#VLAN configuration tutorial

[virtualizationhowto]

TrueNAS SCALE Network Configuration Tips for Home Server

TrueNAS SCALE Network Configuration Deep Dive for Home Server #homeserver #TrueNASScaleNetworkConfiguration #FailoverSetupGuide #LoadbalancingOnTrueNAS #VLANConfigurationTrueNAS #BridgeInterfaceGuide #TrueNASStaticIPAddressSetup #TrueNASSystemSettings

When you set up a TrueNAS SCALE server, one of the first configuration items you will want to tackle is the network configuration. This helps make sure you achieve optimal performance and security. If you are struggling to configure your TrueNAS SCALE home server networking, this post will help you configure a static IP address, Link Aggregation (Failover, LoadBalance, LACP), VLAN, and Bridge…

[kbrosis]

What is VLAN and how it does works

In today’s fast-evolving technology, managing and securing data traffic is very crucial and important. In Shared LAN there are multiple constraints including a single domain, no segmentation, Security issues, and less control, but Industries are more concerned and focused on security. Virtual LANs a tools or technology for efficiently dividing and organizing networks in segmentation. The aim of…

[norrisevan]

Mastering VTP Configuration: A Step-by-Step Guide by IPCisco

In the world of networking, efficient management of VLANs (Virtual LANs) is crucial for maintaining an organized and scalable network infrastructure. IPCisco, your trusted source for networking insights, is here to guide you through the intricacies of VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) configuration, ensuring you can effortlessly manage VLANs within your network.

Understanding VTP Configuration

Before we delve into the practical aspects, let's establish a clear understanding of the key components:

VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol): VTP is a Cisco proprietary protocol used for managing VLAN configurations across a network. It simplifies the process of creating, deleting, and modifying VLANs.

Why VTP Configuration Matters

Efficient VTP configuration offers several advantages in network management:

Centralized Control: VTP allows network administrators to control VLAN configurations from a central point, simplifying network-wide changes.

Consistency: It ensures consistency in VLAN configurations across all network switches, reducing the likelihood of configuration errors.

Scalability: VTP streamlines the addition of new switches and VLANs to the network, making it suitable for networks of all sizes.

Configuring VTP with IPCisco

At IPCisco, we offer comprehensive guidance on configuring VTP. Here's how we can assist you:

Step-by-Step Tutorials: Our detailed tutorials provide step-by-step instructions for configuring VTP on Cisco switches, ensuring you understand the configuration process thoroughly.

Real-world Scenarios: We provide practical use cases and examples to illustrate how VTP simplifies VLAN management in actual networking scenarios.

Community Interaction: Join the IPCisco community to connect with networking enthusiasts, share knowledge, and seek guidance on VTP configuration and other networking topics.

Conclusion

Mastering VTP configuration is essential for network administrators and engineers, as it streamlines VLAN management and ensures network consistency. Whether you're managing a small or large network, VTP simplifies the process of handling VLANs effectively.

Let IPCisco be your guide in configuring VTP. Visit our website today to access comprehensive resources and elevate your networking knowledge.

[computingpostcom]

In this part of Openstack deep dive series, we’ll look at Creating Openstack Network and Subnet using Openstack command line interface. Last we looked at: Adding ssh key pair to Openstack using cli How to add flavors to openstack using cli Adding images to Openstack Glance Here, I’ll show you how to create provider networks, one with VLAN, and another one without VLAN. This guide is based on Openstack Train release and  OpenStack Neutron network service. Assumption:  You have a running Openstack setup, how to setup Openstack from scratch will be covered on another tutorial. What is Provider network? Before launching an instance on Openstack, you must create the necessary virtual network infrastructure. An instance uses a provider (external) network that connects to the physical network infrastructure via layer-2 (bridging/switching). This network includes a DHCP server that provides IP addresses to instances. Below is a diagram showing you an overview of a provider network ( source: Opentack website): Creating Provider Network (on Controller node) Ensure you’ve configure OpenStack CLI before you can proceed with this guide: How To Install and Configure OpenStack Client on Linux How to create provider network on controller node (without VLAN) : openstack network create --share --external \ --provider-physical-network provider \ --provider-network-type flat provider How to create provider network on controller node (with VLAN ) : openstack network create --share --external \ --provider-physical-network provider \ --provider-network-type vlan \ --provider-segment 203 provider Explanation of options used: –share: allows all projects to use the virtual network. –external: defines the virtual network to be external, for internal network, use –internal. –provider-physical-network provider: connect the flat virtual network to the flat (native/untagged) physical network –provider-network-type: specifies network type, flat or vlan –provider-segment: defines vlan id Replace 203 with your VLAN ID. This VLAN id will be used on compute nodes. Confirm that indeed the network was created successfully using command: $ openstack network list You should get output similar to one below: Your ml2_conf.ini file should have a line: [ml2_type_flat] flat_networks = provider Creating  IPv4 subnet on the provider network: Now that you have provider network added, next step is defining subnet for the network. openstack subnet create --subnet-range 192.168.10.0/24 \ --gateway 192.168.10.1 --network provider \ --allocation-pool start=192.168.10.10,end=192.168.10.200 \ --dns-nameserver 8.8.4.4 provider-v4 If you have public ip pool, replace 192.168.10.0 with it. Create a IPv6 subnet on the provider network (Optional) If you would like IPv6 address assigned to instances launched, create IPv6 subnet like below: openstack subnet create --subnet-range fd00:203:0:113::/64 \ --gateway fd00:203:0:113::1 --ip-version 6 \ --ipv6-address-mode slaac --network provider \ --dns-nameserver 2001:4860:4860::8844 provider-v6 Confirm settings: openstack subnet list With these settings, you should be ready to configure compute nodes. Configuring compute nodes: On you compute nodes, you should tag interface with VLAN ID configured on provider network. In my case, this is vlan 203. My vlan interface has below configuration: [root@openstack-compute-02 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-p55p2.203 DEVICE=p55p2.203 VLAN=yes ONBOOT=yes MTU=1500 DEFROUTE=no NM_CONTROLLED=no IPV6INIT=no Note that base system used is CentOS 7. Configuration will vary for Ubuntu Base OS. On compute nodes, the file linuxbridge_agent.ini: should have mapping like below: physical_interface_mappings = provider:p55p2 Once Linux bridge has been configured on compute nodes, a bridge will be created. See below From the output above, you can see bridge called brqa54af9d4-d2 whose interface is p55p2.

203. p55p2.203 is a sub-interface associated with physical interface p55p2 You are ready to create a new instance on provider network created previously: openstack server create --flavor m1.tiny --image CoreOS-x86_64 \ --nic net-id=a54af9d4-d297-45b6-a98c-79d84add5f2e --security-group default \ --key-name josphat coreos-test-vm For how to add images to openstack, add ssh keys and flavors refer to these links: Adding ssh key pair to Openstack using cli How to add flavors to openstack using cli Adding images to Openstack Glance Install and Configure OpenStack Barbican Key Manager Service Deploy VM instance on OpenStack using Terraform That’s all.  Please follow us on twitter and facebook to receive daily updates.

[travelbuyers]

Cisco CCNP/BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Changing Root Bridge Election Results

Your BCMSN and CCNP studies will incorporate acing the subtleties of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). While you took in a portion of these subtleties in your CCNA considers, a lot of it might be unfamiliar to you. Before going on to the middle and propelled STP includes, we should audit the root connect political decision process and figure out how to change these outcomes.

Each switch will have a Bridge ID Priority esteem, all the more regularly alluded to as a BID. This BID is a mix of a default need esteem and the switch's MAC address, with the need esteem recorded first. For instance, if a Cisco switch has the default need estimation of 32,768 and a MAC address of 11-22-33-44-55-66, the BID would be 32768:11-22-33-44-55-66. Subsequently, if the switch need is left at the default, the MAC address is the main factor.

Switches are a great deal like individuals - when they initially show up, they report that they are the focal point of the universe! In contrast to certain individuals, the switches will before long get over it. BPDUs will be traded until one switch is chosen Root Bridge, and it's the switch with the most minimal BPDU that will wind up being the Root Bridge.

On the off chance that STP is disregarded absolutely, a solitary switch will be the root connect for each and every VLAN in your system. More terrible, that solitary switch will be chosen since it has a lower MAC address than each other switch, which isn't actually the standards you need to use to choose a solitary root connect.

The opportunity will come when you need to decide a specific change to be the root connect for your VLANs, or when you will need to spread the root connect remaining burden. For example, in the event that you have 50 VLANs and five switches, you may need each change to go about as the root connect for 10 VLANs each. You can get this going with the crossing tree vlan root order.

SW1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 ?

forward-time Set the forward deferral for the spreading over tree

hi time Set the welcome stretch for the spreading over tree

max-age Set the maximum age stretch for the spreading over tree

need Set the scaffold need for the spreading over tree

root Configure switch as root

In this model, we have two switches, and SW1 has been chosen the root connect for VLANs 10, 20, and 30. We'll utilize the spreading over tree vlan root order on SW2 to make it the root connect for VLANs 20 and 30.

SW2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 20 root essential

SW2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 30 root essential

SW2#show traversing vlan 20

VLAN0020

Traversing tree empowered convention ieee

Root ID Priority 24596

Address 000f.90e2.1300

This extension is the root

SW2#show traversing vlan 30

VLAN0030

Traversing tree empowered convention ieee

Root ID Priority 24606

Address 000f.90e2.1300

This extension is the root

SW 2 is currently the root connect for both VLAN 20 and 30. Notice that the need esteem has transformed from the default of 32768.

[webdesignersolutions]

In the last ~5 years Hetzner basically killed OVH’s dedicated servers line. I can remember, 3 years ago, OVH being almost double at low-mid configurations.

Here’s a brief comparison between them at the end of 2019.

Low-end/budget servers

Hetzner, with their EX/AX lines, is absolutely killing SoYouStart and Kimsufi. There’s no comparison to be made, SYS being treated as the “retarded cousin” of OVH, with absolutely zero (real) support and/or “support via forum” (?!).

Mid-end servers

It seems that OVH put their s**t together and launched some new configs (Rise & Advance). They are basically targeting Hetzner’s “PX” line, which is great for competition. Just check this example, with OVH destroying Hetzner’s offer.

High-end servers

OVH is the clear winner here. The best you could get from Hetzner is a W-2145 at about $100/mo, and their most expensive server is a “unnamed, SP Gold 16-Core” at $220.

Virtualisation

Using OVH for virtualisation is better because they offer you a lot of data-center locations and free (really functional) IPMI. When installing and tweaking the OSs you really need IPMI, especially in OpenStack/CloudStack deployments. Also I had countless times when an OS upgrade broke grub or the filesystem, and you really can’t do anything without KVM. Hetzner needs you to ask for a KVM, and wait “about 2 hours” for it to be manually deployed by a technician. I got mixed results, from 30 mins to 3 hours, but still … when your system is not booting and you have no idea why, you really need IPMI *now*, not in one hour.

Plesk, cPanel, DirectAdmin

For more simple stuff like cPanel, Plesk, “bald” bare-metals”, I’m usually choosing Hetzner. These things barely need a reboot, and we had very little need for IPMI in these scenarios. These control panels tend to be “idiot-proof” and have a lot of safety checks, so they are not very prone to total system failures.

Support

OVH is bad. Really bad. We paid for their “VIP support” and have our own sales manager. Still, when something breaks, the fastest way to solve your problem is to…just buy another server and restore from backup. We have horror events with servers having their drives changed without warning, different motherboards models replaced, broken drives replaced with other broken drives, different components changed in vain because of a broken cooler etc. You name it, we had it. There’s no reply to your tickets. The “best” way to handle an issue is to submit a ticket (which is usually totally ignored, or replied after 1-2 weeks), call them indicating the ticket and then re-call them every 30 minutes. Yeah, at some point you kinda “develop a relation” with their support guys (which are admittedly friendly). At this point we’re being like “Hey Mark, how’r you doin’ today? Look man, that darn server broke again, can you please ask John to take a look on it? Cheers mate!”. And yeah…we know most of their IRC handles as well. So that’s how you usually “get support” from OVH.

At Hetzner things are very efficient. Hats down for Hetzner’s support department! All hardware failures were treated really fast, usually in less than 30 minutes. They usually process a ticket in maximum 2 hours (had less than 30 minutes some times), and reply back in less than 30 minutes. There’s nothing I could think that they didn’t fixed in a satisfactory amount of time. There was no bad hardware installed, no mix-ups, everything was (until now) by the book.

Hardware

We had at least 70% less failures at Hetzner compared with OVH. They both use Supermicro, they both use consumer-grade hardware where they shouldn’t. OVH basically “refurbishes” everything to the point the component gets unusable. If your drive gets replaced by OVH, you first take a look at how long was the “new” drive used and hope that you’ll be fine (sometimes you’re not). If your drive gets replaced by Hetzner, it’s usually brand new (or with very low usage). We had almost no motherboard replacements at Hetzner, we had quite a few at OVH. We had zero failed coolers at Hetzner, we had a few at OVH.

Network

OVH is the clear winner as they have a huge amount of data-centers all around the world and a very straight forward network setup. You could make a Multi-AZ OpenStack deployment between France, UK and CA, and keep it all in the same VLAN. Latency between data-centers is great. The last “big f***up” was about 3 years ago, when all their EU network got offline. Except that, I can’t really complain about the last ~7 years.

Hetzner is also very good, with good latency between data-centers. If you’re OK with all your servers being in the same zone, or only in DE and Finland, you’re good to go.

They both provide VLANs and Floating IPs.

The network setup is more straight forward at OVH, with Hetzner asking you to jump through some hoops if you want to do “more”. Just check Hetzner’s Proxmox install tutorial, it’s not something that “just works”, but you have to (admittedly slightly) work around. I personally dislike Hetzner’s network setup, as sometimes ends up with your head banging on the wall; still almost everything is “doable” if you know how to get around.

IPs

OVH is asking 1 EUR/IP once. Hetzner is asking 1 EUR/IP monthly.

Example: if you’ll start a public cloud you’ll need at least 512 IPs. On a 5 year lifespan, you’ll end up paying 512 EUR at OVH and 30,720 EUR at Hetzner. That’s a thing you need to take into consideration when doing your business plan.

Customer Panels

OVH’s control panel is a pile of s**t. Yes, it works if you know how to get around it, but it’s hugely slow and crashes a lot. And I mean…a lot! Hetzner’s old panel is bad (welcome back to the ’90s) but stable and snappy; the new one is pretty slick, fast and intuitive. The bright side is that you really don’t need to access the Customer Panel so often, so it’s not a “big deal”.

Deployment & Automation

Hetzner has slightly better deployment times. Usually servers are deployed in less than 30 minutes by both companies. Still, OVH had more delays than Hetzner. Recently we’ve waited for about 16 hours for a server that was marked as “ready in 120 seconds”. So never trust OVH’s “deployment indicator”: if it states “120 seconds”, expect between 5 minutes and 48 hours. If it states “72 hours”, expect that to be a week (and a lot of phone calls from your side). If it states “10 days”, just get something else, we’ve waited three weeks for a storage cluster to be fully deployed.

OS install works pretty ok on both sides, with Hetzner being slightly faster. They both fail sometimes, but it’s nothing that should be taken into consideration.

Conclusions

It’s impossible to choose a clear winner, as they both have pros and cons. Hetzner wins at support and low-end bang for the buck. OVH wins at network and a larger server offer.

The best one is, really, the one that checks more points for the needs of your project.

I hope this helps you. If you need more information, please feel free to leave a comment. Cheers!

Submitted December 06, 2019 at 02:03AM by The_Gowk https://www.reddit.com/r/webhosting/comments/e6wbbg/a_fast_comparison_ovh_and_hetzner_are_finally/?utm_source=ifttt

from Blogger http://webdesignersolutions1.blogspot.com/2019/12/a-fast-comparison-ovh-and-hetzner-are.html via IFTTT

[uros]

Sabes como Cómo añadir nuevos AP y SSID al controlador

En la red que hemos configurado, tenemos un router que proporciona direccionamiento privado en la subred 10.10.2.0/24, conectado a un switch D-Link DGS-1100-10MP, y dos puntos de golpe profesionales compatibles con Nuclias Connect, concretamente el D-Link DAP-2610 y el D-Link DAP-2680.

Una vez que hayamos iniciado el servidor de Nuclias Connect, y hayamos añadido los dos APs a la administración centralizada con el software, hemos realizado una primera configuración poniendo un «sitio» y una «Red», con un SSID principal exclusivamente, el cual podremos cambiar de nombre rápidamente y sin problemas. Con esta configuración auténtico, procedemos a realizar diferentes acciones.

Añadir nuevos puntos de golpe Wi-Fi a un sitio y red en concreto

Si ya hemos configurado el compensador Wi-Fi Nuclias Connect, vamos a poder añadir nuevos puntos de golpe en cualquier momento a través de su menú de configuración. Concretamente, en el síntesis de los sitios y «redes» que tenemos dados de adhesión, tenemos la opción de «Detección», adicionalmente de otras opciones para editar la configuración adecuado actualmente.

Al pinchar en «Detección», se nos abrirá el menú de detección de parámetros de red, y podremos configurarlo como Capa 2 o Capa 3, para añadir puntos de golpe Wi-Fi que estén en la misma subred, o en otras subredes diferentes. En esta sección, pespunte con completar lo que se nos pide, y pinchar en «Sucesivo».

Una vez que hayamos pinchado en «Sucesivo», deberemos pinchar sobre «Iniciar detección», y automáticamente nos aparecerán el resto de puntos de golpe Wi-Fi que nos hemos añadido anteriormente. De hecho, nos aparecerán los «Configurable», y los APs que actualmente ya están «Tramitado» por el compensador Wi-Fi.

Debemos recapacitar que el usufructuario y contraseña que pongamos en la zona inferior, deben corresponderse con las credenciales de compañía de los diferentes AP, de lo contrario, nos devolverá el «Fail» que ya vimos anteriormente en otros artículos. Esto es muy importante, ya que, de lo contrario, no podremos añadir nuevos APs al compensador inalámbrico Nuclias Connect.

En cuanto hayamos añadido los nuevos APs, nos aparecerán en el menú de lista de puntos de golpe Wi-Fi, y obtendrán la misma configuración que los del «Sitio» y «red» a la que pertenecen. Ahora os vamos a enseñar cómo crear nuevos SSID, y después configurarlos normalmente como ya os hemos enseñado en otros artículos.

Añadir nuevos SSID para después configurarlos

Cuando terminamos el asistente de configuración de D-Link, nos da la opción de poner un SSID principal (primario), y asimismo nos permite poner un SSID secundario, en el menú aparece como Wi-Fi Invitados. Debemos recapacitar que este compensador Wi-Fi Nuclias Connect nos permite configurar un total de 8 SSID por cada pandilla de frecuencias del punto de golpe profesional.

