#astrophysical computations

[g-h-o-s-t-2000]

God's footprints in infinity

[stormy-skyzzzzzz]

“If the Universe was designed, it seems, the designer is a programmer.”

Black Holes: The Key To Understanding The Universe, Brian Cox and Jeff Foreshaw

[astro-studying]

- Sunday, Jan 12, 2025 -

On god, this semester is my academic comeback. manifesting good study habits and strong self-discipline.

I got my cumulative due dates spreadsheet all set up before classes officially start in the morning, and I got my new desk all decorated and tidy so I feel motivated to study. I'm feelin really optimistic!!

Courses I'm taking this semester:

Elements of Astrophysics (finally!!!)

Analytical Mechanics

Methods of Experimental Physics

Object-oriented programming

Philosophy of Science

[er-cryptid]

alright nerds

[uncontrolledfission]

Why should you care about quantum computers?

Post #5 on Physics and Astronomy, 23/09/23

Welcome back. It’s been a while. 

First, let’s backtrack. What even are quantum computers?

Today’s computers are run on bits. These are the smallest increment of data on a computer, and are run in binary–they can be in the state of either 0 or 1. This essentially corresponds to two values: off and on. 

This, therefore, means that information can only remain in one, definite state. 

So, what makes quantum computers so different?

A quantum computer is run on qubits (short for quantum bits). Qubits, instead of a single state, can remain in an arbitrary superposition of states (meaning it’s not in any specific state until it’s measured). Qubits, on their own, aren’t particularly useful. But it performs one, very useful, function: it can store a combination of all possible states of the qubit into one area. This means that complex problems can be represented differently in qubits compared to bits. 

Quantum computers aren’t fully developed and at their full capacity quite yet. So far, there’s nothing a quantum computer can do that a regular supercomputer cannot. However, this opens an opportunity for some wonderful new things to happen. 

One of these things can include the cracking of passwords. 

Today’s encryption works by using “trapdoor” functions, which means that data is easy to compute in the forward direction, but extremely difficult to crack in the reverse without special keys. Keywords, ‘extremely difficult’; it is not impossible. However, this is not a massive concern: encryption works on the basis that it would simply take too long to crack.

To give you a tangible example, 100,003 and 131,071 are relatively easy to multiply together, giving you the answer 13,107,493,213. How easy, however, would it be to determine a prime factor pair of this number? It would take a computer a long time to figure this out, since it runs on bits, which can only show one definite state of data.

With quantum computers, it’s different. As aforementioned, qubits can remain in a superposition of states; somewhere in there, the desired answer lies. It’s just a matter of obtaining the resources to make this happen. 

Don’t worry, though. Ordinary people aren’t at any risk quite yet.

[the-great-constellation]

Physics - φ

#physicsshirt #scienceloversgift #physicsapparel #coolphysicsdesign #phisymboltshirt #sciencehoodies #geekyfashion #physicslongsleeve #scienceteachergift #educationalclothing #nerdyoutfit #minimalistscienceshirt #geekhoodie #physicsloverapparel #funnyphysicsshirt #studentgiftidea #physicsenthusiaststyle #mathandscienceshirt #phihoodiedesign #collegestudentfashion

[itsgerges]

Best Regards

The Physics Book Misunderstood The Solar System Geometry Basics

or

or

or

Preface

In following I compare between the physics book vision about the solar system motion and the solar system facts-the comparison refutes many physics basic theories. 

1st Refutation (Space Nature and Properties)

Einstein told (Space Has No Mechanical Features)- Einstein is wrong

Space has mechanical features – let's prove

Planet motion produces energy (1/2 mv^2) but where's this motion energy? Planet can NOT store its motion energy inside its body because It would raise its temperature- and no planet temperature is raised by its motion- logically- planet motion energy is stored in the space as moving waves –Means- planet motion in space is similar to a fish swimming in the sea- the fish swimming creates waves in the sea and Planet motion energy creates waves in the space- Shortly- planet motion creates waves in the space and these waves move by its planet velocity- for example- Mercury moves by (47.4 km/s) and Mercury motion energy creates waves in the space and these waves move by velocity (47.4 km/s)- I want to say- it's simple to prove the space mechanical features because planet motion energy has no place to store in except the space.

