#Waterborne diseases and sanitation

[greenthestral]

Achieving Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation for a Sustainable Future

Clean water and sanitation are fundamental human rights and essential for the well-being and prosperity of communities worldwide. Access to clean water is crucial for drinking, hygiene, agriculture, and industry. Sanitation facilities ensure the proper disposal of waste and prevent the spread of diseases. Recognizing the importance of water and sanitation, the United Nations has set Goal 6 as part of its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this article, we will explore the significance of Goal 6, its targets, and the actions needed to achieve clean water and sanitation for all.

The Importance of Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Access to clean water and sanitation is not only a pressing global issue but also a matter of basic human rights. Shockingly, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, a staggering 2.2 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed drinking water, while an overwhelming 4.2 billion people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services. These numbers highlight the scale of the problem and the urgent need for action.

The consequences of inadequate water and sanitation are far-reaching and severe. One of the most significant impacts is the spread of waterborne diseases. Contaminated water sources and poor sanitation facilities create a breeding ground for diseases like cholera, typhoid, and dysentery. These illnesses disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly, leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Lack of access to clean water and sanitation perpetuates a cycle of poverty and ill-health, as communities struggle to break free from the burden of preventable diseases.

Child mortality is also closely linked to the absence of clean water and sanitation. Unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation facilities contribute to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children each year. Diarrheal diseases, in particular, claim the lives of many young children, as their weakened immune systems make them more susceptible to the harmful effects of contaminated water. Furthermore, the time spent collecting water from distant sources and the lack of proper sanitation facilities affect children's education and overall development, perpetuating a cycle of disadvantage and limited opportunities.

In addition to the human toll, inadequate access to clean water and sanitation hinders economic development. Communities that lack reliable access to clean water face numerous challenges. For instance, the burden of water collection falls primarily on women and girls, who often spend hours each day walking long distances to fetch water. This time-consuming task takes away from opportunities for education, income generation, and other productive activities, reinforcing gender inequalities and limiting economic empowerment.

Moreover, industries and businesses also suffer when water and sanitation are compromised. Lack of clean water can impede agricultural production, affecting crop yields and food security. Industries that rely on water, such as manufacturing and tourism, face operational challenges and increased costs when they must rely on alternative, often expensive, water sources. Inadequate sanitation can lead to environmental pollution, further exacerbating health risks and harming ecosystems, which are essential for the well-being of communities and biodiversity.

The gravity of the water and sanitation crisis necessitates urgent action and a comprehensive approach. Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognizes the importance of clean water and sanitation for all and sets targets to address these challenges. Governments, organizations, and individuals must prioritize investment in infrastructure development, education and awareness programs, sustainable practices, and innovative solutions.

By investing in infrastructure, such as water treatment plants, pipelines, and sanitation facilities, governments can improve access to clean water and proper waste management. Concurrently, education and awareness programs can promote proper hygiene practices, behavioral change, and the sustainable use of water resources. It is crucial to empower communities with knowledge and tools to protect their water sources and ensure sustainable practices are adopted at the individual and community levels.

Sustainable agriculture practices also play a significant role in achieving clean water and sanitation goals. Implementing water-efficient irrigation techniques, promoting organic farming, and reducing the use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers can help conserve water resources and prevent pollution. By embracing technology and innovation, such as water purification systems, smart water management systems, and affordable sanitation technologies, we can bridge the gap in access to clean water and sanitation, particularly in remote and underserved areas.

Collaboration and partnerships among governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), businesses, and communities are crucial for progress. By joining forces, sharing expertise, and pooling resources, we can overcome financial constraints, leverage innovative solutions, and achieve more significant impact. International cooperation, aid, and support can also play a pivotal role in assisting countries with limited resources to improve their water and sanitation infrastructure and practices.

The lack of access to clean water and sanitation remains a global crisis with far-reaching consequences. The numbers are staggering, and the impacts on health, child mortality, and economic development are severe. Achieving Goal 6 of the SDGs requires concerted efforts, investment in infrastructure, education, sustainable practices, and innovative solutions. It is only through collaboration and a commitment to this fundamental human right that we can ensure a sustainable future where every individual has access to clean water and sanitation, leading to improved health, reduced poverty, and enhanced opportunities for all.