Si solamente has configurado una red principal (primario), nos debería aparecer poco como esto:

¿Cómo podemos configurar Nuclias Connect para configurar más SSID? Nos vamos a la sección de «Configuración/Crear Perfil» y podremos hacerlo rápidamente. En esta sección simplemente pinchamos en «Editar red», tal y como podéis ver a continuación:

Automáticamente se nos desplegará el mismo menú que ya vimos en el asistente de configuración. Deberemos decidir el sitio, y el nombre de red donde queremos crear el SSID. A continuación, pinchamos en «Añadir SSID invitado (opcional) e introducimos el SSID de la nueva red Wi-Fi que queramos crear:

Por ejemplo, si creamos un SSID adicional llamado «RedesZone_1» quedaría de la sucesivo forma. Un detalle importante es crearlo en el sitio y nombre de red correcto. Ahora simplemente debemos pinchar en «Sucesivo».

Al pinchar en «Sucesivo», nos llevará a la detección de nuevos APs profesionales, si no queremos sumar un nuevo AP, simplemente pinchamos en «Salir». De esta forma, crearemos un nuevo SSID en nuestra red, pero no agregaremos un nuevo AP porque no lo necesitamos.

En el menú principal de la red que hemos creado, en la sección de «SSID» podremos ver los diferentes SSID que acabamos de crear, y podremos editar en cualquier momento la configuración de autenticación, seguridad, ACL para filtrado MAC, e incluso ACL a nivel de IP para que solamente accedan a un determinado rango de IPs.

Al incorporar nuevos SSID, asimismo podremos configurar las diferentes VLANs para que los clientes se coloquen en la subred que nosotros queramos.

Una vez que hayamos realizado todos los cambios, tenemos que aplicarlos, ya que todos los cambios no se aplican automáticamente a los puntos de golpe que están dados de adhesión.

Aplicar cambios en el compensador Wi-Fi

Cuando realizamos un cambio en la configuración del sitio, como, por ejemplo, crear nuevos SSID, cambiar la seguridad de un SSID, o añadir o cambiar una configuración, estos cambios no se aplican automáticamente a todos los puntos de golpe. Para realizar esto, debemos irnos directamente a la sección de «RedesZone_Wi-Fi», es afirmar, el «nombre de red» configurado en un primer momento con el asistente de configuración.

En este menú podremos ver que la configuración la podremos «cargar» a los APs de dos formas: inmediatamente, en una hora en concreto. El motivo principal de aplicar los cambios en una hora, es porque es posible que ciertos cambios hagan que momentáneamente los APs dejen de estar disponibles para los clientes inalámbricos. Puntual en la zona inferior, donde pone «Estado de ejecución», podremos ver si todos los cambios desplegados a los diferentes puntos de golpe de la ordenamiento se han estudioso satisfactoriamente, o ha ocurrido algún tipo de error.

Hasta aquí hemos llegado con nuestro tutorial sobre cómo añadir nuevos APs, nuevos SSID a la red, y cómo aplicar los cambios a todos los APs de la ordenamiento.

Os recomendamos aceptar a nuestra sección del fabricante D-Link, donde encontraréis todos los descomposición publicados hasta el momento, así como manuales de configuración paso a paso.

La entrada Sabes como Cómo añadir nuevos AP y SSID al controlador se publicó primero en El rincon de diego.

Por El rincon de diego

[stephenlibbyy]

Campus design feature set-up : Part 6

I’ve been going through how to set up the CL 3.7.5 campus feature: Multi-Domain Authentication in a 6-part blog series and I’m happy to say we’ve made it to the last one.

If you’ve stuck with me through this series, you’d know that in blogs 1-5 we had guides for Wired 802.1x using Aruba ClearPass, Wired MAC Authentication using Aruba ClearPass, Multi-Domain Authentication using Aruba ClearPass, Wired 802.1x using Cisco ISE and Wired MAC Authentication using Cisco ISE

Now that we’re at the end of the road, this final guide will enable Multi-Domain Authentication in Cumulus Linux 3.7.5+ using Cisco ISE (Identity Services Engine) 2.4, Patch 8.

Keep in mind that this step-by-step guide assumes that you have already performed an initial setup of Cisco ISE and read part four and part five of this blog series.

Over the past year, Cumulus Networks has made a concerted effort to expand the breadth and scope of the campus features within Cumulus Linux. Hot off the press in 3.7.5 is one of those features, Multi-Domain Authentication (MDA).

Classically, MDA allows for a Voice VLAN and Data VLAN to be configured independently on the same switch port for a VoIP phone and a connected PC. The team at Cumulus Linux has updated hostapd and the underlying ifupdown2 to provide a robust MDA solution. Here’s the network diagram of the Multi-Domain Authentication design:

Cisco ISE Configuration:

First, we are going to build the necessary MDA pieces in Cisco ISE.

1. Add an Authorization Profile for a Voice VLAN

Policy > Policy Elements > Results > Authorization > Authorization Profiles. Click the “+Add” button

1. Set the Name to “Cumulus – Voice VLAN” 2. Make sure the “Access Type” is “ACCEPT_ACCEPT,” which should be the default setting 3. Make sure the “Network Device Profile” is set to “Cisco”

Scroll down and under “Advanced Attribute Settings” and select “cisco-av-pair–[1]”

In the text field enter the following:

device-traffic-class=voice

This will look like the following:

Click the “Save” button in the bottom left-hand corner:

2. Modify an existing Policy Set

Policy > Policy Sets > “Cumulus Wired MAC Auth” > View > “Greater Than” symbol

Click on the “Greater Than” symbol under “View:”

The “Cumulus Wired MAC Auth” policy was created in the Wired MAC Authentication blog post.

Under “Authorization Policy,” change the “Default” from the Wired MAC Authentication blog post of “Cumulus – VLAN36” to “Cumulus – Voice VLAN”

Click “Save” in the bottom right-hand corner.

These are the only two steps that are required for MDA with Cisco ISE.

Cumulus Linux MDA setup:

I factory defaulted the switch that I had been using in the Wired 802.1X and Wired MAC Authentication blog posts. This next section will outline all of the steps necessary to build MDA on a brand new switch.

1. Testing an interface

I am going to be using “swp12” to test MDA

net add interface swp12 net commit

2. Enabling dot1x, MAB, and a Voice VLAN on swp12

Here are the following NCLU commands that I entered:

net add dot1x radius server-ip 10.10.102.252 vrf mgmt net add dot1x radius client-source-ip 192.168.255.100 net add dot1x radius shared-secret cumulus11 net add dot1x send-eap-request-id net add dot1x dynamic-vlan net add bridge bridge ports swp12 net add interface swp12 dot1x mab net add interface swp12 dot1x voice-enable vlan 36 net commit

3. Modify the hostapd.conf file

The next step is to change the bottom two values in the /etc/hostapd.conf file from “=1” to “=0”

radius_das_require_event_timestamp=0 radius_das_require_message_authenticator=0

Restart the hostapd.service after making the above changes with the following command:

sudo systemctl restart hostapd.service

Let’s take a look under the hood to see what this new MDA configuration looks like in hostapd. By examining the /etc/hostapd.conf file, we see the following:

The Cumulus Linux MDA feature allows for two options:

Option 1 – A “Voice Interface” is configured and the RADIUS server provides the Dynamic Voice VLAN in the same manner that we have configured a Dynamic VLAN.

Option 2 – A “Voice Interface” is configured and the VLAN is locally defined on the switch. This locally defined VLAN appears as the value after the colon on the “voice_interfaces” stanza, as in the above.

In a large deployment, “Option 2” is the best solution. First, if you have different Voice VLANs on different switches, this will allow you to reference that locally defined Voice VLAN no matter the switch. Second, from an ISE perspective, Option 2 allows for a single Authorization Policy for the entire enterprise, providing a clean configuration.

Verification and Troubleshooting

First, we will plug in a wired VoIP phone into port swp12. Within 3CX, the SIP VoIP server in this test, the phone has come up and registered with the system:

Within 3CX, we see that the Avaya Phone is registered with a 192.168.36.x address – which is on the Voice VLAN. Let’s take a look under the hood to see what is happening on the switch and within ISE.

On the Cumulus switch, the following commands will show the status of dot1x:

The output shows that we have MAB, Voice, and “Interfaces” / 802.1x running on swp12.

Next, run the following command to show the status of the swp12 interface:

net show dot1x interface swp12

Adding the “details” command will provide more information about the connected device:

net show dot1x interface swp12 details

The “Server Flags” are reporting “[MAB]”, which is the abbreviation for MAC Authentication Bypass.

Cisco ISE also provides monitoring capabilities of this MAC Authentication at the following location:

Operation > RADIUS > Live Logs

Clicking on the “Details” icon will bring up granular details about the connection:

1. Event – This is a successful MAC Authentication 2. Username + Endpoint ID – This is the MAC Address of the phone that was entered in the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 5” blog post. 3. Authorization Result – This service request is sending the “Cumulus – Voice VLAN” down to the Cumulus Switch. This Enforcement Profile was created earlier in this blog post.

Further down in this detailed window, one sees the following:

1. Endpoint ID + Calling Station ID – This is the MAC Address of the phone that was entered in the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 5” blog post. 2. We are using the “Internal Endpoints” Identity Store that was set-up in the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 5” blog post. 3. The Authentication Method for this connection is “mab,” which stands for MAC Authentication Bypass.

Now, we are going to test wired 802.1x by plugging a laptop into the PC port on the Avaya Phone:

The device was placed on the 192.168.27.x subnet, which corresponds to VLAN 27, from the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 4” blog post. We are using the exact same configuration from that blog post.

On the Cumulus Switch, run the following command to see the updated interface status:

net show dot1x interface swp12

The Avaya phone is still authenticating with MAC Authentication Bypass and the laptop is authenticating using EAP-PEAP and on VLAN 27.

Adding the “details” command will provide more information about the connected device:

net show dot1x interface swp12 details

Notice that the “Status Flags” report that this connection is using a “[DYNAMIC VLAN]” which is being sent from the Cisco ISE server

Cisco ISE also provides a view of the 802.1x connection:

Operation > RADIUS > Live Logs

Clicking on the “Details” icon will bring up the following:

1. A successful authentication 2. The Authentication and Authorization policies that were selected in the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 4” blog post. 3. Cumulus – VLAN27 from the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 4” blog post.

Multi-Domain Authentication allows for the successful authentication of a laptop on the PC port of a VoIP Phone, with different VLANs and different domains (MAB + 802.1x) on the same physical port.

For further MDA troubleshooting, the link in the 802.1x Interface docs page is an invaluable resource.

Thanks for letting me go through all the different ways to set up the CL 3.7.5 campus feature: Multi-Domain Authentication. If you’re still hungry to learn more, take a look at some of the other tutorials we offer engineers where you can learn basic open networking commands and configurations, all the way up to advanced configurations. Our how-to videos are a great place to start.

Campus design feature set-up : Part 6 published first on https://wdmsh.tumblr.com/

[compunetss]

What is a virtual LAN?

What is a virtual LAN?A

virtual LAN

(

VLAN

) is any broadcast domain that is partitioned and isolated in a computer network at the data link layer (OSI layer 2). ... VLANs allow network administrators to group hosts together even if the hosts are not on the same network switch.

Virtual LAN - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_LANSearch for:

What is a virtual LAN?

How do you set up a VLAN?

To create VLAN interfaces:

Determine the IP addresses that you want to assign to the VLAN interfaces on the switch. ...

Open a web browser.

In the browser address field, type the IP address of the smart switch. ...

Type the password in the Password field. ...

Click the Login button. ...

Select Routing>IP>IP Configuration.

More items...

How do I configure VLAN Routing on a smart switch? | Answer ...

https://kb.netgear.com/24755/How-do-I-configure-VLAN-Routing-on-a-smart-switchSearch for:

How do you set up a VLAN?

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?A

VLAN

is a set of end stations and the switch ports that connect them. You can have different reasons for the logical division, such as department or project membership. ... Each

VLAN

in a network has an associated

VLAN

ID, which appears in the IEEE 802.1Q tag in the Layer 2 header of packets transmitted on a

VLAN

.

What is a virtual LAN (VLAN) and how does it work with my managed ...

https://kb.netgear.com/.../What-is-a-virtual-LAN-VLAN-and-how-does-it-work-with-my...Search for:

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?

What is the VLAN ID?

VLAN Tagging

is the practice of inserting a

VLAN ID

into a packet header in order to identify which

VLAN

(Virtual Local Area Network) the packet belongs to. More specifically, switches use the

VLAN ID

to determine which port(s), or interface(s), to send a broadcast packet to.

What is VLAN Tagging? Why should I enable VLAN Tagging support ...

https://www.bluecoat.com/sites/default/files/documents/files/VLAN_Tagging.1.pdfSearch for:

What is the VLAN ID?

What is the use of VLAN?A

VLAN

is a group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured to communicate as if they were attached to the same wire, when in fact they are located on a number of different LAN segments. Because

VLANs

are based on logical instead of physical connections, they are extremely flexible.

Understanding and Configuring VLANs - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst4500/12-2/25ew/.../vlans.htmlSearch for:

What is the use of VLAN?

What is VLAN stand for?Virtual Local Area Network

VLAN stands for

Virtual Local Area Network. A

VLAN

is a network that collects a set of network ports on a switching device into a single broadcast domain.

VLANs

are most often used over Ethernet networks.Dec 1, 2012

VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks (IEEE 802.1Q) - InetDaemon.Com

www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/networking/lan/vlan/Search for:

What is VLAN stand for?

What is the full form of VLAN?

VLANs

are configured through software rather than hardware, which makes them extremely flexible. One of the biggest advantages of

VLANs

is that when a computer is physically moved to another location, it can stay on the same

VLAN

without any hardware reconfiguration.

What is VLAN? Webopedia Definition

www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/VLAN.htmlSearch for:

What is the full form of VLAN?

What are the advantages of using Vlans?

Advantages of VLANs

.

VLANs

provide a number of

advantages

, such as ease of administration, confinement of broadcast domains, reduced broadcast traffic, and enforcement of security policies.

VLANs

provide the following

advantages

:

VLANs

enable logical grouping of end-stations that are physically dispersed on a network.

Advantages of VLANs - NetApp

https://library.netapp.com/.../GUID-C9DA920B-F414-4017-8DD1-D77D7FD3CC8C.ht...Search for:

What are the advantages of using Vlans?

How do you route between VLANs?

Step-by-Step Instructions

Enable routing on the switch with the ip routing command. ...

Make note of the VLANs that you want to route between. ...

Use the show vlan command in order to verify that the VLANs exist in the VLAN database. ...

Determine the IP addresses you want to assign to the VLAN interface on the switch.

More items...

Configure InterVLAN Routing on Layer 3 Switches - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/...vlan.../41860-howto-L3-intervlanrouting.htmlSearch for:

How do you route between VLANs?

What is VLAN bridge setup?In a LAN environment,

VLANs

divide broadcast domains. ... This type of routing is called inter-

VLAN

routing. On a smart switch, you can

set up

inter-

VLAN

routing by creating a Layer 3 interface, that is, a switch virtual interface (SVI). By default, a port is enabled for

bridging

rather than routing.

What is VLAN Routing? | Answer | NETGEAR Support

https://kb.netgear.com/24754/What-is-VLAN-RoutingSearch for:

What is VLAN bridge setup?

What is a VLAN trunk?

VLAN Trunking

Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of

Virtual Local Area Networks

(

VLAN

) on the whole local area network. To do this, VTP carries

VLAN

information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over 802.1Q, and ISL trunks.

VLAN Trunking Protocol - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN_Trunking_ProtocolSearch for:

What is a VLAN trunk?

What is 802.1 Q?IEEE

802.1Q

is the networking standard that supports virtual LANs (VLANs) on an Ethernet network. The standard defines a system of VLAN tagging for Ethernet frames and the accompanying procedures to be used by bridges and switches in handling such frames.

IEEE 802.1Q - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1QSearch for:

What is 802.1 Q?

What are the main differences between a LAN and a VLAN?The purpose of a

VLAN

is simple: It removes the limitation of physically switched

LANs

with all devices automatically connected to each other. With a

VLAN

, it is possible to have hosts that are connected together on the same physical

LAN

but not allowed to communicate directly.May 29, 2015

Differences Between Physical and Virtual LANs | Virtual vs. Physical ...

www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2343470&seqNum=2Search for:

What are the main differences between a LAN and a VLAN?

Why would you use a VLAN?

VLAN's

can be used to create broadcast domains which eliminate the need for expensive routers. Periodically, sensitive data may be broadcast on a network. In such cases, placing only those users who can have access to that data on a

VLAN

can reduce the chances of an outsider gaining access to the data.

Virtual Local Area Networks - Computer Science & Engineering

www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cis788-97/ftp/virtual_lans/Search for:

Why would you use a VLAN?

What is VLAN how to configure?A virtual LAN (

VLAN

) is a broadcast domain created by switches.

VLANs

are a convenient way to connect ports from different switches and different buildings onto the same network and broadcast domain, preventing the need for a complex system of subnets.

Configuring VLANs - SearchNetworking - TechTarget

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/Configuring-VLANsSearch for:

What is VLAN how to configure?

What is the use of inter VLAN routing?Virtual LANs (

VLANs

) divide one physical network into multiple broadcast domains. But,

VLAN

-enabled switches cannot, by themselves, forward traffic across

VLAN

boundaries. So you need to have

routing

between these

VLANs

which is called

interVLAN routing

.

What is interVLAN routing?

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/answer/What-is-interVLAN-routingSearch for:

What is the use of inter VLAN routing?

What is the use of native VLAN?The

native VLAN

is the only

VLAN

which is not tagged in a trunk, in other words,

native VLAN

frames are transmitted unchanged. Per default the

native VLAN

is

VLAN

1 but you can change that: #show interface Fa0/8 trunk. ... Port Mode Encapsulation Status

Native vlan

. Fa0/8 on 802.1q other 2.Jan 6, 2013

What is difference between Default VLAN and Native VLAN? | Getting ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/.../what-difference-between-default-vlan-and-native-vla...Search for:

What is the use of native VLAN?

What is a trunk port?A

trunk port

is a

port

that is assigned to carry traffic for all the VLANs that are accessible by a specific switch, a process known as trunking.

Trunk ports

mark frames with unique identifying tags – either 802.1Q tags or Inter-Switch Link (ISL) tags – as they move between switches.

What is a Trunk Port? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/27008/trunk-portSearch for:

What is a trunk port?

What is the difference between tagged and untagged ports?The

ports between

switch and customers are "

untagged

" meaning for the customer the arriving packet is just a normal Ethernet packet. The

port between

router and switch is configured as a trunk

port

so that both router and switch know which packet belongs to which customer VLAN.Feb 25, 2014

Why and how are Ethernet Vlans tagged? - Network Engineering ...

https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/.../why-and-how-are-ethernet-vlans-tagg...Search for:

What is the difference between tagged and untagged ports?

What is a trunk port?A

trunk port

is a

port

that is assigned to carry traffic for all the VLANs that are accessible by a specific switch, a process known as trunking.

Trunk ports

mark frames with unique identifying tags – either 802.1Q tags or Inter-Switch Link (ISL) tags – as they move between switches.

What is a Trunk Port? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/27008/trunk-portSearch for:

What is a trunk port?

