#chicken nutrition

[juniperpublishers-nutrition]

Comparative study on some in vitro biological activities of freeze-dried leaves extracts of six advanced accessions of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam

Abstract

Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) are an excellent source of bio-active phytochemicals. In recent years, polyphenols and other naturally occurring compounds have become essential research targets for non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Precisely, substances and plant extracts that occur readily have been checked for α-glucosidase (AGH) enzyme inhibition. This study investigated the anti-diabetic, antimutagenicity, and antioxidant activity from sweet potato leaves in vitro. The anti-diabetic activities were tested using the enzyme –α-glucosidase obtained from the rat intestine using the p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (PNP-G) substrate for inhibitory activities. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay evaluated the anti-diabetic activity, and the extract showed a considerable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among the genotypes, AN-6 exhibited the highest a-glucoside inhibitory activity, followed by AN-4, and AN-2. The leaf extract showed the inhibitory activity ranging from 22.33% to 74.98 on a-glucosidase from 10 to 1000 mg/ml, which was increased steadily with increasing sample concentrations. The antimutagenicity in the leaves explored using the Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The Ipomoea batatas genotypes effectively decreased the reverse mutation induced by Trp-P-1, and the mutagenic activities were dose-dependent. Furthermore, the extract also capable of reducing the reverse mutation persuaded by Trp-P-2, IQ, and DEGB extract of grilled beef. The AN-6 showed higher antimutagenicity followed by AN-5 at 100 μL concentrations. The fallouts demonstrate that antioxidant capacity (4.42 to 10.98 μmole Trolox g-1 DW) and total phenolic contents (7.68 to 16.96 μmole TA. g-1 DW) broadly fluctuate among the genotypes. Our data demonstrate that all the genotypes have the physiological functions studied, and AN-6 and AN-4 exhibited the highest activities. The sweet potato leaves extract showed a more potent inhibitory activity for all the physiological functions studied, which might have values in anticipation of certain human health conditions.

Keywords: Antioxidant; Polyphenol; Anti-diabetic activity; Antimutagenicity; Sweet potato tops

Introduction

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) is the sixth most important food crop in the world, and new uses for this crop have been identified [1]. It is one of the diversified crops supplying vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, B, C, beta-carotene, iron, calcium, zinc, protein and has high energy [2]. Fresh leaves contain vitamin A on an average of 1600 IU 100g-1 [3]. Leaves are very nutritious compared to leaves of cassava, amaranth, mushrooms, taro and pumpkin [4]. It is also one of the plants selected by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration to be grown in a controlled ecological life support system as a primary food source [5]. Recent studies show that it contains bio-active compounds as polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, dietary fiber, etc., which are essential for human health. Sweet poato storage roots are a source of carbohydrates, while its leaves and green stems contain nutritional compounds in higher than many commercial vegetables [6-8]. Sweet potato leaves are cooked as vegetables in different locations of the world. The eating of Ipomoea batatas L. leaves as a vegetable in many parts of the world indicates that they are acceptable as edible like other traditional leafy vegetables. They are rich in phytonutrients and are further tolerant of diseases and pests than many other green plants [9-12]. Phytonutrients act as bioactive composites and a diverse group of secondary metabolites commonly present in higher plants [7,13-19]. They play important roles and contribute to the structure of the plants and complicated by a significant number of metabolic pathways [20,21]. Thus, the phenolic plant complexes, because of their diversity and widespread distribution, are the most exceptional talented group of natural antioxidants and add to the organoleptic and nutritional qualities of fruit and vegetables.

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease with many complications, such as atherosclerosis, cardiac dysfunction, retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy [22]. α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) catalyzes the final step in the digestive process of carbohydrates. Its inhibitors can retard the uptake of dietary carbohydrates and suppress postprandial hyperglycemia and could be useful for treating diabetic and obese patients [23]. α-Glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are known to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia primarily by interfering with the carbohydrate digestive enzymes and by delaying glucose absorption. Free radicals can lead to a variety of physiological and biochemical lesions [24] and induce degenerative diseases such as coronary disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancer [25]. The new expansion of screening approaches for environmental carcinogens by determining their mutagenicity has allowed detecting numerous types of mutagens and carcinogens in foods [2,24-27]. On the other hand, it is now recognized that several types of inhibitors act against mutagens and carcinogens in food. They show a substantial part in plummeting the dangers of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis [28]. Several authors described that the nutritive constituents of sweet potato tops are comparable to those of commercial leafy vegetables [2,6,14-18,26,29-30]. However, the physiological function of sweet potato leaves has not yet been deliberate synthetically. In the current article, the effects of the extracts of the selected sweet potato accessions with the diverse polyphenolic levels on the antidiabetic activity, mutagenicity, and antioxidant capacity are explored.

