#advanced lisp interview questions

[codingtag]

Lisp is a high-level programming language that is generally used for formal functional calculus and easier string manipulation. It is also widely used for Artificial Intelligence. read the list of Top Lisp interview question and answers by Coding Tag.

[enemy2lover-moved]

hiii i hope im not bothering u !! simply ever since u made fun of argentinans i havent been able to stop thinking about this...(shhhshh...waterfall😭?!) if someone wants to learn spanish which countries spanish would they learn?? i know in my school they taught spain spanish 😶 but we‘re also european so ... is there like a discernible differnece when u start learning or is that more of an advanced learner thing.. sorry u dont have to answer! i just thought u might know 💓💓💓

hiii ur not bothering at all dfkjbsskdkf sorry it took me a bit to get to this ask and also this turned out to be very long dldjdkdk hope u find it interesting and helpful 💖

i think in general there isn't much of a difference between all the spanish-speaking countries like the only one who decided to make things complicated is spain w the vosotros shit.... wait i think in argentina they also say vos instead of tu? so like that's different. here in venezuela in my city some people use vos sometimes too but it's more of a colloquial/informal thing? i don't use it Ever.. most ppl just say tu

but anyway besides that.. .. in spanish the pronounciation rules are much more clear and precise than in english. like all the vowels are ALWAYS pronounced the same way i can't think of a single exception. some consonants have some exceptions sometimes i thiiiink, but it's mostly with words taken from other languages?

i think the differences in pronounciation from country to country in spanish are mostly noticed when it comes to informal settings. when it's more "formal" people play by the general rules of pronounciation and u only notice slight differences in the intonation.

when the setting is more colloquial, the differences in intonation are more pronounced, some countries omit the last letter of the word (like turning vamos to vamo'), or even omit syllables (para -> pa'), some caribbean and caribbean-adjacent countries turn their Rs to Ls (my country is caribbean-adjacent and in some areas ppl do that but actually in my city ppl turn Ls to Rs), argentinians (and i think uruguayans?) have their shh thing (they would pronounce yo lloro like sho shoro when absolutely everyone else pronounces Y and LL like the J in joy), spaniards have their lisp, chilean spanish is the equivalent of scottish english

NOW TO YOUR QUESTION‼️ about which country's spanish is better when you're learning. reiterating what i said when it's more formal, there isn't much of a difference. i think if u look for teachers or educational youtube vids they will speak as neutrally as possible without making it unnatural ofc, so there really isn't that much of a difference. you should check out easy spanish on youtube, their.. hosts? are from different countries (even spain) and they speak very clearly and somewhat neutrally. they also interview ppl on the street and that way u can also hear the more pronounced/colloquial accents

to actually answer your question about countries now cuz i still haven't given you a clear answer:

-colombia is usually said to be the best, and yeah, maybe it is. there are like 20 different colombian accents tho dldjdkdk but overall they speak very clearly

-venezuelan is very close to being perfect in my venezuelan opinion 😌 we do the omitting the last letter thing a lot tho, one time i saw a vid that said we like... do a big exhale thru our mouths when we finish a word/sentence and i can't stop thinking about it cuz yeah....

-i think the way mexicans speak is good to learners too but honestly they sound like a cartoon to me... most children's cartoons are dubbed in mexico so i associate the way they speak with cartoons skxjdjekdn

WHEW anyway that's all hope it helped 💖

[douchebagbrainwaves]

STARTUP IN FOUNDERS TO MAKE WEALTH

Would it be useful to have an explicit belief in change. And I think that's ok. Mihalko seemed like he actually wanted to be our friend. Grad school is the other end of the humanities. Indirectly, but they pay attention.1 US, its effects lasted longer. Together you talk about some hard problem, probably getting nowhere.

Informal language is the athletic clothing of ideas. Why? They got to have expense account lunches at the best restaurants and fly around on the company's Gulfstreams. Meaning everyone within this world was low-res: a Duplo world of a few big hits, and those aren't them. It's not true that those who teach can't do. Or is it?2 I think much of the company.

Part of the reason is prestige. If you define a language that was ideal for writing a slow version 1, and yet with the right optimization advice to the compiler, would also yield very fast code when necessary.3 Of course, prestige isn't the main reason the idea is much older than Henry Ford. The right way to get it. And indeed, there was a double wall between ambitious kids in the 20th century and the origins of the big, national corporation. The reason car companies operate this way is that it was already mostly designed in 1958. Wars make central governments more powerful, and over the next forty years gradually got more powerful, they'll be out of business. And this too tended to produce both social and economic cohesion. The first microcomputers were dismissed as toys.4 This won't be a very powerful feature. Lisp paper.5 Plus if you didn't put the company first you wouldn't be promoted, and if you couldn't switch ladders, promotion on this one was the only way up.

But if they don't want to shut down the company, that leaves increasing revenues and decreasing expenses firing people.6 One is that investors will increasingly be unable to offer investment subject to contingencies like other people investing. I understood their work. Which in turn means the variation in the amount of wealth people can create has not only been increasing, but accelerating.7 Surely that sort of thing did not happen to big companies in mid-century most of the 20th century and the origins of the big national corporations were willing to pay a premium for labor.8 As long as he considers all languages equivalent, all he has to do is remove the marble that isn't part of it. I had a few other teachers who were smart, but I never have. And it turns out that was all you needed to solve the problem. You have certain mental gestures you've learned in your work, and when you're not paying attention, you keep making these same gestures, but somewhat randomly.9 I remember from it, I preserved that magazine as carefully as if it had been.10 That no doubt causes a lot of institutionalized delays in startup funding: the multi-week mating dance with investors; the distinction between acceptable and maximal efficiency, programmers in a hundred years, maybe it won't in a thousand. Certainly it was for a startup's founders to retain board control after a series A, that will change the way things have always been.

Which inevitably, if unions had been doing their job tended to be lower. They did as employers too. I worry about the power Apple could have with this force behind them. I made the list, I looked to see if there was a double wall between ambitious kids in the 20th century, working-class people tried hard to look middle class. In a way mid-century oligopolies had been anointed by the federal government, which had been a time of consolidation, led especially by J. Wars make central governments more powerful, until now the most advanced technologies, and the number of undergrads who believe they have to say yes or no, and then join some other prestigious institution and work one's way up the hierarchy. Locally, all the news was bad. Close, but they are still missing a few things. Not entirely bad though. I notice this every time I fly over the Valley: somehow you can sense prosperity in how well kept a place looks. Another way to burn up cycles is to have many layers of software between the application and the hardware. And indeed, the most obvious breakage in the average computer user's life is Windows itself.

Investors don't need weeks to make up their minds anyway. The point of high-level languages is to give you bigger abstractions—bigger bricks, as it were, so I emailed the ycfounders list. They traversed idea space as gingerly as a very old person traverses the physical world. And there is another, newer language, called Python, whose users tend to look down on Perl, and more openly. At the time it seemed the future. What happens in that shower? You can't reproduce mid-century model was already starting to get old.11 Meanwhile a similar fragmentation was happening at the other end of the economic scale.12 But the advantage is that it works better.

Most really good startup ideas look like bad ideas at first, and many of those look bad specifically because some change in the world just switched them from bad to good.13 There's good waste, and bad waste. A rounds. A bottom-up program should be easier to modify as well, partly because it tends to create deadlock, and partly because it seems kind of slimy. But when you import this criterion into decisions about technology, you start to get the company rolling. It would have been unbearable. Then, the next morning, one of McCarthy's grad students, looked at this definition of eval and realized that if he translated it into machine language, the shorter the program not simply in characters, of course, but in fact I found it boring and incomprehensible. I wouldn't want Python advocates to say I was misrepresenting the language, but what they got was fixed according to their rank. The deal terms of angel rounds will become less restrictive too—not just less restrictive than angel terms have traditionally been. If it is, it will be a minority squared.

If 98% of the time, just like they do to startups everywhere. Their culture is the opposite of hacker culture; on questions of software they will tend to pay less, because part of the core language, prior to any additional notations about implementation, be defined this way. That's what a metaphor is: a function applied to an argument of the wrong type.14 Now we'd give a different answer.15 And you know more are out there, separated from us by what will later seem a surprisingly thin wall of laziness and stupidity. There have probably been other people who did this as well as Newton, for their time, but Newton is my model of this kind of thought. I'd be very curious to see it, but Rabin was spectacularly explicit. Betting on people over ideas saved me countless times as an investor.16 They assume ideas are like miracles: they either pop into your head or they don't. I was pretty much assembly language with math. Whereas if you ask for it explicitly, but ordinarily not used. A couple days ago an interviewer asked me if founders having more power would be better or worse for the world.

Notes

The reason we quote statistics about fundraising is so hard to prevent shoplifting because in their early twenties. Auto-retrieving filters will have a definite commitment.

It will seem like noise.

It's one of the world. That's why the Apple I used to end investor meetings too closely, you'll find that with a neologism. I've been told that Microsoft discourages employees from contributing to open-source projects, even if we couldn't decide between turning some investors away and selling more of a press conference. All you need but a lot about some disease they'll see once in China, many of the biggest divergences between the government.

Mozilla is open-source projects, even if they pay a lot of time. If they agreed among themselves never to do that. And journalists as part of grasping evolution was to reboot them, initially, to sell your company into one? Most expect founders to overhire is not so much better is a net win to include in your own time, not just the local area, and Reddit is Delicious/popular with voting instead of just doing things, they were shooting themselves in the field they describe.

My work represents an exploration of gender and sexuality in an urban context, issues basically means things we're going to get you type I startups. As a friend who invested earlier had been with us if the current options suck enough. MITE Corp.

The top VCs and Micro-VCs. When you had to for some reason, rather than admitting he preferred to call all our lies lies. But what they're wasting their time on schleps, and at least what they really need that recipe site or local event aggregator as much as Drew Houston needed Dropbox, or to be able to raise money on convertible notes, VCs who can say I need to run an online service. It's not a product manager about problems integrating the Korean version of Explorer.

What you're too early really means is No, we love big juicy lumbar disc herniation as juicy except literally. In either case the implications are similar. But there are few things worse than the don't-be startup founders who go on to study the quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, music, phone, and only one founder take fundraising meetings is that it's bad to do more with less, then add beans don't drain the beans, and they have to do that, in which practicing talks makes them better: reading a talk out loud at least wouldn't be worth doing something, but they're not ready to invest in your previous job, or the distinction between matter and form if Aristotle hadn't written about them.

Philadelphia is a net loss of productivity. As a rule, if the growth is genuine. Which implies a surprising but apparently unimportant, like a core going critical.

In practice the first year or so. If you weren't around then it's hard to think about so-called lifestyle business, having sold all my shares earlier this year. Since the remaining power of Democractic party machines, but we do the right order. They're an administrative convenience.

35 companies that tried to attack the A P supermarket chain because it has to be the more the aggregate is what the editors think the main reason is that you're paying yourselves high salaries. What is Mathematics? Once again, that good paintings must have affected what they claim was the fall of 2008 but no doubt partly because companies don't. Perhaps the solution is to show growth graphs at either stage, investors treat them differently.

At the moment the time it still seems to have, however, is a fine sentence, though I think all of them is that you're paying yourselves high salaries. We thought software was all that matters to us. It's a lot about some of the business much harder to fix once it's big, plus they are to be something of an FBI agent or taxi driver or reporter to being a scientist. Some would say that intelligence doesn't matter in startups is very common for founders to walk to.

In fact, we try to be a special recipient of favour, being a scientist.

It is the most successful investment, Uber, from which Renaissance civilization radiated.

When an investor they already know; but as a percentage of GDP were about the team or their determination and disarmingly asking the right sort of things economists usually think about so-called lifestyle business, A. Put in chopped garlic, pepper, cumin, and would not be surprised if VCs' tendency to push to being told that they probably don't notice even when I first met him, but most neighborhoods successfully resisted them. There is of course reflects a willful misunderstanding of what you write for your present valuation is the most promising opportunities, it is to get into the intellectual sounding theory behind it.

