#python & data analytics

[herpersonafire]

Hey everyone! enjoying my (two) week break of uni, so I've been lazy and playing games. Today, working on Python, I'm just doing repetition of learning the basics; Variables, Data types, Logic statements, etc. Hope everyone has a good week!

[valyrfia]

you say the only thing tethering me to this sport is a ship and i vehemently agree with you while trying to shove the python pipeline i built for fun to compare past race telemetry under the table

[datasciencewithmohsin]

Understanding Outliers in Machine Learning and Data Science

In machine learning and data science, an outlier is like a misfit in a dataset. It's a data point that stands out significantly from the rest of the data. Sometimes, these outliers are errors, while other times, they reveal something truly interesting about the data. Either way, handling outliers is a crucial step in the data preprocessing stage. If left unchecked, they can skew your analysis and even mess up your machine learning models.

In this article, we will dive into:

1. What outliers are and why they matter.

2. How to detect and remove outliers using the Interquartile Range (IQR) method.

3. Using the Z-score method for outlier detection and removal.

4. How the Percentile Method and Winsorization techniques can help handle outliers.

This guide will explain each method in simple terms with Python code examples so that even beginners can follow along.

1. What Are Outliers?

An outlier is a data point that lies far outside the range of most other values in your dataset. For example, in a list of incomes, most people might earn between $30,000 and $70,000, but someone earning $5,000,000 would be an outlier.

Why Are Outliers Important?

Outliers can be problematic or insightful:

Problematic Outliers: Errors in data entry, sensor faults, or sampling issues.

Insightful Outliers: They might indicate fraud, unusual trends, or new patterns.

Types of Outliers

1. Univariate Outliers: These are extreme values in a single variable.

Example: A temperature of 300°F in a dataset about room temperatures.

2. Multivariate Outliers: These involve unusual combinations of values in multiple variables.

Example: A person with an unusually high income but a very low age.

3. Contextual Outliers: These depend on the context.

Example: A high temperature in winter might be an outlier, but not in summer.

2. Outlier Detection and Removal Using the IQR Method

The Interquartile Range (IQR) method is one of the simplest ways to detect outliers. It works by identifying the middle 50% of your data and marking anything that falls far outside this range as an outlier.

Steps:

1. Calculate the 25th percentile (Q1) and 75th percentile (Q3) of your data.

2. Compute the IQR:

{IQR} = Q3 - Q1

Q1 - 1.5 \times \text{IQR}

Q3 + 1.5 \times \text{IQR} ] 4. Anything below the lower bound or above the upper bound is an outlier.

Python Example:

import pandas as pd

# Sample dataset

data = {'Values': [12, 14, 18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 95, 100]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Calculate Q1, Q3, and IQR

Q1 = df['Values'].quantile(0.25)

Q3 = df['Values'].quantile(0.75)

IQR = Q3 - Q1

# Define the bounds

lower_bound = Q1 - 1.5 * IQR

upper_bound = Q3 + 1.5 * IQR

# Identify and remove outliers

outliers = df[(df['Values'] < lower_bound) | (df['Values'] > upper_bound)]

print("Outliers:\n", outliers)

filtered_data = df[(df['Values'] >= lower_bound) & (df['Values'] <= upper_bound)]

print("Filtered Data:\n", filtered_data)

Key Points:

The IQR method is great for univariate datasets.

It works well when the data isn’t skewed or heavily distributed.

3. Outlier Detection and Removal Using the Z-Score Method

The Z-score method measures how far a data point is from the mean, in terms of standard deviations. If a Z-score is greater than a certain threshold (commonly 3 or -3), it is considered an outlier.

Formula:

Z = \frac{(X - \mu)}{\sigma}

 is the data point,

 is the mean of the dataset,

 is the standard deviation.

Python Example:

import numpy as np

# Sample dataset

data = {'Values': [12, 14, 18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 95, 100]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Calculate mean and standard deviation

mean = df['Values'].mean()

std_dev = df['Values'].std()

# Compute Z-scores

df['Z-Score'] = (df['Values'] - mean) / std_dev

# Identify and remove outliers

threshold = 3

outliers = df[(df['Z-Score'] > threshold) | (df['Z-Score'] < -threshold)]

print("Outliers:\n", outliers)

filtered_data = df[(df['Z-Score'] <= threshold) & (df['Z-Score'] >= -threshold)]

print("Filtered Data:\n", filtered_data)

Key Points:

The Z-score method assumes the data follows a normal distribution.

It may not work well with skewed datasets.

4. Outlier Detection Using the Percentile Method and Winsorization

Percentile Method:

In the percentile method, we define a lower percentile (e.g., 1st percentile) and an upper percentile (e.g., 99th percentile). Any value outside this range is treated as an outlier.