2nd Refutation  (The Gravitational Waves Source)

The physics book tells (The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By The Gravitational Field)- this is wrong idea – because-

The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By Planet Motion Energy let's explain that The space is similar to the sea of water and any motion in the space produces energy and this energy is stored as waves in the space- means- any motion in the space creates waves in the space- 

Planet motion produces energy (1/2 mv^2) and this energy creates waves in the space-

and these waves move by its planet velocity- means- Planets move and their motions create waves in the space and each wave moves by its planet velocity- AND the planets revolve around the sun in the same one direction for that their motions energies create waves in the space and these waves move perpendicular on the revolution direction (Toward Pluto orbit) AND  in Pluto orbit these waves are unified together into one unified wave- this unified wave moves by a velocity= 205.8 km/s because The 9 planets velocities total=176 km/s but I add the Earth moon velocity (29.8 km/s) that makes the total to be 205.8 km/s – I add the moon velocity because the energy is stored finally in the moon orbit- This Unified Wave Is The Gravitational Waves –

AND- the gravitational waves are reflected three times in the solar system – from Neptune to Saturn (1st reflection) and from Uranus to Jupiter (2nd reflection) and from Venus to Mars (3rd reflection)

The scientists discovered these waves in the space and they called them (gravitational waves) supposing these waves are produced by the gravitational field but Planet motion energy analysis proves these waves must be produced by Planet motion energy- also there's No proof for the idea tells (the sun produces a gravitational field) 

3rd  Refutation  (No Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity)

Newton told (Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity)

Newton was wrong – No Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity- Also-The Surprised Fact tells (The Sun Is A Phenomenon Created By The Planets Motions Energies)- means- the planets were found and revolving in their orbits before the sun creation and the sun is created after all planets creation and motion with long period of time! (CONT)

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 

Peoples' Friendship university of Russia – Moscow  

Curriculum Vitae                   https://www.academia.edu/s/b88b0ecb7c

E-mail                             mrwaheid@gmail.com, mrwaheid1@yahoo.com

                                      gergesgerges@yandex.ru                   

ORCID                           https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147

Facebook                       https://www.facebook.com/gergis.tawadrous

VK                                 https://vk.com/id696655587

Tumblr                           https://www.tumblr.com/blog/itsgerges 

Livejournal                      https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/profile

Pocket                                                                     https://getpocket.com/@646g8dZ0p3aX5Ad1bsTr4d9THjA5p6a5b2fX99zd54g221E4bs76eBdtf6aJw5d0?src=navbar

box                                        https://app.box.com/s/47fwd0gshir636xt0i3wpso8lvvl8vnv

Academia                        https://rudn.academia.edu/GergesTawadrous

publications                    http://vixra.org/author/gerges_francis_tawdrous

Slideshare                             https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis

[whtevrhappens2meikits4thebetter]

GOOGLE

🔍can you make a computer chip entirely out of bismuth🎙️📸

[reionized]

are there any books/yt tutorials that helped you learn how to do data processing w python? I really want to learn this summer

FOR SURE!!!! THIS python for astronomy course by freecodecamp is excellent and i have been looking for something like it for AGES!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9KefzbryEw&ab_channel=freeCodeCamp.org the same people behind the bootcamp also have a bunch of machine learning projects relevant to space that i am hoping to go through, you can find them here: https://www.youtube.com/@Spartificial/playlists if any of you studyblr folks know any other resources for data processing for space, or just data processing in general, please add on <33

[plumberrypudding]

i just want to know literally everything about everything ever. is that so much to ask?