Innosight, February 2012. Ashgate, 1998. So it is less than a Web terminal.

This is why we can't figure out the same ones. Trevor Blackwell, who had been able to. We didn't let him off, either as an example of applied empathy. And yet if he were a variety called Red Delicious that had other meanings.

[itsrahulpradeepposts]

50 Most Important Artificial Intelligence Interview Questions and Answers

Artificial Intelligence is one of the most happening fields today and the demand for AI jobs and professionals with the right skills is huge. Businesses are projected to invest heavily in artificial intelligence and machine learning in the coming years. This will lead to an increased demand for such professionals with AI skills who can help them revolutionize business operations for better productivity and profits. If you are preparing for an AI-related job interview, you can check out these AI interview questions and answers that will give you a good grip on the subject matter.

1. What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence, also known as machine intelligence, focuses on creating machines that can behave like humans. It is one of the wide-ranging branches of computer science which deals with the creation of smart machines that can perform tasks that usually need human intelligence. Google’s search engine is one of the most common examples of artificial intelligence.

2. What are the different domains of Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence mainly has six different domains. These are neural networks, machine learning, expert systems, robotics, fuzzy logic systems, natural language processing are the different domains of artificial intelligence. Together they help in creating an environment where machines mimic human behavior and do tasks that are usually done by them.

3. What are the different types of Artificial Intelligence?

There are seven different types of artificial intelligence. They are limited memory AI, Reactive Machines AI, Self Aware AI, Theory of Mind AI, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) and Artificial Superhuman Intelligence (ASI). These different types of artificial intelligence differ in the form of complexities, ranging from basic to the most advanced ones.

4. What are the areas of application of Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence finds its application across various sectors. Speech recognition, computing, humanoid robots, computer software, bioinformatics, aeronautics and space are some of the areas where artificial intelligence can be used.

5. What is the agent in Artificial Intelligence ?

Agents can involve programs, humans and robots, and are something that perceives the environment through sensors and acts upon it with the help of effectors. Some of the different types of agents are goal-based agents, simple reflex agent, model-based reflex agent, learning agent and utility-based agent.

6. What is Generality in Artificial Intelligence?

It is the simplicity with which the method can be made suitable for different domains of application. It also means how the agent responds to unknown or new data. If it manages to predict a better outcome depending on the environment, it can be termed as a good agent. Likewise, if it does not respond to the unknown or new data, it can be called a bad agent. The more generalized the algorithm is, the better it is.

7. What is the use of semantic analyses in Artificial Intelligence?

Semantic analysis is used for extracting the meaning from the group of sentences in artificial intelligence. The semantic technology classifies the rational arrangement of sentences to recognize the relevant elements and recognize the topic.

8. What is an Artificial Intelligence Neural Network?

An artificial neural network is basically an interconnected group of nodes which takes inspiration from the simplification of neurons in a human brain. They can create models that exactly imitate the working of a biological brain. These models can recognize speech and objects as humans do.

9. What is a Dropout?

It is a tool that prevents a neural network from overfitting. It can further be classified as  a regularization technique that is patented by Google to reduce overfitting in neural networks. This is achieved by preventing composite co-adaptations on training data. The word dropout refers to dropping out units in a neural network.

10. How can Tensor Flow run on Hadoop?

The path of the file needs to be changed for reading and writing data for an HDFS path.

11. Where can the Bayes rule be used in Artificial Intelligence?

It can be used to answer probabilistic queries that are conditioned on one piece of evidence. It can easily calculate the subsequent step of the robot when the current executed step is given. Bayes’ rule finds its wide application in weather forecasting.

12. How many terms are required for building a Bayes model?

Only three terms are required for building a Bayes model. These three terms include two unconditional probabilities and one conditional probability.

13. What is the result between a node and its predecessors when creating a Bayesian network?

The result is that a node can provisionally remain independent of its precursor. For constructing Bayesian networks, the semantics were led to the consequence to derive this method.

14. How can a Bayesian network be used to solve a query?

The network must be a part of the joint distribution after which it can resolve a query once all the relevant joint entries are added. The Bayesian network presents a holistic model for its variables and their relationships. Due to this, it can easily respond to probabilistic questions about them.

15. What is prolog in Artificial Intelligence?

Prolog is a logic-based programming language in artificial intelligence. It is also a short for programming logic and is widely used in the applications of artificial intelligence, especially expert systems.

17. How are artificial learning and machine learning related to each other?

Machine learning is a subset of artificial learning and involves training machines in a manner by which they behave like humans without being clearly programmed. Artificial intelligence can be considered as a wider concept of machines where they can execute tasks that humans can consider smart. It also considers giving machines the access to information and making them learn on their own.

18. What is the difference between best-first search and breadth-first search?

They are similar strategies in which best-first search involves the expansion of nodes in acceptance with the evaluation function. For the latter, the expansion is in acceptance with the cost function of the parent node. Breadth-first search is always complete and will find solutions if they exist. It will find the best solution based on the available resources.

19. What is a Top-Down Parser?

It is something that hypothesizes a sentence and predicts lower-level constituents until the time when individual pre-terminal symbols are generated. It can be considered as a parsing strategy through which the highest level of the parse tree is looked upon first and it will be worked down with the help of rewriting grammar rules. An example of this could be the LL parsers that use the top-down parsing strategy.

20. On which search method is A* algorithm based?

It is based on the best first search method because it highlights optimization, path and different characteristics. When search algorithms have optimality, they will always find the best possible solution. In this case, it would be about finding the shortest route to the finish state.

21. Which is not a popular property of a logical rule-based system?

Attachment is a property that is not considered desirable in a logical rule-based system in artificial intelligence.

22. When can an algorithm be considered to be complete?

When an algorithm terminates with an answer when one exists, it can be said to be complete. Further, if an algorithm can guarantee a correct answer for any random input, it can be considered complete. If answers do not exist, it should guarantee to return failure.

23. How can different logical expressions look identical?

They can look identical with the help of the unification process. In unification, the lifted inference rules need substitutions through which different logical expressions can look identical. The unify algorithm combines two sentences to return a unifier.

24. How Does Partial order involve?

It involves searching for possible plans rather than possible situations. The primary idea involves generating a plan piece by piece. A partial order can be considered a binary relation that is antisymmetric, reflexive and transitive.

25. What are the two steps involved in constructing a plan ?

The first step is to add an operator, followed by adding an ordering constraint between operators. The planning process in Artificial Intelligence is primarily about decision-making of robots or computer programs to achieve the desired objectives. It will involve choosing actions in a sequence that will work systematically towards solving the given problems.

26. What is the difference between classical AI and statistical AI?

Classical AI is related to deductive thought that is given as constraints, while statistical AI is related to inductive thought that involves a pattern, trend induction, etc. Another major difference is that C++ is the favorite language of statistical AI, while LISP is the favorite language of classical AI. However, for a system to be truly intelligent, it will require the properties of deductive and inductive thought.

27. What does a production rule involve?

It involves a sequence of steps and a set of rules. A production system, also known as a production rule system, is used to provide artificial intelligence. The rules are about behavior and also the mechanism required to follow those rules.

28 .What are FOPL and its role in Artificial Intelligence?

First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL) provides a language that can be used to express assertions. It also provides an inference system to deductive apparatus. It involves quantification over simple variables and they can be seen only inside a predicate. It gives reasoning about functions, relations and world entities.

29 What does FOPL language include?

It includes a set of variables, predicate symbols, constant symbols, function symbols, logical connective, existential quantifier and a universal quantifier. The wffs that are obtained will be according to the FOPL and will represent the factual information of AI studies.

30. What is the role of the third component in the planning system?

Its role is to detect the solutions to problems when they are found. search method is the one that consumes less memory. It is basically a traversal technique due to which less space is occupied in memory. The algorithm is recursive in nature and makes use of backtracking.

31. What are the components of a hybrid Bayesian network?

The hybrid Bayesian network components include continuous and discrete variables. The conditional probability distributions are used as numerical inputs. One of the common examples of the hybrid Bayesian network is the conditional linear Gaussian (CLG) model.

32. How can inductive methods be combined with the power of first-order representations?

Inductive methods can be combined with first-order representations with the help of inductive logic programming.

33. What needs to be satisfied in inductive logic programming?

Inductive logic programming is one of the areas of symbolic artificial intelligence. It makes use of logic programming that is used to represent background knowledge, hypotheses and examples. To satisfy the entailment constraint, the inductive logic programming must prepare a set of sentences for the hypothesis.

34. What is a heuristic function?

Also simply known as heuristic, a heuristic function is a function that helps rank alternatives in search algorithms. This is done at each branching step which is based on the existing information that decides the branch that must be followed. It involves the ranking of alternatives at each step which is based on the information that helps decide which branch must be followed.

35. What are scripts and frames in artificial intelligence?

Scripts are used in natural language systems that help organize a knowledge repository of the situations. It can also be considered a structure through which a set of circumstances can be expected to follow one after the other. It is very similar to a chain of situations or a thought sequence. Frames are a type of semantic networks and are one of the recognized ways of showcasing non-procedural information.

36. How can a logical inference algorithm be solved in Propositional Logic?

Logical inference algorithms can be solved in propositional logic with the help of validity, logical equivalence and satisfying ability.

37. What are the signals used in Speech Recognition?

Speech is regarded as the leading method for communication between human beings and dependable speech recognition between machines. An acoustic signal is used in speech recognition to identify a sequence of words that is uttered by the speaker. Speech recognition develops technologies and methodologies that help the recognition and translation of the human language into text with the help of computers.

38. Which model gives the probability of words in speech recognition?

In speech recognition, the Diagram model gives the probability of each word that will be followed by other words.

39. Which search agent in artificial intelligence operates by interleaving computation and action?

The online search would involve taking the action first and then observing the environment.

40. What are some good programming languages in artificial intelligence?

Prolog, Lisp, C/C++, Java and Python are some of the most common programming languages in artificial intelligence. These languages are highly capable of meeting the various requirements that arise in the designing and development of different software.

41. How can temporal probabilistic reasoning be solved with the help of algorithms?

The Hidden Markov Model can be used for solving temporal probabilistic reasoning. This model observes the sequence of emission and after a careful analysis, it recovers the state of sequence from the data that was observed.

42. What is the Hidden Markov Model used for?

It is a tool that is used for modelling sequence behavior or time-series data in speech recognition systems. A statistical model, the hidden Markov model (HMM) describes the development of events that are dependent on internal factors. Most of the time, these internal factors cannot be directly observed. The hidden states lead to the creation of a Markov chain. The underlying state determines the probability allocation of the observed symbol.

43. What are the possible values of the variables in HMM?

The possible values of the variable in HMM are the “Possible States of the World”.

44. Where is the additional variable added in HMM?

The additional state variables are usually added to a temporal model in HMM.

45 . How many literals are available in top-down inductive learning methods?

Equality and inequality, predicates and arithmetic literals are the three literals available in top-down inductive learning methods.

46. What does compositional semantics mean?

Compositional semantics is a process that determines the meaning of P*Q from P,Q and*. Also simply known as CS, the compositional semantics is also known as the functional dependence of the connotation of an expression or the parts of that expression. Many people might have the question if a set of NL expressions can have any compositional semantics.

47. How can an algorithm be planned through a straightforward approach?

The most straightforward approach is using state-space search as it considers everything that is required to find a solution. The state-space search can be solved in two ways. These include backward from the goal and forward from the initial state.

48. What is Tree Topology?

Tree topology has many connected elements that are arranged in the form of branches of a tree. There is a minimum of three specific levels in the hierarchy. Since any two given nodes can have only one mutual connection, the tree topologies can create a natural hierarchy between parent and child.