Targets for Goal 6

Goal 6 encompasses multiple targets that aim to address the water and sanitation challenges. These targets include:

Achieving universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.

Ensuring access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all.

Improving water quality by reducing pollution and increasing water treatment.

Increasing water-use efficiency and ensuring sustainable water withdrawals.

Implementing integrated water resources management at all levels.

Protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, and lakes.

Actions to Achieve Goal 6

To achieve Goal 6 and ensure clean water and sanitation for all, various actions need to be undertaken at local, national, and global levels. Here are some key actions:

Infrastructure Development: Governments and organizations should invest in infrastructure development to improve water and sanitation systems. This includes building water treatment plants, pipelines, and sanitation facilities to ensure access to clean water and proper waste management.

Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about the importance of clean water and sanitation is crucial. Education programs can help communities understand the benefits of proper hygiene practices and promote behavior change to prevent water pollution and ensure the sustainable use of water resources.

Sustainable Agriculture: Promoting sustainable agriculture practices can reduce water pollution from pesticides and fertilizers. Implementing efficient irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation, can also conserve water resources.

Collaboration and Partnerships: Addressing the water and sanitation challenges requires collaboration between governments, NGOs, businesses, and communities. Partnerships can bring together expertise, resources, and innovative solutions to overcome the barriers to clean water and sanitation.

Technology and Innovation: Embracing technological advancements can greatly contribute to achieving Goal 6. Innovative solutions, such as water purification systems, smart water management systems, and affordable sanitation technologies, can improve access to clean water and sanitation in remote areas.

Water Conservation: Encouraging water conservation practices at the individual and community levels is essential. Simple measures like fixing leaks, using water-efficient appliances, and harvesting rainwater can go a long way in reducing water wastage and ensuring the availability of clean water.

Success Stories and Best Practices

Several success stories demonstrate that progress can be made in achieving Goal 6. For instance, in Rwanda, the government's commitment to improving water and sanitation services has resulted in significant improvements in access to clean water, particularly in rural areas. The introduction of community-led total sanitation programs in Bangladesh has successfully improved sanitation practices and reduced open defecation.

Challenges and the Way Forward

Despite the progress made, significant challenges remain in achieving Goal 6. Limited financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, climate change impacts, and conflicts are some of the obstacles that need to be overcome. However, there are opportunities to address these challenges. By increasing investments in water and sanitation, promoting sustainable practices, and strengthening partnerships, we can create a future where clean water and sanitation are accessible to all.

Conclusion

Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation is a critical component of the Sustainable Development Goals, highlighting the significance of access to clean water and sanitation for all. Achieving this goal requires concerted efforts from governments, organizations, communities, and individuals. By implementing the targets and taking necessary actions, we can ensure a sustainable future with clean water and sanitation, improving health, reducing poverty, and fostering economic development worldwide. Let us work together to make Goal 6 a reality and create a world where no one is deprived of this basic human right.

[souravsahay]

Water Tank Services

Tank Inspection: Regular inspections are crucial to identify any issues or damage in water tanks services . Professionals assess the tank's structural integrity, check for leaks, evaluate the condition of fittings and valves, and recommend necessary repairs or maintenance.Tank Cleaning: Water tanks accumulate sediment, debris, and microbial growth over time. Professional tank cleaning services involve the removal of sludge, disinfection, and sanitization to ensure the water remains safe and clean.

[violetsandshrikes]

“Adré, Chad, October 19, 2023—Since fighting erupted in Sudan in April, about 430,000 refugees have fled to Chad, and more are expected to arrive in the coming months. Health conditions are precarious for the approximately 200,000 refugees now staying in camps in Adré, eastern Chad, due to a lack of water, food, shelter, and sanitation facilities.

Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) teams are providing medical care in Adré and responding to critical water needs, but ongoing water scarcity may have disastrous consequences if other organizations do not similarly respond.

"In the refugee camps at Adré, some 200,000 people are receiving just five to six liters of water daily, well below the recommended emergency standard of 20 liters per day," said Christophe Chauliac, MSF project coordinator in Adré. "MSF serves as the primary water provider in the camps, distributing around 600,000 liters daily and covering more than 80 percent of the available water supply for refugees. Despite these efforts, this amount is insufficient, especially in scorching weather. An insufficient water supply hinders basic needs such as washing and cooking, forcing people to turn to unsafe sources and increasing the risk of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea and cholera."