[ocdhuacheng]

Geomagnetic reversal is such a creepy concept to me and I don’t really know why

[astro-studying]

- Monday, September 9, 2024 -

Three effing cheers for Matlab

Wish I didn't stay up so late bc im gonna get... not a lot of sleep now,, but I got almost all of my math methods hw done! Ya win some, ya lose some I guess lol :,)

Goals for tomorrow:

GO TO SLEEP EARLIER

Do ODEs hw problems 1, 2, and 3

Start writing lab report 1

[jcmarchi]

MIT researchers discover the universe’s oldest stars in our own galactic backyard

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/mit-researchers-discover-the-universes-oldest-stars-in-our-own-galactic-backyard/

MIT researchers discover the universe’s oldest stars in our own galactic backyard

MIT researchers, including several undergraduate students, have discovered three of the oldest stars in the universe, and they happen to live in our own galactic neighborhood.

The team spotted the stars in the Milky Way’s “halo” — the cloud of stars that envelopes the entire main galactic disk. Based on the team’s analysis, the three stars formed between 12 and 13 billion years ago, the time when the very first galaxies were taking shape.

The researchers have coined the stars “SASS,” for Small Accreted Stellar System stars, as they believe each star once belonged to its own small, primitive galaxy that was later absorbed by the larger but still growing Milky Way. Today, the three stars are all that are left of their respective galaxies. They circle the outskirts of the Milky Way, where the team suspects there may be more such ancient stellar survivors.

“These oldest stars should definitely be there, given what we know of galaxy formation,” says MIT professor of physics Anna Frebel. “They are part of our cosmic family tree. And we now have a new way to find them.”

As they uncover similar SASS stars, the researchers hope to use them as analogs of ultrafaint dwarf galaxies, which are thought to be some of the universe’s surviving first galaxies. Such galaxies are still intact today but are too distant and faint for astronomers to study in depth. As SASS stars may have once belonged to similarly primitive dwarf galaxies but are in the Milky Way and as such much closer, they could be an accessible key to understanding the evolution of ultrafaint dwarf galaxies.

“Now we can look for more analogs in the Milky Way, that are much brighter, and study their chemical evolution without having to chase these extremely faint stars,” Frebel says.

She and her colleagues have published their findings today in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS). The study’s co-authors are Mohammad Mardini, at Zarqa University, in Jordan; Hillary Andales ’23; and current MIT undergraduates Ananda Santos and Casey Fienberg.

Stellar frontier

The team’s discoveries grew out of a classroom concept. During the 2022 fall semester, Frebel launched a new course, 8.S30 (Observational Stellar Archaeology), in which students learned techniques for analyzing ancient stars and then applied those tools to stars that had never been studied before, to determine their origins.

“While most of our classes are taught from the ground up, this class immediately put us at the frontier of research in astrophysics,” Andales says.

The students worked from star data collected by Frebel over the years from the 6.5-meter Magellan-Clay telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory. She keeps hard copies of the data in a large binder in her office, which the students combed through to look for stars of interest.

In particular, they were searching ancient stars that formed soon after the Big Bang, which occurred 13.8 billion years ago. At this time, the universe was made mostly of hydrogen and helium and very low abundances of other chemical elements, such as strontium and barium. So, the students looked through Frebel’s binder for stars with spectra, or measurements of starlight, that indicated low abundances of strontium and barium.

Their search narrowed in on three stars that were originally observed by the Magellan telescope between 2013 and 2014. Astronomers never followed up on these particular stars to interpret their spectra and deduce their origins. They were, then, perfect candidates for the students in Frebel’s class.

The students learned how to characterize a star in order to prepare for the analysis of the spectra for each of the three stars. They were able to determine the chemical composition of each one with various stellar models. The intensity of a particular feature in the stellar spectrum, corresponding to a specific wavelength of light, corresponds to a particular abundance of a specific element.

After finalizing their analysis, the students were able to confidently conclude that the three stars did hold very low abundances of strontium, barium, and other elements such as iron, compared to their reference star — our own sun. In fact, one star contained less than 1/10,000 the amount of iron to helium compared to the sun today.

“It took a lot of hours staring at a computer, and a lot of debugging, frantically texting and emailing each other to figure this out,” Santos recalls. “It was a big learning curve, and a special experience.”