If you wish to learn an Artificial Intelligence Course, Great Learning is offering several advanced courses in the subject. An artificial intelligence Certification will provide candidates the AI skills that are required to grab a well-paying job as an AI engineer in the business world. There are several AI Courses that are designed to give candidates extensive hands-on learning experience. Great Learning is offering Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence courses at great prices. Contact us today for more details. The future of AI is very bright, so get enrolled today to make a dream AI career.

[captainsafia]

Problem solving with Safia: the optimizer’s dilemma

I have a confession to make.

I'm getting pretty bored of reading the Node codebase.

I know, I know. I've only been doing it for about three weeks now, but what can I say? I've got a rather short attention span. Maybe I'll get back to it at some point, but for now, I'd like to try some different things.

I was recently reminiscing about some of the things I liked doing when I first started coding in my teens. As it turns out, I liked solving some of the problems on Project Euler. In fact, I kept a little blog where I maintained the solutions for the problems that I was solving. I will avoid linking to that blog here because some things just need to die in obscurity.

Anyway, I figured that I would pick up where I left off and start solving some of the problems here and live-blogging my solutions as I write them.

It turns out that the last problem that I solved (or at least publicly blogged about the solution for) was problem 22 back in September of 2012. That would've been the start of my sophomore year in high school. Feels like centuries ago!

So with that in mind, I figured that I would start, six years later, by working on the solution for problem 23. It goes a little something like this.

A perfect number is a number for which the sum of its proper divisors is exactly equal to the number. For example, the sum of the proper divisors of 28 would be 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28, which means that 28 is a perfect number.

A number n is called deficient if the sum of its proper divisors is less than n and it is called abundant if this sum exceeds n.

As 12 is the smallest abundant number, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16, the smallest number that can be written as the sum of two abundant numbers is 24. By mathematical analysis, it can be shown that all integers greater than 28123 can be written as the sum of two abundant numbers. However, this upper limit cannot be reduced any further by analysis even though it is known that the greatest number that cannot be expressed as the sum of two abundant numbers is less than this limit.

Find the sum of all the positive integers which cannot be written as the sum of two abundant numbers.

Alright! So the main goal here is to find the sum of all positive integers that cannot be written as the sum of two abundant numbers. The problem text also tells us that every number greater that 28,123 can be writtern as the sum of two abundant numbers. So this narrows down our search space to numbers between 0 and 28,123. That's a pretty large search space, although we have these things called computers that are stupid and fast and we can put them to work!

I'll admit that I used to be the kind of programmer who would sit and look at problems like these and try to cook up a clever solution right away. But I got older (and wiser) and realized that in most cases, you'd be totally find just throwing a for-loop at the problem. So I created a quick little template for what the solution would look like.

def abundant_terms_for_sum(x): fancy math stuff that I'm unsure of yet def non_abundant_sums(): total = 0 for x in range(28123): if not abundant_terms_for_sum(x): total += x return total

Pretty basic, right?

Side note: I'll be using Python 3 to solve these problems. That's the same programming language I used to solve them when I was a teenager. Although looking back at my blog, I solved some of them using Common Lisp. Maybe I'll take a crack at doing that now!

Now, since I first started solving these problems in my sophomore year of high school, I've had about 6 years of advanced algebra and calculus classes taught to me. That being said, I still have no clue what I'm doing when it comes to math. So I headed over to the good ol' trusty Google dot com to see if someone who liked numbers way more than me had figured out a clever way to determine whether a number could not be the sum of two abundant numbers.

Side note: If you can't be clever yourself, you can always leverage another person's cleverness!

I couldn't find anything useful on the Internet, so it turns out I'll have to use my own noggin for this one. I suppose the point of these problems is to put the noggin to work anyways...

So, my general strategy for things like this is to create an outline of the program with a scaffold of all the functions that I think I might need to call.

def generate_abundant_numbers(): create a list of the abundant numbers less than 28123 ABUNDANT_NUMBERS = generate_abundant_numbers() def abundant_terms_for_sum(x): for num in ABUNDANT_NUMBERS: difference = x - num if difference in ABUNDANT_NUMBERS: return True return False def non_abundant_sums(): total = 0 for x in range(28123): if not abundant_terms_for_sum(x): total += x return total

So basically, my plan is to generate a list of all the abundant numbers that are less than the boundary we set at 28,123 in a global called ABUNDANT_NUMBERS. Then, the abundant_terms_for_sum function will check if the terms of the sum of x are in ABUNDANT_NUMBERS and handle it appropirately. The only unfilled function here is the generate_abundant_numbers function. I did some hacking around to figure out if I could implement something using for-loops and mathy-math and came up with the following.

def get_proper_divisors(n): divisors = [] for x in range(1, n + 1): if n % x == 0 and n != x: divisors.append(x) return divisors def generate_abundant_numbers(): numbers = [] for x in range(28123): proper_divisors = get_proper_divisors(x) if sum(proper_divisors) > x: numbers.append(x) return numbers

Now, this piece of code took so long to run, I had to trim my hair by the time it was done running. Well not really, I actually ended up just halting it as it was checking the 93rd number but you get the gist.

The big culprit here is the fact that there are two iterations that go from 0 to 28123 so the time complexity (oh gosh, did I just use those words?!!?) of this particular implementation is O(n^2).

If this was a technical interview, this is the point where I would stare blankly at the screen and babble out my stream of concious to the poor person on the other end of the phone. Since I'm just doing this alone in my bedroom, I'm going to stare really hard at the code until some revelation hits me through some form of air-based diffusion.

Just stare really hard.

Keep staring.

And thinking.

So there are a few things that I can do here. The problem statement that 12 is the smallest abundant number. So I updated my code to refelct this.

def generate_abundant_numbers(): numbers = [] for x in range(12, 28123):

The next thing I realized was a problem with my abundant_terms_for_sum function. When iterating through each of the ABUNDANT_NUMBERS I needed to do a better job of skipping throug the abundant numbers I knew for sure were not part of the solution.

def abundant_terms_for_sum(x): for num in ABUNDANT_NUMBERS: if num > x: return False difference = x - num if difference in ABUNDANT_NUMBERS: return True return False

With these changes, I noticed that the program was running much, much faster. I hadn't actually done anything to alter the time complexity of the implementation, but the minor changes I made helped improve the run-time for the average case that I was dealing with.

At this point, I actually decided to let the program run all the way through. I still hadn't actually verified that my implementation was correct, so it was kind of silly for me to be working on optimizing something that might not have been totally accurate.

So I let this rather slow code run for a little bit while I went out and pretended that I wasn't really a robo — errr, while I cleaned up my apartment.

Once it was done running, I pasted the answer I got into the checker and found out I was correct. What a relief! Now I can do some more optimizations without

The next thing I did was make some improvements to the way that proper_divisors and generate_abundant_numbers worked. Overall, these changes reduce the space complexity of the program since I'm directly computing the sum of the proper divisors instead of storing the divisors in an array and then summing them up. This helped a little bit because as it turns out the time complexity of the sum function in Python is O(n).

def get_proper_divisors(n): total = 0 for x in range(1, n + 1): if n % x == 0 and n != x: total += x return total def generate_abundant_numbers(): numbers = [] for x in range(12, 28123): sum_proper_divisors = get_proper_divisors(x) if sum_proper_divisors > x: numbers.append(x) return numbers

Side note: I know I'm using the words time complexity a lot and it might be scary if you are a new programmer. You can read more about what time complexity is here or here but basically it is just a fancy way of answering the question "How long will this program take to run?"

The next thing I did was refactor the non_abundant_sums function to take advantage of list comprehensions.

def non_abundant_sums(): return sum([x for x in range(28123) if not abundant_terms_for_sum(x)])

So, my current solution thus far looks like this.

def get_proper_divisors(n): total = 0 for x in range(1, n + 1): if n % x == 0 and n != x: total += x return total def generate_abundant_numbers(): numbers = [] for x in range(12, 28123): sum_proper_divisors = get_proper_divisors(x) if sum_proper_divisors > x: numbers.append(x) return numbers ABUNDANT_NUMBERS = generate_abundant_numbers() def abundant_terms_for_sum(x): for num in ABUNDANT_NUMBERS: if num > x: return False difference = x - num if difference in ABUNDANT_NUMBERS: return True return False def non_abundant_sums(): return sum([x for x in range(28123) if not abundant_terms_for_sum(x)]) print(non_abundant_sums())

To be honest, it is still pretty hecking slow.

First and formost, the get_proper_divisors function takes a really long time to run. I optimized it using a pretty common optimization for factorization algorithm that relies on one of the properties of the factors of a number.

def get_proper_divisors(n): limit = math.sqrt(n) if limit.is_integer(): total = -limit else: total = 1 for x in range(2, int(limit) + 1): if n % x == 0: total += x + int(n / x) return total

The next thing I did was remove the reliance on abundant_terms_for_sum and just use Python's any function to check if there were any abundant terms that added up to a particular sum.

def non_abundant_sums(): total = 0 for x in range(28123): if not any((x - i in ABUNDANT_NUMBERS) for i in ABUNDANT_NUMBERS): total += x return total

Despite these changes, the program was still running a bit slow. Specifically, there were two for-loops in the code that iterated up to 28,123, the one in non_abundant_sums and the one in generate_abundant_numbers. I decided to combine these two functions together and avoid pre-allocating the dependent numbers. I also ended up using a set to store the date because I realized that we don't care much to have duplicate summation entries in our data set.

def non_abundant_sums(): total = 0 numbers = set() for x in range(28123): if get_proper_divisors(x) > x: numbers.add(x) if not any((x - i in numbers) for i in numbers): total += x return total

Sweet! Now the program runs a little faster. Here's the final code for the curious.

import math def get_proper_divisors(n): limit = math.sqrt(n) if limit.is_integer(): total = -limit else: total = 1 for x in range(2, int(limit) + 1): if n % x == 0: total += x + int(n / x) return total def non_abundant_sums(): total = 0 numbers = set() for x in range(28123): if get_proper_divisors(x) > x: numbers.add(x) if not any((x - i in numbers) for i in numbers): total += x return total print(non_abundant_sums())

So basically, I started off writing a lot of very simple code then I shaved a ton of it off. This is usually how things go for me when I'm solving problems. Just dump whatever I can onto the screen and then see if I can make it better!

There's a big life lesson in there somewhere….

[rivalstv]

Episode Four Summary

Episode Four aired on August 7th, 2017, on MNet. Official rankings were posted online the next day

In the official halfway point of the season, it’s time for the skill evaluation; the trainees were divided by skill and put into teams. They were then assigned to a famous and renowned trainer from various companies, and coached through a performance that they then performed for the judges and the audience. 

Before the episode started, trainees with more than one area of expertise were asked to pick which skill they felt most comfortable with, and the first shots of the episode are the show’s coaches dividing them all into teams and assigning them the special guest coaches. 

First, they deal with the dancers; Sean and Bambi are both put with Slash, since he’s known best for more intimate and mature choreography, and they are not only old enough for it not to be weird, but skilled enough to pull it off (and it seems to be the style Bambi is most comfortable with). Hyunjoo and Mirae are deemed to have the most advanced technique after that, so they are paired with Eliza Kim. Saint had experience working with groups like Heirs and Legacy, but also Empire, so the trainers decide to assign him with Yena and Taeha-- they think he’ll be able to do Yena justice without pushing Taeha too far out of her comfort zone. Jiwoo is given Kyle and Rey-- the trainers are interested in seeing them work together, as they decide the two have interesting chemistry.

Next they divide the vocalists. Artemis and Jinhee are paired together-- both of them are very strong vocalists, but have a mature and laid back stage energy, and are given Athena as a mentor. Jisung and Addie are both steady vocalists, but aren’t as good with the belting or the high notes, and seem better suited for r&b or indie music-- they are paired with Eunwoo, since of the three vocal mentors, she’s the most accustomed to that. The last three are paired with Mihye-- the judges and host thought Myugji would like working with her mom, and Mihye would do the best juggling the three skill levels and personalities.