Materials and Methods

The leaves from six Ipomoea batatas L. (sweet potato) advanced accessions, namely AN-1, AN-2, AN-3., AN-3, AN-4, AN- 5, and AN-6, were used for this study. Sweet potato roots were planted 2 inches deep and about 2 inches apart (density of 5 cm x 5 cm) in a greenhouse and field conditions in late February (greenhouse) to March/April in the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff’s Agricultural Research Farm, Pine Bluff, AR. After two months, tips were harvested every 10-15 days. Chemical fertilizer (N: P: K = 8: 8: 8) was used at a rate of 500 lbs/acre, and compost was used at a rate of 8000lbs/acre in volume. After each harvest, 150 lbs/acre of ammonium sulfate was applied as additional fertilizer. After harvest, the leaves were washed softly, moved into pre-labeled separate vinyl bags, and directly frozen at -85 ℃. The next day all the frozen samples were freeze-dried for 48 h in a freeze dryer. The freeze-dried samples were ground in a blender and used for laboratory analysis. The extract was prepared from the lyophilized flour (1g) using 20 mL of ice-cold water for 1h. The suspension was centrifuged at 18000 x g for 20 min, and the resultant precipitate was re-extracted under the same conditions. The collected supernatant was lyophilized and used for analysis.

α-Glucosidase inhibitory assay

The α-Glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed according to a slightly modified method described by Islam [31]. One hundred microliters of 3 mM pNPG in 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) was added as a substrate to the mixture of 50 μl of α-glucosidase (0.15 unit/ml) and 50 μl of sample to start the reaction. The reaction was conducted at 37 ℃ for 15 min and stopped by the addition of 750 μl of 0.1 M Na2CO3. The α-Glucosidase activity assessed by measuring the release of p-nitrophenol from pNPG at 405 nm. Acarbose used as a positive control. All tests were performed in independent triplicate (n=3), and data were expressed as mean ± SD.

Extraction and Measurement of Total Phenolic

The total phenolic contents of the extracts were measured according to a slightly modified method described by Islam et al. [18]. The lyophilized sweet potato leaf extract was forcefully mixed with ten times its equivalent volume of 80% ethanol. The mixture was boiled for 5 min and centrifuged at 5000g for 10 min, and the supernatant was composed. The residue was mixed with an additional 80% ethanol and boiled for 10 min to re-extract the phenolic and centrifuged under similar conditions. The extracts were pooled and made up to 10 mL and used for to quantity of total phenolic. The alcohol extract was diluted to achieve an absorbance reading at the range of the standard tannic acid (TE). The results were stated as μmol TE g-1 DW (dry weight).

Antioxidant capacity in the DPPH assay

The radical-scavenging activity of the extracts was measured according to a slightly modified method described by Islam et al. [17]. A stock solution of DPPH (6 mM) was prepared by dissolving 0.0263g in 10 ml of ethanol (or methanol). The stock solution is diluted to develop a 60 μM working solution. Again, a ten mM stock solution of Trolox was ready for every sample tested. Dilutions were made for each sample tested. Dilution strength was dependent upon each extract’s relative antioxidant capacity. For each dilution, 20 μL were added to 2.5ml of DPPH solution and incubated in a dry bath at 37 ˚C for 30 min. Absorbances were measured at 520 nm on an ASYS UVM 340 plate reader. TEAC values were measured by comparing the slope of sample plots to the slope of Trolox. Antioxidant activity was reported as μmoles Trolox equivalent per gram dry weight sample (μmol TE/g DW).

