order to infect. When it does, it defeats the body's natural defenses, causes a chronic infection, or is destroyed and expelled by the body alone or by treatment. Some pathogens can block the body's natural defenses by interfering with the production of natural antibodies, enclosing themselves in outer coats, resisting getting opened by substances in the bloodstream, and producing substances, which deflect the action of antibiotics. Some of them develop resistance to particular drugs (Tunkel). Viral Infection: the Common Cold There are more than 200 different viruses believed to be responsible for this infection (WebMd 2007). The most common are the rhinoviruses, corona viruses, and the respiratory syncytial virus or RSV. Rhinoviruses account for 10-40% of all cold infections, the corona viruses for 20% and RSV for 10%. Rhinoviruses are most active in spring, early fall and summer and grow best at 91 degrees temperature, which is the temperature of the human nose. Corona viruses, on the other hand, are most active in the winter and early spring. Only 3 or 4 corona viruses out of more than 30 kinds infect human beings (WebMD). The virus first settles in the nasal epithelium and may remain undetected until the 5th day (Wong 2012). The symptoms of a cold appear only on the third or fourth day. Rhinitis may develop because of the direct cytocidal effect of virus replication or the release of mediators. When infection occurs, humoral response is detected in both the serum and nasal secretions of the person. Serum-neutralizing antibodies are also undetected until 14 days after infection. The peak period for human corona virus infections differs by several months. Group viruses usually follow a cycle with a 2-3-year interval. High infection rates have been observed to be caused by 229E or C43 group as occurring throughout the world (Wong). The incubation period for the common cold caused by these viruses is short at 2-4 days (Wong 2012). The infection may also be sub-clinical or very mild. Re-infection by the same serotype often occurs within 4 months from just the first infection. Re-infection may also develop with related strains (Wong). Bacterial Infection: Cholera Cholera is an intestinal bacterial infection by vibrio cholerae (Sack et al. 2004). The disease is characterized by the loss of large volumes of watery stool, which leads to critical and swiftly progressing dehydration and shock. In the absence of adequate and timely re-hydration therapy, the condition can kill half of all the infected. The cholera toxin, which strongly stimulates adenylate cyclase, induces the intestine to secrete water fluid in volumes beyond the intestinal absorptive capacity (Sack). It is considered the classic water-borne disease for its close association with water (Sack et al. 2004). The bacterium v cholerae is transmissible by contaminated food when it is mixed with contaminated water as vehicle for infection. Contaminated food, such as undercooked seafood, is the usual medium of transmission, while contaminated water is the more common in less developed countries. Cholera is seasonal. It is endemic in warm countries like Bangladesh at two peaks each year after the monsoon rains. In Peru, it is endemic during the warm season only. The vibrios appear to be capable of rapid growth in warm temperatures. Annual rates of the disease in endemic areas vary widely, often influenced by environmental and climate changes. The most typical symptom is diarrhea. The severity depends on many factors, which include local intestinal immunity, the size of the inoculum ingested, the integrity of the gastric-acid barrier and the person's blood group. Persons of the blood group O. are of much higher risk of severe cholera from El Tor vibrios than other blood groups. The group with the highest attack rates consists of children 2-4 years of age. It is generally detected among adult men because of their exposure to contaminated food and water. The patterns of water use affect the spread of the diseases. In some cities in Peru, for example, the disease spread through the municipal water system, which brought about high levels of infection in the urban areas. In rural areas where drinking water comes from rivers or open wells, disease tends to spread among those living adjacent to and drinking the contaminated water. Secondary sources of infection are funeral events because of unhygienic funeral practices in some countries. A cholera outbreak should be suspected if a person older than 5 years becomes dehydrated or dies from acute watery diarrhea or when there is a sudden rise in such incidence, especially when "rice water" stools, similar to those of cholera, are observed (Sack et al.). Incubation is between 18 hours to 5 days from