“On the run”

The stars’ low chemical abundance did hint that they originally formed 12 to 13 billion years ago. In fact, their low chemical signatures were similar to what astronomers had previously measured for some ancient, ultrafaint dwarf galaxies. Did the team’s stars originate in similar galaxies? And how did they come to be in the Milky Way?

On a hunch, the scientists checked out the stars’ orbital patterns and how they move across the sky. The three stars are in different locations throughout the Milky Way’s halo and are estimated to be about 30,000 light years from Earth. (For reference, the disk of the Milky Way spans 100,000 light years across.)

As they retraced each star’s motion about the galactic center using observations from the Gaia astrometric satellite, the team noticed a curious thing: Relative to most of the stars in the main disk, which move like cars on a racetrack, all three stars seemed to be going the wrong way. In astronomy, this is known as “retrograde motion” and is a tipoff that an object was once “accreted,” or drawn in from elsewhere.

“The only way you can have stars going the wrong way from the rest of the gang is if you threw them in the wrong way,” Frebel says.

The fact that these three stars were orbiting in completely different ways from the rest of the galactic disk and even the halo, combined with the fact that they held low chemical abundances, made a strong case that the stars were indeed ancient and once belonged to older, smaller dwarf galaxies that fell into the Milky Way at random angles and continued their stubborn trajectories billions of years later.

Frebel, curious as to whether retrograde motion was a feature of other ancient stars in the halo that astronomers previously analyzed, looked through the scientific literature and found 65 other stars, also with low strontium and barium abundances, that appeared to also be going against the galactic flow.

“Interestingly they’re all quite fast — hundreds of kilometers per second, going the wrong way,” Frebel says. “They’re on the run! We don’t know why that’s the case, but it was the piece to the puzzle that we needed, and that I didn’t quite anticipate when we started.”

The team is eager to search out other ancient SASS stars, and they now have a relatively simple recipe to do so: First, look for stars with low chemical abundances, and then track their orbital patterns for signs of retrograde motion. Of the more than 400 billion stars in the Milky Way, they anticipate that the method will turn up a small but significant number of the universe’s oldest stars.

Frebel plans to relaunch the class this fall, and looks back at that first course, and the three students who took their results through to publication, with admiration and gratitude.

“It’s been awesome to work with three women undergrads. That’s a first for me,” she says. “It’s really an example of the MIT way. We do. And whoever says, ‘I want to participate,’ they can do that, and good things happen.”

This research was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation.

[uncontrolledfission]

The woman responsible for the moon landing

#10 in Physics and Astronomy, 11/11/2023

Pictured is Margaret Hamilton, posing next to the code that she and her team wrote to guide Apollo 11 to the moon! As the lead computer scientist on the Apollo program, her skills saved the otherwise doomed mission not long before it was destined to end.

Enthusiastic about maths from a tender age, Margaret became an expert in writing software following her time at university. Later on, she took a job at MIT, learning to write software that could predict the weather. 

In the mid-1960s, MIT announced they were looking for programmers to send men to the moon. Immediately, she knew this was for her, casting aside her original plan to attend graduate school for a degree in abstract maths to pursue the space program. Shortly, she became the first programmer hired for this project.

One amusing story about her time working on this is the time she took her daughter into the lab. As a working mother, it was necessary. One day, her daughter pushed a button, causing the system to crash. She quickly realised the astronauts could make this mistake, too, so she recommended adjusting the software. This was cast aside with a callous response: “Astronauts are trained never to make a mistake.”

On the 20th of July 1969, three minutes before the planned landing, data from a radar system overwhelmed the computer; this had accidentally been triggered by the crew. This was the exact mistake Hamilton’s daughter had made. Within hours, this was corrected, however, if it wasn’t for Hamilton’s skilful programming, the computer would not have recognised that error in the first place. 

In 2016, the 80-year-old Margaret received the President Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama. During the presentation, he stated, “Our astronauts didn’t have much time, but thankfully they had Margaret Hamilton.��

You may have wondered where the term ‘software engineering’ came from. Being a young, curious student, I wondered what drew the line between simple, creative hobbies, and real-time problem-solving. Margaret Hamilton, it appears, is one of the people who helped  paint this distinction. 