Assay of antimutagenicity

The antimutagenicity assay was performed as described in earlier papers [27]. The antimutagenic activity was assessed for Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 using a mutagen, Trp-P-1. These mutagens need metabolic activation to induce mutation in TA 98. The s-9 mix containing 50 μmol of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 4 μmol of MgCl2, 16.5 μmol of KCl, 2.5 μmol of glucose-6- phosphate, two μmole of NADH, 2 μmol of NADPH, and 50 μL of the S-9 fraction in a total volume of 0.5 mL. For the inhibition test, 0.1 mL of mutagen, 0.1 mL DMSO-dissolved polyphenolics solution, and 0.5 mL of S-9 mix or phosphate buffer were concurrently incubated with 0.1 mL of a bacterial suspension at 37 ℃ for 20 min and then dispensed into minimal-glucose-agar plates with 2 mL of soft agar. The colony number of each dish was accounted after 48 h cultivation at 37 ℃.

Statistical analysis

A randomized complete block design with three replications was adopted. Data for the different parameters were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure, and the level of significance was calculated from the F value of ANOVA.

Results and Discussion

α-Glucosidase inhibitory effect

The α-glucosidase inhibition assay evaluated the antidiabetic activity, and the extract showed a considerable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (Table 1). The leaf extract demonstrated a moderate to high inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase, among the genotypes, AN-6 (80% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml) exhibited the highest a-glucoside inhibitory activity, followed by AN-4 (75% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml) and AN-2 (80% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml). The results also suggested that the α-Glucosidase inhibitory effect in the sweet potato tops is dose-dependent (Table 1), and increasing the doses resulted in a higher rate of inhibition percentage. The leaf extract showed the inhibitory activity ranging from 22.33% to 74.98% on a-glucosidase from 10 to 1000 mg/ml, which was increased steadily with increasing sample concentrations. On the other hand, the control treatment (Acarbose) showed 98.01% inhibitory activity at the strength of 0.1 μg/ml.

One therapeutic approach for treating diabetes is to increase postprandial hyperglycemia. This is done by retarding the absorption of glucose through the inhibition of the carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme α-glucosidase in the digestive tract. Inhibitors of these enzymes delay carbohydrate digestion, causing a reduction in the rate of glucose absorption and consequently blunting the postprandial plasma glucose rise (Rhabasa and Chiasson, 2004) [32]. The results suggest that the Ipomoea batatas leaf extracts have the potentiality for treating diabetes by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity.

Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity

The antioxidant capacity (μmole Trolox/mg dry leaf powder) and total polyphenol (μmol TE g-1 DW) in the leaves of three genotypes are presented in Table 2. The genotypes fluctuated extensively in their total polyphenolic contents. The highest total phenolic found was 16.98 μmol TE g-1 DW, and the lowest was 7.68 μmol TE g-1 DW. The accessions AN-6 had higher content (16.98 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW) flowed by AN-4 (16.52 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW), and AN-5 (15.63 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW). The results showed that sweetpotato leaves had higher or similar content of total polyphenolics than other vegetables [12,17-18,21,29]. The data also suggested that there was a positive correlation between polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity. Because the accessions higher in total phenol contents also exhibited higher antioxidant activity. The above results also agree with the observations of Islam [6], where he added that sweet potato leaves, could serve as a new leafy vegetable. Acceptable tops should be tender, glabrous, and purplish. Those eating tops prefer the top 10 cm of tips, including both stem and leaves. Heads with the most significant number of leaves with petioles less than 4/10 of 1cm long are considered desirable because they are tender and suitable for vegetables. Petiole length varies widely with genotype and may range from approximately 10 to 40 cm [33]. (Table 2)

The antioxidant capacity of the genotypes ranges from 4.42 to 10.98 μmol Trolox g-1 DW. The accessions AN-4 (10.98 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW) had the highest contents of phenolic, followed by AN-6 (10.69 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW). The accessions AN-1 showed the lowest (4.42 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW) antioxidant activity followed by AN-2 (5.75 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW). The phenolic is pervasive bioactive compounds found in plant foods and beverages. The polyphenolic compounds show numerous biological functions, sweet potato leaves might also be expected to have physiologically active possessions because they comprise higher contents phytonutrients. The antioxidative substances contained in plant parts have attracted much consideration all over the world. Several researchers [17,27,34] have reported the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of sweet potato leaves. The polyphenolics contents and antioxidant activity in sweet potato leaves, other different plants and foods showed a high correlation [6,16,17,26]. Usually, the antioxidant capacity of various plants is influenced by the genetic factor. Therefore, the extent of the antioxidant capacity may be a critical tool for use in plant breeding programs intended to improve antioxidant components available for human consumption. This result will be valuable for some chemical breeding programs to develop needed organoleptic and nutritional quality characteristics of crop plants.