Winsorization:

Winsorization is a technique where outliers are not removed but replaced with the nearest acceptable value.

Python Example:

from scipy.stats.mstats import winsorize

import numpy as np

Sample data

data = [12, 14, 18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 95, 100]

Calculate percentiles

lower_percentile = np.percentile(data, 1)

upper_percentile = np.percentile(data, 99)

Identify outliers

outliers = [x for x in data if x < lower_percentile or x > upper_percentile]

print("Outliers:", outliers)

# Apply Winsorization

winsorized_data = winsorize(data, limits=[0.01, 0.01])

print("Winsorized Data:", list(winsorized_data))

Key Points:

Percentile and Winsorization methods are useful for skewed data.

Winsorization is preferred when data integrity must be preserved.

Final Thoughts

Outliers can be tricky, but understanding how to detect and handle them is a key skill in machine learning and data science. Whether you use the IQR method, Z-score, or Wins

orization, always tailor your approach to the specific dataset you’re working with.

By mastering these techniques, you’ll be able to clean your data effectively and improve the accuracy of your models.

[excellencetechnology777]

https://www.excellencetechnology.in/chandigarh-center/

[emie-data]

Hi, I’m Emie!

I’m learning Python, building a digital garden, and doing my best to grow gently through it all. My ultimate goal is to start a career in data analytics.

I love cozy aesthetics, soft creativity, and turning quiet moments into meaningful ones. This is my little corner of the internet where I can be myself—bear ears, tea, coding, and all.

I love AI and use it regularly. The image above is AI-generated.

I’m hoping to meet others who are also on their coding journey and maybe join—or build—a little community where we can support each other and grow together toward our goals. 🌿

[pandeypankaj]

What's the difference between Machine Learning and AI?

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are often used interchangeably, but they represent distinct concepts within the broader field of data science. Machine Learning refers to algorithms that enable systems to learn from data and make predictions or decisions based on that learning. It's a subset of AI, focusing on statistical techniques and models that allow computers to perform specific tasks without explicit programming.

On the other hand, AI encompasses a broader scope, aiming to simulate human intelligence in machines. It includes Machine Learning as well as other disciplines like natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, all working towards creating intelligent systems capable of reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding context.

Understanding this distinction is crucial for anyone interested in leveraging data-driven technologies effectively. Whether you're exploring career opportunities, enhancing business strategies, or simply curious about the future of technology, diving deeper into these concepts can provide invaluable insights.

In conclusion, while Machine Learning focuses on algorithms that learn from data to make decisions, Artificial Intelligence encompasses a broader range of technologies aiming to replicate human intelligence. Understanding these distinctions is key to navigating the evolving landscape of data science and technology. For those eager to deepen their knowledge and stay ahead in this dynamic field, exploring further resources and insights on can provide valuable perspectives and opportunities for growth 

[womaneng]

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A post shared by Zeynep Küçük Woman Engineer (@woman.engineer)

ou can become a data analyst ⤵️📈📊💯 Here’s what you need to do: - believe in yourself - learn Excel -learn SQL - learn Tableau - build Portfolio - update Linkedin - optimize Resume - Use Network -apply for jobs That’s the way. . . .

[uthra-krish]

The Skills I Acquired on My Path to Becoming a Data Scientist

Data science has emerged as one of the most sought-after fields in recent years, and my journey into this exciting discipline has been nothing short of transformative. As someone with a deep curiosity for extracting insights from data, I was naturally drawn to the world of data science. In this blog post, I will share the skills I acquired on my path to becoming a data scientist, highlighting the importance of a diverse skill set in this field.

The Foundation — Mathematics and Statistics

At the core of data science lies a strong foundation in mathematics and statistics. Concepts such as probability, linear algebra, and statistical inference form the building blocks of data analysis and modeling. Understanding these principles is crucial for making informed decisions and drawing meaningful conclusions from data. Throughout my learning journey, I immersed myself in these mathematical concepts, applying them to real-world problems and honing my analytical skills.

Programming Proficiency

Proficiency in programming languages like Python or R is indispensable for a data scientist. These languages provide the tools and frameworks necessary for data manipulation, analysis, and modeling. I embarked on a journey to learn these languages, starting with the basics and gradually advancing to more complex concepts. Writing efficient and elegant code became second nature to me, enabling me to tackle large datasets and build sophisticated models.

Data Handling and Preprocessing

Working with real-world data is often messy and requires careful handling and preprocessing. This involves techniques such as data cleaning, transformation, and feature engineering. I gained valuable experience in navigating the intricacies of data preprocessing, learning how to deal with missing values, outliers, and inconsistent data formats. These skills allowed me to extract valuable insights from raw data and lay the groundwork for subsequent analysis.