ingestion of suspected contaminated water or drink (Sack et al. 2004). The symptoms are abrupt and include diarrhea and vomiting, especially the painless but voluminous stools, which look like "rice water." These are most typical of cholera and have a fishy odor. The vomit is clear, water and alkaline. There is severe dehydration from severe diarrhea. There is low-volume or no peripheral pulse, undetectable blood pressure, sunken eyes, wrinkled hands and feet and pale skin. The patient becomes restless and extremely thirsty. He turns apathetic as the shock condition progresses. He may lose consciousness. There may be metabolic acidosis with gasping breaths. He has no urine output. Rapid fluid loss puts him at the risk of death within a few hours. Death usually occurs on the first day. Insufficient quantities of re-hydration fluids may make him survive temporarily but die a few days later (Sack et al.). Fungal Infection: Ringworm Ringworm is categorized according to the part of the body, which is infected (Earthtym 2012). The scientific name begins with tinea, followed by the part of the body involved. Infection appears to be transmitted by air-borne spores, which infect only locally, such as the scalp, eyebrow and lashes; the body or skin; nails; the groin area; the feet; the hands; and the beard. When there are enough spores, the entire area will be infected. Other than these observations, it is not clear why the infection is transmitted to others in a family but does not spread. Yet at other times, ringworm is very contagious (Earthym). Ringworm often develops on the exposed parts of the body (Earthtym 2012). The fungus forms circular growths, which are lighter or darker than the normal skin color. Symptoms include skin lesion, rash and itching. Ringworm infections are common in unsanitary and crowded places and conditions. With improvements in sanitation and better health habits, the infection has been less prevalent today (Earthtym). Protozoan Infection: Malaria Malaria is caused by the repeated cycles of growth of the parasite Plasmodium in the blood (Miller et al. 1994). The parasites are transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito into the human host. They develop in the intestines and salivary glands of the mosquito, which transmits these parasites with the next bite. When the mosquito bites a human being, the parasites are introduced into the liver through the blood and back into the bloodstream. There they invade the red blood cells. The infection can also be passed on to others through blood transfusion and the use of infected needles. Malaria can be transmitted, contracted and spread where the Anopheles mosquito lives. It lives in hot and humid climates. Plasmodium falciparum can be found in Africa. Plasmodium vivax is still a threat in Latin America, Asia and Oceania (Miller et al.). # BIBLIOGRAPHY DHSS, 2012. 'Chain of infection,' Principles of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Department of Health & Senior Services, Available at http://health.ml.gov/training/epi/DiseaseProcess.html Earthtym, 2012. 'Ringwor fungal infections, 'Earthtym, Available at http://www.earthtym.net/ref-ringworm.htm EPA, 2011. 'Pathogen Information,' Information Collection Rule: U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency, Available at http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/icr/pathogen.html Kennedy, D.. 2012. 'About pathogens,' eHow: Demand Media, Inc. Available at http://www.ehow.com/about_5072725_pathogens.html Kivi, R. 2012. 'How does a pathogen enter your body?' eHow: Demand Media, Inc. Available at http://www.ehow.com/how-does-74044_pathogen-enter-body.html Miller, L.H., et al. 1994. 'Malaria pathogenesis,' Vol 299, Science Magazine: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Available at http://www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/data/diseases/PDFs/264-5167-1878.pdf Sack, D.A. et al. 2004. 'Cholera,' International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research: Bangladesh Centre for Health and Population Research. Available at http://ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/lancet363_223_233_2004.pdf Tunkel, A.R., reviewer 2008. 'Development of infections,' Merck Manual Home Health Handbook: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Available at http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infectious/biology_of-infectious_disease/development_of_infection.html WebMD 2007. 'Causes of the common cold,' WebMD, Inc.: WebMD LLC, Available at http://www.webmd.com/cold_and_flu/cold-guide/common_cold_causes Wong, D. 2012. 'Pathogenesis of rhinoviruses infection,' Virology Online, Available at http://virology-online.com/viruses/CORZA2.htm Read the full article