Effects of water extract of leaves on the mutagenicity

The antimutagenic impact of the water extracts from sweet potato leaves of three genotypes were determined by antimutagenicity assays using Trp-P-1 at a dose of 0.075 μg/plate, and using three different doses of the sweet potato leaves extracts such as 100, 50 and 10 μg/plate (Table 3).

The results found that inhibitory activity was higher at higher doses in all genotypes studies. The inhibitory activity (%) ranged from 69 to 94 at 100μg/plate, 68 to 84 at 50μg/plate, and 61 to 73 at ten μg/plate doses. The highest activity found in the accessions AN-6 (90% inhibition at 100 μL) followed by AN-5 (92% inhibition at 100 μL) while AN-2 (80% inhibition at 100 μL) had the lowest. Therefore, the results propose a wide disparity of antimutagenicity among the genotypes, and the extracts showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities. Similar trends were also found by several researchers [6,17,35,36]. The antimutagenic effect of the extract at low doses is relatively minor compared with the one from higher doses. (Table 4)

We also evaluated the antimutagenic activity of the extract using several mutagens, such as Trp-P-2, IQ, B[a] P, and DEGB (Table 4). The DEGB was utilized at a dose of 100 μL/plate without dilution. The s-9 mix was added for the assay using Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, IQ, B[a] P, and DEGB to cause mutations in TA 98. The extract used in doses of 50, 10, and 5 μL/plate. The extract inhibited Trp-P-2 induced mutation by 14%, IQ by 88%, b[a] P by 27%, and Trp-P-1 by 71%, respectively, at the concentration of 10 μL/plate. Thus, the sweet potato leaf extract effectively decreased the reverse mutations induced by all purified mutagens tested. This study exhibited that Ipomoea batatas L. tops could be an outstanding source of natural active compounds with numerous biological functions with the aptitude to defend in contradiction of certain sorts of human illnesses. We tested several physiological functions of the leaves extracts in six advanced accessions. All the accessions tested accumulated higher physiological functions. The high biological activity in the leaves extracts, which might have values in the prevention of specific human conditions. Therefore, sweet potato leaves can be considered as a potential source of functional food and a pharmaceutical agent. Furthermore, the leaves with high phytonutrient content may be used as herb, tea, food ingredient, and a nutritional supplement that could be demanded to have a positive impact on human health.

To Know More About Nutrition and Food Science International Journal 

Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/nfsij/index.php

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[foldingfittedsheets]

I’d like to be clear to new followers that I’m not vegan? My fish cruelty post has moved into vegetarian/vegan circles and I’m getting a bunch of new followers so I don’t want someone getting pissed later because I post about what I eat.

I grew up on a farm, I believe that humans are interconnected in the food chain with other plants and animals. I believe we have a duty to reduce any undue suffering and allow any animal in our care to thrive, but I also believe that to eat an animal you raised with care is part of the food chain and eating it without waste is respect.

These are my beliefs and choices and I’m not knocking anyone else’s, but I’d like for it not to become a hot button later.

[vegan-nom-noms]

Chick’n Tequila Lime Pasta

[homeofhousechickens]

Hi!! I tried the kalmbach feed with my chickens once so far, and they loved it, but I was wondering what was up with the lentils in there. I know its for protein, iron etc thats in them, but Im under the impression theyre raw. That made me nervous because I know raw beans are unsafe to feed to chickens, and I've asked around and researched to find an explanation but haven't found anything, so I was wondering if you're able to explain maybe? Like maybe they're actually cooked and dried and the bag just doesn't say that. It's ok if you don't know either. Thanks!!

Raw beans are bad due to the high amount of lectins in them. Raw lentils do still have some lectins in them so they are unsafe for us to eat but the amount isn't very dangerous for birds and it's very good feed ingredient since it's high in protein and fiber but low in fat. So the nutritional benefits outweigh the risk tbh and i have never heard of anyone's bird dying due to lentils being a part of their diet. In most high quality poultry feeds dried peas and lentils are a large part of the protein source and I prefer that to stuff like fish meal which can have a high bacterial load which can lead to certain intestinal diseases in chickens. Ideally you want your chickens main protein source in their feed to come from seeds,insects, and legumes.