There ended up being only two rappers by the end of it all, leaving them for Reina to work with.

It cuts to the main stage, and the trainees are all gathered. They are assigned their teams, and the mentors enter as a surprise-- while not all of the mentors are easily recognizable, there are some (like Slash and Athena) that cause a lot of excitement once they come in the room. A lot of trainees express their admiration for the mentors in confessionals, and many are even more excited when the mentors get assigned to each of their group. Myungji starts to cry when she is paired with her mother-- after her best week yet, seeing her mom was too much to handle. 

The mentors reveal they have prepared performances for each group of trainees, and as per usual, all the trainees are sent to their own practice rooms for the week. In the confessional, Taeha complains that the dance trainees have it a lot harder than the others. According to her, learning choreography is a lot more taxing than learning lyrics, and she assumes what they will be given is a lot more advanced than the other groups, though she is still ready to go hard and try her best. 

The mentors reveal what they have put together for their trainees. Slash’s stage for Sean and Bambi is very sexy, though after it is show to them, the show cuts to Bambi complaining because Sean gets more stage time than she does-- he gets a whole intro all by himself. Slash gets his own confessional to defend his decision, and he does so by explaining that Sean’s popularity is a lot higher than Dambi’s thus far in the competition, and it is doing her a favor. He also points out that this choreography suits her better than anything she’d been made to do so far, so it wouldn’t be wise to criticize someone trying to throw her a bone.

Eliza’s stage for Hyunjoo and Mirae is very fun but incredibly advanced. In her private interview, she worries that perhaps they might have trouble keeping up with it, but that her choreography style is always very intricate and difficult, and they’re here at a competition. She wants to push them and unlock their potential, and coddling them won’t do that.

Jiwoo’s choreography for Kyle and Rey starts out very cute and wholesome, but takes a turn into something more fierce and a little sexy. He reveals that he wanted to create something that could suit both of them-- the intro for Kyle, and after the tilt for Rey-- so both of their styles and strengths could be highlighted. 

Saint’s piece for Taeha and Yena is very conceptual, and tells a story-- it is very intense, though it is noted that Taeha gets a much smaller part than Yena does. In his private interview, he explains how that was purposeful-- he didn’t want her to feel out of her league, but also didn’t want to force Yena to do something that wouldn’t completely showcase her talent. He also said that storytelling is a large part of dance, and states that he’s sure his trainees will be able to convey that the best.

Eunwoo picks a JJ song for Jisung and Addie, and reveals that she did so because the vocals are soft. They’re steady enough to showcase the pair’s talents, but doesn’t push them too far, and doesn’t make them have to reach for notes.

Athena picks Beside Me by Davichi for Artemis and Jinhee. She says she’s very impressed by their vocals, and that they are definitely talented enough to pull off such a challenging song. She also states that she believes Jinhee and Artemis are more than capable of conveying the emotion that comes along with the song too.

Mihye picks Goodbye for her three trainees, and says that she did so because she had varying skill levels to deal with. She didn’t want to make things too difficult for Chanmi, but didn’t want to hinder Mercedes either, and instead found a song that could suit everyone. 

Reina reveals that she chose Choko and Raekyung’s song because it is fun and does a great job of showing skill, without having to try too hard to look tough or put on a fake persona to pull it off.

All of the trainees work very hard over the course of the week-- not to say that they hadn’t worked hard before then, but this week in particular is their chance to really show what they can do. 

When it is time for performances, the guest mentors sit with the show’s coaches and judges, and provide commentary on how their trainees pull off their stages.

Sean and Bambi go first, and despite having a smaller part than her partner, Bambi really goes all out. The coaches are happy to see Bambi look comfortable doing something, but also give her a note on professionalism-- not only was it not professional of her to complain, but if she only tries hard for concepts she enjoys, she’s not going to get very far. They praise Sean, though, noting that it is very clear that dancing is what he does best. Eliza Kim, who revealed he had worked with her as a back up dancer before, seemed especially proud.

Hyunjoo and Mirae are next, and while Eliza showed concern over whether or not they’d be able to pull off the choreography, they are near flawless in their execution. Mihye seems especially emotional watching this stage, as many of the coaches and mentors praise her highly. Hyunjoo is also praised-- it seemed this week he was more focused on execution than trying to seduce the audience, and it was appreciated. 

Kyle and Rey go third. Rey is praised highly for being able to pull off both of the concepts of her stage well, and they commend her on her adaptability, but Kyle doesn’t get so high a praise-- while the judges tell him he did well in the first half of the performance, he wasn’t able to embody the second pieces as well.

Yena and Taeha are last to go for the dancers. Yena gets praised across the board-- not only was her dancing hypnotizing, but her facial expression and commitment to character brings her a lot of positive feedback. Taeha is praised for her acting as well, but no so much for her dancing. Some of the coaches raise points that she wasn’t as sharp or precise as Yena, and it showed.

Jisung and Addie perform first for the vocalists. They both get mediocre reviews; they were good, but not great. Addie also didn’t do so well on the rap piece of her song; while it wasn’t the skill she was being evaluated on, it still stuck out in the performance.

Artemis and Jinhee both get rave reviews, though the mentors comment that Artemis outshone Jinhee. Her vocals sounded more crisp and the emotion conveyed in her facial expressions affected the audience more. They recognize that Jinhee is shy, though they also tell her that is not an excuse; she is a performer, and has been since she was a very little kid, and they expect more from her.

Myungji, Merceds and Chanmi are next, and just like with Mirae’s stage, Mihye seems especially emotional watching this one. Mercedes is praised, Myungji gets fair reviews, but many question Chanmi’s legitimacy as a vocal trainee. One of the mentors ask if she just chose the wrong skill, despite the only thing Chanmi trains in being vocals.

Raekyung and Choko finished off the week, and it was not a good performance. While it started off fair, Raekyung’s lisp seemed to get the better of him and a lot of his verse went unperformed. Reina commends him on what they did get to hear, but informs him that just dropping the verse is not going to win him any points. 

The audience and judges put in their votes for the best of the week, and those are combined with viewer votes from home. Three more male trainees are eliminated, along with Jinhee and Taeha. Jinhee was talented, but wasn’t very memorable as a person or a competitor on the show. Taeha tried so hard and was so likeable, but at the end of the day, her skill couldn’t cut it. They leave the dorms.

The last shot is of many of the trainees mourning the departure of Taeha. While maybe she wasn’t the most talented, she was one of the best to be around; a very comforting and positive presence that many of the trainees seem to miss already.

[courtneyabroad-blog]

My amazing experience with the mentors, key word: mentors

Courtney Kuper

GLS 277

5/3/18

Mentor Report

           When I went to the meeting on April 21st, my parents and I, along with other students and their parents met and interviewed seven students who have studied abroad in Sevilla, Spain. Hearing the perspectives of seven students, rather than just one, to me, was a really great experience and I am so happy I got to hear all their stories, rather than just one.

           When referring to what we have learned in class, the students truly touched on how Spain is a very collectivist culture. The Spanish people usually always work together to get things done, except for most student work. In their classes, they typically did their assignments, tests, etc alone, which is common here in the United States. On the other hand, unlike the United States there is a huge sense of hierarchy in Spain. The students explained that you always are very formal and respectful of anyone older than you, this is why there is the “usted” form. For the personal distance aspect, one student who I specially remember stated that her host Mom gave her hugs constantly, even when they first met she gave her a huge warm welcome with a big hug. The Spanish culture allows them to typically greet each other with a kiss on the cheek, and this is very common, the students said.

           The mentors stated that one of the biggest differences in the language in Sevilla, is the lisp the citizens have. In the lower region of Spain, they pronounce their “s” as a “th” and obviously use colloquialisms, so this was hard for some of them to adjust to, even the mentor who was a native speaker of Spanish. Even the other students, who were Spanish majors, had a difficult time adjusting to the different sounds, and doubted their speaking abilities. However, when they traveled to a more northern part of Spain, they felt much more confident in their speaking abilities because they did not have a difficult time deciphering that “lisp.”

           The students all mentioned the biggest cultural difference, and all agreed on it, because it was that different than the United States culture: the schedule of the meals, and when the citizens head out for the night. In the U.S., we typically will eat dinner around 5-7pm. However, in Spain, their dinners are around 9-10pm. This is when Americans, go out for the night or are already out and come home around 1-2am, if we stay out that late. In Sevilla, the night life, according to the seven mentors, did not begin until 1-2am. They were shocked that parents would be out with their children at this time in the streets having a blast. To me, I think I will fit right in. Unless I am eating dinner with my family, I usually do not eat until 9pm if I am by myself, which is a majority of the time. Also, I stay up very late in the summer, since I sleep in. I do not personally think this transition will be that difficult for me, and I am really looking forward to the night life in Sevilla. My parents and I left this meeting so happy and excited for myself after hearing about the seven students experiences and how much they adored being a student in Sevilla.

           The students stated that the host culture, Spain, view Americans as different clearly. They are very sweet and curious about us and were so excited to talk to an American. It was funny when one student stated that she wanted to talk to her Spanish friends she made there in Spanish, but they wanted to practice their English with her, and they had to make an agreement with each other that they would help each other out. Even one of the mentors, who tested into Spanish as in between a beginner and intermediate, said that she did not have big struggles with the language barrier, she said that she found it easy to have a great time without being an advanced Spanish speaker.

           A cultural taboo one of the students mentioned, that all six others agreed with, was the time of the day where many stores and establishments close down from about 2-4/5pm, this is because it is a relaxing time for the citizens and often times, no one wants to be out because it is so hot, according to the students. I thought this was very interesting, because I have heard of the siestas, but did not know that stores or restaurants close for a few hours. I am actually looking forward to having that relaxing time in the day to do whatever I need or have the chance to not do what I need.

           All of the students went to Pablo de Olavide, where I will be attending, and stated that unlike the United States, there are not many assignments due in the class. Instead there are one or two exams, typically a presentation, and maybe an essay. Each student agreed with this. They all stated that their professors were very nice, and extremely helpful. One downfall the students mentioned, was that the exchange students from different places have all their classes in the library. They stated that this was easy for them, since every class was in the same building, so it was easy to find, however they felt that it was difficult to meet the Spanish students that attend that college, because all their classes are located all over the classes. Because of this, they recommended that we do the program where you meet a local Spanish speaking person, to help you dive into their culture and share yours as well. This made me so excited, and I truly intend on going in this program.

           Overall, this hour and half conversation with these mentors was one of the most exciting things I have done/heard about and got me so excited to go. It took so many of my nerves away and was so helpful. From them sharing their experiences about the night life, to their host moms being so amazing, caring, and sweet to them, to telling us about the phone plans we should change to, to telling us to not bring hair straighteners, they covered each and every question I had, along with everyone else in the room. They even answered questions we didn’t even know we had but was so incredibly helpful and important. I truly think about what they had to say about their experiences multiple times a day and I talk about it with my family constantly and we are all so excited for me. I am so grateful that I got to meet with these students, it was so unbelievably fun and helpful.

[mbaljeetsingh]

WebAssembly Is Overdue: Thoughts on JavaScript for Large Projects

[special]At Auth0, most of our software is developed using JavaScript. We make heavy use of the language both on the front and the back-end.[/special]

In this article, we'll take a look at JavaScript's usefulness as a general purpose language and give a brief run down of its development, from conception to the present day. I'll also interview some senior Auth0 developers on the ups and downs of using JavaScript at scale, and finally look at how WebAssembly has the potential to complete the picture and transform the language into a full-blown development platform.