Data Visualization and Communication

Data visualization plays a pivotal role in conveying insights to stakeholders and decision-makers. I realized the power of effective visualizations in telling compelling stories and making complex information accessible. I explored various tools and libraries, such as Matplotlib and Tableau, to create visually appealing and informative visualizations. Sharing these visualizations with others enhanced my ability to communicate data-driven insights effectively.

Machine Learning and Predictive Modeling

Machine learning is a cornerstone of data science, enabling us to build predictive models and make data-driven predictions. I delved into the realm of supervised and unsupervised learning, exploring algorithms such as linear regression, decision trees, and clustering techniques. Through hands-on projects, I gained practical experience in building models, fine-tuning their parameters, and evaluating their performance.

Database Management and SQL

Data science often involves working with large datasets stored in databases. Understanding database management and SQL (Structured Query Language) is essential for extracting valuable information from these repositories. I embarked on a journey to learn SQL, mastering the art of querying databases, joining tables, and aggregating data. These skills allowed me to harness the power of databases and efficiently retrieve the data required for analysis.

Domain Knowledge and Specialization

While technical skills are crucial, domain knowledge adds a unique dimension to data science projects. By specializing in specific industries or domains, data scientists can better understand the context and nuances of the problems they are solving. I explored various domains and acquired specialized knowledge, whether it be healthcare, finance, or marketing. This expertise complemented my technical skills, enabling me to provide insights that were not only data-driven but also tailored to the specific industry.

Soft Skills — Communication and Problem-Solving

In addition to technical skills, soft skills play a vital role in the success of a data scientist. Effective communication allows us to articulate complex ideas and findings to non-technical stakeholders, bridging the gap between data science and business. Problem-solving skills help us navigate challenges and find innovative solutions in a rapidly evolving field. Throughout my journey, I honed these skills, collaborating with teams, presenting findings, and adapting my approach to different audiences.

Continuous Learning and Adaptation

Data science is a field that is constantly evolving, with new tools, technologies, and trends emerging regularly. To stay at the forefront of this ever-changing landscape, continuous learning is essential. I dedicated myself to staying updated by following industry blogs, attending conferences, and participating in courses. This commitment to lifelong learning allowed me to adapt to new challenges, acquire new skills, and remain competitive in the field.

In conclusion, the journey to becoming a data scientist is an exciting and dynamic one, requiring a diverse set of skills. From mathematics and programming to data handling and communication, each skill plays a crucial role in unlocking the potential of data. Aspiring data scientists should embrace this multidimensional nature of the field and embark on their own learning journey. If you want to learn more about Data science, I highly recommend that you contact ACTE Technologies because they offer Data Science courses and job placement opportunities. Experienced teachers can help you learn better. You can find these services both online and offline. Take things step by step and consider enrolling in a course if you’re interested. By acquiring these skills and continuously adapting to new developments, they can make a meaningful impact in the world of data science.

[mvishnukumar]

Can someone become a data scientist without any knowledge of statistics? Are there alternative ways to learn this field without a strong background in statistics?

Even though a statistical background helps in making a great data scientist, arguably one can break into the data science field with non-prepossessing knowledge of statistics if they emphasize other areas and progressively learn things. Actually, most of the descriptions come in for data science role in practical skills related to programming or the manipulation of data, together with machine learning, which could be taken up by coursework and some practice.

Online courses and resources drive beginners toward practical development in data analysis, machine learning, and programming. Many online platforms guide interactive learning with projects that would assist in building practical skills. 

Acquiring statistical knowledge can be done over time through focused study, online courses, or advanced training in statistical methods and theory.

It lies in first establishing solid grounds in the fundamental skills of data science, one step at a time, and on them building slowly related statistical knowledge that supports much further analysis and model development.

[drax0001]

Unlock your potential in programming with the exceptional Python Course in Delhi, offered by Brillica Services. This Python Programming Course in Delhi is designed for both beginners and experienced programmers, ensuring top-notch Python Coaching in Delhi. Whether you aim to launch a career in software development, enhance your skills, or explore specialized areas like data science and web development, our course is the perfect starting point.

Our Python Course in Delhi emphasizes practical, hands-on learning. At Brillica Services, we believe in learning by doing. Our Python Classes in Delhi revolve around real-world projects and case studies, allowing you to apply theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios. Guided by industry experts, our Python Training Institute in Delhi ensures you gain valuable insights and skills that are highly regarded in the job market.

[herpersonafire]

Hey! and welcome back!