[sayruq]

Amid Israel’s ongoing genocidal war on Gaza, maternal healthcare faces excruciating challenges. Deliberate and systematic Israeli attacks on hospitals and medical centers, and critical shortages of humanitarian aid, including medicine, have created a crisis that is endangering the lives of both mothers and newborns. The situation is critical. There are an estimated 50,000 pregnant women in Gaza and some 180 births every day. Israel’s decision in October to prevent food, water, fuel and electricity from entering Gaza created a desperate situation. Inadequate nutrition, exposure to cold and hot weather, the absence of clean water, and poor sanitation weigh heavily on the wellbeing of women and children. The circumstances force them to consume contaminated water, heightening the peril of dehydration and waterborne diseases, particularly among vulnerable groups such as expectant mothers, new mothers and young children. Fuel shortages and the constrained capacity of the few remaining medical facilities exacerbate the difficulty for women in labor to access hospitals. Um Amin, a mother with a few children, confronted with the harsh reality of displacement, recounted her family’s struggles during Israel’s aggression. As bombs relentlessly fell on their neighborhood, reducing their home to rubble, Um Amin had to seek refuge at a school run by the UN agency for Palestine refugees (UNRWA) in the northern Gaza Strip taking only very few belongings. She was pregnant. And in the school there was little by way of basic necessities such as clean water, food or even clothes for her children. She considered moving south, where food might be a little more accessible. Her husband refused, causing conflict between them.He feared not being able to return. And while she believed that the Israeli army was attempting to force them to leave, she also felt it was a matter of life and death for her children. “It was heart-wrenching to witness my kids fighting over scraps of bread. My 4-year-old started stashing away bread in his pocket for later. I was shocked. Before the war, I never slept without knowing my children were fed. Now, most of the time, I am certain they never feel satisfied.” Her entire motivation to carry on became a matter of feeding her children She denied herself food for their sake, but had also to remind herself of the child within her. “The baby inside me is also a priority, so I had to eat too.” She found the balancing act incredibly challenging, an unbearable burden of motherhood. “I am going to share something I’ve never told anyone I know: I contemplated suicide to escape the weight of this responsibility.”

After the Israeli army unexpectedly stormed al-Rimal, a Gaza City neighborhood, for a second time, Um Amin panicked and fled again, this time going from the UNRWA school to a relative’s house. But her fear caused her to enter preterm labor. A doctor, at the nearby al-Sahaba medical center, had to resort to a cesarean section. It was hell, Um Amin said. There was insufficient anesthesia and she could feel the scalpel cutting into her body. There was no electricity; the doctor had to use a handheld flashlight to see. Um Amin’s cries of pain could not drown out the crashing of shells around her. The operation left her utterly drained. She couldn’t believe she was still alive.She needed nourishment to recover what she had lost during the bleeding and to breastfeed her son. But hunger was stalking Gaza. Food was scarce, there was no white flour in the markets, and Israel was blocking aid trucks from entering the north. “All I had to eat was bread made from animal feed and water. When I had my other children, I relied on foods rich in animal proteins, but it was impossible this time. The price of meat was five times higher than normal.” Unable to adequately breastfeed her child, she had to find infant formula. But the price was multiple times higher than it used to be and more than she could afford. Eventually, she was forced to buy formula that was past its expiry date. “You might blame me, but there was literally no other option. I didn’t have enough money. It wasn’t clumped together, so the doctor told me it could still be used.” She would never find out. Due to the lack of clean water, she prepared the milk with non-potable water from a well. The baby refused to drink.

[reasonsforhope]

"Samuel Onyango’s office at Kibera Primary School is serene and spacious. His table is neatly arranged, with an assortment of files and an array of books. One side of his cream-colored office is decked with aggregate performance scores, and another shows off several trophies in a glass cabinet. Last year, Onyango’s school performed a traditional dance and scooped third place in the National Drama and Film Festivals, where schools across the country competed for the top prize.