[atomicx]

tetanus core

[tevotbegotnaught]

The Key

"Ya don't have ya key?" Peter pushed open the building door,  laughed, and stood back as it closed behind me. "We only have one now and today my wife took it" "Give ya one" He raised a hand and turned, sliding slippered feet across the lobby's tile floor, then up the landing toward his open apartment door. Inside, I could see the beaded curtains on his living room doorway. We celebrated there when he and Monica married, plates overflowing, Soca pumping from a triple stack of Klipsch horns, toasting with paint-removing Chocolate Creme liqueur from his home, Grenada.

In 1999, weeks before moving in, we handed Peter, our new Super, a repair and cleaning list. The day our truck pulled up, we could see the same cracked street-level window askew. I checked the bathtub. He'd used acid on the thick crud and plugged the drain to quicken the process, scarring the enamel down to its rusty iron core. When I told him we'd need tetanus shots after baths, he laughed but said he couldn't re-glaze the tub. Later that year, my parents visited over an Arctic December weekend. Asleep after a long, happy night, we woke to steady rain in the bathroom, the result of broken toilet float upstairs. Through his bolted door. Peter said, "It's tree-o'clock! Come back in de morning, lemme sleep."  Unwilling to use the umbrella we stationed outside the bathroom, my father called the fire department, who broke the upstairs unit open and closed the toilet valve. Soon after, our landlord, an affectless Greek guy with a six-syllable last name, lost the job. The new manager installed his own Super. Peter moved to our floor and redoubled his side gig: a handyman truck he ran with a succession of young assistants.

21 years later, in a grey, unpromising March, our city locked-down under a contagious disease order. Doors inches apart, the six units on the first floor became submarines, periscopes rising intermittently, then retracting into squeaky hinges. Sirens Dopplered past and into oblivion. Across the street, the 1932 Sears building, an Art Deco slab, gathered birds and windblown trash. In its fenced parking lot, a testing site opened. A cluster of spotless white tents surrounded by snaking pink cones. Each morning around 5, Humvees and police cruisers arrived with bullhorn voices to secure the perimeter.  Beeping tow trucks removed cars whose drivers foolishly ignored the official signage. At night, in and around an open garage next door, elders gathered even on the chilliest spring nights, sitting in a few widely-spaced folding chairs, rising to pour from a sack-covered bottle, drawing down their masks to sip, sometimes roaring with laughter. Peter often joined the crew.

I'd fall asleep to murmuring outside my window and wake up to the pre-dawn testing maneuvers. Sleep left me even before the cars lined up. I made elaborate breakfasts, accompanied by Newark's Jazz radio station, then took our dog for marathon walks. We stood motionless in crosswalks, traffic lights cycling infinitely overhead,watching the white lines bend east to Canarsie. Caked over with fine, urban silt, Flatbush's streets were parched riverbeds, sailed by our Flying Dutchmen: battered Sanitation trucks making shuddering halts, gorging their whining gates and roaring away.

In April, hand-lettered signs appeared on the wall and at the building's front door.

"Monica our dear neighbor has passed and Peter is in the hospital. Please pray for them and BE SAFE". Through a closed door, Lucy, their immediate neighbor, told how she listened at their silent shared wall, calling them repeatedly and knocking on their door until overcome with fear. The firemen pried the door open and found them in bed, paralyzed with sickness. Monica lasted only a few hours, Peter was in isolation and then a rehab facility. While we worried on his condition, I bought a bottle of Hennessy to toast Monica. The fancy box waited inside our front door. Every few days, I walked across the lobby and knocked on Peter's door.  That ritual only added to my sadness.

Mid-July, his door hung open, braced by a dusty tool cart. Fifty years ago the whole building was sinking, the floors on the topmost units pulling away from the walls and mouldings. In the basement, a block-wide cross brace was screwed in place, secured to pillars driven into the  concrete floor. Each first floor unit's flooring, subject to more moisture and temperature fluctuations, warped over the brace's steel beams. A ball dropped onto the middle of our floor wobbled erratically and rolled all the way to the wall. Now the boss' crew began replacing Peter's floors. Pulling up century old pine boards, splintered and nail-ridden, then replacing, sanding and finishing. After 20 years in the building, I knew any significant rehab jobs were the result of a court case or tenant's voluntary relocation. With Peter, I hoped it was neither.

My wife saw him first, handing off the Henny and our sympathy in his newly-floored kitchen. By the time I made contact, summer and Peter's eyesight had faded. He now showed me pieces of mail to decipher. As I read, he looked off to my right, blinking rapidly, "Yes, yes...",  

hand curdling the air. Before I could finish, he reached for the paper, arm scissoring close, then turning, re-folding the sheaf as he strode to my front door. "Thank you." "Peter, I didn't finish. The next.." He waved me off, but had to wait in the dark hallway until I unlocked the door, then moved quickly across the lobby, head down as if counting the tiny floor tiles. Later, I brought his November election ballot to the King's Theater, as holy an errand as I have ever done.Again, at night, he joined the guys by the garage, his popcorn laughter tumbling through our window screen.

Peter's kitchen window and new floor glowed. In the southern exposure: bright dish towels, floral curtains, hanging vines (some plastic) and windowsill succulents. He pulled a fob from a crowded hook, twisted off the key and reached it toward me.