What is the difference between tagged and untagged ports?  What is a broadcast domain?A

broadcast domain

is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by

broadcast

at the data link layer. A

broadcast domain

can be within the same LAN segment or it can be bridged to other LAN segments. ... Routers and other higher-layer devices form boundaries between

broadcast domains

.

Broadcast domain - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_domainSearch for:

What is a broadcast domain?

What is the use of Vxlan?Virtual Extensible LAN (

VXLAN

) is a proposed encapsulation protocol for running an overlay network on existing Layer 3 infrastructure. An overlay network is a virtual network that is built on top of existing network Layer 2 and Layer 3 technologies to support elastic compute architectures.

What is VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN)? - Definition from WhatIs.com

whatis.techtarget.com/definition/VXLANSearch for:

What is the use of Vxlan?

What is a trunk in networking?

Trunking

is a technique used in data communications transmission systems to provide many users with access to a

network

by sharing multiple lines or frequencies. As the name implies, the system is like a tree with one trunk and many branches.

What is Trunking? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/9775/trunkingSearch for:

What is a trunk in networking?

What is meant by LAN?A

local area network

(

LAN

) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link to a server. Typically, a

LAN

encompasses computers and peripherals connected to a server within a distinct geographic area such as an office or a commercial establishment.

What is local area network (LAN)? - Definition from WhatIs.com

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LANSearch for:

What is meant by LAN?

What is l2 switch?Traditional

switching

operates at

layer 2

of the OSI model, where packets are sent to a specific

switch

port based on destination MAC addresses. Routing operates at layer 3, where packets are sent to a specific next-hop IP address, based on destination IP address.Mar 17, 2015

Layer 3 versus Layer 2 Switch for VLANs - Cisco Meraki

https://documentation.meraki.com/MS/.../Layer_3_versus_Layer_2_Switch_for_VLANsSearch for:

What is l2 switch?

What is the WLAN?A

wireless local area network

(

WLAN

) is a wireless distribution method for two or more devices that use high-frequency radio waves and often include an access point to the Internet. A

WLAN

allows users to move around the coverage area, often a home or small office, while maintaining a network connection.

What is a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)? - Definition from ...

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5107/wireless-local-area-network-wlanSearch for:

What is the WLAN?

What is the range of VLAN?Default Ethernet VLAN ConfigurationParameterDefaultRange

Remote SPANdisabledenabled, disabled

Translational bridge 100 to 1005

Translational bridge 200 to 1005

VLAN ID11 to 4094. Note Extended-range VLANs (VLAN IDs 1006 to 4094) are not saved in the VLAN database.

5 more rows

Extended VLAN ID - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/12_4t/12_4t15/ht_xvlan.htmlSearch for:

What is the range of VLAN?

What is a data VLAN?A

data VLAN

is a

VLAN

that is configured to carry user-generated traffic. A

VLAN

carrying voice or management traffic would not be part of a

data VLAN

. It is common practice to separate voice and management traffic from

data

traffic.Apr 7, 2014

VLAN Segmentation (3.1) > Cisco Networking Academy's Introduction ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181837&seqNum=4Search for:

What is a data VLAN?

What is VLAN security?VLAN hopping is a

computer security exploit

, a method of attacking networked resources on a virtual LAN (VLAN). The basic concept behind all VLAN hopping attacks is for an attacking host on a VLAN to gain access to traffic on other VLANs that would normally not be accessible.

VLAN hopping - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN_hoppingSearch for:

What is VLAN security?

What is a SVI?A

Switched Virtual Interface

(SVI) is a

virtual

LAN (VLAN) of

switch

ports represented by one

interface

to a routing or bridging system. There is no physical

interface

for the VLAN and the SVI provides the Layer 3 processing for packets from all

switch

ports associated with the VLAN.

Switch virtual interface - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_virtual_interfaceSearch for:

What is a SVI?

What is a router on a stick?

Router-on-a-stick

is a term frequently used to describe a setup up that consists of a

router

and switch connected using one Ethernet link configured as an 802.1q trunk link. In this setup, the switch is configured with multiple VLANs and the

router

performs all

routing

between the different networks/VLANs.

How To Configure Router On A Stick - 802.1q Trunk To Cisco Router

www.firewall.cx/cisco-technical...routers/336-cisco-router-8021q-router-stick.htmlSearch for:

What is a router on a stick?

What is VLAN IPTV setup?Some ISPs provide other services aside from Internet such as

IPTV

and phone service to their customers. ... To configure

VLAN IPTV setup

on your Nighthawk router: Use a computer or Wi-Fi device that is connected to your Nighthawk router.

Configuring VLAN IPTV setup on your Nighthawk router | Answer ...

https://kb.netgear.com/29911/Configuring-VLAN-IPTV-setup-on-your-Nighthawk-routerSearch for:

What is VLAN IPTV setup?

What is integrated routing and bridging?

Integrated Routing and Bridging

(IRB) is a technique that allows a protocol to be

bridged

as well as

routed

on the same interface on a

router

. When a

router

is configured for IRB, it maintains the existing VLAN header when forwarding the frame between the interfaces.May 31, 2008

How does VLAN routing and bridging work when using IRB? | Network ...

www.networkworld.com/.../how-does-vlan-routing-and-bridging-work-when-using-irb-...Search for:

What is integrated routing and bridging?

What is the access port?An "

access port

" is a type of connection on a switch that is used to connect a guest virtual machine that is VLAN unaware. This

port

provides the virtual machine with connectivity through a switch that is VLAN aware without requiring it to support VLAN tagging.

What Is an Access Port? - IBM

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSB27U_6.4.0/.../hcpa643.htmSearch for:

What is the access port?

What is VTP CCNA?

VTP

is a protocol used to distribute and synchronize identifying information about VLANs configured throughout a switched network. Configurations made to a single

VTP

server are propagated across trunk links to all connected switches in the network.Dec 5, 2003

VLAN Trunking Protocol > CCNA Self-Study (ICND Exam): Extending ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=102157&seqNum=3Search for:

What is VTP CCNA?

What is the difference between a router and a switch?What's the

difference between

a hub, a

switch, and a router

? Hubs,

switches

, and

routers

are all devices that let you connect one or more computers to other computers, networked devices, or even other networks. Each has two or more connectors called ports into which you plug in the cables to make the connection.Feb 23, 2013

What's the difference between a hub, a switch, and a router? - Ask Leo!

https://askleo.com/whats_the_difference_between_a_hub_a_switch_and_a_router/Search for:

What is the difference between a router and a switch?

What is the spanning tree protocol?

Spanning Tree Protocol

(

STP

) is a Layer 2

protocol

that runs on bridges and switches. The specification for

STP

is IEEE 802.1D. The main purpose of

STP

is to ensure that you do not create loops when you have redundant paths in your network. Loops are deadly to a network.Aug 17, 2006

Understanding and Configuring Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) on ...

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/lan-switching/spanning-tree.../5234-5.htmlSearch for:

What is the spanning tree protocol?

What is the difference between a VLAN and a VPN?

VLAN

is a subcategory of

VPN

and

VPN

is a means of creating a secured network for safe data transmission. A

VLAN

is basically a means to logically segregate networks without physically segregating them with various switches. A

VPN

is used to connect two points in a secured and encrypted tunnel.

What is the difference between VLAN, VPN, MPLS and MPLS-VPN ...

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-VLAN-VPN-MPLS-and-MPLS-...Search for:

What is the difference between a VLAN and a VPN?

What is a router on a stick?

Router-on-a-stick

is a term frequently used to describe a setup up that consists of a

router

and switch connected using one Ethernet link configured as an 802.1q trunk link. In this setup, the switch is configured with multiple VLANs and the

router

performs all

routing

between the different networks/VLANs.

How To Configure Router On A Stick - 802.1q Trunk To Cisco Router

www.firewall.cx/cisco-technical...routers/336-cisco-router-8021q-router-stick.htmlSearch for:

What is a router on a stick?

What is VLAN IPTV setup?Some ISPs provide other services aside from Internet such as

IPTV

and phone service to their customers. ... To configure

VLAN IPTV setup

on your Nighthawk router: Use a computer or Wi-Fi device that is connected to your Nighthawk router.

Configuring VLAN IPTV setup on your Nighthawk router | Answer ...

https://kb.netgear.com/29911/Configuring-VLAN-IPTV-setup-on-your-Nighthawk-routerSearch for:

What is VLAN IPTV setup?

What is integrated routing and bridging?

Integrated Routing and Bridging

(IRB) is a technique that allows a protocol to be

bridged

as well as

routed

on the same interface on a

router

. When a

router

is configured for IRB, it maintains the existing VLAN header when forwarding the frame between the interfaces.May 31, 2008

How does VLAN routing and bridging work when using IRB? | Network ...

www.networkworld.com/.../how-does-vlan-routing-and-bridging-work-when-using-irb-...Search for:

What is integrated routing and bridging?

What is the access port?An "

access port

" is a type of connection on a switch that is used to connect a guest virtual machine that is VLAN unaware. This

port

provides the virtual machine with connectivity through a switch that is VLAN aware without requiring it to support VLAN tagging.

What Is an Access Port? - IBM

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSB27U_6.4.0/.../hcpa643.htmSearch for:

What is the access port?

What is VTP CCNA?

VTP

is a protocol used to distribute and synchronize identifying information about VLANs configured throughout a switched network. Configurations made to a single

VTP

server are propagated across trunk links to all connected switches in the network.Dec 5, 2003

VLAN Trunking Protocol > CCNA Self-Study (ICND Exam): Extending ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=102157&seqNum=3Search for:

What is VTP CCNA?

What is the difference between a router and a switch?What's the

difference between

a hub, a

switch, and a router

? Hubs,

switches

, and

routers

are all devices that let you connect one or more computers to other computers, networked devices, or even other networks. Each has two or more connectors called ports into which you plug in the cables to make the connection.Feb 23, 2013

What's the difference between a hub, a switch, and a router? - Ask Leo!

https://askleo.com/whats_the_difference_between_a_hub_a_switch_and_a_router/Search for:

What is the difference between a router and a switch?

What is the spanning tree protocol?

Spanning Tree Protocol

(

STP

) is a Layer 2

protocol

that runs on bridges and switches. The specification for

STP

is IEEE 802.1D. The main purpose of

STP

is to ensure that you do not create loops when you have redundant paths in your network. Loops are deadly to a network.Aug 17, 2006

Understanding and Configuring Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) on ...

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/lan-switching/spanning-tree.../5234-5.htmlSearch for:

What is the spanning tree protocol?

What is the difference between a VLAN and a VPN?  What is the subnet?A subnetwork or

subnet

is a logical subdivision of an IP

network

. The practice of dividing a

network

into two or more

networks

is called

subnetting

. Computers that belong to a

subnet

are addressed with a common, identical, most-significant bit-group in their IP address.

Subnetwork - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SubnetworkSearch for:

What is the subnet?

How can I tell what VLAN I am on?

Click OK.

In Device Manager, open Network adapters.

Right-click on the NIC and choose Properties.

Click the Advanced tab.

Scroll down to VLAN ID.

Set the ID that you would like the NIC to have and click OK.

How do I set a virtual local area network (VLAN) tag with my network ...

https://www.startech.com/faq/networking_VLAN_taggingSearch for:

How can I tell what VLAN I am on?

What is meant by quality of service?Quality of service (QoS) refers to a network's ability to achieve

maximum

bandwidth and deal with other network performance elements like latency, error rate and uptime.

What is Quality of Service (QoS)? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/9049/quality-of-serviceSearch for:

What is meant by quality of service?

How do you configure a switch?To

configure

the default gateway for the

switch

, use the ip default-gateway command. Enter the IP address of the default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of the router interface to which the

switch

connects. Use the following command to backup the

configuration

: copy running-config startup-config.Mar 31, 2014

Basic Switch Configuration (2.1) > Cisco Networking Academy's ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181836&seqNum=4Search for:

How do you configure a switch?

What is a wireless VLAN?

Virtual local area networks

(

VLANs

) are a wonderful

wireless

network security tool by enabling its separation technology. You can implement

VLANs

in several ways when working with your

wireless

LAN.

VLANs

allow you to. Separate different types of traffic based on the SSID to which they connect.

Wireless Network Security: Isolating Users with VLANs - dummies

www.dummies.com/programming/.../wireless-network-security-isolating-users-with-vlan...Search for:

What is a wireless VLAN?

How can we create a VLAN on a switch?

To create VLAN interfaces:

Determine the IP addresses that you want to assign to the VLAN interfaces on the switch. ...

Open a web browser.

In the browser address field, type the IP address of the smart switch. ...

Type the password in the Password field. ...

Click the Login button. ...

Select Routing>IP>IP Configuration.

More items...

How do I configure VLAN Routing on a smart switch? | Answer ...

https://kb.netgear.com/24755/How-do-I-configure-VLAN-Routing-on-a-smart-switchSearch for:

How can we create a VLAN on a switch?

What is the VLAN?A virtual LAN (

VLAN

) is any broadcast domain that is partitioned and isolated in a computer network at the data link layer (OSI layer 2). ...

VLANs

allow network administrators to group hosts together even if the hosts are not on the same network switch.

VLANs - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_LANSearch for:

What is the VLAN?

What is the VLAN 1?

VLAN

Design Guidelines (3.3.2.1) Cisco switches have a factory configuration in which default

VLANs

are preconfigured to support various media and protocol types. The default Ethernet

VLAN

is

VLAN 1

. It is a security best practice to configure all the ports on all switches to be associated with

VLANs

other than

VLAN 1

.Apr 7, 2014

Design Best Practices for VLANs (3.3.2) > Cisco Networking ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181837&seqNum=11Search for:

What is the VLAN 1?

Is native VLAN tagged or untagged?By default all ports (access links) belong to

VLAN

1 or

native VLAN

. Hello Sandy,

native vlan

is an 802.1Q concept: frames belonging to

native vlan

are sent

untagged

. ...

Vlan tagging

is happens only when frame going through the trunk and the switch strip the

vlan tag

before sending to the port where pc is connected .Jan 13, 2010

Why Native VLAN exists on a Trunk? | LAN, Switching and Routing ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/discussion/10811246/why-native-vlan-exists-trunkSearch for:

Is native VLAN tagged or untagged?

What is a trunk port in Cisco switches?Enabling Trunking.

Trunk

links are required to pass VLAN information between

switches

. A port on a

Cisco switch

is either an access port or a

trunk

port. Access ports belong to a single VLAN and do not provide any identifying marks on the frames that are passed between

switches

.Oct 25, 2002

Trunking > VLANs and Trunking - Cisco Press

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=29803&seqNum=3Search for:

What is a trunk port in Cisco switches?

What is the spanning tree protocol?

Spanning Tree Protocol

(

STP

) is a Layer 2

protocol

that runs on bridges and switches. The specification for

STP

is IEEE 802.1D. The main purpose of

STP

is to ensure that you do not create loops when you have redundant paths in your network. Loops are deadly to a network.Aug 17, 2006

Understanding and Configuring Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) on ...

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/lan-switching/spanning-tree.../5234-5.htmlSearch for:

What is the spanning tree protocol?

What is the difference between a VLAN and a VPN?  What is the subnet?A subnetwork or

subnet

is a logical subdivision of an IP

network

. The practice of dividing a

network

into two or more

networks

is called

subnetting

. Computers that belong to a

subnet

are addressed with a common, identical, most-significant bit-group in their IP address.

Subnetwork - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SubnetworkSearch for:

What is the subnet?

How can I tell what VLAN I am on?

Click OK.

In Device Manager, open Network adapters.

Right-click on the NIC and choose Properties.

Click the Advanced tab.

Scroll down to VLAN ID.

Set the ID that you would like the NIC to have and click OK.

How do I set a virtual local area network (VLAN) tag with my network ...

https://www.startech.com/faq/networking_VLAN_taggingSearch for:

How can I tell what VLAN I am on?

What is meant by quality of service?Quality of service (QoS) refers to a network's ability to achieve

maximum

bandwidth and deal with other network performance elements like latency, error rate and uptime.

What is Quality of Service (QoS)? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/9049/quality-of-serviceSearch for:

What is meant by quality of service?

How do you configure a switch?To

configure

the default gateway for the

switch

, use the ip default-gateway command. Enter the IP address of the default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of the router interface to which the

switch

connects. Use the following command to backup the

configuration

: copy running-config startup-config.Mar 31, 2014

Basic Switch Configuration (2.1) > Cisco Networking Academy's ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181836&seqNum=4Search for:

How do you configure a switch?

What is a wireless VLAN?

Virtual local area networks

(

VLANs

) are a wonderful

wireless

network security tool by enabling its separation technology. You can implement

VLANs

in several ways when working with your

wireless

LAN.

VLANs

allow you to. Separate different types of traffic based on the SSID to which they connect.

Wireless Network Security: Isolating Users with VLANs - dummies

www.dummies.com/programming/.../wireless-network-security-isolating-users-with-vlan...Search for:

What is a wireless VLAN?

How can we create a VLAN on a switch?

To create VLAN interfaces:

Determine the IP addresses that you want to assign to the VLAN interfaces on the switch. ...

Open a web browser.

In the browser address field, type the IP address of the smart switch. ...

Type the password in the Password field. ...

Click the Login button. ...

Select Routing>IP>IP Configuration.

More items...

How do I configure VLAN Routing on a smart switch? | Answer ...

https://kb.netgear.com/24755/How-do-I-configure-VLAN-Routing-on-a-smart-switchSearch for:

How can we create a VLAN on a switch?

What is the VLAN?A virtual LAN (

VLAN

) is any broadcast domain that is partitioned and isolated in a computer network at the data link layer (OSI layer 2). ...

VLANs

allow network administrators to group hosts together even if the hosts are not on the same network switch.

VLANs - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_LANSearch for:

What is the VLAN?

What is the VLAN 1?

VLAN

Design Guidelines (3.3.2.1) Cisco switches have a factory configuration in which default

VLANs

are preconfigured to support various media and protocol types. The default Ethernet

VLAN

is

VLAN 1

. It is a security best practice to configure all the ports on all switches to be associated with

VLANs

other than

VLAN 1

.Apr 7, 2014

Design Best Practices for VLANs (3.3.2) > Cisco Networking ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181837&seqNum=11Search for:

What is the VLAN 1?

Is native VLAN tagged or untagged?By default all ports (access links) belong to

VLAN

1 or

native VLAN

. Hello Sandy,

native vlan

is an 802.1Q concept: frames belonging to

native vlan

are sent

untagged

. ...

Vlan tagging

is happens only when frame going through the trunk and the switch strip the

vlan tag

before sending to the port where pc is connected .Jan 13, 2010

Why Native VLAN exists on a Trunk? | LAN, Switching and Routing ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/discussion/10811246/why-native-vlan-exists-trunkSearch for:

Is native VLAN tagged or untagged?

What is a trunk port in Cisco switches?  What is a telephone trunk line?In telecommunications,

trunking

is a method for a system to provide network access to many clients by sharing a set of

lines

or frequencies instead of providing them individually. This is analogous to the structure of a tree with one

trunk

and many branches.

Trunking - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrunkingSearch for:

What is a telephone trunk line?

What is tagged and untagged traffic?When a port is set to access it means that the port is part of the VLAN forwarding wise (MAC table) but all frames are sent

untagged

. When frames from that VLAN are sent over a trunk they get a tag added so the receiving switch knows to which VLAN the

traffic

belongs.Apr 11, 2013

Tagged vs Untagged Traffic - 54957 - The Cisco Learning Network

https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/thread/54957Search for:

What is tagged and untagged traffic?

How do VLAN tags work?

VLAN Tagging

is the practice of inserting a

VLAN

ID into a packet header in order to identify which

VLAN

(Virtual Local Area Network) the packet belongs to. More specifically, switches use the

VLAN

ID to determine which port(s), or interface(s), to send a broadcast packet to.

What is VLAN Tagging? Why should I enable VLAN Tagging support ...

https://www.bluecoat.com/sites/default/files/documents/files/VLAN_Tagging.1.pdfSearch for:

How do VLAN tags work?

What is broadcast domain in VLAN?A

VLAN

is a group of switch ports, within a single or multiple switches, that is defined by the switch hardware and/or software as a single

broadcast domain

. A

VLAN's

goal is to group devices connected to a switch into logical

broadcast domains

to control the effect that

broadcasts

have on other connected devices.Dec 5, 2003

CCNA Self-Study (ICND Exam): Extending Switched Networks with ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=102157Search for:

What is broadcast domain in VLAN?

How many broadcast and collision domains are on a switch?With all this information, you can say that on your diagram, there are

2 broadcast domains

(1 router that separates 2 LAN segments composed by one or many switches, with only 1 VLAN per segment).Jul 15, 2008

Broadcast Domains and Collision Domains - 1734 - The Cisco ...

https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/thread/1734Search for:

How many broadcast and collision domains are on a switch?

What is Vxlan used for?Virtual Extensible LAN (

VXLAN

) is a network virtualization technology that attempts to address the scalability problems associated with large cloud computing deployments. ...

VXLAN

is an evolution of efforts to standardize on an overlay encapsulation protocol.

Virtual Extensible LAN - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Extensible_LANSearch for:

What is Vxlan used for?

What is Vxlan Cisco?VLANs provide logical segmentation of Layer 2 boundaries or broadcast domains. ...

Cisco

, in partnership with other leading vendors, proposed the Virtual Extensible LAN (

VXLAN

) standard to the IETF as a solution to the data center network challenges posed by traditional VLAN technology.Nov 6, 2013

VXLAN Overview: Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Switches - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/switches/.../white-paper-c11-729383.htmlSearch for:

What is Vxlan Cisco?

What is pruning in networking?VTP

pruning

helps improve proper allocation and use of

network

bandwidth by reducing unnecessary flooded traffic, such as broadcast, multicast, unknown, and flooded unicast packets. ... By default, VLANs 2 – 1001 are

pruning

eligible, but VLAN 1 can't be

pruned

because it's an administrativeVLAN.Nov 9, 2015

What is VTP Pruning ? Explanation with Examples

www.orbit-computer-solutions.com/vtp-pruning/Search for:

What is pruning in networking?

What is a VLAN trunk?

VLAN Trunking

Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of

Virtual Local Area Networks

(

VLAN

) on the whole local area network. To do this, VTP carries

VLAN

information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over 802.1Q, and ISL trunks.

VLAN Trunking Protocol - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN_Trunking_ProtocolSearch for:

What is a VLAN trunk?

What is a local area network connection?

Local area connections

is a phrase most often associated with Microsoft Windows Operating System(s). Typically, computers running Windows are connected to a

local area

network (LAN). When you install Windows, your network adapter is detected, and a

local area connection

is created.

What is Local Area Connection? Webopedia Definition

www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/local_area_connections.htmlSearch for:

What is a local area network connection?

What is a LAN and how does it work?A

LAN

is a somewhat ambiguous term. This could mean the internal side of a corporate network (possibly, but not usually containing routers), the wireless side of a home router, or a single switched network in the same local subnet. If you say

LAN

, you usually mean a network where all devices are in the same subnet.

How does a Local Area Network (LAN) work? - Quora

https://www.quora.com/How-does-a-Local-Area-Network-LAN-workSearch for:

What is a LAN and how does it work?

What is the function of a Layer 2 switch?Cisco

Layer 2 Switch Functions

.

Layer 2 switch

is A network device that forwards traffic based on MAC

layer

(Ethernet or Token Ring) addresses. ...

Layer 2 switches

effectively provide the same functionality. They are similar to multiport bridges in that they learn and forward frames on each port.Nov 18, 2007

Cisco Layer 2 Switch Functions | Debian Admin

www.debianadmin.com/cisco-layer-2-switch-functions.htmlSearch for:

What is the function of a Layer 2 switch?

What is a Layer 2 network?

Layer 2

refers to the Data Link

layer

of the commonly-referenced multilayered communication model, Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). The Data Link

layer

is concerned with moving data across the physical links in the network.

What is layer 2? - Definition from WhatIs.com - SearchNetworking

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/layer-2Search for:

What is a Layer 2 network?

What is difference WLAN and WIFI?Technically,

WLAN

means any

wireless local area network

no matter what technology is used and

Wi-Fi

is a type of

WLAN

that follows the IEEE 802.11 standards which most

WLANs

in use today do, that's why they are commonly used interchangeably.

Wi-Fi

as a name for the standard is a trademark of the

Wi-Fi

Alliance.

What is the difference between Wi-Fi and WLAN? - Quora

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-Wi-Fi-and-WLANSearch for:

What is difference WLAN and WIFI?

Is WIFI and WLAN the same thing?While wireless LANs refer to any local area network (LAN) that a mobile user can connect to through a wireless (radio) connection;

Wi-Fi

(short for "wireless fidelity") is a term for certain types of

WLANs

that use specifications in the 802.11 wireless protocol family.

Wireless vs. Wi-Fi: What is the difference between Wi-Fi and WLAN?

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/.../Wireless-vs-Wi-Fi-What-is-the-difference-between-...Search for:

Is WIFI and WLAN the same thing?

What are the advantages of using Vlans?

Advantages of VLANs

.

VLANs

provide a number of

advantages

, such as ease of administration, confinement of broadcast domains, reduced broadcast traffic, and enforcement of security policies.

VLANs

provide the following

advantages

:

VLANs

enable logical grouping of end-stations that are physically dispersed on a network.

Advantages of VLANs - NetApp

https://library.netapp.com/.../GUID-C9DA920B-F414-4017-8DD1-D77D7FD3CC8C.ht...Search for:

What are the advantages of using Vlans?

What is a broadcast domain?A

broadcast domain

is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by

broadcast

at the data link layer. A

broadcast domain

can be within the same LAN segment or it can be bridged to other LAN segments. ... Routers and other higher-layer devices form boundaries between

broadcast domains

.

Broadcast domain - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_domainSearch for:

What is a broadcast domain?

What is the use of native VLAN?The

native VLAN

is the only

VLAN

which is not tagged in a trunk, in other words,

native VLAN

frames are transmitted unchanged. Per default the

native VLAN

is

VLAN

1 but you can change that: #show interface Fa0/8 trunk. ... Port Mode Encapsulation Status

Native vlan

. Fa0/8 on 802.1q other 2.Jan 6, 2013

What is difference between Default VLAN and Native VLAN? | Getting ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/.../what-difference-between-default-vlan-and-native-vla...Search for:

What is the use of native VLAN?

What is the native VLAN Cisco?

Cisco

IOS and

Native VLANs

. An 802.1Q trunk port can carry tagged and untagged frames because Ethernet is assumed to be a shared medium and there may hosts on the medium that cannot handle untagged frames. Untagged frames must placed into a

VLAN

by the receiving switch, the

native VLAN

is the

VLAN

used.Jun 9, 2011

Basics: Cisco IOS Native VLANs - EtherealMind

etherealmind.com/basics-cisco-ios-native-vlans/Search for:

What is the native VLAN Cisco?

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?A

VLAN

is a set of end stations and the switch ports that connect them. You can have different reasons for the logical division, such as department or project membership. ... Each

VLAN

in a network has an associated

VLAN

ID, which appears in the IEEE 802.1Q tag in the Layer 2 header of packets transmitted on a

VLAN

.

What is a virtual LAN (VLAN) and how does it work with my managed ...

https://kb.netgear.com/.../What-is-a-virtual-LAN-VLAN-and-how-does-it-work-with-my...Search for:

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?

What is a VLAN hopping attack?

VLAN hopping

is a computer security exploit, a method of attacking networked resources on a virtual LAN (

VLAN

). The basic concept behind all

VLAN hopping

attacks is for an attacking host on a

VLAN

to gain access to traffic on other

VLANs

that would normally not be accessible.

VLAN hopping - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN_hoppingSearch for:

What is a VLAN hopping attack?

What is routed port on a switch?[Study CCNA or CCNP

SWITCH

with Cisco Press] A

routed port

on a

switch

can act like a

port

on a router.

Routed switch ports

aren't joined to any VLANs and they do not support VLAN subinterfaces. Because they are

routed ports

, you can configure a Layer 3 protocol.Dec 18, 2013

What Is A Cisco Routed Port - Packet6

https://www.packet6.com/what-is-a-cisco-routed-port/Search for:

What is routed port on a switch?

What is SVI in Cisco switch?A Switched Virtual Interface (

SVI

) is a virtual LAN (VLAN) of

switch

ports represented by one interface to a routing or bridging system. There is no physical interface for the VLAN and the

SVI

provides the Layer 3 processing for packets from all

switch

ports associated with the VLAN.

Switch virtual interface - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_virtual_interfaceSearch for:

What is SVI in Cisco switch?

What does encapsulation dot1q do?IEEE 802.1Q

encapsulation

is configurable on Ethernet and EtherChannel interfaces. IEEE 802.1Q is a standard protocol for interconnecting multiple switches and routers and for defining VLAN topologies. Use the

encapsulation dot1q

command in subinterface range configuration mode to apply a VLAN ID to the subinterface.

encapsulation dot1Q - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/m/en_us/techdoc/dc/reference/cli/nxos/.../encapsulation-dot1q.htmlSearch for:

What does encapsulation dot1q do?

What is a router on a stick Cisco?

Router-on-a-stick

is a term frequently used to describe a setup up that consists of a

router

and switch connected using one Ethernet link configured as an 802.1q trunk link. In this setup, the switch is configured with multiple VLANs and the

router

performs all

routing

between the different networks/VLANs.

How To Configure Router On A Stick - 802.1q Trunk To Cisco Router

www.firewall.cx/cisco-technical...routers/336-cisco-router-8021q-router-stick.htmlSearch for:

What is a router on a stick Cisco?

What is VLAN IPTV?There are Internet Service Providers (ISP) that provide multiple services such as Internet,

IPTV

and phone service. They also require you to configure

VLAN

tagging for those services to work behind your device.

Enabling VLAN/IPTV Setup on D6220/D7800 | Answer | NETGEAR ...

https://kb.netgear.com/29808/Enabling-VLAN-IPTV-Setup-on-D6220-D7800Search for:

What is VLAN IPTV?

What is a Layer 2 network?

Layer 2

refers to the Data Link

layer

of the commonly-referenced multilayered communication model, Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). The Data Link

layer

is concerned with moving data across the physical links in the network.

What is layer 2? - Definition from WhatIs.com - SearchNetworking

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/layer-2Search for:

What is a Layer 2 network?

What is difference WLAN and WIFI?Technically,

WLAN

means any

wireless local area network

no matter what technology is used and

Wi-Fi

is a type of

WLAN

that follows the IEEE 802.11 standards which most

WLANs

in use today do, that's why they are commonly used interchangeably.

Wi-Fi

as a name for the standard is a trademark of the

Wi-Fi

Alliance.

What is the difference between Wi-Fi and WLAN? - Quora

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-Wi-Fi-and-WLANSearch for:

What is difference WLAN and WIFI?

Is WIFI and WLAN the same thing?While wireless LANs refer to any local area network (LAN) that a mobile user can connect to through a wireless (radio) connection;

Wi-Fi

(short for "wireless fidelity") is a term for certain types of

WLANs

that use specifications in the 802.11 wireless protocol family.

Wireless vs. Wi-Fi: What is the difference between Wi-Fi and WLAN?

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/.../Wireless-vs-Wi-Fi-What-is-the-difference-between-...Search for:

Is WIFI and WLAN the same thing?

What are the advantages of using Vlans?

Advantages of VLANs

.

VLANs

provide a number of

advantages

, such as ease of administration, confinement of broadcast domains, reduced broadcast traffic, and enforcement of security policies.

VLANs

provide the following

advantages

:

VLANs

enable logical grouping of end-stations that are physically dispersed on a network.

Advantages of VLANs - NetApp

https://library.netapp.com/.../GUID-C9DA920B-F414-4017-8DD1-D77D7FD3CC8C.ht...Search for:

What are the advantages of using Vlans?

What is a broadcast domain?A

broadcast domain

is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by

broadcast

at the data link layer. A

broadcast domain

can be within the same LAN segment or it can be bridged to other LAN segments. ... Routers and other higher-layer devices form boundaries between

broadcast domains

.

Broadcast domain - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_domainSearch for:

What is a broadcast domain?

What is the use of native VLAN?The

native VLAN

is the only

VLAN

which is not tagged in a trunk, in other words,

native VLAN

frames are transmitted unchanged. Per default the

native VLAN

is

VLAN

1 but you can change that: #show interface Fa0/8 trunk. ... Port Mode Encapsulation Status

Native vlan

. Fa0/8 on 802.1q other 2.Jan 6, 2013

What is difference between Default VLAN and Native VLAN? | Getting ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/.../what-difference-between-default-vlan-and-native-vla...Search for:

What is the use of native VLAN?

What is the native VLAN Cisco?

Cisco

IOS and

Native VLANs

. An 802.1Q trunk port can carry tagged and untagged frames because Ethernet is assumed to be a shared medium and there may hosts on the medium that cannot handle untagged frames. Untagged frames must placed into a

VLAN

by the receiving switch, the

native VLAN

is the

VLAN

used.Jun 9, 2011

Basics: Cisco IOS Native VLANs - EtherealMind

etherealmind.com/basics-cisco-ios-native-vlans/Search for:

What is the native VLAN Cisco?

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?A

VLAN

is a set of end stations and the switch ports that connect them. You can have different reasons for the logical division, such as department or project membership. ... Each

VLAN

in a network has an associated

VLAN

ID, which appears in the IEEE 802.1Q tag in the Layer 2 header of packets transmitted on a

VLAN

.

What is a virtual LAN (VLAN) and how does it work with my managed ...

https://kb.netgear.com/.../What-is-a-virtual-LAN-VLAN-and-how-does-it-work-with-my...Search for:

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?

What is a VLAN hopping attack?

VLAN hopping

is a computer security exploit, a method of attacking networked resources on a virtual LAN (

VLAN

). The basic concept behind all

VLAN hopping

attacks is for an attacking host on a

VLAN

to gain access to traffic on other

VLANs

that would normally not be accessible.

VLAN hopping - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN_hoppingSearch for:

What is a VLAN hopping attack?

What is routed port on a switch?[Study CCNA or CCNP

SWITCH

with Cisco Press] A

routed port

on a

switch

can act like a

port

on a router.

Routed switch ports

aren't joined to any VLANs and they do not support VLAN subinterfaces. Because they are

routed ports

, you can configure a Layer 3 protocol.Dec 18, 2013

What Is A Cisco Routed Port - Packet6

https://www.packet6.com/what-is-a-cisco-routed-port/Search for:

What is routed port on a switch?

What is SVI in Cisco switch?A Switched Virtual Interface (

SVI

) is a virtual LAN (VLAN) of

switch

ports represented by one interface to a routing or bridging system. There is no physical interface for the VLAN and the

SVI

provides the Layer 3 processing for packets from all

switch

ports associated with the VLAN.

Switch virtual interface - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_virtual_interfaceSearch for:

What is SVI in Cisco switch?

What does encapsulation dot1q do?IEEE 802.1Q

encapsulation

is configurable on Ethernet and EtherChannel interfaces. IEEE 802.1Q is a standard protocol for interconnecting multiple switches and routers and for defining VLAN topologies. Use the

encapsulation dot1q

command in subinterface range configuration mode to apply a VLAN ID to the subinterface.

encapsulation dot1Q - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/m/en_us/techdoc/dc/reference/cli/nxos/.../encapsulation-dot1q.htmlSearch for:

What does encapsulation dot1q do?

What is a router on a stick Cisco?

Router-on-a-stick

is a term frequently used to describe a setup up that consists of a

router

and switch connected using one Ethernet link configured as an 802.1q trunk link. In this setup, the switch is configured with multiple VLANs and the

router

performs all

routing

between the different networks/VLANs.

How To Configure Router On A Stick - 802.1q Trunk To Cisco Router

www.firewall.cx/cisco-technical...routers/336-cisco-router-8021q-router-stick.htmlSearch for:

What is a router on a stick Cisco?

What is VLAN IPTV?  What is VLAN bridge setup?In a LAN environment,

VLANs

divide broadcast domains. ... This type of routing is called inter-

VLAN

routing. On a smart switch, you can

set up

inter-

VLAN

routing by creating a Layer 3 interface, that is, a switch virtual interface (SVI). By default, a port is enabled for

bridging

rather than routing.

What is VLAN Routing? | Answer | NETGEAR Support

https://kb.netgear.com/24754/What-is-VLAN-RoutingSearch for:

What is VLAN bridge setup?

What is IRB routing?Integrated

Routing

and Bridging (

IRB

) is a technique that allows a protocol to be bridged as well as routed on the same interface on a

router

. When a

router

is configured for

IRB

, it maintains the existing VLAN header when forwarding the frame between the interfaces.May 31, 2008

How does VLAN routing and bridging work when using IRB? | Network ...

www.networkworld.com/.../how-does-vlan-routing-and-bridging-work-when-using-irb-...Search for:

What is IRB routing?

What is the BVI interface?

BVI

can replace Vlan

interfaces

. So instead of having a Vlan

interface

that routes packets (coming from acces port attached to that vlan number) that needs to be routed outside the vlan, the

BVI

does the same thing, routing packets outside de layer 2 domain from L2

interfaces

that are bridged to that

BVI

.Mar 31, 2011

What is a Cisco BVI interface? What is it used for? - Server Fault

https://serverfault.com/questions/254347/what-is-a-cisco-bvi-interface-what-is-it-used-forSearch for:

What is the BVI interface?

What is Cobb access port?The

Accessport

is the world's best selling, most flexible, and easiest to use ECU upgrade solution for your Subaru. Unlock power hidden within the vehicle by replacing conservative factory settings with more aggressive calibrations.

COBB Tuning - Accessport

https://www.cobbtuning.com/products/accessportSearch for:

What is Cobb access port?

What is access and trunk port?A

trunk port

is a

port

that is assigned to carry traffic for all the VLANs that are accessible by a specific switch, a process known as trunking.

Trunk ports

mark frames with unique identifying tags – either 802.1Q tags or Inter-Switch Link (ISL) tags – as they move between switches.

What is a Trunk Port? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/27008/trunk-portSearch for:

What is access and trunk port?

What is the use of VTP pruning?