But today Onyango, the school’s principal, is bragging about something much more basic: Thanks to an innovative community program, his students and teachers are no longer getting sick from dirty water.

Onyango’s school, with a staff of 30 and a student body of about 1,700, is in Kibera, a neighborhood in the Kenyan capital of Nairobi that is widely known as Africa’s largest informal settlement. It is a community of houses made from mud or tin sheeting where residents have to hustle to meet even their most basic needs, like electricity or clean water.

It is also a community where creativity and innovation, at the heart of any hustle, are changing how some people can access clean water — and making major ripples in public health.

Onyango’s school has long gotten its water the same way many people in Kibera do: by buying it from independent suppliers, who truck water in and sell it for around $30 per 10,000 liters (about 2,650 gallons). But trucked water can be contaminated, despite suppliers’ promises, and Onyango’s students and staff were often using unclean water at home, too. It was common, he says, for both teachers and students to get sick and miss school because of waterborne illnesses.

Last November, Onyango’s school got connected to an aerial clean water system built by a local grassroots organization called SHOFCO, which stands for Shining Hope for Communities. “Once we got connected to SHOFCO’s water,” Onyango says, “cases of these ailments reduced to nil.”

SHOFCO’s water distribution system currently reaches about 40,000 people and distributes more than 3.7 million gallons of clean water per month.

Access to safe drinking water — and its equitable distribution — underpins public health. But for the estimated 250,000 people in Kibera, who live without any government infrastructure, clean water is often a luxury. Many people are using illegal water connections, which proliferate among the poor — there are nearly 130 in just three lesser-resourced Nairobi neighborhoods. But those DIY hookups can mix clean water with raw sewage, and Kenyan officials have recently warned of a looming public health crisis if water access is not prioritized.

Shifting weather patterns also increase the risk of waterborne illness, government officials say. The Ministry of Health and the Kenya Red Cross Society have called out severe flooding during the El Niño weather pattern as a source of a recent major cholera outbreak in parts of the country. Kibera was not spared this risk: The floods led to the contamination of various sources of water in the sprawling neighborhood.

But the aerial piping system SHOFCO built in 2012 — the one that brings water to Onyango’s school — saved some Kibera residents, quite literally. With collaboration from health and county authorities, SHOFCO has all but eliminated diarrheal disease in the communities that use its aerial piping system, according to Gladys Mwende, a program officer at SHOFCO. In the health facilities SHOFCO runs, the incidences of diarrheal infections have also gone down, she adds.

Pictured: People in Kibera’s Makina section pass by the signature blue pillars that hold up SHOFCO’s aerial water piping system. Visual: Sarah Waiswa/Harvard Public Health Magazine

“[Poor sanitation is the reason] that our water is aerial piped,” says Kennedy Odede, the founder and CEO of SHOFCO. Piping water in helps clean water maintain its integrity without interference from elements including tampering. In a huge community with no major infrastructure, piping seemed impossible — there was no money and no will to build a disruptive underground system connected to the city’s main water supply. Instead, Odede and his team put the pipes up in the air. “As somebody who grew up in Kibera, to see this clean water — which I have also drank — is powerful.”

SHOFCO’s water distribution system currently reaches about 40,000 people and distributes more than 3.7 million gallons of clean water per month — nearly 46 million gallons per year — at community water kiosks, which residents access with tokens linked to the mobile money platform M-Pesa. The water kiosks are pre-programmed to fill jerry cans that hold about five gallons at a cost of 3 Kenyan shillings, or about 23 U.S. cents.

A recent evaluation of SHOFCO’s clean water efforts, undertaken by the African Population and Health Research Center, shows diarrheal disease among children under age five have decreased by 31 percent where community members used SHOFCO water kiosks and received SHOFCO’s sanitation messaging.

“We don’t get as many cases of diarrhea even though now we are in the middle of the floods,” Mwende says. “Communities have not reported any outbreaks within the areas where we are working.”

Mohammed Suleiman is grateful for the change. Suleiman, 25, was born here, and it’s been his job for the last 18 years to fetch 135 gallons of water daily for his family’s personal needs and for their samosa business.

Two months ago, Sulieman contracted typhoid from the unsanitary water he was consuming. Once he recovered, he says, switching to SHOFCO water kiosks was a no-brainer.