"How'd you get this key? These are expensive" "I didna get it special. It was Monica's." My hand drooped in the space between us. "Peter, I'm gonna cry. I can't take this. You..." He shook the key at me. "Take it, take it, take it. I don't need it." I turned it in my palm remembering how she held the lobby railing and swung her bad leg from the hip for each step. "Thank you so much." "I'm having a mass for her, ya know? "A mass?" "Yah, a mass. A cat-o-lick mass. She was cat-o-lick, ya know. " "Peter, this is your key, if you need it..." He leaned a fist into the door frame, laughing from his belly. "If I getta new wife, ya gotta give it back"

[phcenixforce]

coming to urgent care tomorrow like hi happy fourth of july can you give me a tetanus shot . then going home to do piles of homework. claire core

[leos-glove-compartment]

interesting note to consider:

if you do a tsr x echo combined timeline au and it ISNT a happy/no one died AU, you gotta now deal with TWO kids drowning in the lake, with Sydney and Seamus

Seamus also throws in a wrench in no one dies AUs cause is he now just part of the main crews core friend group? theres an argument to throw murdoch in there already as he's only a year older than Leo, and Flynn is there old as shit

do you make him just a BIT younger and stick him with Andy and Blithe and Melissa? Maybe a tetanus alley crew and keep things more balanced?

[motherhoodchaitanya]

Vaccine Schedule for Infants: Ensuring Strong Immunity from the Start

As parents, we all want to provide the best possible care for our little ones, and a crucial aspect of this care involves safeguarding their health through vaccinations. Paediatric immunology treatment hospitals in Chandigarh offer a comprehensive approach to ensuring your child receives the best paediatric immunology treatment available. Understanding the paediatric vaccination schedule is paramount to fostering a strong immune system from the earliest stages of life.

Why Vaccinations Matter

Vaccinations play a pivotal role in shielding infants from a spectrum of preventable diseases. These early interventions set the foundation for a lifetime of health and well-being. By adhering to the recommended paediatric vaccination schedule, you are providing your child with a shield of protection against diseases that could otherwise pose serious threats.

Navigating the Paediatric Vaccination Schedule

The paediatric vaccination schedule is meticulously designed to maximize the immune response during critical developmental stages. It involves a series of carefully timed vaccinations, each targeting specific diseases. These vaccinations are strategically spaced to ensure optimal effectiveness while considering the infant’s immune system development.

In Chandigarh, a city known for its exceptional medical care, paediatric immunology treatment hospitals stand out as beacons of expertise and compassion. These institutions follow the latest medical advancements and guidelines to offer the best paediatric immunology treatment possible.

The Journey Begins: Birth to 2 Months

The first few months of a baby’s life are crucial for establishing immunity. The paediatric vaccination schedule commences shortly after birth, typically within the first 24 hours. Vaccines such as BCG Hepatitis B are administered to offer early protection against Tuberculosis and liver infections.

At six weeks, the second round of vaccinations takes place, reinforcing the immune system’s defense. Infants receive vaccines targeting diseases like Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTaP), Hepatitis- B, Haemophilus Influenzae Type B, Polio (DTap+ H1b+ HBV + IPV), Pneumococcal & Rotavirus Infections. This initial stage sets the stage for a robust immunological foundation.

Building Resilience: 2 to 4 Months

As your infant’s journey of growth continues, the paediatric vaccination schedule unfolds with a focus on strengthening immunity further. The vaccines administered during this stage include two additional doses for DTaP, Hib, Polio, and vaccines against Pneumococcal disease and Rotavirus. These precautions are integral to ensuring comprehensive protection against potentially harmful pathogens.

Expanding the Shield: 6 to 12 Months

Between six and twelve months, the paediatric vaccination schedule expands to cover more ground in the fight against preventable diseases. Vaccines for Typhoid, Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), and Hepatitis A are introduced, broadening the scope of immunity. These additions provide a strong defense against a wider range of potential health risks.

Completing the Core: 12 to 18 Months

As your child approaches the one-year mark, the paediatric vaccination schedule culminates in administering the final doses of certain vaccines. Boosters for DTaP- H1b- IPV, Pneumococcal, MMR are given, along with vaccine for Varicella (Chickenpox). By this stage, your infant’s immune system has undergone significant development, and these vaccines serve as a comprehensive shield against multiple diseases.