You will see a lot of forum post from people who aren't very well versed in poultry nutrition panicking about lentils in their birds feed due to the phytohaemagglutinin but lentils are very good for chickens (and pigeons!) And there is plenty of research on the topic.

Here is this one for example (but there are a lot more)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7070479/

Like any feed ingredient they shouldn't be the bulk of a birds diet forever, barley for example can be very problematic in high amounts but its my favorite feed ingredient. Flax seed can cause sudden liver hemorrhage in high amounts (yikes!) but its still a great source of fats. So even the tiniest wee pigeon fledgling that only wants to eat lentils while weaning isn't going to keel over and die due to the lectins in the lentils.

Mung beans are also a safe chicken and pigeon feed ingredient and aren't like other beans just wanted to say that. Stay away from raw beans but mung beans are good 👍

[morethansalad]

Seitan Korean Nuggets (Vegan)

[colourfulfoodnutrition]

[stiltonbasket]

Pregnant! Xichen looks at his no meat dinner and starts to cry over it. "there are no chicken *sobs*". Lan Queen tells him that no meat means no meat and Lan Zhan already go to find meat for his brother. When he's at Qinghe he can eat anything he wants, and he craves food that he can't eat at home.

The sect rules actually make exceptions for pregnant disciples (the healers insisted, after one too many expecting mothers ended up sick in the infirmary after being told to either ignore their cravings or travel all the way down to Caiyi to buy meat there). However, Lan Xichen craves chicken so much while his children are on the way that his loved ones have to band together to make sure he leaves room for vegetables as well.

[tiercel]

Idk if anyone else comes across this or maybe im being assmad about something that really isnt a pattern but does anyone else notice a lot of recipes that call themselves "healthy" actually mean "this meal is almost totally empty of calories nutrition and flavor"

[avephelis]

watched dungeon meshi finally they made this shit for me SPECIFICALLY and me ONLY. time of my life.

[video-recipes]

Courgette & butterbean bowl

Sophsplantkitchen on tiktok

INGREDIENTS

2 × large courgettes, cut in half and then into wonky triangles

8-10 cloves garlic

5 tbsp good quality extra virgin olive oil

Salt and pepper

2 × 400g tins of pre cooked organic butterbeans + their stock (the water in the can)

For the cashew cream, blend:

1 cup of soaked cashews or sunflower seeds

3 tbsp nooch

Juice of one lemon

1/2 tsp salt

Ground black pepper

2 garlic cloves

Around 60-80ml of water for blending consistency

To serve:

Crunchy nutty breadcrumbs (1 slice of bread and 1 handful of almonds whizzed up in a blender, fried in olive oil, salt and garlic powder until crispy. Let rest on a plate lined with kitchen roll until ready to use)

Fresh basil

Lemon zest

[juniperpublishers-nutrition]

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Nutrition among Adolescent Girls in Dhaka City: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

With the increased focus on a healthy diet based on the consumption of organic and natural foods, non-conventional food plants are becoming a more prevalent option to add variety and greater nutritional value to the daily diet. Non-conventional foods are a reliable and inexpensive alternative healthy food source to replace or complement current conventional food choices. These underutilized plants have the potential to be used not only in daily food preparation as an ingredient in soups, salads, etc., but also as a source of dietary supplements, for new food formulations and product development. These plants are also endowed with bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, among others. This literature review provides an overview about some of the most popular plants, their uses, nutritional aspects, and medicinal properties.

Keywords: Organic, Plants, Healthy, Nutrition

Introduction

Countries in the world rich in floral biodiversity and abundant vegetation, benefit from a variety of non-conventional edible plants. These plants are vegetables and fruits unusual in daily life. They are defined as wild and semi-wild species that naturally grow in forests, forest margins, community lands, degraded and discarded lands [1]. The consumption of these plants stimulates food diversification, maintenance of the forest, enhancement of natural resources and reduction of environmental impacts if carried out in a sustainable manner [2]. Since they are drought-resistant plants that are simple to cultivate, grow organically and do not need soil additives, maintenance or care in planting, without the need to use pesticides or chemicals, as they occur with those that are frequently consumed. However, many of these plants, although available at low cost, are still unknown and underutilized by a significant portion of the population [2]. These plants are known to be part of the culture, identity, agricultural practices, and eating habits of various traditional populations in different regions of the World. The increasing influence, and invasion of urban culture in rural areas and tribal societies has contributed to the rapid erosion of ethnic culture and knowledge of non-conventional food plants. Additionally, increased accessibility to modern, genetically modified vegetables, has led to disuse of these plants in the modern diet. Thus, the lack of supply of unconventional plants made them unknown to new generations, as they started to have reduced economic and social expression, losing space for other products [2,3].