“I don’t know where the other independent vendors get it from,” he says. But he trusts SHOFCO water. “Water sourced from SHOFCO is cleaner than that of other vendors,” he says. “I don’t have to treat water from [SHOFCO] kiosks before consuming it.”

And he’s the living proof: Since switching to SHOFCO water, Suleiman hasn’t been sick even once."

-via Undark, August 13, 2024

[good-old-gossip]

The lack of clean water combined with rising temperatures is increasing the spread of waterborne diseases in the Gaza Strip, the UN has warned. “It is becoming very hot there,” Jamie McGoldrick, United Nations humanitarian coordinator in Gaza, told reporters via video link from Jerusalem. “People are getting much less water than they need, and as a result, there have been waterborne diseases due to lack of safe and clean water and the disruption of the sanitation systems.” “We have to find a way in the months ahead of how we can have a better supply of water into the areas where people are currently crowded at the moment.”

[sscarletvenus]

There’s an outbreak of Hepatitis A and other waterborne diseases in Gaza.

Restoration of services such as sewage treatment, waste management, and access to clean water can mitigate this problem.

Help the Municipality of Gaza (@/munigaza on twitter) achieve this by donating below :

[rhian-008]

Nigeria: A Climate Change Crucible

Nigeria, a nation endowed with abundant natural resources and a burgeoning population, is increasingly grappling with the tempestuous challenges of climate change. This environmental crisis, exacerbated by a confluence of factors including deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, and rapid urbanization, is inflicting profound wounds upon the nation's social, economic, and ecological fabric.

The specter of climate change looms large over Nigeria, manifesting in a myriad of destructive forms. Extreme weather events, once episodic, have evolved into a recurring nightmare. Flooding, an annual scourge, has escalated in severity, displacing millions and causing billions of naira in damages (National Emergency Management Agency, 2023). The Niger Delta, a region historically enriched by oil, is now experiencing accelerated coastal erosion, threatening the livelihoods of coastal communities and compromising critical infrastructure. In stark contrast, the arid north contends with prolonged droughts and desertification, a malevolent duo that is fueling food insecurity, mass migration, and socio-political tensions.

Agriculture, the lifeblood of the Nigerian economy and the sustenance of millions, is under siege. Erratic rainfall patterns, soil degradation, and the proliferation of pests have conspired to decimate crop yields. The World Bank (2022) reports a significant decline in agricultural productivity, with far-reaching consequences for food security and rural livelihoods. The nexus between climate change and food insecurity is a perilous one, as it creates fertile ground for social unrest and conflict.

Beyond the economic toll, climate change is exacting a heavy price on public health. The rising temperatures provide optimal conditions for the breeding of disease-carrying vectors, such as mosquitoes, resulting in a surge of malaria and other vector-borne illnesses (World Health Organization, 2021). Moreover, the interplay of water scarcity, poor sanitation, and flooding has led to an upsurge in waterborne diseases, further straining an already overburdened healthcare system.

The economic repercussions of climate change are far-reaching and profound. The agricultural sector, a cornerstone of the Nigerian economy, is experiencing a steady decline, impacting food prices, rural incomes, and overall economic growth. The World Bank estimates that climate change could reduce Nigeria's GDP by several percentage points by mid-century (World Bank, 2018). Beyond agriculture, the tourism industry, a nascent but promising sector, is facing headwinds due to the increasing unpredictability of weather patterns and the degradation of natural attractions.

The response to this existential threat has been a complex interplay of governmental initiatives, civil society engagement, and individual actions. While the government has articulated policies and strategies to address climate change, such as the National Adaptation Strategy and Climate Change Action Plan, implementation has been uneven and often hindered by bureaucratic inertia and corruption. However, some states, notably Lagos and Cross River, have demonstrated a more proactive approach to climate resilience.

Civil society organizations have emerged as vocal champions of climate action. Groups like the Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Friends of the Earth Nigeria, and Health of Mother Earth Foundation have been instrumental in raising awareness, advocating for policy reforms, and implementing community-based adaptation projects. These organizations have played a pivotal role in bridging the gap between government and the populace, fostering a culture of environmental stewardship.