Staying on Course: Toddler Years

By 18th month of age, the essential vaccinations are over. One optimal vaccine which is highly recommended is annual Flu vaccine which protects against viral infections as the child starts going to school.

Embracing Pre-School: 4 to 6 Years

As your child embarks on the pre-school years, the paediatric vaccination schedule undergoes a final expansion. Boosters for DTaP, Polio, and MMR are administered, ensuring that your child’s immune system remains vigilant and robust. These vaccinations are essential in safeguarding your child’s health as they venture into new social and educational environments.

Vaccination at 10 year of age

The last vaccine of pediatric age group are given at 10 years of age when a booster of Tdap is given along with the very important vaccine of HPV which is also called cancer prevention vaccine as it protects the children, especially girls, against genital cancers.

The Continuum of Care

The paediatric vaccination schedule is a testament to medical science’s commitment to nurturing healthy generations. It’s a collaborative effort between dedicated parents and esteemed medical professionals. In Chandigarh, renowned paediatric immunology treatment hospitals guide parents through this journey, offering expertise, empathy, and the best paediatric immunology treatment available.

In conclusion, adhering to the paediatric vaccination schedule is a powerful investment in your child’s well-being. By partnering with top-tier paediatric immunology treatment hospitals in Chandigarh, you are ensuring that your child’s immune system is fortified to tackle the challenges of life with strength and resilience. Remember, these vaccinations are not just shots; they are shields that empower your child to embrace a future filled with health and vitality.

[mleprae]

this took a bit to Think but I think,,,

Arnie - Tetanus, bc trains are metal and stuff, you have no idea how many times I've given people tetanus today but it just makes sense in my head!! orr the famous green-branded broodsac, seem in snails, they become more fearless and courageous at the cost of pretty much having a target on their head...

Core - I really wanna say tuberculoma... its a really unique form of TB that causes unpredictable, aggressive and obsessive behaviour, there's a whole myth around TB to vampires/zombies bc a significand amount of people who died of TB still had blood inside them weeks after their passing (leading to people to believe they were still alive)

when i am bored i assign diseases to random people ocs on toyhouse

[nursingwriter]

Diseases and Pathogens Pathogens Pathogens are disease-causing or infectious microorganisms (EPA 2011, Kennedy 2012). Some of them are often found in water from sewage discharges, leaking septic tanks, or runoff from feedlots. They enter the body and cause disease every day through the air we breathe, food, water or direct personal contact. The body's immune system is able to destroy many pathogens. When it cannot, infection occurs and the person gets sick. There are different types of pathogens, but the most common are the virus, bacteria, the fungus and protozoa (EPA, Kennedy). Most Common Types and Their Differences Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms, which have no nucleus (DHSS 2012, Kennedy 2012). They cause many diseases, many of which can be prevented by vaccination. Bacteria do not usually kill the infected person and only weaken him a lot. These non-fatal bacteria do not spread easily. Examples of bacteria are anthrax, Escherichia coli, salmonella, the streptococcus group, the staphylococcal group, tetanus, gonorrhea and diphtheria (DHSS, Kennedy). A virus is smaller than a bacterium and a cross between a living and non-living organism (DHHS 2012, Kennedy 2012). It has a RNA or DNA core and an outer protein coat. It attacks the cells of the host or person. There it multiplies rapidly by using the elements of the person's cells. The viral matter destroys, breaks the cell and the new copies proceed to infect other cells. A virus can grow only inside living cells. Examples of viruses are those causing smallpox, the common cold, influenza, herpes and HIV (DHHS, Kennedy). A fungus is a non-motile micro-organism with filaments and requires organic nutrition for survival (DHHS 2012, Kennedy 2012). Most fungi thrive on dead organic matter. Most of them are considered opportunistic in that they attack when the host body is weakened by another infection or has an open wound or AIDS. This pathogen attacks the skin or hair and causes infections, which are difficult to treat. They are dangerous or fatal when they attack vital organs and the nervous system. Examples of fungi infections are ringworm, jock itch, candidiasis and histoplasmosis (DHHS, Kennedy). Protozoa are single-celled organisms with defined nuclei (DHHS 2012). Many of them are human parasites, as in the case of malaria, giardiasis and toxoplasmosis (DHHS). Transmission and Development of Infection Pathogens can enter the body through any opening (Kivi 2010). It can be a cut in the skin, the lungs, the mouth and the digestive system, the mucous membranes, the eyes and the ears. Pathogens can enter the body if the skin is dirty, broken or has cuts. This is why doctors and nurses wear gloves and use only sterile needles and medical instruments in their practice. Some pathogens are in the air and can be inhaled. The healthy body has nasal mucous that traps these and them expels them. But some pathogens are able to withstand the mucous barrier and enter the lungs. They can enter the body also through the mouth and the digestive system and cause infection through infected foods or drinks. Touching the mouth, biting and licking can also bring pathogens in the air into the mouth. They can also enter the body through the sexual organ, the anus, the eyes or ears. Anything dirty that is placed in any of these organs can transmit pathogens (Kivi). The development of an infection or invasion by a pathogen begins when it attaches to the cells of the person or host's body (Tunkel 2008). Many pathogens produce toxins or poisons. The pathogen Clostridium tetani does this and causes the tetanus infection. The pathogen multiplies in order to infect. When it does, it defeats the body's natural defenses, causes a chronic infection, or is destroyed and expelled by the body alone or by treatment. Some pathogens can block the body's natural defenses by interfering with the production of natural antibodies, enclosing themselves in outer coats, resisting getting opened by substances in the bloodstream, and producing substances, which deflect the action of antibiotics. Some of them develop resistance to particular drugs (Tunkel). Viral Infection: the Common Cold There are more than 200 different viruses believed to be responsible for this infection (WebMd 2007). The most common are the rhinoviruses, corona viruses, and the respiratory syncytial virus or RSV. Rhinoviruses account for 10-40% of all cold infections, the corona viruses for 20% and RSV for 10%. Rhinoviruses are most active in spring, early fall and summer and grow best at 91 degrees temperature, which is the temperature of the human nose. Corona viruses, on the other hand, are most active in the winter and early spring. Only 3 or 4 corona viruses out of more than 30 kinds infect human beings (WebMD). The virus first settles in the nasal epithelium and may remain undetected until the 5th day (Wong 2012). The symptoms of a cold appear only on the third or fourth day. Rhinitis may develop because of the direct cytocidal effect of virus replication or the release of mediators. When infection occurs, humoral response is detected in both the serum and nasal secretions of the person. Serum-neutralizing antibodies are also undetected until 14 days after infection. The peak period for human corona virus infections differs by several months. Group viruses usually follow a cycle with a 2-3-year interval. High infection rates have been observed to be caused by 229E or C43 group as occurring throughout the world (Wong). The incubation period for the common cold caused by these viruses is short at 2-4 days (Wong 2012). The infection may also be sub-clinical or very mild. Re-infection by the same serotype often occurs within 4 months from just the first infection. Re-infection may also develop with related strains (Wong). Bacterial Infection: Cholera Cholera is an intestinal bacterial infection by vibrio cholerae (Sack et al. 2004). The disease is characterized by the loss of large volumes of watery stool, which leads to critical and swiftly progressing dehydration and shock. In the absence of adequate and timely re-hydration therapy, the condition can kill half of all the infected. The cholera toxin, which strongly stimulates adenylate cyclase, induces the intestine to secrete water fluid in volumes beyond the intestinal absorptive capacity (Sack). It is considered the classic water-borne disease for its close association with water (Sack et al. 2004). The bacterium v cholerae is transmissible by contaminated food when it is mixed with contaminated water as vehicle for infection. Contaminated