Nom-conventional food plants are of great importance for human consumption because they can provide vitamins, dietary fiber, carbohydrates, minerals, and proteins. In addition, they have sensory characteristics that facilitate their consumption, being the same consumed “in natura” or used in raw salads, soups, cookies, pasta, puree, and omelettes. Thus, the consumption of these unconventional vegetables can present itself as an excellent nutritional option, especially for populations with less purchasing power. In some countries of the world, there are still established practices of using unconventional food plants as a food source in times of famine and natural disasters [4-7]. The use of non-conventional food plants has been increasing by people looking for a healthier life, due its high nutrition value. In addition, they are usually seasonal and regional reducing consumer impact on the environment and contributing to a more sustainable food system. They are easy and cheap plants to find and can be a low-cost vegetable alternative. Moreover, they are an option to escape the food monotony that the food industry imposes, for the perpetuation of good eating habits [8]. In addition, the intake of these non-conventional vegetables are known for their pharmacological properties. The following are nutritional summaries of some of the most popular non-conventional plants available (Pereskia aculeate, Sonchus oleraceus, Basella alba, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Stachys byzantine).

Pereskia aculeata

The genus Pereskia (Cactaceae family), popularly known as ora-pro-nobis, is a leafy climbing cactus, originally from the American continent. Leaves contain high levels of protein when compared to other plants commonly used for human food, and it is a remarkable source of nutritionally important minerals and vitamins (vitamin C, folic acid, calcium, iron and zinc). It also presents in its composition Sitosterol, stigmasterol, flavonoids, and phenols. Widely consumed in soups, sausages, scrambled eggs, omelettes and salads [9,10]. Studies also show that consumption of Pereskia can result in the improvement of biological parameter markers of diseases such as protein malnutrition, iron deficiency anemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus [11]. The leaves have antioxidant activity and in vitro antimicrobial and antifungal activities [10,12].

Sonchus oleraceus

Sonchus oleraceus L., a member of the Asteraceae family, originates from Europe and is found almost everywhere in the world. It is popularly known as milkweed, wild chicory, smooth milkweed, jealousy or sawmill. It contains appreciable amounts of mineral elements (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, calcium), vitamin C and bioactive compounds such polyphenols [13]. It is an important herb used in popular medicine to treat liver disease, inflammation and infections. It is used as ingredient in some preparation and salads. It has various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial [14].

Basella alba

Basella alba L. belongs to the family Basellaceae. [15]. Originating in India, it is a fast-growing perennial vine and extremely heat tolerant. It is also known as the Malabar spinach, Ceylon spinach, Indian spinach, vine spinach, Chinese spinach. The leaves are very low in calories and contain high amounts of vitamins and minerals such as calcium, iron, vitamins A and C, potassium, folate, and antioxidants [15-16]. The leaves can be sautéed and used in the preparation of pies, soups and salads. The fruit is extremely dark when ripe and, when crushed, produces a very dark red juice. It has various pharmacological activities including hypoglycemic, antioxidant, gastroprotective and hypocholesterolemic [17].

Hibiscus sabdariffa

Hibiscus sabdariffa, also known as roselle, is widely cultivated in both tropical and subtropical regions. Its flowers are used in the preparation of hot and cold drinks, fermented drinks, wine, jelly, and ice cream. The seeds are eaten roasted or ground into soups and sauces, while the leaves and sprouts are eaten raw or cooked, as a vegetable or condiment with a sour taste. Hibiscus sabdariffa has also been used as a folk remedy and is well known for its antibacterial, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antioxidant and diuretic properties. Its pharmacological effect is attributed to its bioactive constituents, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids [18,19].