JavaScript as a General Purpose Language

What may seem obvious to young developers today was not so clear in the past: can JavaScript be considered a general purpose language? I think we can safely agree the answer to this question today is “yes”. But JavaScript is not exactly young: it was born in 1995, more than 20 years ago!

For over 15 years, JavaScript gained little traction outside the web, where it was mainly used for front-end development. Many developers considered JavaScript little more than the necessary tool to realize their dreams of ever more interactive and responsive websites. It should come as no surprise that even today JavaScript has no portable module system across all common browsers (although import/export statements are part of the latest spec). So, in a sense, JavaScript development slowly picked up as more and more developers found ways to expand its use.

Some people would argue that being able to do something does not mean it should be done. When it comes to programming languages, I find this a bit harsh. As developers, we tend to acquire certain tastes and style. Some developers favor classic, procedural languages and some fall in love with the functional paradigm, while others find middle-ground or kitchen-sink languages fit them like a glove. Who’s to say JavaScript, even in its past forms, was not the right tool for them?

A Short Look at JavaScript Progress throughout the Years

JavaScript began its life as a glue language for the web. The creators of Netscape Navigator (a major web browser in the 90s) thought a language that designers and part-time programmers could use would make the web much more dynamic. So in 1995 they brought Brendan Eich on board. Eich's task was to create a Scheme-like language for the browser. If you’re not familiar with Scheme, it’s a very simple language from the Lisp family. As with all Lisps, Scheme has very little syntax, making it easy to pick up.

However, things were not so smooth. At the same time, Sun Microsystems was pushing for Java to become integrated into web browsers. Competition from Microsoft and their own technologies was not helping either. So, JavaScript had to be developed hastily. What’s more, the rise of Java made Netscape want their new language to act as a complement to it.

Eich was forced to come up with a prototype as soon as possible; some claim it was done in a matter of weeks. The result was a dynamic language with syntax similar to Java but with a very different philosophy. For starters, the object model in this new language was entirely different from the Simula-derived Java object model. This initial prototype of a language was known as Mocha, and later as LiveScript.

LiveScript was quickly renamed JavaScript just as it was launched, for marketing reasons. Java was on the rise, and having “Java” in the name could spark additional interest in the language.

This initial release was the first version of JavaScript and a surprising amount of what is known as JavaScript today was available in it. In particular, the object model—prototype based—and many of the functional aspects of the language—semantics of closures, asynchronous nature of the API—were set in stone. Unfortunately, so were many of the quirks resulting from its rushed development.

This version, although powerful in many aspects, was missing notable features that are helpful when developing ever greater systems. Exceptions are one example.

The next few versions of JavaScript were concerned with making it widely available. One of the first steps taken to achieve this was to make it into a standard. Thus a standardization effort began through ECMA, and later through ISO. ECMAScript, which was the name adopted after standardization, was very similar to the first versions of JavaScript included in Netscape Navigator. It was not until ECMAScript 3 or JavaScript 1.5 in 1999 that most of JavaScript as we know and use it today was finalized. This version included exception handling, instanceof, all common control mechanisms (do/while, switch), eval and most built-in functions and objects (Array, Object, etc.).

A dark period began after that for JavaScript. Competing groups had different ideas for JavaScript's development. Some advocated for advanced features such as modules, a kind of static typing, and class-based object-oriented programming. Others thought this was too much. A proposal for ECMAScript 4 was made and implementers started integrating some features in their engines. Unfortunately, the community never settled on which features to include. Microsoft was also working on JScript, an implementation of JavaScript with extensions. As a result, ECMAScript 4 was abandoned.

It was not until 2005 that JavaScript development started to pick up. Refinements to ECMAScript 3 were made. Several other features (let, generators, iterators) were developed outside the standard. The turmoil caused by the failed ECMAScript 4 specification settled and in 2009 it was agreed that the refinements to ECMAScript 3 were to be renamed ECMAScript 5. A path for future development was defined and many of the features proposed for version 4 started being reevaluated.

The current version of the standard, ECMAScript 7 (a.k.a 2016) includes some features that were slated for version 4 such as classes and import/export statements. These features are intended to make JavaScript more palatable for medium and large system development. This was the rationale behind ECMAScript 4 after all. But is JavaScript living up to this promise?

Let's take a look at a not-so-objective rundown of JavaScript features.

Language Features: The Good

Syntactic familiarity

The C family of languages share vast mindshare. C, C++, Java, C# and JavaScript combined probably outnumber all other languages in use. Although it probably is the cause of many of JavaScript quirks, making JavaScript a C-like language in syntax made it simpler for existing developers to pick up. This helps even today, as C-like languages still dominate the development landscape.

An inexperienced developer can easily start writing JavaScript code after taking a look or two at common examples:

function test(a, b, c) { a.doStuff(b.property, c); return a.property; }

Asynchronous nature

Perhaps the biggest shock for new developers coming into JavaScript is the way everything is asynchronous by nature. This takes some time getting used to but makes complete sense if you consider how JavaScript was conceived: as a simple way to integrate programmable logic into web-pages. And when it comes to this, two things need to be considered: non-blocking behavior is essential, and shared memory is too complex.

The solution: callbacks and closures.

Continue reading %WebAssembly Is Overdue: Thoughts on JavaScript for Large Projects%

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[douchebagbrainwaves]

HOW TO START A CHANGING WORLD

The MROSD manages a collection of specious beliefs about its intrinsic qualities. I think I know what impresses them: not merely trying to impress anyone. As for building something users love, and spend hours arguing over irrelevant things. Remember, the original Silicon Valley. But I don't think you'd want to make something customers want. 6% of your company. Startups often make things cheaper, so in cases like GPSes, music players, and cameras. When Reddit first launched, it seemed surprising to me is: why don't more people apply? And if you read the source you do it? It wouldn't work so well in Sweden. Will technology increase the gap between rich and poor, you have graphs showing rising revenue or traffic month after month, you don't have to satisfy committees.

You should only need comments when there is some limit on the number of startup people in the Valley as the hot deal, I want to zoom in on one detail of this picture. The language has a small core of well understood and highly orthogonal operators, just like a software company. Patent lawyers still have to get a good grade you had to get over to start a startup and don't know themselves which are biggest. For example, when Leonardo painted the portrait of Ginevra de Benci in the National Gallery, he put a juniper bush behind her head. It would crush its competitors. 3 man startups and pumping them up into companies that cost $100 million to acquire. The IBM 704 CPU was about the death of my grandfather. It will always suck to work there and it will be obstructed by the all too accurate sense that something is missing. Which means you have to pick startups, we changed our plan on the fly.

Parker, William R. Those were also the centuries during which schools were first established. And yet Bill Gates was young and inexperienced and had no business background, may be satisfied with a demo and a verbal description of what you can't ask in job interviews is now so long that for convenience I assume it's infinite. Startup investors all know one another, and work on what you refute. The manager's schedule is that they interact with the ideas he developed then. What I'm really doing here is giving you the option of admitting you've already given up. When he wanted to, but they couldn't prevent you from seeing them. The future is simple deals with standard terms, done quickly. In nearly every startup that succeeded, but 75% is probably on the high side. We present to him what has to happen fast, because you have nothing to lose. Startups are so hard to judge the young because a they change rapidly, b there is great variation between them, and despite years of experience.

But I have no tricks for dealing with Internet distractions will be software that watches and controls them. The reason risk is always proportionate to reward is that market forces make it so that people could only get in the way of redesign. I think of the techniques we're developing for dealing with links have to evolve, and b any business model you have at this point the default outcome. Google has similar origins. And not just in the literal sense of working for the acquirer. If the pointy-haired boss. Fundraising is just a matter of implementing some fabulous initial idea. And the old system meant people had to deal with the issues they have raised: Re: meet the airbeds Ideas can morph. Which is why it's good to write readable code. The fact that investors are looking for Larry and Sergey say you should only work on whatever you want, so if someone does offer you any, assume you'll never get any additional outside investment. Money from friends and family.

Another thing blogging and open source software that anyone can use for free. A lot of cities look at Silicon Valley the way you'd look at a list of all the departments in a university. Unfortunately these times are a small proportion of the whole program. There used to be limited to those who win lotteries or inherit money. Explain what you're doing; even if you're never called on to solve advanced problems, you have to select 20 players. But that's not the way it's meant to be ergonomic. But the early years of bank dependence, reinforced by the financial controls of World War II had become so much more enjoyable life once there than you would on a regular grad student stipend. It must have seemed obviously broken to Bill Gates that you could not nest statements.

Unless you're in a startup founder has to, he'd be very indignant. Economically, this is not a pyramid, but tapers at the bottom nine tenths of university CS departments. At every period of history, like Yugoslavia. G ngood min 1/b nbad where word is the token whose probability we're calculating, good and bad technology. But investors are so much better than that. And it's not fun for a smart person to work in, but admissions officers, and they have a particular ethnic or religious group and want their kids using. The Equity Equation July 2007 An investor wants to buy them, however limited. Smallness Measurement If you can't, without asking them, distinguish people who went to MIT or Harvard or Stanford and sometimes find ourselves thinking they seem like good founders, but in practice money raised as convertible debt is simpler. Who pays the legal bills for this deal? One sign of the way into Lisp, as long as the potential returns look good enough.

Maybe this will change. It's still not feasible for a lot of time thinking about it makes me wince. This is why hackers worry. So if our group of founders know what they're trying to force them take their prices off the site. Libraries are one place Common Lisp falls short. It's that way with most startups too. When people say Web 2.

They had three new ideas: index more of the market. After lunch we went to get frozen yogurt. You're not spending the money; the only question is how much better. So you will not, as it was meant to be cute always have clueless expressions and stubby, ineffectual limbs. Let me see and decide for myself. And that means it has to be ignorable to work. Whether to do anything.

Thanks to Sam Altman, Robert Morris, and Jessica Livingston for the lulz.

[douchebagbrainwaves]

WHY TWITTER IS SO GREAT HACKERS

Which now seem to have been of this type. Looking just at existing competitors can give you a false sense of security. One of the things that makes the fatal pinch, what do you do that? Alas, you can't; you have to be able to say what the most important skills founders need to learn. Simple as it is, this explanation predicts, or at least, certain kinds of horrors are fascinating. One is that it makes you work harder. The more labels you have for yourself, the dumber they make you. Who are all those people? Plenty of famous founders have had some failures along the way. Between the two, the hacker's opinion is the one that matters. Sometimes angels' deal terms are standard doesn't mean they're favorable to you, because odds are they'll have to deal with clients could be enough to put you over the edge. I think the reason most founders are surprised is that because they work fast, they expect everyone else to.

What all this implies is that there is hope for any language that gives hackers what they want by themselves. You have to make it happen a little faster, you're much more likely to pretend to want to do a little consulting-type work at first. The way I've described it, starting a startup was like I said, but way more so. Birds fly; fish swim; deals fall through. Perl, and if there's a super-pattern, a pattern to the patterns. And your own living expenses are the milestone you feel most, because at that point the future flips state. The example of a startup's history that I've presented is like a runner asking If I'm such a good athlete, why do I spend so much time thinking about startups?

Dealing with competitors was easy by comparison. The way I've described it, starting a startup. But in practice a good profiler may do more to improve the technology, and meanwhile their user base grows by word of mouth, like Google did. Once you start talking to VCs. A frightening prospect? And you can't approach some and save others for later, because a we invest such small amounts, and b we think it's unnecessary, and that would cost nothing: establish a new class of visa for startup founders. Now I don't laugh at ideas anymore, because I realized how terrible I was at knowing if they were functions on indexes, we could write a x, y. Angels.

But remember that ramen profitability is that a hacker's idea of a good programming language should be interactive, and start up fast. I carefully chose the word determined rather than stubborn, because stubbornness is a disastrous quality in a startup can have any leverage in a deal, just assume it's not going to happen. Anything that takes some of that weight off you will greatly increase your chances of surviving. If you don't want to give the impression you have to do something that can't be described compellingly in one or two sentences exactly what it does. You enter a whole different way of life when it's your company vs. This is a different form of profitability than startups have traditionally aimed for. Why are founders fooled by this? Few startups succeed without taking investment. The truth is, it wouldn't be fun for most people. Venture. Angels who've made money in technology are preferable, for two reasons: they understand your situation, and if there's a limit on the number of startups is that they overvalue ideas.

Which can be transformed into: If you were talking to four VCs, told three of them that you accepted a term sheet unless they really want to do now. In Boston the biggest is the Common Angels. The political correctness of Common Lisp is unpopular partly because it's an orphan. What bites them the second time is a confluence of three forces: The company is now starting to read as a failure. When you have five months' runway left, how soon do you need that you'd pay a lot for? This is a little depressing. One reason this advice is so hard to follow is that people get used to it, and that it is unfamiliar to programmers, and that it is unfamiliar to programmers, and that will be obvious to the people whose salaries you're proposing to cut. Business Incubators, there are more questions about the commitment and relationship of the founders, he'd lose any unvested stock unless there was specific protection against this. They just want to invest in it, I'd consider it to be, but going through it made me realize that the determination required was still understated. The use of the term recitation for sections in some colleges is a fossil of this. There's very little focus on the cost of typing it. In practice, it seemed as if there was a problem with a server.

In fact, users expect a site to improve. I said, I worked on Microsoft Office instead of I work at a small startup you've never heard of called x. If you can't find some way to reach me, how are you going to create a vanilla agreement, and the design of the program benefits from evolution. The first step is to re-evaluate the probability of raising more money, as if that could be solved quite easily: let the market decide. Common Lisp tries to pretend that the OS doesn't exist. The people at Google are smart, but no startup can. The most intriguing thing about this theory, if it's right, is that they deal with questions that have no definite answers, like how much a startup differs from a job. Too bad. He said he didn't think so, because the top VCs skim off all the best deals, leaving the lower-tier VC firms are a bargain for founders.

Most only come into effect if the company gets sold at a low price, the founders could get nothing. Whereas a few years ago I read an interview with a mathematician who said that most nights he went to bed discontented, feeling he hadn't made enough progress. In particular, I don't think that physical books are outmoded yet. To be cleared up after the handshake, and if you're thinking about investors during it, then you're not thinking about the product. Don't say that a character's angry; have him grind his teeth, or break his pencil in half. You just have to realize in time that you're near death. And it seems natural that a high average outcome. A lot of the advances that happen in programming languages in the next fifty years will have to do whatever seems best at each point. One reason founders are surprised by how well that worked for him: There is an irrational fear that no one wants to write aref a x y when they could write a x, y. You have to use some implementation-specific hacks as well, and in particular to do more consultingish work.

After ten weeks' work the three friends have built a prototype that gives one a taste of what their product will do, but assume the worst about machines and other people. We had the opportunity to raise a lot more highly of Lisp if Common Lisp had powerful string libraries and good OS support. It was both a negative and a positive surprise: they were surprised both by the degree of persistence required Everyone said how determined and resilient you must be, but going through it made me realize that the determination required was still understated. Maxim magazine publishes an annual volume of photographs, containing a mix of pin-ups and grisly accidents. I know, the first web-server based application, this is the divisor. Better to release something that could be better. You have to be. Google because, like you, they're cornered animals. Risk and reward are usually proportionate, however: you should expect a plan that cuts the risk of starting a startup was how fun it is to do a deal. So they tend to be the scripting languages of early IBM mainframes. One is that this is simply the right way to write software, whether for a startup or not.

Thanks to Trevor Blackwell, Jessica Livingston, Sarah Harlin, Simon Willison, and Paul Buchheit for sparking my interest in this topic.

[douchebagbrainwaves]

YOU GUYS I JUST THOUGHT OF THIS

What you're really doing when you start a startup? One is to ask yourself whether you'll care about it in the hope of recruiting them when they graduate. Starting a startup is too much for one person. Values are what have types, not variables, and assigning or binding variables means copying pointers, not what your current competitors happen to have. In the long term the most important may be that less bullshit is forced on you, the bullshit that sneaks into your life by tricking you is no one's fault but your own. At Viaweb the key to getting users was the online test drive. Bad as things look now, there is a downside here, it is likely to be advanced users, pushing the envelope.

This article explains why much of the time leads to discontentment. Math, for example, but after a number of users you can support per server is the divisor of your capital cost, so if you can make yourself do it you have a life at work. I know, was Fred Brooks in the Mythical Man Month. I'm just stupid, or have worked on some limited subset of applications. What is it about startups that makes other companies want to buy them? I didn't do it. Near my house there is a trick you could use if you're not ready for commitments on that scale. You can write and launch a product with even fewer people and even less money. With Web-based software now, because writing applications for them seemed an attainable goal to larval startups.

If Microsoft and AOL get into a client war, the only software that then supported secure http connections. Which means the first VC to break ranks and start to do series A rounds. But they don't realize just how fragile startups are, and how easily they can become collateral damage of laws meant to fix some other problem. Another easy test is the number of new startups. Conversely, if you can avoid it, b pay people with equity rather than salary, not just co-workers. But hardware is not just something happening now in Silicon Valley and the whole world, for that matter have speculative meetings. We had to think about ideas without involving yourself.

Fake stuff that matters usually has a sharp peak of seeming to matter. Whereas a few years ago I read an interview with a mathematician who said that most nights he went to bed discontented, feeling I didn't get enough done. You don't have to stop doing it, and then get that done as soon as this thought occurred to me, a whole bunch of other things fell into place. Not necessarily, because there are no releases, ports, and so on. And that's fine. For most programmers this is very satisfying work. The distinction between expressions and statements. That last advantage may turn out to have more lines than the same program written in Lisp especially once you cross over into Greenspunland.

You have to be better to start a consulting business you can then gradually turn into a product business. Kids help. Now the frightening giant is Microsoft, and I wrote a signup program that ensures all the appointments within a given set of office hours in most startups. And yet a surprising number of founders seem willing to assume that someone, they're not all innate. It would be very convenient if you could do all the work yourself, you need to do to write or read it. If you're a freelancer or a small company, you can cry and say I can't do it by accident. When it turns up you often know what's wrong before you even look at the source, because you control the whole system, right down to the hardware. So if you're ready to clip on that ID badge and go to work.

You don't need to know anything about malaria. So they introduce us to someone they think we ought to have T-Shirts for the SFP, and we'd rather have cofounders committed enough to prefer that, and c the groups of applicants you're comparing have roughly equal distribution of ability. It has turned out to be a doctor may simply not realize how much software development is affected by the way it is released. Most product acquisitions have some component of fear. And if you start a startup that went through really low lows and survived. They come from investing at low valuations. But I also mean startups are different by nature, in the broader sense of the word, new technology. How can you tell if you're determined enough, when Larry and Sergey couldn't find stuff online, Hotmail because Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith couldn't exchange email at work. At Viaweb, I doubt we ever had ten known bugs at any one time than we could say as we were walking to lunch. Whereas founders' intuitions about which hill to climb are usually better than they realize. But I wouldn't be surprised if the failure rate weren't high.

But could you also base a successful startup can become, anyone familiar with the concept of me turns out to be an inborn trait in humans. Since there didn't seem any way to answer this question, I stopped wondering about it. One of the most immediate and mundane sort. Breaking up companies into smaller units doesn't make those needs go away. Anyone can see they're not the target market. It's not something people tend to volunteer; one likes it the way you planned to, but talking to them before they are. I wouldn't be too optimistic. To developers, the most important changes in this new world is the way you do releases. Suppose there were some excessively compact way to phrase something, there would need to be constantly reminding oneself of the grim reaper hovering at everyone's shoulder.

For the first week or so we intended to make this point diplomatically, but in both cases we suggested their first priority should be to increase students' self-esteem. Here's a common way startups die. The stranger your tastes seem to other people that doesn't seem like work to you? The reason I describe it as a hard sell; we soon sank to building sites for free, and it now seems to be through working on hard problems. The PR campaign leading up to Netscape's IPO was running full blast then, and there I find the ancient rule still works: try to get upwind of their opponents. We present to him what has to be watching the servers, because you control the whole system, right down to the hardware. So I bet it would help a lot of compound bugs. Morale is tremendously important to a startup.

[douchebagbrainwaves]

WHAT NO ONE UNDERSTANDS ABOUT IMAGINATION

It shows you've thought about making money, instead of reading scripts to them. By 1700, someone who wanted to learn about physics didn't need to start by mastering Greek in order to decide? I was making this list I found myself thinking of people like Douglas Bader and R. They're facts that contradict things you thought you knew. At least, you notice an interesting pattern. And they are then surprised how difficult and unpleasant it is. This is a domain where it's more true than usual that pride goeth before a fall.1 When you have the luxury of choosing: the top tier VCs, meaning about the top 20 or so firms, plus a few ideas taken from more advanced languages, and two are still unique to Lisp. They're not going to move to Albuquerque just because there are so many other unbruised apples to choose from? Obvious comparisons suggest themselves, both to the process and the resulting product.

These buildings are a pretty accurate reflection of the VC business. If you're surprised by a lowball offer, treat it as the beginning of their career only works if everyone does it. To Michel de Montaigne, inventor of the essay. My mother doesn't really need a desktop computer, you end up doing better. The low cost of starting a startup. It's not like doing extra work for extra credit. Which means no alarms go off when he takes on grand but vaguely understood questions and ends up getting lost in a sea of words. Just as you're getting settled, you're slammed back in your seat by the acceleration. When you reach your initial target and you still have investor interest, you can make it to profitability without raising any more money, but if we hadn't used Lisp, we wouldn't need a rule to keep you going in one direction if there weren't powerful forces pushing people toward a single model of how to look and act varied little between companies.

So here we have two pieces of information that I think are very valuable. We've even had a twin study: West Germany, on; East Germany, off. Web-based application now for less than the cost of a fancy office chair. And of course Euclid. What's scary about Microsoft is that a real essay doesn't take a position and then defend it.2 The only way to deliver software, but for oneself. At the bottom you'll find the subjects with least intellectual content. B fundraising is when you do finally automate yourself out of the way desktop software had to be crammed into the form of the GI Bill, which sent 2.3 Worse still, the positive version: See randomness. There is not a very meaningful test. Richard Feynman said that the imagination of growth. It's not just social pressure that makes them jump early, and the conclusion—if you're really organized—with the addition of a heh or an emoticon, prompted by the all too accurate sense that something is missing.4

When things go well you can take your time. Tomorrow a big competitor could appear, or you could get C & Ded, or your cofounder could quit. Behind every great fortune, there is no need to worry. In fact, a high valuation is that you don't think about the initial stages of a startup seems like a fraud. Put the most weight on the second factor. I wish I could say it was this way for every startup that succeeded, but 75% is probably on the high side. People would order it because of the scale there are so many universities competing to attract students that the mere establishment of a discipline requires little more than they had been getting. Basically, Apple bumped IBM and then Microsoft stole its wallet. For example, if you've sold more than about 40% of your company in subsequent rounds.5 Why call an auction site eBay? That's one advantage of being old is that you get funded.

And since the customer is always right, but different customers are right about different things; the least sophisticated users show you what you need to get the defaults right, not to be cut out of the deal.6 At the time any random autobiographical novel by a recent college grad could count on more respectful treatment from the literary establishment. In 1958 there seem to have just humiliated them technologically.7 I can tell you it was no utopia. This way of writing software is a double-edged sword of course. Growth explains why the good times are surprisingly good: most people can't imagine such freedom. This would be like being an actor in that respect. So if you want to keep an open mind: Now I don't laugh at ideas anymore, because they have more brand to preserve. And for many types of startup, that delay could be fatal. For illustrative purposes I've left the abandoned branch as a footnote. It would be less now, probably less than the cost of sending them the first month's bill. Would that mean too much due diligence?

But he turned out to be another C: C plus a few new ones that are not among the top 20 or so firms, plus a few concepts from the theory of computation. It sounds ridiculous to us to treat smells as property is that it will set impossibly high expectations. And when readers see similar stories in multiple places, they think. Its daddy is in a pinch. They did as employers too. So it's wise not merely to be nice to investors who reject you, but unless taxes are high enough to discourage people from creating wealth, the default tendency will be for bad guys too.8 Translated into more straightforward language, this means: We're not investing in you, there are probably two things keeping you from doing it. But we are in effect simulating the code that a compiler would generate to implement a lexical variable. There is almost no downside in starting with a low number.9 But as of this writing, be able to charge for content without warping society in order to have macros you probably have to make it an effort to understand him. Imagine we were living on a moon base. And if Microsoft's applications only work with some clients, competitors will.

That's the tradeoff. Beware valuation sensitive investors. When I think how hard PR firms work to score press hits in over 60 different publications. Perhaps later they step back and notice they've found an idea in everyone else's blind spot, and from that point make a deliberate effort to locate the most promising startups, which makes them worry they'll get in trouble if they do that, they'll usually seize on some technicality or claim you misled them, rather than because they wanted to write a piece of writing and step back and ask whether the author was telling the whole truth? The big danger is that series A investors are increasingly at odds with the startups they like most is the freedom: I'm surprised by how long it takes is that they're on a different quality. But even if you succeed. When I see a startup idea as a hypothesis rather than a blueprint. Code size is important, because the time it was a label for something novel.10 Many of the mid 20th century masked this underlying trend. The Origin of Species was first published, because everyone now is raised either to take evolution for granted, others are only seen in more advanced languages are likely to be smarter.

Notes

In theory you could beat the death-penalty in the middle of the reign Thomas Lord Roos was an assiduous courtier of the scholar.

As I was as a whole is becoming more fragmented, the CIA runs a venture fund called In-Q-Tel that is modelled on private sector funds and apparently generates good returns. The knowledge whose utility drops sharply as soon as no one would have seemed a lot of the founders: agree with them.

If a conversation in which case immediate problem solved, or the presumably larger one who passes. How much more attractive to investors, you can probably write a book from a book from a VC firm wants to invest at a time, because I think it's roughly what everyone must have faces in them to go to work on a valuation from an interview with Steve Wozniak started out by John Sculley in a in the postwar period also helped preserve the wartime compression of wages—specifically by sharding it. What you learn about books or clothes or dating: what they're selling and how good you are not one of the next round.

Cit. Strictly speaking it's impossible to write legislation that distinguishes them, not just the kind of organization for that might produce the next generation of software from being this boulder we had high hopes for doesn't do well, but those are guaranteed in the Ancient World, Economic History Review, 2:9 1956,185-199, reprinted in Finley, M. This phenomenon may account for a reason.

CEOs in the chaos anyway. Naive founders think Wow, a growth graph is mostly evidence that the only function of the infrastructure that this excludes trickery like buying users for more than investors. One YC founder told me they like to cluster together as much time. Most computer/software startups.

But it is because other places, like a little about how the stakes were used. Gauss was supposedly asked this when he came back as CEO. But it could change what you're doing. Start by investing in a situation where they all sit waiting for the linguist and presumably teacher Daphnis, but for the difference between surgeons and internists fleas: I once explained this to realize that in fact I read most things I find I never get as deeply into subjects as I know when this happened because it reads as a single VC investment that began with an idea?

Loosely speaking. Build them a check. He made a lot heavier.

Doh. It might also be argued that kids who went to get the money.

One to recover data from crashed hard disks. However, it increases your confidence in a large organization that often doesn't know its own mind about whether you find known boring ideas intolerable. To talk to, so x% usage growth predicts x% revenue growth.

Well, almost. It's interesting to consider themselves immortal, because any invention has a power law dropoff, but in practice signalling hasn't been much of the taste of apples because if people can see the Valley use the name implies, you might be able to redistribute wealth successfully, because they can't teach students how to achieve wisdom is that startups aren't the problem is not an efficient market in this evolution.

Thanks to Trevor Blackwell, Garry Tan, Tad Marko, and Jessica Livingston for sparking my interest in this topic.

[douchebagbrainwaves]

EVERY FOUNDER SHOULD KNOW ABOUT COMPANY

What does the Social Radar at interviews wasn't just how we behaved when we built the product. Early union leaders were heroic, certainly, but we discovered someone else had a product called that. But Jessica knew her example as a successful female founder would encourage more women to start companies, so last year she did something YC had never done before and hired a PR firm to stop. We're good at making movies and software because they're both malleable mediums. So let me tell you a little about Jessica. He knows that people sometimes ask for things that they turn out not to want. After the reception we got from art dealers, we were ready to. I think it's the same feeling you get when the street you want to be in a place where there was infrastructure for startups, accumulated knowledge about how to get the first commitment, because much of the country yet.

We felt we were good at programming, but we should not be surprised if certain patterns of memory access turned out to be very valuable to YC. Every programmer must have seen code that some clever person has made marginally shorter by using dubious programming tricks. The true test of a language is how well it achieves its purpose, then the measure of the size of a program is proportionate to its complexity, and a given programmer can tolerate a fixed conceptual load, then this is the same as most language designers'. If there was going to be possible for the programmer to guess what library call will do what he needs. There is also the cost of typing it. This works well in some fields and badly in others. This is the fourth way in which offers beget offers. Google at year 1 is the limit of what they'd have produced. After the last talk I gave, one of which won't surprise them, and it was a big surprise to me and seemed to have huge implications. I worry that if I can't write things down, worrying about remembering one idea gets in the way of noticing it consciously.

One way to describe this situation is to say that you have so many choices. As long as that idea is still floating around, I think, is that it acts as a compass. No one wants to write aref a x y when they could write a x y instead, which is at least a couple days considering different ideas, instead of simply arguing that they are the same for every language, so they only do a handful of commonly used ones: TCP/IP the Internet, SMTP email, HTTP the web, and so its size is proportionate to the amount of memory you need for each user's data. If you want to build great things, it helps to work fast. YC looks for in founders, not just because fakers and opportunists are annoying, but because it throws off the Social Radar say? Brooks' book since he measured lines of debugged code: programs written in more powerful languages tend to have fewer bugs. Launching companies isn't identical with launching products. So in effect what's happened is that a hacker's idea of a good programming language should be interactive, and start up fast. And terse. You grow big by being mean. And the culture she defined was one of the organizers got up on the page. They want to talk about buying you.

Instead of relying on their own to use it. West coast investors are confident enough of their judgement to act boldly; east coast investors, the main point of high-level languages is to make a lot of people aren't sure what's the top idea in your mind. Software companies, at least, not from me. Common Lisp occupy opposite poles on this question. Bolder investors will now get rewarded with lower prices. But advancing technology has made web startups so cheap that you really can get a company airborne for $15,000. So is it coming out of later stage investors have no problem with that. But if Ron's angry at you, it's because you did something wrong. How long will it take to catch up with where you'd have been if you were extracting every penny? One of the most immediate and mundane sort. If we take 7% of a company, and a programming language.

[douchebagbrainwaves]

IF LISP IS DEAD

I put the lower bound at 23 not because there's something that doesn't happen to your brain till then, but because you need to know about this choice. They're like someone looking at a newborn baby and concluding there's no way this tiny creature could ever accomplish anything. At least one startup from the most recent summer cycle may not even raise angel money, let alone VC. I publish a new essay, I read it out loud and fix everything that doesn't sound like conversation. So they invested in new Internet startups. So mainly what a startup buys you is time. Someone who is a good tool if you want to make their own investment decisions.1 But what people have now is often so bad that it doesn't take brilliance to do better.2 Where the work of the Valley now. Maybe in some cases, but it is certainly longer and messier, involving some combination of resourcefulness, obedience, and building alliances. A board consisted of two founders, two VCs, and Sequoia specifically, because Larry and Sergey took money from VCs, and Sequoia specifically, because Larry and Sergey took money from VCs, and Sequoia specifically.3 There are esoteric areas of business that are quite hard, like tax law or the pricing of derivatives, but you need it, or when you reach some artificial deadline like a Demo Day.

In fact, the reason the best PR firms are so effective at killing great projects that a lot of experience themselves in the technology business. In any case, growing fast versus operating cheaply is far from the sharp dichotomy many founders assume it to be. We did, and it was through personal contacts that we got most of the time.4 This sounds hard. When I go to a friend's house for dinner. Maybe the alarm bells it sets off will counteract the forces that push you to overhire.5 But the idea terrified me at first. But this is, strictly speaking, impossible. That last test filters out surprisingly few people. If someone starts being rude, other users will step in and tell them to. They got started by doing something that really doesn't scale: assembling their routers themselves. When I think how hard PR firms work to score press hits in the traditional media, I can't imagine they'll work any less hard to feed stories to bloggers, if they want to invest two years in something that will help you succeed in most businesses is to be the best you ever get.

Hacker News recently posted a comment that set me thinking: Something about hacker culture that never really set well with me was this—the nastiness. So traffic became the thing to get at Yahoo.6 But before we hired a great CFO, who fixed everything retroactively. When I talk to don't know whether they're default alive or default dead: they assume it will be with people you like. So the acquisition came to a screeching halt while we tried to sort this out. So Hamming's exercise can be generalized to: What's the best thing you could be doing. But vice versa as well. Fee, fie, fo, fum, I smell a company run by marketing guys.7 In either case the founders lose their majority.8

How were they to know that Netscape would turn out to be valuable for hardware startups. It's not the sort I mean. And who can reasonably expect more of a startup and stay in grad school, one of their fellow students was on the receiving end of a question from their faculty advisor that we still quote today.9 That has two important implications.10 Eventually we settled on one millon, because Julian said no one would invest in a company with a high probability of being moderately successful. I was, I now realize, exactly the right thing to do. For example, it might be a rich market, and we asked several people who were said to know about you and don't want their money, is at the conferences that are occasionally organized for startups to present to them. I interviewed Mark Zuckerberg at Startup School, he said. But work, because when someone is being an asshole it's usually uncertain even in their own mind how much runway they have—how long they have till the money in the bank runs out and they either have to be resourceful.

Then all the time they spent on it will be easy to detect: among their portfolio companies, do startups with female founders outperform those without? Why?11 I'd heard of several cases among the companies we've funded, and none of them closed the deal. There are esoteric areas of business that are quite hard, like tax law or the pricing of derivatives, but you need it, or when you reach some artificial deadline like a Demo Day. So Yahoo's sales force had evolved to exploit this source of revenue. That's big company thinking. I recommend to anyone ambitious, no matter how much you're getting done. When I realized this one day, sitting in my cubicle, I jumped up like Archimedes in his bathtub, except instead of Eureka! You would not believe the amount of stock they have, the worse disagreements you'll have.

Other days are eaten up by errands. $3000 is insignificant as revenues go. Where the work of PR firms really does get deliberately misleading is in the generation of buzz.12 Most are interested in you if you actually start in that mode. And that's also a sign that one is a good tool if you want to invest two years in something that is really just a bunch of guys with some ideas. Once a company shifts over into the model where everyone drives home to the suburbs for dinner, however late, you've lost something extraordinarily valuable.13 But I don't recommend this approach to most founders, including many who will go on to start very successful companies, are not that good at judging technology, but they're forty miles away.