As Uni is about to begin in a few days....I upgraded to a third monitor! Also!! I job a Data entry job! Big things moving forward :)

Let me introduce myself;

I'm Mick, (she/her) and I currently study Data Analytics. I'll be 26 in July and I love to read and play video games in my free time. I also like to watch football (LIVERPOOL xx)

Im currently taking the time to learn Excel and Python. However, I know for school I'll be learning Python, SQL and maybe some other things.

FOLLOW me along on this journey and if you have any questions please ask!

[rohitdigital1001]

What is Data Analytics in simple words?

Descriptive analytics: – The most basic type of data analytics analyses historical data to identify patterns and relationships. An example of descriptive analytics is analysing sales data to understand trends in monthly revenue. By examining historical sales figures, a company can identify patterns, seasonality, and peak sales periods, helping them make informed decisions about inventory management, marketing strategies, and sales forecasting.

Diagnostic analytics: – Helps businesses understand why things happen by examining data to identify patterns, trends, and connections. For example, data analysts may identify anomalies in the data, collect data related to these anomalies, and implement statistical techniques to find relationships and trends that explain the anomalies.

Predictive analytics: – Uses data analysis, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and statistical models to find patterns that might predict future behaviour.

Prescriptive analytic:– A statistical method that uses both descriptive and predictive analytics to find the ideal way forward or action necessary for a particular scenario. Prescriptive analytics focuses on actionable insights rather than data monitoring.

I hope this blog finds you well and proves to be a valuable resource in your quest for knowledge. If you want to become a data analytics then you must join our Data analytics course. May the information you seek, guide you toward success and growth, Thank you for exploring, and May you find it truly beneficial.

link source:-https://www.dicslaxminagar.com/blog/what-is-data-analytics-in-simple-words/

[theaifusion]

Hyperparameter tuning in machine learning

The performance of a machine learning model in the dynamic world of artificial intelligence is crucial, we have various algorithms for finding a solution to a business problem. Some algorithms like linear regression , logistic regression have parameters whose values are fixed so we have to use those models without any modifications for training a model but there are some algorithms out there where the values of parameters are not fixed.

Here's a complete guide to Hyperparameter tuning in machine learning in Python!

#datascience #dataanalytics #dataanalysis #statistics #machinelearning #python #deeplearning #supervisedlearning #unsupervisedlearning

[1o1percentmilk]

i could become one of those people who do excel for fun

[pandeypankaj]

How do I learn R, Python and data science?

Learning R, Python, and Data Science: A Comprehensive Guide

Choosing the Right Language

R vs. Python: Both R and Python are very powerful tools for doing data science. R is usually preferred for doing statistical analysis and data visualisations, whereas Python is much more general and currently is very popular for machine learning and general-purpose programming. Your choice of which language to learn should consider your specific goals and preferences.

Building a Strong Foundation

Structured Courses Online Courses and Tutorials: Coursera, edX, and Lejhro offer courses and tutorials in R and Python for data science. Look out for courses that develop theoretical knowledge with practical exercises. Practise your skills with hands-on coding challenges using accompanying datasets, offered on websites like Kaggle and DataCamp.

Books: There are enough books to learn R and Python for data science. You may go through the classical ones: "R for Data Science" by Hadley Wickham, and "Python for Data Analysis" by Wes McKinney.

Learning Data Science Concepts

Statistics: Know basic statistical concepts: probability, distribution, hypothesis testing, and regression analysis.

Cleaning and Preprocessing: Learn how to handle missing data techniques, outliers, and data normalisation.

Data Visualization: Expert libraries to provide informative visualisations, including but not limited to Matplotlib and Seaborn in Python and ggplot2 in R.

Machine Learning: Learn algorithms-Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Neural Networks, etc.

Deep Learning: Study deep neural network architecture and how to build and train them using the frameworks TensorFlow and PyTorch.

Practical Experience

Personal Projects: In this, you apply your knowledge to personal projects which help in building a portfolio.

Kaggle Competitions: Participate in Kaggle competitions to solve real-world problems in data science and learn from others. 

Contributions to Open-Source Projects: Contribute to some open-source projects for data science in order to gain experience and work with other people. 

Other Advice

Join Online Communities: Join online forums or communities such as Stack Overflow and Reddit to ask questions, get help, and connect with other data scientists.

Attend Conferences and Meetups: This is a fantastic way to network with similar working professionals in the field and know the latest trends going on in the industry.

Practice Regularly: For becoming proficient in data science, consistent practice is an indispensable element. Devote some time each day for practising coding challenges or personal projects.

This can be achieved by following the above-mentioned steps and having a little bit of dedication towards learning R, Python, and Data Science.