food, such as undercooked seafood, is the usual medium of transmission, while contaminated water is the more common in less developed countries. Cholera is seasonal. It is endemic in warm countries like Bangladesh at two peaks each year after the monsoon rains. In Peru, it is endemic during the warm season only. The vibrios appear to be capable of rapid growth in warm temperatures. Annual rates of the disease in endemic areas vary widely, often influenced by environmental and climate changes. The most typical symptom is diarrhea. The severity depends on many factors, which include local intestinal immunity, the size of the inoculum ingested, the integrity of the gastric-acid barrier and the person's blood group. Persons of the blood group O. are of much higher risk of severe cholera from El Tor vibrios than other blood groups. The group with the highest attack rates consists of children 2-4 years of age. It is generally detected among adult men because of their exposure to contaminated food and water. The patterns of water use affect the spread of the diseases. In some cities in Peru, for example, the disease spread through the municipal water system, which brought about high levels of infection in the urban areas. In rural areas where drinking water comes from rivers or open wells, disease tends to spread among those living adjacent to and drinking the contaminated water. Secondary sources of infection are funeral events because of unhygienic funeral practices in some countries. A cholera outbreak should be suspected if a person older than 5 years becomes dehydrated or dies from acute watery diarrhea or when there is a sudden rise in such incidence, especially when "rice water" stools, similar to those of cholera, are observed (Sack et al.). Incubation is between 18 hours to 5 days from ingestion of suspected contaminated water or drink (Sack et al. 2004). The symptoms are abrupt and include diarrhea and vomiting, especially the painless but voluminous stools, which look like "rice water." These are most typical of cholera and have a fishy odor. The vomit is clear, water and alkaline. There is severe dehydration from severe diarrhea. There is low-volume or no peripheral pulse, undetectable blood pressure, sunken eyes, wrinkled hands and feet and pale skin. The patient becomes restless and extremely thirsty. He turns apathetic as the shock condition progresses. He may lose consciousness. There may be metabolic acidosis with gasping breaths. He has no urine output. Rapid fluid loss puts him at the risk of death within a few hours. Death usually occurs on the first day. Insufficient quantities of re-hydration fluids may make him survive temporarily but die a few days later (Sack et al.). Fungal Infection: Ringworm Ringworm is categorized according to the part of the body, which is infected (Earthtym 2012). The scientific name begins with tinea, followed by the part of the body involved. Infection appears to be transmitted by air-borne spores, which infect only locally, such as the scalp, eyebrow and lashes; the body or skin; nails; the groin area; the feet; the hands; and the beard. When there are enough spores, the entire area will be infected. Other than these observations, it is not clear why the infection is transmitted to others in a family but does not spread. Yet at other times, ringworm is very contagious (Earthym). Ringworm often develops on the exposed parts of the body (Earthtym 2012). The fungus forms circular growths, which are lighter or darker than the normal skin color. Symptoms include skin lesion, rash and itching. Ringworm infections are common in unsanitary and crowded places and conditions. With improvements in sanitation and better health habits, the infection has been less prevalent today (Earthtym). Protozoan Infection: Malaria Malaria is caused by the repeated cycles of growth of the parasite Plasmodium in the blood (Miller et al. 1994). The parasites are transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito into the human host. They develop in the intestines and salivary glands of the mosquito, which transmits these parasites with the next bite. When the mosquito bites a human being, the parasites are introduced into the liver through the blood and back into the bloodstream. There they invade the red blood cells. The infection can also be passed on to others through blood transfusion and the use of infected needles. Malaria can be transmitted, contracted and spread where the Anopheles mosquito lives. It lives in hot and humid climates. Plasmodium falciparum can be found in Africa. Plasmodium vivax is still a threat in Latin America, Asia and Oceania (Miller et al.). # BIBLIOGRAPHY DHSS, 2012. 'Chain of infection,' Principles of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Department of Health & Senior Services, Available at http://health.ml.gov/training/epi/DiseaseProcess.html Earthtym, 2012. 'Ringwor fungal infections, 'Earthtym, Available at http://www.earthtym.net/ref-ringworm.htm EPA, 2011. 'Pathogen Information,' Information Collection Rule: U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency, Available at http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/icr/pathogen.html Kennedy, D.. 2012. 'About pathogens,' eHow: Demand Media, Inc. Available at http://www.ehow.com/about_5072725_pathogens.html Kivi, R. 2012. 'How does a pathogen enter your body?' eHow: Demand Media, Inc. Available at http://www.ehow.com/how-does-74044_pathogen-enter-body.html Miller, L.H., et al. 1994. 'Malaria pathogenesis,' Vol 299, Science Magazine: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Available at http://www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/data/diseases/PDFs/264-5167-1878.pdf Sack, D.A. et al. 2004. 'Cholera,' International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research: Bangladesh Centre for Health and Population Research. Available at http://ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/lancet363_223_233_2004.pdf Tunkel, A.R., reviewer 2008. 'Development of infections,' Merck Manual Home Health Handbook: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Available at http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infectious/biology_of-infectious_disease/development_of_infection.html WebMD 2007. 'Causes of the common cold,' WebMD, Inc.: WebMD LLC, Available at http://www.webmd.com/cold_and_flu/cold-guide/common_cold_causes Wong, D. 2012. 'Pathogenesis of rhinoviruses infection,' Virology Online, Available at http://virology-online.com/viruses/CORZA2.htm Read the full article