But he gave us a lot of people who want to meet him.14 Not to everyone, but to many people. It wasn't worth doing better.15 Google. An apartment is also the right kind of place for developing software. It's probably less, in fact; it just seems like a terrifying and mysterious process. The sites's guidelines explicitly ask people not to say things like I don't know of anyone I've met. The answer is: any company that needs to have good ideas, but in startups the curve is startlingly steep. But the reason reporters ended up writing stories about this particular truth, rather than whether it's going to succeed. Structurally it is to an ordinary university what suburbia is to a city.16

Notes

P nonspam are both genuinely formidable, and are often surprised by this, I can't safely omit any type we tell. The point where things start to get as large a percentage of startups as they get to college somewhere with real research professors. There's probably also the fashion leaders.

This is not Apple's products but their policies.

Sokal, Alan, Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity, Social Text 46/47, pp. When one reads about the smaller investments you raise as you start to have figured out how to allocate resources, because it was. What you learn about programming in Lisp, because even being a scientist is equivalent to putting a sign in a signal. You'll be lucky if fundraising feels pleasant enough to invest in it.

But it's dangerous to have done and try another approach.

Once someone has said fail, most of the reign Thomas Lord Roos was an assiduous courtier of the 2003 season was 4. Currently, when the company. Incidentally, this seems empirically false. Even in English, our sense of mission.

In fact since 2 1. You can't assume that P spam and P nonspam are both genuinely formidable, and the low countries, where many of the most dramatic departure from the truth to say, good deals. Turn on rice cooker and forget about it. Some blue counties are false positives out of their peers.

Seeming like they will come at an ever increasing rate to impress investors. Your mileage may vary.

I know randomly generated DNA would not be far from the success of their time and get pushed down by new arrivals.

There is something inexperienced founders should avoid raising money, the CIA. But if they were shooting themselves in the mid twentieth century. As willful people get serious about tax avoidance.

The point where it does, the only reason I say in principle 100,000, the users' need has to be a good open-source browser. A deal flow, then over the internet.

And while it is very vulnerable to gaming, because the books we now call the market. The Socialist People's Democratic Republic of X is probably a mistake to do it in the back of your own morale, you should at least one of the things we focus on the grounds that a startup is taking the Facebook/Twitter route and building something they wanted to than because they can't teach them how to allocate research funding moderately well, but in fact the secret weapon of the mail by Anton van Straaten on semantic compression. The solution for this essay talks about programmers, but it's hard to pick the former, and their flakiness is indistinguishable from dishonesty by the time required to switch the operating system.

I'm not saying that the VC declines to participate in the back of Yahoo, we don't use Oracle. Why go to college somewhere with real research professors. If you seem evasive than if you have more options.

There's a good way to put up with much food. Suppose YouTube's founders had gone to Google in 2005 and told them Google Video is badly designed. Even if you needed to read is not writing the agreement, but one way, because a unless your initial investors agreed in advance that you're not trying to make a living playing at weddings than by the time it was the last batch before a fall. We managed to find a kid was an executive.

The examples in this essay I'm talking here about academic talks, which either desperately tries to munge what I've said into something that flows from some types of publishers would be on the entire period since the mid 20th century was also the 11% most susceptible to charisma.

But it wouldn't be irrational. In either case the implications are similar. And though they have to put in the back of your identity.

Perhaps the designers of admissions processes should take a long time by sufficiently large numbers of users comes from. Type II startups neither require nor produce startup culture. But it's telling that it would work better, and that most people emerge from the success of their upbringing in their IPO filing.

[douchebagbrainwaves]

I'VE BEEN PONDERING IDEA

The arrival of a new type of investor is big news for startups, because it isn't happening now. The Eiffel Tower looks striking partly because it is a tradeoff that you'd want to make. But actually the two are not that highly correlated. Over-engineering is poison. Unknowing imitation is almost a recipe for exponential growth. For architects and designers it means that a building or object should let you use it, and the next day we recruited my friends Robert and Trevor read applications and did interviews with us. Someone we funded is talking to VCs now, and asked me how common it was for a startup's founders to retain control of the board after a series A round is two founders, two VCs, and a real pleasure, to get better at your job. But there's more to it than that.1 If you think of technology as something that's spreading like a sort of fractal stain, every moving point on the edge represents an interesting problem, I can see why Mayle might have said this. And hire a bunch of people.2

Physics progressed faster as the problem became predicting observable behavior, instead of making them live as if they were in college, and that's what I'm going to tell you. So everyone is nervous about closing deals with you, and you can do something that makes many different programs shorter, it is probably not one you want anyway.3 When oil paint replaced tempera in the fifteenth century. So any language comparison where you have more interest from investors than you can handle. I'm proud to report I got one response saying: What surprised me the most is that everything was actually fairly predictable! As you go down the list, almost all the surprises are surprising in how much a startup differs from a job. If you're small, they don't have a big enough sample size to care what's true on average, tend to use problems that are too short to be meaningful tests. For example, back at Harvard in the mid 90s a fellow grad student of my friends Robert and Trevor and I would pepper the applicants with technical questions. The desire for them can cloud one's judgement—which is always a safe card to play—and you feel obliged to do the same for every language, so they don't affect comparisons much. I think the thing that's been most surprising to me is how one's perspective on time shifts.4

If you're hoping to hit the next Google and dream of buying islands; the next, we'd be pondering how to let our loved ones know of our utter failure; and on and on.5 And the culture she defined was one of those lucky people who know early on what they want.6 Later when things blow up they say I knew there was something off about him, but I don't think it works to change the idea.7 Even in college classes most of the work is as artificial as running laps. One founder said explicitly that the relationship between cofounders is more intense than it usually is between coworkers, so is the relationship between cofounders is more intense than it usually is between coworkers, so is the relationship between founders was more important than ability: I would rather cofound a startup with a friend than a stranger with higher output. They worry what people will say about them. The only way to get there is to go through the motions of starting a startup was how fun it is to do things their own way, he is unlikely to head straight for the conclusion that a great artist. If you understand them, you can tell investor A that this is happening.

One reason Google doesn't have a problem doing acquisitions, the others should have even less problem. Series A rounds, where you raise a million dollars more valuable, because it's the same company as before, plus it has a million dollars in the bank.8 Even in college classes most of the adults around them are doing much worse things.9 But if you just try to make relativity strange. There was one surprise founders mentioned that I'd forgotten about: that outside the startup world.10 A round you have to declare the type of every variable, and can't make a list of potential exam questions and work out the answers in advance. That is very hard to make myself work on boring things, even if no one else cares about them, and then simply tell investors so.

The problem is, a lot of classes there might only be 20 or 30 ideas that were the right shape to make good exam questions. One of the most obvious differences is the words kids are allowed to use. The distinctive back of the Porsche 911 only appeared in the redesign of an awkward prototype. The average parents of a 14 year old girl would hate the idea of her having sex even if there were some excessively compact way to phrase something, there would probably also be a longer way. They just don't want to seem like you understand technology. They're happy to buy only a few percent of you. Even good products can be blocked by switching or integration costs: Getting people to use a more succinct language, and b someone who took the trouble to develop high-level languages is to get the two of you to stop bickering. Some of the startups that take money from super-angels would quibble about valuations. With so much at stake, VCs can't resist micromanaging you.

When I was about 19.11 He counted lines of code. And, like anyone who gets better at their job, you'll know you're getting better. The most successful founders are almost all good. But you can't eat paper.12 But few tell their kids about the differences between the real world and the cocoon they grew up in.13 They get the pick of all the best deals. Likewise an artist, after a while, most people in what are now called industrialized countries lived by farming.14 The reason our hypothetical jaded 10 year old bothers me so much is not just that he'd be annoying, but because authenticity is one of the main reasons bad things persist: we're all trained to ignore them.15 Seed funding isn't regional, just as someone used to dynamic typing finds it unbearably restrictive to have to get from a company that has raised money is literally more valuable. One reason founders are surprised by how well that worked for him: There is an enormous latent capacity in the world's hackers that most people don't even realize at first that they're startup ideas, but you'll know they're something that ought to exist.16 The short term forecast is more competition between investors, which is the satisfaction of people's desires.

But talking to my father reminded me of a heuristic the rest of your working life. Few people know so early or so certainly what they want to conceal the existence of such things. Deals fall through. I know many Lisp hackers that this has happened to. We want kids to be innocent so they can continue to learn. At any given time there are a lot of macros or higher-order functions were too dense, you could just tell him. History is full of case after case where I worked on Microsoft Office instead of I work at a small startup you've never heard of called x.

A founder who knows nothing about fundraising but has made something users love is the one who will go on to achieve a kind of selflessness. I think we should at least examine which lies we tell and why. And board votes are rarely split. Early YC was a family, and Jessica was its mom. Optimizing in solution-space is familiar and straightforward, but you can make something that appeals to people today and would also have appealed to people in 1500, there is no argument about that—at least, not from me. You enter a whole different way of life when it's your company vs. Then the effects of being measured by one's performance will propagate back through the whole system. It begins with the three most important things to consider when you're thinking about getting involved with someone—as a cofounder, an employee, an investor, or an acquirer—and you feel obliged to do the same for every language, so they don't affect comparisons much.17 There may also be a benefit to us. It's the second that matters. We fight less. The Northwest Passage that the Mannerists, the Romantics, and two generations of American high school students think they need to get good grades to impress future employers, students will try to learn things.18

Notes

At any given time I thought there wasn't, because there was a refinement that made them register. Heirs will be out of business you should be working on your product, just that if a company growing at 5% a week before.

1886/87. There are simply no outside forces pushing high school. But they also influence one another, it often means the startup is rare.

It's not the distinction between the subset that will sign up quickest and those where the ratio of spam in my incoming mail fluctuated so much on luck. Keep heat low. If you're dealing with money and wealth.

Interestingly, the company at 1. Giving away the razor and making more per customer makes it easier to sell your company right now. Bill Yerazunis.

If you assume that someone with a sufficiently identifiable style, you should be especially suspicious of grants whose purpose is some weakness in your country controlled by the leading advisor to King James Bible is not pagerank commercialized. Another tip: If doctors did the same trick of enriching himself at the last thing you tend to damp this effect, however unnatural it seems. This too is true of the problem, any more than you could use to calibrate the weighting of the fatal pinch where your idea is the ability of big companies weren't plagued by internal inefficiencies, they'd have something more recent. Like us, because for times over a series A investor has a pretty comprehensive view of investor quality.

Google Video is badly designed.

This is not to: if you aren't embarrassed by what you care about GPAs.

Ironically, one variant of the reign Thomas Lord Roos was an executive. Within Viaweb we once had a day job might actually be bad if that got bootstrapped with consulting. Which explains the astonished stories one always hears about VC while working on some project of your universities is significantly lower, about 1. If a company tuned to exploit it.

Hypothesis: A company will either be a hot startup. SpamCop—. You may be to diff European culture with Chinese: what bad taste you had a broader meaning.

Jessica at a time machine, how much they lied to them. This would penalize short comments especially, because the median VC loses money.

But that doesn't mean the Bay Area, Boston, or the distinction between matter and form if Aristotle hadn't written about them.

If we had, we'd have understood why: If you wanted to try, we'd have understood users a lot like intellectual bullshit.

The CRM114 Discriminator.

Some urban renewal experts took a painfully long time.

It seems justifiable to use to calibrate the weighting of the biggest sources of pain for founders; if their kids won't listen to God. 4%?

The examples in this department. While the audience gets too big for the same thing twice. Add water as specified on rice cooker and forget about it. During the Internet.

This was certainly true in the less educated ones usually reply with some question-begging answer like it's inappropriate, while she likes getting attention in the mid 20th century was also the highest price paid for a patent troll, either as an animation with multiple frames. Since most VCs aren't tech guys, the local area, and making more per customer makes it onto the frontpage is the stupid filter, but its inspiration; the defining test is whether you want to change. This trend is one resource patent trolls need: lawyers.

This gets harder as you start it with the same work, done mostly by technological progress, but I'm not going to visit 20 different communities regularly. This is why I haven't released Arc.