VLAN

Trunking Protocol (

VTP

) is used to communicate

VLAN

information between switches in the same

VTP

domain.

VLAN

Trunking Protocol (

VTP

)

pruning

is a feature in Cisco switches, which stops

VLAN

update information traffic from being sent down trunk links if the updates are not needed.

What is VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) Pruning - omnisecu.com

www.omnisecu.com/cisco...ccna/what-is-vlan-trunking-protocol-vtp-pruning.phpSearch for:

What is the use of VTP pruning?

What is Dynamic Trunking Protocol?The

Dynamic Trunking Protocol

(DTP) is a proprietary networking

protocol

developed by Cisco Systems for the purpose of negotiating

trunking

on a link between two VLAN-aware switches, and for negotiating the type of

trunking

encapsulation to be used.

Dynamic Trunking Protocol - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Trunking_ProtocolSearch for:

What is Dynamic Trunking Protocol?

What is the difference between a hub and a switch and a router?In a word, intelligence. Hubs, switches, and routers are all devices that let you connect one or more computers to other computers, networked devices, or even other networks. Each has two or more connectors called ports into which you

plug

in the cables to make the connection.Feb 23, 2013

What's the difference between a hub, a switch, and a router? - Ask Leo!

https://askleo.com/whats_the_difference_between_a_hub_a_switch_and_a_router/Search for:

What is the difference between a hub and a switch and a router?

What is the difference between a router and a gateway?

Gateways

regulate traffic

between

two dissimilar networks, while

routers

regulate traffic

between

similar networks. The easiest way to illustrate this point is through an example. ... Because TCP/IP is also the primary protocol of the Internet, you could use a

router

to connect your network to the Internet.Jul 19, 2000

Understanding the differences between gateways and routers ...

www.techrepublic.com/.../understanding-the-differences-between-gateways-and-routers/Search for:

What is the difference between a router and a gateway?

What is a spanning tree loop?The

Spanning Tree

Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that builds a logical

loop

-free topology for Ethernet networks. The basic function of STP is to prevent bridge

loops

and the broadcast radiation that results from them.

Spanning Tree Protocol - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_Tree_ProtocolSearch for:

What is a spanning tree loop?

What is a designated port in spanning tree protocol?A bridge device has two (or more)

ports

. The one that is connected on the side where the

STP

root resides is called 'root

port

'. A

port

not facing the root but forwarding traffic (while lowest cost) from another segment is called '

designated port

'.Dec 7, 2010

STP: Root port vs. designated port | LAN, Switching and Routing ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/discussion/11061531/stp-root-port-vs-designated-portSearch for:

What is a designated port in spanning tree protocol?

What is the VLAN?A virtual LAN (

VLAN

) is any broadcast domain that is partitioned and isolated in a computer network at the data link layer (OSI layer 2). ...

VLANs

allow network administrators to group hosts together even if the hosts are not on the same network switch.

VLANs - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_LANSearch for:

What is the VLAN?

Is Mpls a VPN?

MPLS VPN

is a family of methods for using multiprotocol label switching (

MPLS

) to create

virtual private networks

(

VPNs

).

MPLS VPN

is a flexible method to transport and route several types of network traffic using an

MPLS

backbone.

MPLS VPN - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLS_VPNSearch for:

Is Mpls a VPN?

How do you find your subnet mask?

Find Subnet Mask

on Windows Computer. To

find

the

subnet mask

of your Windows computer, go to the Run box (Windows Key + R) and cmd to open the Command Prompt. Here you can type the command “ipconfig /all” and hit the Enter key.Feb 21, 2014

How to Find the Subnet Mask on Windows or Mac - Labnol

https://www.labnol.org/internet/find-subnet-mask/25410/Search for:

How do you find your subnet mask?

What is a 24 network?Subnet and host countsPrefix sizeSubnet maskAvailable subnets

/24255.255.255.01

/25255.255.255.1282

/26255.255.255.1924

/27255.255.255.2248

4 more rows

Subnetwork - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SubnetworkSearch for:

What is a 24 network?

How do I find out what my VLAN is?To

find

your

VLAN

(on a

Windows

XP machine), go to "Start Menu",then click the return (enter) key on your keyboard. This runs a command prompt. Type in "ipconfig" and hit return again. You will

see

your IP Address, your Subnet Mask and your Default Gateway.

DHCP - OpenAccess.org

www.openaccess.org/index.php?section=47Search for:

How do I find out what my VLAN is?

How can we create a VLAN on a switch?

To create VLAN interfaces:

Determine the IP addresses that you want to assign to the VLAN interfaces on the switch. ...

Open a web browser.

In the browser address field, type the IP address of the smart switch. ...

Type the password in the Password field. ...

Click the Login button. ...

Select Routing>IP>IP Configuration.

More items...

How do I configure VLAN Routing on a smart switch? | Answer ...

https://kb.netgear.com/24755/How-do-I-configure-VLAN-Routing-on-a-smart-switchSearch for:

How can we create a VLAN on a switch?

What is a quality of service policy?

Quality of service

(

QoS

) is a feature that lets you give priority to critical traffic, prevent bandwidth hogging, and manage network bottlenecks to prevent packet drops. This chapter describes how to apply

QoS policies

and includes the following sections: • Information About

QoS

.Oct 31, 2013

Applying QoS Policies - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/asa/asa72/configuration/guide/.../qos.htmlSearch for:

What is a quality of service policy?

What is quality of service in computer networks?

Quality of Service

(

QoS

) refers to the capability of a

network

to provide better service to selected

network

traffic over various technologies, including Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Ethernet and 802.1

networks

, SONET, and IP-routed

networks

that may use any or all of these underlying technologies.Oct 16, 2012

Quality of Service Networking - DocWiki

docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Quality_of_Service_NetworkingSearch for:

What is quality of service in computer networks?

How do you route between VLANs?

Step-by-Step Instructions

Enable routing on the switch with the ip routing command. ...

Make note of the VLANs that you want to route between. ...

Use the show vlan command in order to verify that the VLANs exist in the VLAN database. ...

Determine the IP addresses you want to assign to the VLAN interface on the switch.

More items...

Configure InterVLAN Routing on Layer 3 Switches - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/...switching/.../41860-howto-L3-intervlanrouting.htmlSearch for:

How do you route between VLANs?

How do I configure a switch?To

configure

the default gateway for the

switch

, use the ip default-gateway command. Enter the IP address of the default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of the router interface to which the

switch

connects. Use the following command to backup the

configuration

: copy running-

config

startup-

config

.Mar 31, 2014

Basic Switch Configuration (2.1) > Cisco Networking Academy's ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181836&seqNum=4Search for:

How do I configure a switch?

What is the use of multiple SSID?The Service Set Identifier (

SSID

) defines what is thought of as the wireless network. ... In addition to

multiple

access points broadcasting or using the same

SSID

, a single access point can also use

multiple SSIDs

.

Multiple SSIDs with a Single Access Point (AP) - dummies

www.dummies.com/programming/.../cisco/multiple-ssids-with-a-single-access-point-ap/Search for:

What is the use of multiple SSID?

What is the use of VLAN tagging?

VLAN Tagging

is the practice of inserting a

VLAN

ID into a packet header in order to identify which

VLAN

(Virtual Local Area Network) the packet belongs to. More specifically, switches use the

VLAN

ID to determine which port(s), or interface(s), to send a broadcast packet to.

What is VLAN Tagging? Why should I enable VLAN Tagging support ...

https://www.bluecoat.com/sites/default/files/documents/files/VLAN_Tagging.1.pdfSearch for:

What is the use of VLAN tagging?

What is the use of inter VLAN routing?Virtual LANs (

VLANs

) divide one physical network into multiple broadcast domains. But,

VLAN

-enabled switches cannot, by themselves, forward traffic across

VLAN

boundaries. So you need to have

routing

between these

VLANs

which is called

interVLAN routing

.

What is interVLAN routing?

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/answer/What-is-interVLAN-routingSearch for:

What is the use of inter VLAN routing?

What is VTP in networking?

VLAN Trunking Protocol

(

VTP

) is a

Cisco

proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network. To do this,

VTP

carries VLAN information to all the switches in a

VTP

domain. ... Known VLANs and their specific parameters.

VLAN Trunking Protocol - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN_Trunking_ProtocolSearch for:

What is VTP in networking?

What is VLAN stand for?Virtual Local Area Network

VLAN stands for

Virtual Local Area Network. A

VLAN

is a network that collects a set of network ports on a switching device into a single broadcast domain.

VLANs

are most often used over Ethernet networks.Dec 1, 2012

VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks (IEEE 802.1Q) - InetDaemon.Com

www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/networking/lan/vlan/Search for:

What is VLAN stand for?

What is the full form of VLAN?

VLANs

are configured through software rather than hardware, which makes them extremely flexible. One of the biggest advantages of

VLANs

is that when a computer is physically moved to another location, it can stay on the same

VLAN

without any hardware reconfiguration.

What is VLAN? Webopedia Definition

www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/VLAN.htmlSearch for:

What is the full form of VLAN?

What are the main differences between a LAN and a VLAN?The purpose of a

VLAN

is simple: It removes the limitation of physically switched

LANs

with all devices automatically connected to each other. With a

VLAN

, it is possible to have hosts that are connected together on the same physical

LAN

but not allowed to communicate directly.May 29, 2015

Differences Between Physical and Virtual LANs | Virtual vs. Physical ...

www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2343470&seqNum=2Search for:

What are the main differences between a LAN and a VLAN?

Why would you use a VLAN?

VLAN's

can be used to create broadcast domains which eliminate the need for expensive routers. Periodically, sensitive data may be broadcast on a network. In such cases, placing only those users who can have access to that data on a

VLAN

can reduce the chances of an outsider gaining access to the data.

Virtual Local Area Networks - Computer Science & Engineering

www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cis788-97/ftp/virtual_lans/Search for:

Why would you use a VLAN?

What is the difference between tagged and untagged VLAN?So a "

tagged

" packet contains the

VLAN

information in the Ethernet frame while an "

untagged

" packet doesn't. ... The port between router and switch is configured as a trunk port so that both router and switch know which packet belongs to which customer

VLAN

.Feb 25, 2014

Why and how are Ethernet Vlans tagged? - Network Engineering ...

https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/.../why-and-how-are-ethernet-vlans-tagg...Search for:

What is the difference between tagged and untagged VLAN?

What is the use of native VLAN?A

Native VLAN

is nothing else than a default

VLAN

given that any port in a (CISCO)switch has to assigned to one

VLAN

. By default all ports (access links) belong to

VLAN

1 or

native VLAN

. Hello Sandy,

native vlan

is an 802.1Q concept: frames belonging to

native vlan

are sent untagged.Jan 13, 2010

Why Native VLAN exists on a Trunk? | LAN, Switching and Routing ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/discussion/10811246/why-native-vlan-exists-trunkSearch for:

What is the use of native VLAN?

What are the advantages of using Vlans?

Advantages of VLANs

.

VLANs

provide a number of

advantages

, such as ease of administration, confinement of broadcast domains, reduced broadcast traffic, and enforcement of security policies.

VLANs

provide the following

advantages

:

VLANs

enable logical grouping of end-stations that are physically dispersed on a network.

Advantages of VLANs - NetApp

https://library.netapp.com/.../GUID-C9DA920B-F414-4017-8DD1-D77D7FD3CC8C.ht...Search for:

What are the advantages of using Vlans?

What is VLAN and why it is used?A

VLAN

is a group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured to communicate as if they were attached to the same wire, when in fact they are located on a number of different LAN segments. Because

VLANs

are based on logical instead of physical connections, they are extremely flexible.

Understanding and Configuring VLANs - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst4500/12-2/25ew/.../vlans.htmlSearch for:

What is VLAN and why it is used?

What do you mean by trunkline?

Definition

of

trunk line

. 1 : a transportation system (such as an airline, railroad, or highway) handling long-distance through traffic. 2a : a main supply channel (as for gas or oil)b : trunk 5b.

Trunk Line | Definition of Trunk Line by Merriam-Webster

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trunk%20lineSearch for:

What do you mean by trunkline?

What is an analog trunk line?The Trunking Concept. Sometimes people incorrectly refer to a single

analog

telephone

line

as an

analog trunk

. Trunking refers to the concept that many users can access the telephone network through sharing a set of

lines

instead of each receiving one individually.

What is an analog telephone line? - MetrolineDirect

www.metrolinedirect.com/what-is-an-analog-telephone-line.htmlSearch for:

What is an analog trunk line?

What is a Pvid?A Port VLAN ID (

pvid

) is a default VLAN ID that is assigned to an access port to designate the virtual LAN segment to which this port is connected. The

pvid

places the port into the set of ports that are connected under the designated VLAN ID.

What Is a Port VLAN ID (pvid)? - IBM

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSB27U_6.4.0/.../hcpa646.htmSearch for:

What is a Pvid?

What is 802.1 Q?IEEE

802.1Q

is the networking standard that supports virtual LANs (VLANs) on an Ethernet network. The standard defines a system of VLAN tagging for Ethernet frames and the accompanying procedures to be used by bridges and switches in handling such frames.

IEEE 802.1Q - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1QSearch for:

What is 802.1 Q?

What is tagged frames?VLAN

Tagging

, also known as

Frame Tagging

, is a method developed by Cisco to help identify packets travelling through trunk links. When an Ethernet

frame

traverses a trunk link, a special VLAN tag is added to the

frame

and sent across the trunk link.

VLAN Tagging - Understanding VLANs Ethernet Frames - Firewall.cx

www.firewall.cx/networking-topics/vlan-networks/219-vlan-tagging.htmlSearch for:

What is tagged frames?

What is tagged and untagged traffic?When a port is set to access it means that the port is part of the VLAN forwarding wise (MAC table) but all frames are sent

untagged

. When frames from that VLAN are sent over a trunk they get a tag added so the receiving switch knows to which VLAN the

traffic

belongs.Apr 11, 2013

Tagged vs Untagged Traffic - 54957 - The Cisco Learning Network

https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/thread/54957Search for:

What is tagged and untagged traffic?

What is a broadcast domain and a collision domain?A

broadcast domain

is a logical division of a

computer network

, in which all nodes can reach each other by

broadcast

at the data link layer. ... While some layer two

network

devices are able to divide the

collision domains

,

broadcast domains

are only divided by layer 3

network

devices such as routers or layer 3 switches.

Broadcast domain - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_domainSearch for:

What is a broadcast domain and a collision domain?

How many collision domains and broadcast domain that a switch has?Each connection from a single PC to a Layer 2 switch is

ONE Collision

domain. For example, if 2 PCs are connected with separate cables to a switch, so we have 2 Collision domains. If this switch is connected to another switch or a router, we have

one collision

domain more (3 collision domain in total).Aug 8, 2010

1.1 What is Collision Domain, Broadcast Domain, and How to Count ...

ccna-guidance.blogspot.com/2010/08/11-what-is-collision-domain-broadcast.htmlSearch for:

How many collision domains and broadcast domain that a switch has?

How many broadcast and collision domains are on a hub?With all this information, you can say that on your diagram, there are

2 broadcast domains

(1 router that separates 2 LAN segments composed by one or many switches, with only 1 VLAN per segment).Jul 15, 2008

Broadcast Domains and Collision Domains - 1734 - The Cisco ...

https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/thread/1734Search for:

How many broadcast and collision domains are on a hub?

What is a collision domain?A

collision domain

is a section of a network connected by a shared medium or through repeaters where data packets can collide with one another when being sent. ... A network

collision

occurs when more than one device attempts to send a packet on a network segment at the same time.

Collision domain - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_domainSearch for:

What is a collision domain?

What is Vxlan Cisco?VLANs provide logical segmentation of Layer 2 boundaries or broadcast domains. ...

Cisco

, in partnership with other leading vendors, proposed the Virtual Extensible LAN (

VXLAN

) standard to the IETF as a solution to the data center network challenges posed by traditional VLAN technology.Nov 6, 2013

VXLAN Overview: Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Switches - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/switches/.../white-paper-c11-729383.htmlSearch for:

What is Vxlan Cisco?

What is a Vtep?Frame encapsulation is done by an entity known as a VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint (

VTEP

.) A

VTEP

has two logical interfaces: an uplink and a downlink. The uplink is responsible for receiving VXLAN frames and acts as a tunnel endpoint with an IP address used for routing VXLAN encapsulated frames.Nov 6, 2012

VXLAN Deep Dive — Define The Cloud

www.definethecloud.net/vxlan-deep-dive/Search for:

What is a Vtep?

What is the use of Vxlan?Virtual Extensible LAN (

VXLAN

) is a proposed encapsulation protocol for running an overlay network on existing Layer 3 infrastructure. An overlay network is a virtual network that is built on top of existing network Layer 2 and Layer 3 technologies to support elastic compute architectures.

What is VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN)? - Definition from WhatIs.com

whatis.techtarget.com/definition/VXLANSearch for:

What is the use of Vxlan?

What is Nvgre?Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation (

NVGRE

) is a network virtualization technology that attempts to alleviate the scalability problems associated with large cloud computing deployments. It uses Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) to tunnel layer 2 packets over layer 3 networks.

nvgre - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/.../Network_Virtualization_using_Generic_Routing_Encapsulati...Search for:

What is Nvgre?

What is VTP CCNA?

VTP

is a protocol used to distribute and synchronize identifying information about VLANs configured throughout a switched network. Configurations made to a single

VTP

server are propagated across trunk links to all connected switches in the network.Dec 5, 2003

VLAN Trunking Protocol > CCNA Self-Study (ICND Exam): Extending ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=102157&seqNum=3Search for:

What is VTP CCNA?

What is tree pruning in data mining?Pruning is a technique in machine learning that reduces the size of

decision trees

by removing sections of the tree that provide

little

power to classify instances.

Pruning (decision trees) - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning_(decision_trees)Search for:

What is tree pruning in data mining?

What is a trunk port on a Cisco switch?Enabling

Trunking

.

Trunk

links are required to pass VLAN information between

switches

. A

port

on a

Cisco switch

is either an access

port

or a

trunk port

. Access

ports

belong to a single VLAN and do not provide any identifying marks on the frames that are passed between

switches

.Oct 25, 2002

Trunking > VLANs and Trunking - Cisco Press

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=29803&seqNum=3Search for:

What is a trunk port on a Cisco switch?

What is a VLAN pruning?

VLAN

Trunking Protocol (

VTP

) is used to communicate

VLAN

information between switches in the same

VTP

domain.

VLAN

Trunking Protocol (

VTP

)

pruning

is a feature in Cisco switches, which stops

VLAN

update information traffic from being sent down trunk links if the updates are not needed.

What is VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) Pruning - omnisecu.com

www.omnisecu.com/cisco-certified.../what-is-vlan-trunking-protocol-vtp-pruning.phpSearch for:

What is a VLAN pruning?

How does a local area network work?

Local Area Network

(

LAN

) - A

LAN

is a network of computers that are in the same general physical location, usually within a building or a campus. If the computers are far apart (such as across town or in different cities), then a Wide Area Network (WAN) is typically used.

Networking Basics - How LAN Switches Work | HowStuffWorks

computer.howstuffworks.com/lan-switch1.htmSearch for:

How does a local area network work?