She called her work “software engineering.” And for this, she was criticised. However, retrospectively, no one laughs anymore. The importance of programming, more specifically her work, is recognised properly now.

***

Sources:

[4gravitons]

Some bonus details for my two pieces last month:

[itsgerges]

Best Regards

The Physics Book Misunderstood The Solar System Geometry Basics

or

or

or

Preface

In following I compare between the physics book vision about the solar system motion and the solar system facts-the comparison refutes many physics basic theories. 

1st Refutation (Space Nature and Properties)

Einstein told (Space Has No Mechanical Features)- Einstein is wrong

Space has mechanical features – let's prove

Planet motion produces energy (1/2 mv^2) but where's this motion energy? Planet can NOT store its motion energy inside its body because It would raise its temperature- and no planet temperature is raised by its motion- logically- planet motion energy is stored in the space as moving waves –Means- planet motion in space is similar to a fish swimming in the sea- the fish swimming creates waves in the sea and Planet motion energy creates waves in the space- Shortly- planet motion creates waves in the space and these waves move by its planet velocity- for example- Mercury moves by (47.4 km/s) and Mercury motion energy creates waves in the space and these waves move by velocity (47.4 km/s)- I want to say- it's simple to prove the space mechanical features because planet motion energy has no place to store in except the space.

2nd Refutation  (The Gravitational Waves Source)

The physics book tells (The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By The Gravitational Field)- this is wrong idea – because-

The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By Planet Motion Energy let's explain that The space is similar to the sea of water and any motion in the space produces energy and this energy is stored as waves in the space- means- any motion in the space creates waves in the space- 

Planet motion produces energy (1/2 mv^2) and this energy creates waves in the space-

and these waves move by its planet velocity- means- Planets move and their motions create waves in the space and each wave moves by its planet velocity- AND the planets revolve around the sun in the same one direction for that their motions energies create waves in the space and these waves move perpendicular on the revolution direction (Toward Pluto orbit) AND  in Pluto orbit these waves are unified together into one unified wave- this unified wave moves by a velocity= 205.8 km/s because The 9 planets velocities total=176 km/s but I add the Earth moon velocity (29.8 km/s) that makes the total to be 205.8 km/s – I add the moon velocity because the energy is stored finally in the moon orbit- This Unified Wave Is The Gravitational Waves –

AND- the gravitational waves are reflected three times in the solar system – from Neptune to Saturn (1st reflection) and from Uranus to Jupiter (2nd reflection) and from Venus to Mars (3rd reflection)

The scientists discovered these waves in the space and they called them (gravitational waves) supposing these waves are produced by the gravitational field but Planet motion energy analysis proves these waves must be produced by Planet motion energy- also there's No proof for the idea tells (the sun produces a gravitational field) 

3rd  Refutation  (No Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity)

Newton told (Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity)

Newton was wrong – No Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity- Also-The Surprised Fact tells (The Sun Is A Phenomenon Created By The Planets Motions Energies)- means- the planets were found and revolving in their orbits before the sun creation and the sun is created after all planets creation and motion with long period of time! (CONT)

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 

Peoples' Friendship university of Russia – Moscow  

Curriculum Vitae                   https://www.academia.edu/s/b88b0ecb7c

E-mail                             mrwaheid@gmail.com, mrwaheid1@yahoo.com

                                      gergesgerges@yandex.ru                   

ORCID                           https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147

Facebook                       https://www.facebook.com/gergis.tawadrous

VK                                 https://vk.com/id696655587

Tumblr                           https://www.tumblr.com/blog/itsgerges 

Livejournal                      https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/profile

Pocket                                                                     https://getpocket.com/@646g8dZ0p3aX5Ad1bsTr4d9THjA5p6a5b2fX99zd54g221E4bs76eBdtf6aJw5d0?src=navbar

box                                        https://app.box.com/s/47fwd0gshir636xt0i3wpso8lvvl8vnv

Academia                        https://rudn.academia.edu/GergesTawadrous

publications                    http://vixra.org/author/gerges_francis_tawdrous

Slideshare                             https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis