#14Th District

[von-aspern]

Vienna, 14th district.

[cemeterywanderings]

Catacombes ,Paris,France. Photographed by Christophe Maitrejean

[postcard-from-the-past]

Street scene in the 14th district of Paris

French vintage postcard, mailed in 1906 to Forges-les-Bains

[todaysdocument]

The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of WV found that it was unconstitutional to require students to salute the American flag on 10/6/1942. 

File Unit: Barnette et al. versus West Virginia State Board of Education, Civil #242, 8/19/1942 - 12/4/1942

Series: Civil Case Files, 1938 - 2003

Record Group 21: Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685 - 2009

Transcription:

DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES,

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA.

No. 242

Walter Barnette, Paul Stull, and Lucy McClure, Plaintiffs,

versus

The West Virginia State Board of Education, composed of Hon. W. W. Trent, President, Mary H. Davisson, Thelma B. Loudin, Raymond Brewster, Lydia C. Hern, L. V. Thompson, and Mrs. Douglas W. Brown, and all other boards, officials, teachers and persons subject to the jurisdiction and control of said State Board of Education, Defendants.

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW.

In the above entitled cause the special court of three judges makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:

Findings of Fact.

1. That this is a suit to protect rights and privileges guaranteed by the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $3,000.00.

2. That plaintiffs are citizens of West Virginia and have children who attend the public schools of that state.

3. That plaintiffs and their children are members of  a sect known as "Jehovah's Witnesses" and, as such, have conscientious scruples based on religious grounds against saluting the flag of the United States or any other national flag.

4. That the defendant the West Virginia State Board of Education has adopted a regulation requiring children in the public schools of the state to salute the flag of the United States and providing for their expulsion from school upon failure to give such salute.

[page 2]

-2-

5. That because of their conscientious scruples based on religious belief, plaintiffs and their children will not comply with the regulation of the Board of Education requiring the flag salute, and that the Board of Education unless restrained will expel plaintiffs' children from school for failure to comply therewith.

6. That, upon the expulsion of plaintiffs' children from school, they will be deprived of the benefit of education in the public schools to which they are entitled under the laws of West Virginia, and plaintiffs will have to pay to have them educated in private schools or be subject to prosecution under the compulsory education law of West Virginia for failure to send them to school.

7. That this suit is brought by plaintiffs in behalf of themselves and all other persons similarly situated with respect to the enforcement of the regulation of the Board of Education.

Conclusions of Law.

1. That the regulation of the Board of Education, in so far as it requires a flag salute from school children who have conscientious scruples based on grounds of religion against giving such salute, is violative of the rights of religious liberty guaranteed by the 14th Amendment against infringement by the states.

2. That plaintiffs are entitled to an injunction restraining the State Board of Education, its agents and employees, and all teachers in the schools of the state from requiring plaintiffs' children or the children of other persona for whom the suit is brought, having religious scruples against giving the flag salute, to give such salute or from expelling them from school for failure to give same.

[page 3]

-3-

Enter: Oct. 6, 1942

John J. Parker

U.S. Circuit Judge, Fourth Circuit.

Harry E. Watkins

U.S. District Judge for the Northern and Southern Districts of West Virginia.

Ben Mooney

U.S. District Judge, Southern District of West Virginia.

[florida3exclamationpoints]

I don't like thinking about work unless I'm at work but I have to talk through smth ignore me or whatever

[dlyarchitecture]

[penguinlover27]

Let this send a very clear signal to the nation. Do not assume that those of us who live in her district stand behind her, or that her stunts and shenanigans are anything that we support.

6 donors from her district. That’s all she could muster. Only $2,500.00. 

Given the lack of financial support from her constituents, one can only speculate as to how she got enough money to run her campaigns.

While she did win the last two elections, and by a large margin, it seems that it was more of a result of GOP party-line votes than anyone conscientiously supporting her insanity. 

As a citizen in the 14th District, I feel embarrassed and humiliated daily by her antics. It is reassuring to know that I am not alone and that even her most open supporters don’t care enough to give her any money.

Given that she has done absolutely nothing for our District or the state of Georgia during her time in Congress, that should be no surprise.

Don’t be fooled. MTG speaks pretty much only for herself. Don’t assume that Georgia stands with her.

[summercomfort]

in my pursuit of ever-increasingly niche comics, I drew a 13 page comic about Tape v Hurley, a court case about Chinese-American school segregation in 1885. The rest of the pages are after the readmore, as well as on AO3 here. More obsure Chinese American court case comics are there, as well.

Historical Notes

Mary and Joseph Tape were not born in America, but their names and identities were very much formed in America. Joseph Tape was born Jeu Dip in Guangdong, China, immigrated the America when he was twelve, and spent his teenage years working as a house servant in an Irish household. Mary arrived in America at the age of eleven, and was found and raised as Mary McGladery in a Protestant orphanage as the only Chinese child amongst ~80 children. Both Mary and Jeu spent their formative years amongst White Christian families, so when Jeu Dip and Mary married in 1875, little wonder that Jeu picked the English name of Joseph Tape -- Joseph to match with Mary, and the German last name Tape as a nod to his former name of Dip.

The Tape family lived about 14 blocks outside of Chinatown, in a primarily white neighborhood. They dressed in Western clothing, spoke English at home, and Mamie grew up playing with non-Chinese kids. Naturally, they wanted their children to attend the local elementary school, a mere 3 blocks from their home. The principal, Ms. Hurley, denied her entrance, claiming that she was “filthy and diseased.” At the time, there was no public school option for Chinese children -- the 1870 state law stipulated separate schools for “African and Indian children” only, not Chinese. The Tape family, with the help of the Chinese Six Companies, their church, and the Chinese consulate, decided to sue, claiming that the 1880 California school code guaranteed everyone a right to public education and that this was a violation of the 14th Amendment.

They won.

But this was 1885, three years after the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act and six years before Plessy v Ferguson. Regardless of what the California Supreme Court might decide, public sentiment was on the side of the San Francisco school district. Determined to keep out this “invasion of Mongol barbarism”, the California State Legislature passed a law permitting separate schools for Chinese children, which then allowed Principal Hurley to reject Mamie Tape once more.

While Mamie was rejected from the Spring Valley Elementary School for being Chinese, she also had a hard time fitting in to the Chinese public school. The Chinese merchants saw Western education as something primarily for boys. (Their girl children learned from their mothers at home.) Mamie, a girl dressed in Western clothes, would have stood out like a sore thumb. The final panel of the comic was based on a photo from three years later, and even then, Mamie was the only girl.

Places where I fudged the history: Frank, Mamie’s younger brother, was actually six years old and should have been more present in the comic, but I wante to keep the focus on Mamie and Mary. Also, Mamie had actually shown up to her first day of school in Western clothes. An earlier draft of the comic had a separate arc involving Mamie feeling rejected at school and Mary buying her some Chinese clothes, but that got too long and complicated.

Much of this was drawn from Mae Ngai’s book about the Tape family and their experiences as 2nd and 3rd generation Chinese Americans, titled “The Lucky Ones.”

----------

Here is Mary Tape's letter to the San Francisco School Board, 1885:

1769 Green Street. San Francisco, April 8, 1885. To the Board of Education - Dear Sirs: I see that you are going to make all sorts of excuses to keep my child out off the Public schools. Dear sirs, Will you please to tell me! Is it a disgrace to be Born a Chinese? Didn’t God make us all!!! What right have you to bar my children out of the school because she is a chinese Decend. They is no other worldly reason that you could keep her out, except that. I suppose, you all goes to churches on Sundays! Do you call that a Christian act to compell my little children to go so far to a school that is made in purpose for them. My children don’t dress like the other Chinese. They look just as phunny amongst them as the Chinese dress in Chinese look amongst you Caucasians. Besides, if I had any wish to send them to a chinese school I could have sent them two years ago without going to all this trouble. You have expended a lot of the Public money foolishly, all because ofa one poor little Child. Her playmates is all Caucasians ever since she could toddle around. If she is good enough to play with them! Then is she not good enough to be in the same room and studie with them? You had better come and see for yourselves. See if the Tape’s is not same as other Caucasians, except in features. It seems no matter how a Chinese may live and dress so long as you know they Chinese. Then they are hated as one. There is not any right or justice for them. You have seen my husband and child. You told him it wasn’t Mamie Tape you object to. If it were not Mamie Tape you object to, then why didn’t you let her attend the school nearest her home! Instead of first making one pre tense Then another pretense of some kind to keep her out? It seems to me Mr. Moulder has a grudge against this Eight-year-old Mamie Tape. I know they is no other child I mean Chinese child! care to go to your public Chinese school. May you Mr. Moulder, never be persecuted like the way you have persecuted little Mamie Tape. Mamie Tape will never attend any of the Chinese schools of your making! Never!!! I will let the world see sir What justice there is When it is govern by the Race prejudice men! Just because she is of the Chinese decend, not because she don’t dress like you because she does. Just because she is descended of Chinese parents I guess she is more of a American then a good many of you that is going to prewent her being Educated. Mrs. M. Tape

[starlightxsvt]

Treacherous Tales | 97z mafia au

Three districts. Three tales of treachery and obsession.

Beautiful Liar

pairing ➳ professor!dk x weapons dealer fem!reader

genre ➳ dark romance, angst, smut

synopsis ➳ you have old scores to settle and he's a pretty pawn in your game. but one must remember obsession leads to destruction.

release date: 01.03.24

read here!

She's The One

pairing ➳ mafia heir!mingyu x civilian fem!reader

genre ➳ romance, smut, angst

synopsis ➳ he's the man you don't even dare to dream of. you're his new obsession. it's hard to figure out if he's just playing around or being serious, especially when there's danger lurking around the corner.

release date: tba

The Dreaming

pairing ➳ mafia don!the8 x mafia heiress!reader

genre ➳ drama, enemies to lovers, smut

synopsis ➳ you were born to be enemies. but a new threat forces your families to team up and you hate it. you hate him. right?

release date: tba

A/N: So, this teaser was supposed to come out in early January but shit happened and thus, I'm late. Apologies for that, peeps! I hope you all have been doing well & I hope y'all anticipate the release of this series. Tbh I haven't even seriously started mapping out Mingyu & Hao's story but we'll see where the winds take us, lol. For now, I'm still working on DK's story but hopefully I'll be done with it by the 14th. Until then, stay safe! 🩵

[flame-343]

Head Cannon

Bruce never actually learned how to act rich till he was already in his early 30's due to traveling for training and still forgets most of the stuff he learned because he so used to just focusing on his family and being Batman. The perks to being rich? Your rich! There are no other perks!

Dick was raised in a circus, and despite joining Bruce and the world of rich at a young age, Bruce still doesn't teach him anything about being rich other than how to act nicely and how to hide from paparazzi,

Jason is notoriously from Crime Ally, he knows less about being rich and how to use the power of being rich, he will learn the proper way to act like he has money, just to do the exact opposite because F the rich. And Steph has the EXACT same mindset

You would think Damian knows how to act rich and all the perks to being rich because he's the famous Al Ghul the demon head's grandson right? Nope, he trained how to kill people and how to lie, not how to flaunt money

Tim drake is the only Wayne that is raised on what it's like to be rich and rich perks and sucky parts. You want to get into that one really exclusive club on 14th Street? The one with the 4 month long waiting list? Tim could bring you and 10 other people and still get in without a reservation. Tim can tell you how to properly mix 40 different types of alcoholic drinks because rich people are obsessed with alcohol . Hell you want a free drink just join Tim at a bar near the diamond district because people who are famous get 2 bottles of whiskey free of charge.

[sulietsexual]

The Hunger Games Appreciation Week [JANUARY 8TH - 14TH 2024] DAY SIX: Favourite District

[von-aspern]

Vienna, 14th district.

[truth-has-a-liberal-bias]

A Colorado judge has rejected an attempt to remove former President Donald Trump from the state’s 2024 primary ballot based on the claim that he is constitutionally barred from office because of the January 6, 2021, insurrection.

The major decision issued Friday by Colorado District Judge Sarah Wallace comes after judges in Minnesota and Michigan also refused to remove Trump from that state’s Republican primary ballots.

These three high-profile challenges against Trump, which had the backing of well-funded advocacy groups, have so far failed to remove him from a single ballot, with the 2024 primary season fast approaching.

Wallace said she was keeping the former president on the ballot because the 14th Amendment’s “insurrectionist ban” does not apply to presidents, though she found that “Trump engaged in an insurrection on January 6, 2021 through incitement, and that the First Amendment does not protect Trump’s speech.” [...]

***

"DOES NOT APPLY TO PRESIDENTS"

[postcard-from-the-past]

Street scene in the 14th district of Paris

French vintage postcard

[tanadrin]

The district court ruling really was the worst of all possible outcomes--it found that Trump did commit insurrection, but that the President was (somehow) not an officer of the United States, and thus couldn't be disqualified under the 14th amendment from holding office again--a terrible precedent that could extend far beyond Trump avoiding consequences for his actions. Like, even if you personally as a judge do not have the cojones to rule against Trump in that case, you do not want to create a precedent that the President is above the law! If you want to punt on the question, just say what Trump did didn't meet the disqualification threshold or something--it's no more silly, and it doesn't blow holes in the rule of law.

[dlyarchitecture]