What is meant by LAN?A

local area network

(

LAN

) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link to a server. Typically, a

LAN

encompasses computers and peripherals connected to a server within a distinct geographic area such as an office or a commercial establishment.

What is local area network (LAN)? - Definition from WhatIs.com

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LANSearch for:

What is meant by LAN?

What is an example of local area network?

Local area network (LAN

). Computer and Network Examples. A

local area network (LAN

) is a devices network that connect with each other in the scope of a home, school, laboratory, or office. Usually, a LAN comprise computers and peripheral devices linked to a local domain server.

Local area network (LAN). Computer and Network Examples

www.conceptdraw.com/How-To-Guide/Local-Area-NetworkSearch for:

What is an example of local area network?

What are the uses of LAN and WAN?A

WAN

covers a large geographical area. Most

WANs

are made from several

LANs

connected together.

WAN

- Wide Area Network. ... A school network is usually a

LAN

.

LANs

are often connected to

WANs

, for example a school network could be connected to the Internet.

BBC - GCSE Bitesize: LANs and WANs

www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/ict/datacomm/2networksrev1.shtmlSearch for:

What are the uses of LAN and WAN?

What is the highest VLAN number?Under IEEE 802.1Q, the

maximum number

of

VLANs

on a given Ethernet network is 4,094 (the 4,096 provided for by the 12-bit VID field minus reserved values 0x000 and 0xFFF). This does not impose the same limit on the

number

of IP subnets in such a network, since a single

VLAN

can contain multiple IP subnets.

VLANs - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_LANSearch for:

What is the highest VLAN number?

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?A

VLAN

is a set of end stations and the switch ports that connect them. You can have different reasons for the logical division, such as department or project membership. ... Each

VLAN

in a network has an associated

VLAN

ID, which appears in the IEEE 802.1Q tag in the Layer 2 header of packets transmitted on a

VLAN

.

What is a virtual LAN (VLAN) and how does it work with my managed ...

https://kb.netgear.com/.../What-is-a-virtual-LAN-VLAN-and-how-does-it-work-with-my...Search for:

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?

Is Mpls a VPN?

MPLS VPN

is a family of methods for using multiprotocol label switching (

MPLS

) to create

virtual private networks

(

VPNs

).

MPLS VPN

is a flexible method to transport and route several types of network traffic using an

MPLS

backbone.

MPLS VPN - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLS_VPNSearch for:

Is Mpls a VPN?

What is the protocol used by MPLS?A label-switched path (LSP) is a path through an

MPLS

network, set up by a signaling

protocol

such as LDP, RSVP-TE, BGP or CR-LDP. The path is set up based on criteria in the FEC. The path begins at a label edge router (LER), which makes a decision on which label to prefix to a packet, based on the appropriate FEC.

Multiprotocol Label Switching - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_SwitchingSearch for:

What is the protocol used by MPLS?

What is VTP CCNA?

VTP

is a protocol used to distribute and synchronize identifying information about VLANs configured throughout a switched network. Configurations made to a single

VTP

server are propagated across trunk links to all connected switches in the network.Dec 5, 2003

VLAN Trunking Protocol > CCNA Self-Study (ICND Exam): Extending ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=102157&seqNum=3Search for:

What is VTP CCNA?

What is tree pruning in data mining?Pruning is a technique in machine learning that reduces the size of

decision trees

by removing sections of the tree that provide

little

power to classify instances.

Pruning (decision trees) - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning_(decision_trees)Search for:

What is tree pruning in data mining?

What is a trunk port on a Cisco switch?Enabling

Trunking

.

Trunk

links are required to pass VLAN information between

switches

. A

port

on a

Cisco switch

is either an access

port

or a

trunk port

. Access

ports

belong to a single VLAN and do not provide any identifying marks on the frames that are passed between

switches

.Oct 25, 2002

Trunking > VLANs and Trunking - Cisco Press

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=29803&seqNum=3Search for:

What is a trunk port on a Cisco switch?

What is a VLAN pruning?

VLAN

Trunking Protocol (

VTP

) is used to communicate

VLAN

information between switches in the same

VTP

domain.

VLAN

Trunking Protocol (

VTP

)

pruning

is a feature in Cisco switches, which stops

VLAN

update information traffic from being sent down trunk links if the updates are not needed.

What is VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) Pruning - omnisecu.com

www.omnisecu.com/cisco-certified.../what-is-vlan-trunking-protocol-vtp-pruning.phpSearch for:

What is a VLAN pruning?

How does a local area network work?

Local Area Network

(

LAN

) - A

LAN

is a network of computers that are in the same general physical location, usually within a building or a campus. If the computers are far apart (such as across town or in different cities), then a Wide Area Network (WAN) is typically used.

Networking Basics - How LAN Switches Work | HowStuffWorks

computer.howstuffworks.com/lan-switch1.htmSearch for:

How does a local area network work?

What is meant by LAN?A

local area network

(

LAN

) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link to a server. Typically, a

LAN

encompasses computers and peripherals connected to a server within a distinct geographic area such as an office or a commercial establishment.

What is local area network (LAN)? - Definition from WhatIs.com

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LANSearch for:

What is meant by LAN?

What is an example of local area network?

Local area network (LAN

). Computer and Network Examples. A

local area network (LAN

) is a devices network that connect with each other in the scope of a home, school, laboratory, or office. Usually, a LAN comprise computers and peripheral devices linked to a local domain server.

Local area network (LAN). Computer and Network Examples

www.conceptdraw.com/How-To-Guide/Local-Area-NetworkSearch for:

What is an example of local area network?

What are the uses of LAN and WAN?A

WAN

covers a large geographical area. Most

WANs

are made from several

LANs

connected together.

WAN

- Wide Area Network. ... A school network is usually a

LAN

.

LANs

are often connected to

WANs

, for example a school network could be connected to the Internet.

BBC - GCSE Bitesize: LANs and WANs

www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/ict/datacomm/2networksrev1.shtmlSearch for:

What are the uses of LAN and WAN?

What is the highest VLAN number?Under IEEE 802.1Q, the

maximum number

of

VLANs

on a given Ethernet network is 4,094 (the 4,096 provided for by the 12-bit VID field minus reserved values 0x000 and 0xFFF). This does not impose the same limit on the

number

of IP subnets in such a network, since a single

VLAN

can contain multiple IP subnets.

VLANs - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_LANSearch for:

What is the highest VLAN number?

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?A

VLAN

is a set of end stations and the switch ports that connect them. You can have different reasons for the logical division, such as department or project membership. ... Each

VLAN

in a network has an associated

VLAN

ID, which appears in the IEEE 802.1Q tag in the Layer 2 header of packets transmitted on a

VLAN

.

What is a virtual LAN (VLAN) and how does it work with my managed ...

https://kb.netgear.com/.../What-is-a-virtual-LAN-VLAN-and-how-does-it-work-with-my...Search for:

What is a VLAN how does it work and what is it used for?

Is Mpls a VPN?

MPLS VPN

is a family of methods for using multiprotocol label switching (

MPLS

) to create

virtual private networks

(

VPNs

).

MPLS VPN

is a flexible method to transport and route several types of network traffic using an

MPLS

backbone.

MPLS VPN - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLS_VPNSearch for:

Is Mpls a VPN?

What is the protocol used by MPLS?  How do I set up a VLAN?

To create VLAN interfaces:

Determine the IP addresses that you want to assign to the VLAN interfaces on the switch. ...

Open a web browser.

In the browser address field, type the IP address of the smart switch. ...

Type the password in the Password field. ...

Click the Login button. ...

Select Routing>IP>IP Configuration.

More items...

How do I configure VLAN Routing on a smart switch? | Answer ...

https://kb.netgear.com/24755/How-do-I-configure-VLAN-Routing-on-a-smart-switchSearch for:

How do I set up a VLAN?

What is a trunk port?A

trunk port

is a

port

that is assigned to carry traffic for all the VLANs that are accessible by a specific switch, a process known as trunking.

Trunk ports

mark frames with unique identifying tags – either 802.1Q tags or Inter-Switch Link (ISL) tags – as they move between switches.

What is a Trunk Port? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/27008/trunk-portSearch for:

What is a trunk port?

What is a WLAN router?A typical

WLAN router

includes four Ethernet ports, an 802.11 access point, and sometimes a parallel port so it can be a print server. This gives wireless users the same ability as wired users to send and receive packets over multiple networks.Feb 18, 2003

Understanding Wireless LAN Routers - Wi-Fi Planet

www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/.../Understanding-Wireless-LAN-Routers.htmSearch for:

What is a WLAN router?

Is WIFI and wireless LAN the same thing?While

wireless LANs

refer to any local area network (

LAN

) that a mobile user can connect to through a

wireless

(radio) connection;

Wi-Fi

(short for "

wireless

fidelity") is a term for certain types of WLANs that use specifications in the 802.11

wireless

protocol family.

Wireless vs. Wi-Fi: What is the difference between Wi-Fi and WLAN?

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/.../Wireless-vs-Wi-Fi-What-is-the-difference-between-...Search for:

Is WIFI and wireless LAN the same thing?

What is the difference between WLAN and WIFI?Technically,

WLAN

means any

wireless local area network

no matter what technology is used and

Wi-Fi

is a type of

WLAN

that follows the IEEE 802.11 standards which most

WLANs

in use today do, that's why they are commonly used interchangeably.

Wi-Fi

as a name for the standard is a trademark of the

Wi-Fi

Alliance.

What is the difference between Wi-Fi and WLAN? - Quora

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-Wi-Fi-and-WLANSearch for:

What is the difference between WLAN and WIFI?

Can I connect to WIFI with WLAN?To

connect

your computer to the internet on a

WLAN

, click on the

WLAN

icon at the top right of your Mac Computer screen. All the wireless networks in your area will now be shown. Select your own

WLAN

and enter your

WLAN

password.

Making a WLAN connection | Swisscom

https://www.swisscom.ch/en/residential/help/internet/wlan-verbindung-herstellen.htmlSearch for:

Can I connect to WIFI with WLAN?

What is a data VLAN?A

data VLAN

is a

VLAN

that is configured to carry user-generated traffic. A

VLAN

carrying voice or management traffic would not be part of a

data VLAN

. It is common practice to separate voice and management traffic from

data

traffic.Apr 7, 2014

VLAN Segmentation (3.1) > Cisco Networking Academy's Introduction ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181837&seqNum=4Search for:

What is a data VLAN?

What is a VLAN trunk?

VLAN Trunking

Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of

Virtual Local Area Networks

(

VLAN

) on the whole local area network. To do this, VTP carries

VLAN

information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over 802.1Q, and ISL trunks.

VLAN Trunking Protocol - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN_Trunking_ProtocolSearch for:

What is a VLAN trunk?

What is broadcast domain in VLAN?A

VLAN

is a group of switch ports, within a single or multiple switches, that is defined by the switch hardware and/or software as a single

broadcast domain

. A

VLAN's

goal is to group devices connected to a switch into logical

broadcast domains

to control the effect that

broadcasts

have on other connected devices.Dec 5, 2003

CCNA Self-Study (ICND Exam): Extending Switched Networks with ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=102157Search for:

What is broadcast domain in VLAN?

What separates broadcast domains?Multi-network segments require a bridge, such as the networking device. A

broadcast domain

member can also be any device or computer that is directly connected to the same switch or repeater. Networking devices, such as routers, are used to

separate

the boundaries of

broadcast domains

.

What is Broadcast Domain? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24788/broadcast-domainSearch for:

What separates broadcast domains?

What is the VLAN 1?

VLAN

Design Guidelines (3.3.2.1) Cisco switches have a factory configuration in which default

VLANs

are preconfigured to support various media and protocol types. The default Ethernet

VLAN

is

VLAN 1

. It is a security best practice to configure all the ports on all switches to be associated with

VLANs

other than

VLAN 1

.Apr 7, 2014

Design Best Practices for VLANs (3.3.2) > Cisco Networking ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181837&seqNum=11Search for:

What is the VLAN 1?

What is the difference between tagged and untagged VLAN?The ports between switch and customers are "

untagged

" meaning for the customer the arriving packet is just a normal Ethernet packet. The port between router and switch is configured as a trunk port so that both router and switch know which packet belongs to which customer

VLAN

.Feb 25, 2014

Why and how are Ethernet Vlans tagged? - Network Engineering ...

https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/.../why-and-how-are-ethernet-vlans-tagg...Search for:

What is the difference between tagged and untagged VLAN?

What is the default VLAN number?The

native VLAN

is the only

VLAN

which is not tagged in a trunk, in other words,

native VLAN

frames are transmitted unchanged. Per

default

the

native VLAN

is

VLAN

1 but you can change that: #show interface Fa0/8 trunk. ... Port Mode Encapsulation Status

Native vlan

. Fa0/8 on 802.1q other 2.Jan 6, 2013

What is difference between Default VLAN and Native VLAN? | Getting ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/.../what-difference-between-default-vlan-and-native-vla...Search for:

What is the default VLAN number?

What is the use of native VLAN?A

Native VLAN

is nothing else than a default

VLAN

given that any port in a (CISCO)switch has to assigned to one

VLAN

. By default all ports (access links) belong to

VLAN

1 or

native VLAN

. Hello Sandy,

native vlan

is an 802.1Q concept: frames belonging to

native vlan

are sent untagged.Jan 13, 2010

Why Native VLAN exists on a Trunk? | LAN, Switching and Routing ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/discussion/10811246/why-native-vlan-exists-trunkSearch for:

What is the use of native VLAN?

What is meant by VLAN?A

VLAN

is a group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured to communicate as if they were attached to the same wire, when in fact they are located on a number of different LAN segments. Because

VLANs

are based on logical instead of physical connections, they are extremely flexible.

Understanding and Configuring VLANs - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst4500/12-2/25ew/.../vlans.htmlSearch for:

What is meant by VLAN?

What is the full form of VLAN?

VLANs

are configured through software rather than hardware, which makes them extremely flexible. One of the biggest advantages of

VLANs

is that when a computer is physically moved to another location, it can stay on the same

VLAN

without any hardware reconfiguration.

What is VLAN? Webopedia Definition

www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/VLAN.htmlSearch for:

What is the full form of VLAN?

How do I set up a VLAN?

To create VLAN interfaces:

Determine the IP addresses that you want to assign to the VLAN interfaces on the switch. ...

Open a web browser.

In the browser address field, type the IP address of the smart switch. ...

Type the password in the Password field. ...

Click the Login button. ...

Select Routing>IP>IP Configuration.

More items...

How do I configure VLAN Routing on a smart switch? | Answer ...

https://kb.netgear.com/24755/How-do-I-configure-VLAN-Routing-on-a-smart-switchSearch for:

How do I set up a VLAN?

What is a trunk port?A

trunk port

is a

port

that is assigned to carry traffic for all the VLANs that are accessible by a specific switch, a process known as trunking.

Trunk ports

mark frames with unique identifying tags – either 802.1Q tags or Inter-Switch Link (ISL) tags – as they move between switches.

What is a Trunk Port? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/27008/trunk-portSearch for:

What is a trunk port?

What is a WLAN router?A typical

WLAN router

includes four Ethernet ports, an 802.11 access point, and sometimes a parallel port so it can be a print server. This gives wireless users the same ability as wired users to send and receive packets over multiple networks.Feb 18, 2003

Understanding Wireless LAN Routers - Wi-Fi Planet

www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/.../Understanding-Wireless-LAN-Routers.htmSearch for:

What is a WLAN router?

Is WIFI and wireless LAN the same thing?While

wireless LANs

refer to any local area network (

LAN

) that a mobile user can connect to through a

wireless

(radio) connection;

Wi-Fi

(short for "

wireless

fidelity") is a term for certain types of WLANs that use specifications in the 802.11

wireless

protocol family.

Wireless vs. Wi-Fi: What is the difference between Wi-Fi and WLAN?

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/.../Wireless-vs-Wi-Fi-What-is-the-difference-between-...Search for:

Is WIFI and wireless LAN the same thing?

What is the difference between WLAN and WIFI?Technically,

WLAN

means any

wireless local area network

no matter what technology is used and

Wi-Fi

is a type of

WLAN

that follows the IEEE 802.11 standards which most

WLANs

in use today do, that's why they are commonly used interchangeably.

Wi-Fi

as a name for the standard is a trademark of the

Wi-Fi

Alliance.

What is the difference between Wi-Fi and WLAN? - Quora

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-Wi-Fi-and-WLANSearch for:

What is the difference between WLAN and WIFI?

Can I connect to WIFI with WLAN?To

connect

your computer to the internet on a

WLAN

, click on the

WLAN

icon at the top right of your Mac Computer screen. All the wireless networks in your area will now be shown. Select your own

WLAN

and enter your

WLAN

password.

Making a WLAN connection | Swisscom

https://www.swisscom.ch/en/residential/help/internet/wlan-verbindung-herstellen.htmlSearch for:

Can I connect to WIFI with WLAN?

What is a data VLAN?A

data VLAN

is a

VLAN

that is configured to carry user-generated traffic. A

VLAN

carrying voice or management traffic would not be part of a

data VLAN

. It is common practice to separate voice and management traffic from

data

traffic.Apr 7, 2014

VLAN Segmentation (3.1) > Cisco Networking Academy's Introduction ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181837&seqNum=4Search for:

What is a data VLAN?

What is a VLAN trunk?

VLAN Trunking

Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of

Virtual Local Area Networks

(

VLAN

) on the whole local area network. To do this, VTP carries

VLAN

information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over 802.1Q, and ISL trunks.

VLAN Trunking Protocol - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN_Trunking_ProtocolSearch for:

What is a VLAN trunk?

What is broadcast domain in VLAN?A

VLAN

is a group of switch ports, within a single or multiple switches, that is defined by the switch hardware and/or software as a single

broadcast domain

. A

VLAN's

goal is to group devices connected to a switch into logical

broadcast domains

to control the effect that

broadcasts

have on other connected devices.Dec 5, 2003

CCNA Self-Study (ICND Exam): Extending Switched Networks with ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=102157Search for:

What is broadcast domain in VLAN?

What separates broadcast domains?Multi-network segments require a bridge, such as the networking device. A

broadcast domain

member can also be any device or computer that is directly connected to the same switch or repeater. Networking devices, such as routers, are used to

separate

the boundaries of

broadcast domains

.

What is Broadcast Domain? - Definition from Techopedia

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24788/broadcast-domainSearch for:

What separates broadcast domains?

What is the VLAN 1?

VLAN

Design Guidelines (3.3.2.1) Cisco switches have a factory configuration in which default

VLANs

are preconfigured to support various media and protocol types. The default Ethernet

VLAN

is

VLAN 1

. It is a security best practice to configure all the ports on all switches to be associated with

VLANs

other than

VLAN 1

.Apr 7, 2014

Design Best Practices for VLANs (3.3.2) > Cisco Networking ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181837&seqNum=11Search for:

What is the VLAN 1?