Xanthosoma sagittifolium

Xanthosoma sagittifolium (Araceae family), popularly known as Cocoyam, originates from tropical America, most probably Central and South America. It is among the six most important root and tuber cultures in the world, because of its high nutritional value, provides sustenance for over 400 million people [20]. It is considered an appreciable source of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals, such as zinc, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and nicotinic acid. You can eat the rhizome, petiole and the leaf. The leaf contains vitamins A and C, in addition to minerals [21,22].

Stachys byzantine

Stachys byzantina K. Koch. belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It is an Iranian endemic species, which could be found in many parts of Armenia, Turkey and Iraq. The plant is known as ‘lamb’s ear’ or ‘lamb’s tongue. Stachys species are widely consumed in different countries as aromatic herbal teas. These have been used in traditional medicine as an antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory and anti-nephritic. The leaves contains appreciable amounts of mineral elements, such as zinc, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium [23].

Conclusion

Increasing the consumption of non-conventional plants can improve the nutritional status of economically disadvantaged people, stimulate an alternative source of income in family farming, favor nutritional diversification, and enable greater care for the environment by omitting the need for pesticides. Although some scientific studies have been done to examine their health and nutritional benefits, more studies need to be completed to fully understand these food sources and further educate the public on possible uses. Research and the implementation of public policies that promote the use, rebirth, and enhancement of native species can contribute to nature conservation and sustainable development and increase the number of food sources.

To Know More About Nutrition and Food Science International Journal 

Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/nfsij/index.php

For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers

please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/index.php

[foldingfittedsheets]

I’m in chicken hell. I agreed to watch my moms birds while she gallivants for the month of December. I’m disabled but she said it would just be a matter of filling tubs of food.

It’s. Awful. We had chickens growing up. They had a big run, with a large insulated indoor coop, heat lamps, and table scraps. They got grain and water and had room to forage for bugs and plants.

But her current coop is a fucking nightmare. It’s a wire mesh cage with a roof, plastic along the sides, and a foot deep floor of filthy shit and straw to stand on. Their water was fully clogged with said straw, and one of the chickens was just dragging a lame foot around the first time I came to check on them.

I was distressed about the injured chicken but my mom said she just hasn’t had time to deal with it since it hatched. The chicken is a year old at least. There’s like six or seven chickens being kept in what I generously suppose to be 5x5 space for the month my parents are gone.

Today I was at my breaking point. I wanted to at least give them fresh water since they’re casually confined to a closet. All the hoses are completely disconnected and scattered wildly around with no clear hook up. There’s a gigantic green bucket full of water that I can’t feasibly do anything with.

When I called my mom indicated that I was being ridiculous and hysterical about it as they’re just chickens. But I could lay down straw if I wanted and use the green bucket for water. I had to explain that no, I’m not physically able to do either of those things. She said she’d call a neighbor to do it.

I went rogue and let them out to browse in an area they’re not supposed to be in for as long as I had energy to stand watch then regretfully hustled them back into their wretched coop.

[vegan-nom-noms]

Vegan Chick’n Pesto Pasta Salad

[bakingmoomins]

frozen spinach my best friend frozen spinach

[morethansalad]

Easy 30-Minute Creamy Vegan Chicken Skillet (with Mushrooms)

[eatwithyoureyesinstead]

Hey ya'll! Back for week #2's easy peasey recipe! Chicken Salad Wraps!!

I miss McDonald's wraps. Like a lot. And these aren't quite those but I can dream. For these I use the Marketplace Chopped Caesar Salad kit from Walmart. It has everything in it you need for flavor. They also have a regular Caesar Salad kit with the same items in it. I guess it comes down to preference on what type of lettuce you like. I also use Perdue Chicken Strips and Old El Paso Tortilla Pockets. These tortilla pockets can be used for so many things. I make breakfast wraps, salad wraps and obviously tacos. 😜

First I air fry the chicken strips. 6 to 7 strips at 350 degrees for 7 minutes. While those are cooking, I assemble the salad. Take all the contents of the salad kit EXCEPT the dressing and mix it up. Once the chicken is cooked, dice it and add it to the salad mix, then add the dressing. Mix all the goodness together and stuff into a tortilla pocket. Voila! Easy Peasey Chicken wraps. You can use whatever sauces you like as well. I think honey mustard would set it off. I'll try that next time. You're welcome!

I hope you enjoy this as much as I do! Please share and ENJOY!