What is the difference between tagged and untagged VLAN?The ports between switch and customers are "

untagged

" meaning for the customer the arriving packet is just a normal Ethernet packet. The port between router and switch is configured as a trunk port so that both router and switch know which packet belongs to which customer

VLAN

.Feb 25, 2014

Why and how are Ethernet Vlans tagged? - Network Engineering ...

https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/.../why-and-how-are-ethernet-vlans-tagg...Search for:

What is the difference between tagged and untagged VLAN?

What is the default VLAN number?The

native VLAN

is the only

VLAN

which is not tagged in a trunk, in other words,

native VLAN

frames are transmitted unchanged. Per

default

the

native VLAN

is

VLAN

1 but you can change that: #show interface Fa0/8 trunk. ... Port Mode Encapsulation Status

Native vlan

. Fa0/8 on 802.1q other 2.Jan 6, 2013

What is difference between Default VLAN and Native VLAN? | Getting ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/.../what-difference-between-default-vlan-and-native-vla...Search for:

What is the default VLAN number?

What is the use of native VLAN?A

Native VLAN

is nothing else than a default

VLAN

given that any port in a (CISCO)switch has to assigned to one

VLAN

. By default all ports (access links) belong to

VLAN

1 or

native VLAN

. Hello Sandy,

native vlan

is an 802.1Q concept: frames belonging to

native vlan

are sent untagged.Jan 13, 2010

Why Native VLAN exists on a Trunk? | LAN, Switching and Routing ...

https://supportforums.cisco.com/discussion/10811246/why-native-vlan-exists-trunkSearch for:

What is the use of native VLAN?

What is meant by VLAN?A

VLAN

is a group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured to communicate as if they were attached to the same wire, when in fact they are located on a number of different LAN segments. Because

VLANs

are based on logical instead of physical connections, they are extremely flexible.

Understanding and Configuring VLANs - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst4500/12-2/25ew/.../vlans.htmlSearch for:

What is meant by VLAN?

What is the full form of VLAN?  What is a switch spoofing?

Switch spoofing

is a type of VLAN hopping attack, A

switch

interface which is connected to an end device (a computer or a printer) are normally in access mode and that end device will have access to its own VLAN. Traffic from other VLANs are not forwarded via that interface.

What is Switch spoofing attack and how to prevent Switch spoofing ...

www.omnisecu.com/.../what-is-switch-spoofing-attack-how-to-prevent-switch-spoofing-...Search for:

What is a switch spoofing?

What is double tagging attack?In a

double tagging attack

, an attacking host connected on a 802.1q interface prepends two VLAN tags to packets that it transmits. The packet (which corresponds to the VLAN that the attacker is really a member of) is forwarded without the first

tag

, because it is the native VLAN.

VLAN hopping - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN_hoppingSearch for:

What is double tagging attack?

What is a Layer 3 interface?The logical Layer 3 VLAN interfaces provide logical routing interfaces to VLANs on Layer 2 switches. A traditional network requires a physical interface from a router to a switch to perform

inter-VLAN

routing.

Configuring Layer 3 Interfaces - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst4500/12-2/25ew/.../l3_int.pdfSearch for:

What is a Layer 3 interface?

What is a SVI?A Switched Virtual Interface (

SVI

) is a virtual LAN (VLAN) of switch ports represented by one interface to a routing or bridging system. There is no physical interface for the VLAN and the

SVI

provides the Layer 3 processing for packets from all switch ports associated with the VLAN.

Switch virtual interface - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_virtual_interfaceSearch for:

What is a SVI?

How do you configure a switch?To

configure

the default gateway for the

switch

, use the ip default-gateway command. Enter the IP address of the default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of the router interface to which the

switch

connects. Use the following command to backup the

configuration

: copy running-config startup-config.Mar 31, 2014

Basic Switch Configuration (2.1) > Cisco Networking Academy's ...

www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181836&seqNum=4Search for:

How do you configure a switch?

What is the use of inter VLAN routing?Virtual LANs (

VLANs

) divide one physical network into multiple broadcast domains. But,

VLAN

-enabled switches cannot, by themselves, forward traffic across

VLAN

boundaries. So you need to have

routing

between these

VLANs

which is called

interVLAN routing

.

What is interVLAN routing?

searchnetworking.techtarget.com/answer/What-is-interVLAN-routingSearch for:

What is the use of inter VLAN routing?

What is VLAN IPTV setup?Some ISPs provide other services aside from Internet such as

IPTV

and phone service to their customers. ... To configure

VLAN IPTV setup

on your Nighthawk router: Use a computer or Wi-Fi device that is connected to your Nighthawk router.

Configuring VLAN IPTV setup on your Nighthawk router | Answer ...

https://kb.netgear.com/29911/Configuring-VLAN-IPTV-setup-on-your-Nighthawk-routerSearch for:

What is VLAN IPTV setup?

What is VLAN bridge setup?In a LAN environment,

VLANs

divide broadcast domains. ... This type of routing is called inter-

VLAN

routing. On a smart switch, you can

set up

inter-

VLAN

routing by creating a Layer 3 interface, that is, a switch virtual interface (SVI). By default, a port is enabled for

bridging

rather than routing.

What is VLAN Routing? | Answer | NETGEAR Support

https://kb.netgear.com/24754/What-is-VLAN-RoutingSearch for:

What is VLAN bridge setup?

What is dot1q encapsulation?IEEE

802.1Q encapsulation

is configurable on Ethernet and EtherChannel interfaces. IEEE

802.1Q

is a standard protocol for interconnecting multiple switches and routers and for defining VLAN topologies. Use the

encapsulation dot1q

command in subinterface range configuration mode to apply a VLAN ID to the subinterface.

encapsulation dot1Q - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/m/en_us/techdoc/dc/reference/cli/nxos/.../encapsulation-dot1q.htmlSearch for:

What is dot1q encapsulation?

What is a router on a stick?

Router-on-a-stick

is a term frequently used to describe a setup up that consists of a

router

and switch connected using one Ethernet link configured as an 802.1q trunk link. In this setup, the switch is configured with multiple VLANs and the

router

performs all

routing

between the different networks/VLANs.

How To Configure Router On A Stick - 802.1q Trunk To Cisco Router

www.firewall.cx/cisco-technical.../cisco-routers/336-cisco-router-8021q-router-stick.htm...Search for:

What is a router on a stick?

What is 802.1 Q encapsulation?IEEE

802.1Q

is the networking standard that supports virtual LANs (VLANs) on an Ethernet network. The standard defines a system of VLAN tagging for Ethernet frames and the accompanying procedures to be used by bridges and switches in handling such frames.

IEEE 802.1Q - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1QSearch for:

What is 802.1 Q encapsulation?

What is dot1q?IEEE

802.1Q

(sometimes referred to as 1Q or

DOT1Q

) is a industry standards based implementation of carring traffic for multiple VLANs on a single trunking interface between two Ethernet switches.

802.1Q

is for Ethernet networks only. Unlike ISL,

802.1Q

does not encapsulate the original Ethernet frame.Nov 27, 2007

VLAN Trunking using IEEE 802.1Q - Brad Hedlund

bradhedlund.com/2007/11/27/vlan-trunking-using-ieee-8021q/Search for:

What is dot1q?

What is integrated routing and bridging?

Integrated Routing and Bridging

(IRB) is a technique that allows a protocol to be

bridged

as well as

routed

on the same interface on a

router

. When a

router

is configured for IRB, it maintains the existing VLAN header when forwarding the frame between the interfaces.May 31, 2008

How does VLAN routing and bridging work when using IRB? | Network ...

www.networkworld.com/.../how-does-vlan-routing-and-bridging-work-when-using-irb-...Search for:

What is integrated routing and bridging?

How do you route between VLANs?

Step-by-Step Instructions

Enable routing on the switch with the ip routing command. ...

Make note of the VLANs that you want to route between. ...

Use the show vlan command in order to verify that the VLANs exist in the VLAN database. ...

Determine the IP addresses you want to assign to the VLAN interface on the switch.

More items...

Configure InterVLAN Routing on Layer 3 Switches - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/...vlan.../41860-howto-L3-intervlanrouting.htmlSearch for:

How do you route between VLANs?

What is the BVI interface?

BVI

can replace Vlan

interfaces

. So instead of having a Vlan

interface

that routes packets (coming from acces port attached to that vlan number) that needs to be routed outside the vlan, the

BVI

does the same thing, routing packets outside de layer 2 domain from L2

interfaces

that are bridged to that

BVI

.Mar 31, 2011

What is a Cisco BVI interface? What is it used for? - Server Fault

https://serverfault.com/questions/254347/what-is-a-cisco-bvi-interface-what-is-it-used-forSearch for:

What is the BVI interface?

What is a bridge domain?A

bridge domain

is a set of logical ports that share the same flooding or broadcast characteristics. Like a virtual LAN (VLAN), a

bridge domain

spans one or more ports of multiple devices.

Understanding Layer 2 Bridge Domains - Technical Documentation ...

https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en.../layer-2-services-bridging-overview.htmlSearch for:

What is a bridge domain?

What is a BDI interface?"Bridge domain

interface

is a logical

interface

that allows bidirectional flow of traffic between a Layer 2 bridged network and a Layer 3 routed network traffic.

Bridge domain interfaces

are identified by the same index as the bridge domain. ... And this L3 logical

interface

is the

BDI

.Dec 5, 2012

A Networker's Log File: Concept of Cisco Bridge Domain Interfaces (BDI)

networkerslog.blogspot.com/2012/12/concept-of-bridge-domain-interfaces-bdi.htmlSearch for:

What is a BDI interface?

What is a service instance?An Ethernet flow point (EFP)

service instance

is a logical interface that connects a bridge domain to a physical port or to an EtherChannel. Configuring a

service instance

on a Layer 2 port creates a pseudoport or EFP on which you configure EVC features.

Ethernet Virtual Connections (EVCs) - Cisco

www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/.../ethernet_virtual_connection.pdfSearch for:

What is a service instance?

What does the Accessport do?The

Accessport

is the world's best selling, most flexible, and easiest to use ECU upgrade solution for your Subaru. Unlock power hidden within the vehicle by replacing conservative factory settings with more aggressive calibrations.

COBB Tuning - Subaru Accessport V3 (003)

https://www.cobbtuning.com/products/accessport/subaru-accessport-v3-ap3-sub-003Search for:

What does the Accessport do?

Who owns Cobb Tuning?

COBB Tuning

.

COBB Tuning

, known by the tagline "Access The Potential" is an American company providing aftermarket automobile

tuning

services. Founded in 1999 by Trey

Cobb

at Rockwall, they are now headquartered at Austin, Texas.

COBB Tuning - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBB_TuningSearch for:

Who owns Cobb Tuning?

What is the access port?An "

access port

" is a type of connection on a switch that is used to connect a guest virtual machine that is VLAN unaware. This

port

provides the virtual machine with connectivity through a switch that is VLAN aware without requiring it to support VLAN tagging.

What Is an Access Port? - IBM

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSB27U_6.4.0/.../hcpa643.htmSearch for:

What is the access port?

[tutorialelectronic-blog]

How to config UBNT Radio

To configure UBNT of all Rocket, Airgrid, Litebeam, Powerbeam etc. You have to follow these important steps.

1.The network card network must be on a radio station.

2. Make sure that getting into the radio must be done with the management code of the states.

3. You should follow the sequence to configure Wireless SSID, Channel Width, Frequency, and so on.

4.These radios give you the ability to pass the router to manage the data according to the requirements you want by setting PPoE, IP management, DHCP, NAT, VLAN etc.

5. The player in these radio can also manage the virtual gates always according to the requirements we have, for example to capture this radio does not port 80 but another port (8080) and so on for SSH etc.

6. As all of these devices can update the system in a newer version by fixing many problems, there is also the name of the device and without forgetting the placement of the password to enter the radio that is indispensable for a radio that is online.

In this tutorial I showed the link between two radios to send the internet at a distance of 11.2 Km. And as I have shown in the picture below, one of the radios should be Stion and the other one should be Acsses Point and the configuration below is almost only one with the exception that at Acsses Point we should set the frequency. To find a frequency as clear as possible from interferences I will show you in a tutorial in the future.

[usuallywingedkitty-blog]

Cisco CCNP/ BCMSN Assessment Tutorial: Static VLANs

BCMSN take a look at fantastic benefits and generating your CCNP accreditation would like you to include to your information of VLAN configuration. When you examined for your CCNA test, you found out how to placement ports into a VLAN and particularly what the target of VLANs was, having claimed that you may well not know that there are two sorts of VLAN membership. To go the BCMSN test, you require to have an understanding of the particulars of each similarly types. In this tutorial, we are going to choose an visible enchantment at the VLAN style you are most familiar with, the "mounted VLAN". Host equipment joined to a port belonging to just a person VLAN will receive multicasts and broadcasts only if they have been seem from by an further host in that right equivalent VLAN. harga mesin pembuat bakso up of a established VLAN is very simple ample. In this case in point, by positioning swap ports /a single and /two into VLAN twelve, the only broadcasts and multicasts hosts related to those men and women ports will get are the types transmitted by ports in VLAN 12. SW1( config) #int fast /just one SW1( config-if) #switchport manner access SW1( config-if) #switchport attain vlan twelve % Entry VLAN does not exist. Building vlan twelve SW1( config-if) #int rapidly /two SW1( config-if) #switchport manner accessibility SW1( config-if) #switchport entry vlan twelve Just one specific of the numerous objects I take pleasure in about Cisco switches and routers is that if you have certainly forgotten to do a issue, the Cisco gadget is typically heading to remind you or in this situation genuinely do it for you. I positioned port /just one into a VLAN that did not nonetheless exist, so the modify generated it for me! There are 2 instructions expert to spot a port into a VLAN. By default, these ports are managing in dynamic captivating trunking fashion, indicating that the port is actively trying to kind a trunk with a distant swap in get to supply qualified visitors in involving the two switches. The issues is that a trunk port belongs to all VLANs by default, and we want to put this port into a just one VLAN only. To do so, we operate the switchport way obtain command to make the port an access port, and entry ports belong to just a person and only one particular particular VLAN. Subsequent accomplishing that, we place the port into VLAN 12 with the switchport entry vlan 12 command. Functioning the switchport manner attain command the right way turns trunking off on that port. The hosts are unaware of VLANs they just imagine the VLAN membership of the port they are associated to. That is not pretty the circumstance with dynamic VLANs, which we are going to analyze in the subsequent part of this BCMSN tutorial. When you analyzed for your CCNA examination, you uncovered how to placement ports into a VLAN and especially what the goal of VLANs was, even so you could not be aware that there are two varieties of VLAN membership. In this tutorial, we will opt for a look for at the VLAN sort you are most common with, the "preset VLAN". Host gizmos connected to a port belonging to a individual VLAN will acquire multicasts and broadcasts only if they have been originated by an additional host in that specific actual VLAN. The situation is that a trunk port belongs to all VLANs by default, and we want to set this port into a solitary VLAN just. Following executing that, we positioned the port into VLAN twelve with the switchport accessibility vlan twelve command.

[vanishme-blog1]

Cisco Router Simulator Review

I have recently been router that is investigating and have found several on the internet with free demos. After reviewing them I have narrowed down the available packages to four manufactures. The following is my opinion of each of these.

Dynamips

Dynamips is designed for free and runs on Linux, Mac OS X or Windows and can emulate the hardware of the Cisco series routing platforms by directly booting actual Cisco IOS software image into the emulator. It allows users to design complex network topologies to test the functionality of IOS on a desktop PC, without the need of an actual physical Cisco device. Dynamips currently supports networking that is different such as for instance Ethernet, Serial link, ATM, and POS interfaces for the Cisco 1700, 2600, 3600, 3700, 7200 and Juniper router hardware platforms also as Cisco PIX and ASA safety platforms.

Despite the fact that there are switching platforms included in the application, there is no configuration on them except simple port vlans. There is no VTP, STP or ether-channel configuration and undoubtedly no layer 3 switching.

Once installed you must install an Cisco that is appropriate IOS each of the routers and security platforms you wish to use. The switches need no IOS as no configuration is had by them capabilities. A frame-relay switch is roofed and be configured with a true number of digital circuits and DLCIs. Dynamips does not support ISDN.

This product is straightforward to install and use so long although it has no labs or tutorials included the price is right as you have access to the Cisco IOS for the devices, and. I would recommend this product for anyone studying for the CCNA or routing portion of the CCNP. The addition of the PIX, ASA, and IDS security devices give it the added capability for safety labs. I would not recommend it for those learning for the CCIE due to the lack of switch configuration.

Boson

The Boson simulator NETSIM is available in three variations. The CCENT (99.00), CCNA (179.00), and CCNP (349.00). Each includes additional functionality as the price increases.

Netsim will simulate 47 various Cisco devices. Cisco 800, 1000, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600, 2811, 3600 routers; 1900, 2900, 3500 switches and 7960 IP Phone. It also supports a several networking medium such as Ethernet, Serial, ISDN and Frame-Relay. As well as Simulates system traffic with virtual packet technology and SDM simulation.

Netsim provides more switch configuration than any other simulator available today, but still cannot match that of hardware as switches use ASIC design to do the switching and software has not been capable of completely emulating yet.

Netsim includes an extensive collection of CCNA and CCNP labs, tutorials and can support up to 233 IOS commands depending on which version of the software you purchase. It does have limited VOIP capability although it has no provision for security labs.

Netsim is easy to install and needs no software that is additional IOS to use. I would recommend it to anyone studying for the CCNA or CCNP although it is pricey.

SemSim, Cert Exams and Others

SemSim, Cert Exams and a true number of other simulator available are inexpensive usually about 30 to 40 dollars and most do have labs and tutorials included as well as practices exams in some cases. This said it is my opinion that they lack ease and functionality of usage. schmuck online selbst gestalten gravur Myself I would choose the Dynamips product over these products. It may not have the labs but the price is appropriate.

Any product you receive will give you additional hands on training but should not be you only media that are training. You should always purchase books that are good as Cisco press and practices exams to supplement you training materials. Remember when you take the test you will not be asked to configure a lab at least not till you are ready for the CCIE.

[webdesignersolutions]

A fast comparison - OVH and Hetzner are finally (re)starting to get competitive

In the last ~5 years Hetzner basically killed OVH's dedicated servers line. I can remember, 3 years ago, OVH being almost double at low-mid configurations.

Here's a brief comparison between them at the end of 2019.

Low-end/budget servers

Hetzner, with their EX/AX lines, is absolutely killing SoYouStart and Kimsufi. There's no comparison to be made, SYS being treated as the "retarded cousin" of OVH, with absolutely zero (real) support and/or "support via forum" (?!).

Mid-end servers

It seems that OVH put their s**t together and launched some new configs (Rise & Advance). They are basically targeting Hetzner's "PX" line, which is great for competition. Just check this example, with OVH destroying Hetzner's offer.

High-end servers

OVH is the clear winner here. The best you could get from Hetzner is a W-2145 at about $100/mo, and their most expensive server is a "unnamed, SP Gold 16-Core" at $220.

Virtualisation

Using OVH for virtualisation is better because they offer you a lot of data-center locations and free (really functional) IPMI. When installing and tweaking the OSs you really need IPMI, especially in OpenStack/CloudStack deployments. Also I had countless times when an OS upgrade broke grub or the filesystem, and you really can't do anything without KVM. Hetzner needs you to ask for a KVM, and wait "about 2 hours" for it to be manually deployed by a technician. I got mixed results, from 30 mins to 3 hours, but still ... when your system is not booting and you have no idea why, you really need IPMI *now*, not in one hour.

Plesk, cPanel, DirectAdmin

For more simple stuff like cPanel, Plesk, "bald" bare-metals", I'm usually choosing Hetzner. These things barely need a reboot, and we had very little need for IPMI in these scenarios. These control panels tend to be "idiot-proof" and have a lot of safety checks, so they are not very prone to total system failures.

Support

OVH is bad. Really bad. We paid for their "VIP support" and have our own sales manager. Still, when something breaks, the fastest way to solve your problem is to...just buy another server and restore from backup. We have horror events with servers having their drives changed without warning, different motherboards models replaced, broken drives replaced with other broken drives, different components changed in vain because of a broken cooler etc. You name it, we had it. There's no reply to your tickets. The "best" way to handle an issue is to submit a ticket (which is usually totally ignored, or replied after 1-2 weeks), call them indicating the ticket and then re-call them every 30 minutes. Yeah, at some point you kinda "develop a relation" with their support guys (which are admittedly friendly). At this point we're being like "Hey Mark, how'r you doin' today? Look man, that darn server broke again, can you please ask John to take a look on it? Cheers mate!". And yeah...we know most of their IRC handles as well. So that's how you usually "get support" from OVH.

At Hetzner things are very efficient. Hats down for Hetzner's support department! All hardware failures were treated really fast, usually in less than 30 minutes. They usually process a ticket in maximum 2 hours (had less than 30 minutes some times), and reply back in less than 30 minutes. There's nothing I could think that they didn't fixed in a satisfactory amount of time. There was no bad hardware installed, no mix-ups, everything was (until now) by the book.

Hardware

We had at least 70% less failures at Hetzner compared with OVH. They both use Supermicro, they both use consumer-grade hardware where they shouldn't. OVH basically "refurbishes" everything to the point the component gets unusable. If your drive gets replaced by OVH, you first take a look at how long was the "new" drive used and hope that you'll be fine (sometimes you're not). If your drive gets replaced by Hetzner, it's usually brand new (or with very low usage). We had almost no motherboard replacements at Hetzner, we had quite a few at OVH. We had zero failed coolers at Hetzner, we had a few at OVH.

Network

OVH is the clear winner as they have a huge amount of data-centers all around the world and a very straight forward network setup. You could make a Multi-AZ OpenStack deployment between France, UK and CA, and keep it all in the same VLAN. Latency between data-centers is great. The last "big f***up" was about 3 years ago, when all their EU network got offline. Except that, I can't really complain about the last ~7 years.

Hetzner is also very good, with good latency between data-centers. If you're OK with all your servers being in the same zone, or only in DE and Finland, you're good to go.

They both provide VLANs and Floating IPs.

The network setup is more straight forward at OVH, with Hetzner asking you to jump through some hoops if you want to do "more". Just check Hetzner's Proxmox install tutorial, it's not something that "just works", but you have to (admittedly slightly) work around. I personally dislike Hetzner's network setup, as sometimes ends up with your head banging on the wall; still almost everything is "doable" if you know how to get around.

IPs

OVH is asking 1 EUR/IP once. Hetzner is asking 1 EUR/IP monthly.

Example: if you'll start a public cloud you'll need at least 512 IPs. On a 5 year lifespan, you'll end up paying 512 EUR at OVH and 30,720 EUR at Hetzner. That's a thing you need to take into consideration when doing your business plan.

Customer Panels

OVH's control panel is a pile of s**t. Yes, it works if you know how to get around it, but it's hugely slow and crashes a lot. And I mean...a lot! Hetzner's old panel is bad (welcome back to the '90s) but stable and snappy; the new one is pretty slick, fast and intuitive. The bright side is that you really don't need to access the Customer Panel so often, so it's not a "big deal".

Deployment & Automation

Hetzner has slightly better deployment times. Usually servers are deployed in less than 30 minutes by both companies. Still, OVH had more delays than Hetzner. Recently we've waited for about 16 hours for a server that was marked as "ready in 120 seconds". So never trust OVH's "deployment indicator": if it states "120 seconds", expect between 5 minutes and 48 hours. If it states "72 hours", expect that to be a week (and a lot of phone calls from your side). If it states "10 days", just get something else, we've waited three weeks for a storage cluster to be fully deployed.

OS install works pretty ok on both sides, with Hetzner being slightly faster. They both fail sometimes, but it's nothing that should be taken into consideration.

Conclusions

It's impossible to choose a clear winner, as they both have pros and cons. Hetzner wins at support and low-end bang for the buck. OVH wins at network and a larger server offer.

The best one is, really, the one that checks more points for the needs of your project.

I hope this helps you. If you need more information, please feel free to leave a comment. Cheers!

Submitted December 06, 2019 at 02:03AM by The_Gowk https://www.reddit.com/r/webhosting/comments/e6wbbg/a_fast_comparison_ovh_and_hetzner_are_finally/?utm_source=ifttt from Blogger http://webdesignersolutions1.blogspot.com/2019/12/a-fast-comparison-ovh-and-hetzner-are.html via IFTTT

[webdesignersolutions]

A fast comparison - OVH and Hetzner are finally (re)starting to get competitive via /r/webhosting

A fast comparison - OVH and Hetzner are finally (re)starting to get competitive

In the last ~5 years Hetzner basically killed OVH's dedicated servers line. I can remember, 3 years ago, OVH being almost double at low-mid configurations.

Here's a brief comparison between them at the end of 2019.

Low-end/budget servers

Hetzner, with their EX/AX lines, is absolutely killing SoYouStart and Kimsufi. There's no comparison to be made, SYS being treated as the "retarded cousin" of OVH, with absolutely zero (real) support and/or "support via forum" (?!).

Mid-end servers

It seems that OVH put their s**t together and launched some new configs (Rise & Advance). They are basically targeting Hetzner's "PX" line, which is great for competition. Just check this example, with OVH destroying Hetzner's offer.

High-end servers

OVH is the clear winner here. The best you could get from Hetzner is a W-2145 at about $100/mo, and their most expensive server is a "unnamed, SP Gold 16-Core" at $220.

Virtualisation

Using OVH for virtualisation is better because they offer you a lot of data-center locations and free (really functional) IPMI. When installing and tweaking the OSs you really need IPMI, especially in OpenStack/CloudStack deployments. Also I had countless times when an OS upgrade broke grub or the filesystem, and you really can't do anything without KVM. Hetzner needs you to ask for a KVM, and wait "about 2 hours" for it to be manually deployed by a technician. I got mixed results, from 30 mins to 3 hours, but still ... when your system is not booting and you have no idea why, you really need IPMI *now*, not in one hour.

Plesk, cPanel, DirectAdmin

For more simple stuff like cPanel, Plesk, "bald" bare-metals", I'm usually choosing Hetzner. These things barely need a reboot, and we had very little need for IPMI in these scenarios. These control panels tend to be "idiot-proof" and have a lot of safety checks, so they are not very prone to total system failures.

Support

OVH is bad. Really bad. We paid for their "VIP support" and have our own sales manager. Still, when something breaks, the fastest way to solve your problem is to...just buy another server and restore from backup. We have horror events with servers having their drives changed without warning, different motherboards models replaced, broken drives replaced with other broken drives, different components changed in vain because of a broken cooler etc. You name it, we had it. There's no reply to your tickets. The "best" way to handle an issue is to submit a ticket (which is usually totally ignored, or replied after 1-2 weeks), call them indicating the ticket and then re-call them every 30 minutes. Yeah, at some point you kinda "develop a relation" with their support guys (which are admittedly friendly). At this point we're being like "Hey Mark, how'r you doin' today? Look man, that darn server broke again, can you please ask John to take a look on it? Cheers mate!". And yeah...we know most of their IRC handles as well. So that's how you usually "get support" from OVH.

At Hetzner things are very efficient. Hats down for Hetzner's support department! All hardware failures were treated really fast, usually in less than 30 minutes. They usually process a ticket in maximum 2 hours (had less than 30 minutes some times), and reply back in less than 30 minutes. There's nothing I could think that they didn't fixed in a satisfactory amount of time. There was no bad hardware installed, no mix-ups, everything was (until now) by the book.

Hardware

We had at least 70% less failures at Hetzner compared with OVH. They both use Supermicro, they both use consumer-grade hardware where they shouldn't. OVH basically "refurbishes" everything to the point the component gets unusable. If your drive gets replaced by OVH, you first take a look at how long was the "new" drive used and hope that you'll be fine (sometimes you're not). If your drive gets replaced by Hetzner, it's usually brand new (or with very low usage). We had almost no motherboard replacements at Hetzner, we had quite a few at OVH. We had zero failed coolers at Hetzner, we had a few at OVH.

Network

OVH is the clear winner as they have a huge amount of data-centers all around the world and a very straight forward network setup. You could make a Multi-AZ OpenStack deployment between France, UK and CA, and keep it all in the same VLAN. Latency between data-centers is great. The last "big f***up" was about 3 years ago, when all their EU network got offline. Except that, I can't really complain about the last ~7 years.

Hetzner is also very good, with good latency between data-centers. If you're OK with all your servers being in the same zone, or only in DE and Finland, you're good to go.

They both provide VLANs and Floating IPs.

The network setup is more straight forward at OVH, with Hetzner asking you to jump through some hoops if you want to do "more". Just check Hetzner's Proxmox install tutorial, it's not something that "just works", but you have to (admittedly slightly) work around. I personally dislike Hetzner's network setup, as sometimes ends up with your head banging on the wall; still almost everything is "doable" if you know how to get around.

IPs

OVH is asking 1 EUR/IP once. Hetzner is asking 1 EUR/IP monthly.

Example: if you'll start a public cloud you'll need at least 512 IPs. On a 5 year lifespan, you'll end up paying 512 EUR at OVH and 30,720 EUR at Hetzner. That's a thing you need to take into consideration when doing your business plan.

Customer Panels

OVH's control panel is a pile of s**t. Yes, it works if you know how to get around it, but it's hugely slow and crashes a lot. And I mean...a lot! Hetzner's old panel is bad (welcome back to the '90s) but stable and snappy; the new one is pretty slick, fast and intuitive. The bright side is that you really don't need to access the Customer Panel so often, so it's not a "big deal".

Deployment & Automation

Hetzner has slightly better deployment times. Usually servers are deployed in less than 30 minutes by both companies. Still, OVH had more delays than Hetzner. Recently we've waited for about 16 hours for a server that was marked as "ready in 120 seconds". So never trust OVH's "deployment indicator": if it states "120 seconds", expect between 5 minutes and 48 hours. If it states "72 hours", expect that to be a week (and a lot of phone calls from your side). If it states "10 days", just get something else, we've waited three weeks for a storage cluster to be fully deployed.

OS install works pretty ok on both sides, with Hetzner being slightly faster. They both fail sometimes, but it's nothing that should be taken into consideration.

Conclusions

It's impossible to choose a clear winner, as they both have pros and cons. Hetzner wins at support and low-end bang for the buck. OVH wins at network and a larger server offer.

The best one is, really, the one that checks more points for the needs of your project.

I hope this helps you. If you need more information, please feel free to leave a comment. Cheers!

Submitted December 06, 2019 at 02:03AM by The_Gowk via reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/webhosting/comments/e6wbbg/a_fast_comparison_ovh_and_hetzner_are_finally/?utm_source=ifttt

[stephenlibbyy]

Campus design feature set-up : Part 6

I’ve been going through how to set up the CL 3.7.5 campus feature: Multi-Domain Authentication in a 6-part blog series and I’m happy to say we’ve made it to the last one.

If you’ve stuck with me through this series, you’d know that in blogs 1-5 we had guides for Wired 802.1x using Aruba ClearPass, Wired MAC Authentication using Aruba ClearPass, Multi-Domain Authentication using Aruba ClearPass, Wired 802.1x using Cisco ISE and Wired MAC Authentication using Cisco ISE

Now that we’re at the end of the road, this final guide will enable Multi-Domain Authentication in Cumulus Linux 3.7.5+ using Cisco ISE (Identity Services Engine) 2.4, Patch 8.

Keep in mind that this step-by-step guide assumes that you have already performed an initial setup of Cisco ISE and read part four and part five of this blog series.

Over the past year, Cumulus Networks has made a concerted effort to expand the breadth and scope of the campus features within Cumulus Linux. Hot off the press in 3.7.5 is one of those features, Multi-Domain Authentication (MDA).

Classically, MDA allows for a Voice VLAN and Data VLAN to be configured independently on the same switch port for a VoIP phone and a connected PC. The team at Cumulus Linux has updated hostapd and the underlying ifupdown2 to provide a robust MDA solution. Here’s the network diagram of the Multi-Domain Authentication design:

Cisco ISE Configuration:

First, we are going to build the necessary MDA pieces in Cisco ISE.

1. Add an Authorization Profile for a Voice VLAN

Policy > Policy Elements > Results > Authorization > Authorization Profiles. Click the “+Add” button

1. Set the Name to “Cumulus – Voice VLAN” 2. Make sure the “Access Type” is “ACCEPT_ACCEPT,” which should be the default setting 3. Make sure the “Network Device Profile” is set to “Cisco”

Scroll down and under “Advanced Attribute Settings” and select “cisco-av-pair–[1]”

In the text field enter the following:

device-traffic-class=voice

This will look like the following:

Click the “Save” button in the bottom left-hand corner:

2. Modify an existing Policy Set

Policy > Policy Sets > “Cumulus Wired MAC Auth” > View > “Greater Than” symbol

Click on the “Greater Than” symbol under “View:”

The “Cumulus Wired MAC Auth” policy was created in the Wired MAC Authentication blog post.

Under “Authorization Policy,” change the “Default” from the Wired MAC Authentication blog post of “Cumulus – VLAN36” to “Cumulus – Voice VLAN”

Click “Save” in the bottom right-hand corner.

These are the only two steps that are required for MDA with Cisco ISE.

Cumulus Linux MDA setup:

I factory defaulted the switch that I had been using in the Wired 802.1X and Wired MAC Authentication blog posts. This next section will outline all of the steps necessary to build MDA on a brand new switch.

1. Testing an interface

I am going to be using “swp12” to test MDA

net add interface swp12 net commit

2. Enabling dot1x, MAB, and a Voice VLAN on swp12

Here are the following NCLU commands that I entered:

net add dot1x radius server-ip 10.10.102.252 vrf mgmt net add dot1x radius client-source-ip 192.168.255.100 net add dot1x radius shared-secret cumulus11 net add dot1x send-eap-request-id net add dot1x dynamic-vlan net add bridge bridge ports swp12 net add interface swp12 dot1x mab net add interface swp12 dot1x voice-enable vlan 36 net commit

3. Modify the hostapd.conf file

The next step is to change the bottom two values in the /etc/hostapd.conf file from “=1” to “=0”

radius_das_require_event_timestamp=0 radius_das_require_message_authenticator=0

Restart the hostapd.service after making the above changes with the following command:

sudo systemctl restart hostapd.service

Let’s take a look under the hood to see what this new MDA configuration looks like in hostapd. By examining the /etc/hostapd.conf file, we see the following:

The Cumulus Linux MDA feature allows for two options:

Option 1 – A “Voice Interface” is configured and the RADIUS server provides the Dynamic Voice VLAN in the same manner that we have configured a Dynamic VLAN.

Option 2 – A “Voice Interface” is configured and the VLAN is locally defined on the switch. This locally defined VLAN appears as the value after the colon on the “voice_interfaces” stanza, as in the above.

In a large deployment, “Option 2” is the best solution. First, if you have different Voice VLANs on different switches, this will allow you to reference that locally defined Voice VLAN no matter the switch. Second, from an ISE perspective, Option 2 allows for a single Authorization Policy for the entire enterprise, providing a clean configuration.

Verification and Troubleshooting

First, we will plug in a wired VoIP phone into port swp12. Within 3CX, the SIP VoIP server in this test, the phone has come up and registered with the system:

Within 3CX, we see that the Avaya Phone is registered with a 192.168.36.x address – which is on the Voice VLAN. Let’s take a look under the hood to see what is happening on the switch and within ISE.

On the Cumulus switch, the following commands will show the status of dot1x:

The output shows that we have MAB, Voice, and “Interfaces” / 802.1x running on swp12.

Next, run the following command to show the status of the swp12 interface:

net show dot1x interface swp12

Adding the “details” command will provide more information about the connected device:

net show dot1x interface swp12 details

The “Server Flags” are reporting “[MAB]”, which is the abbreviation for MAC Authentication Bypass.

Cisco ISE also provides monitoring capabilities of this MAC Authentication at the following location:

Operation > RADIUS > Live Logs

Clicking on the “Details” icon will bring up granular details about the connection:

1. Event – This is a successful MAC Authentication 2. Username + Endpoint ID – This is the MAC Address of the phone that was entered in the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 5” blog post. 3. Authorization Result – This service request is sending the “Cumulus – Voice VLAN” down to the Cumulus Switch. This Enforcement Profile was created earlier in this blog post.

Further down in this detailed window, one sees the following:

1. Endpoint ID + Calling Station ID – This is the MAC Address of the phone that was entered in the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 5” blog post. 2. We are using the “Internal Endpoints” Identity Store that was set-up in the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 5” blog post. 3. The Authentication Method for this connection is “mab,” which stands for MAC Authentication Bypass.

Now, we are going to test wired 802.1x by plugging a laptop into the PC port on the Avaya Phone:

The device was placed on the 192.168.27.x subnet, which corresponds to VLAN 27, from the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 4” blog post. We are using the exact same configuration from that blog post.

On the Cumulus Switch, run the following command to see the updated interface status:

net show dot1x interface swp12

The Avaya phone is still authenticating with MAC Authentication Bypass and the laptop is authenticating using EAP-PEAP and on VLAN 27.

Adding the “details” command will provide more information about the connected device:

net show dot1x interface swp12 details

Notice that the “Status Flags” report that this connection is using a “[DYNAMIC VLAN]” which is being sent from the Cisco ISE server

Cisco ISE also provides a view of the 802.1x connection:

Operation > RADIUS > Live Logs

Clicking on the “Details” icon will bring up the following:

1. A successful authentication 2. The Authentication and Authorization policies that were selected in the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 4” blog post. 3. Cumulus – VLAN27 from the “Campus design feature set-up: Part 4” blog post.

Multi-Domain Authentication allows for the successful authentication of a laptop on the PC port of a VoIP Phone, with different VLANs and different domains (MAB + 802.1x) on the same physical port.

For further MDA troubleshooting, the link in the 802.1x Interface docs page is an invaluable resource.

Thanks for letting me go through all the different ways to set up the CL 3.7.5 campus feature: Multi-Domain Authentication. If you’re still hungry to learn more, take a look at some of the other tutorials we offer engineers where you can learn basic open networking commands and configurations, all the way up to advanced configurations. Our how-to videos are a great place to start.

Campus design feature set-up : Part 6 published first on https://wdmsh.tumblr.com/