At the individual level, awareness of climate change is growing, but behavioral change remains a challenge. While there are isolated examples of eco-conscious citizens, the broader populace is yet to fully internalize the urgency of the crisis.

A constellation of factors impedes Nigeria's progress in combating climate change. Poverty, a pervasive challenge, limits the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities. Weak governance, characterized by corruption and inefficiency, undermines policy implementation. The country's heavy reliance on fossil fuels complicates the transition to a low-carbon economy. Moreover, a dearth of technological capacity and expertise hampers the development and deployment of climate solutions.

Despite these formidable obstacles, there are glimmers of hope. A growing number of young Nigerians are emerging as climate leaders, demanding bold action and inspiring hope for the future. Individuals like Naomi Ageli and Isioma Osakwe have galvanized youth activism, leveraging social media and grassroots organizing to drive change.

Addressing the climate crisis in Nigeria demands a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach. A swift and just transition to renewable energy is imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ensure energy access for all. Investing in sustainable agriculture, including agroforestry and water-efficient irrigation practices, is crucial for bolstering food security and resilience. Ecosystem restoration, such as reforestation and mangrove rehabilitation, can help mitigate climate impacts and protect biodiversity. Early warning systems for extreme weather events are essential for saving lives and minimizing economic losses. Finally, investing in climate education and awareness is indispensable for building a climate-resilient society.

Nigeria stands at a critical juncture. The choices made today will shape the nation's future for generations to come. By embracing sustainable development, investing in climate solutions, and fostering a culture of environmental stewardship, Nigeria can transition from being a victim of climate change to a leader in climate action.

[fatehbaz]

Interesting example of empires being affected by ecological degradation and climate change: How Ottoman Istanbul was pummeled by climate change in the nineteenth century. The publicized, alleged increase of “fever of Constantinople” was not just Orientalist discourse, as the imperial capital was threatened by excessive heat, drought, and regional deforestation marked by disease outbreak. Recent tree-ring data suggests large scale of drought during the century; drought decreased water availability for irrigation and cleaning. The city was forced to pay large sums to import coal from England. In 1829, locally-sourced charcoal prices tripled in one year. The cost of public baths sky-rocketed, making hygiene and sanitation inaccessible. In 1840, a General Directorate of Forests was founded to harvest local timber; within a few years, nearly two-thirds of Kocaeli’s forests were torn down. Simultaneously, the city’s population was quickly rising (500,000 in 1856 to 800,000 in 1885), and rural residents in nearby regions were exhausted by imposed mandatory labor to accommodate the city’s need for fuel.

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Charles MacFarlane, the Scot known for his historical and travel writing, visited Istanbul in 1828. MacFarlane, who suffered for years from “fever of Constantinople” (Brucella) after his visit, mentions how he could not understand why previous observers had described the city’s climate as “pure and healthy” [...]. Ottomanists Daniel Panzac and Nukhet Varlık also point to a “climate of epidemics” referring to other nineteenth-century accounts that showed disease as a boundary marker between Europe and the Orient. Indeed, the city experienced significant infectious disease outbreaks such as that of the plague in 1801, 1811–1812, 1831, 1853, and 1876, and seven cholera outbreaks in 1831, 1847, 1854, 1865, 1870, 1876–1877, and 1893. 

What changed? We know that, like other industrial city population movements, dense settlement and inadequate infrastructure worsened health conditions in Istanbul. The number of inhabitants rose from over five hundred thousand in 1856 to over eight hundred thousand in 1885. However, there was also another factor: climate change. The recent tree ring-based hydroclimate June/July precipitation reconstruction of the Old World Drought Atlas confirms a significant decrease in nineteenth-century precipitation values. [...]

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Drought worsened living conditions. It turned rivers into marshland and decreased available water sources for turning water mills used for irrigation and cleaning. Waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea and cholera increased. Excessive heat, swamps, and deforestation triggered the spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. Moreover, water scarcity worsened sanitary conditions. Diseases that are transmitted from animals to human beings through direct or indirect contact by contaminated food (often milk products), like Brucella (fever of Constantinople, Malta fever, or Mediterranean fever), also increased.

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The stress on the economy was also enormous. Excessive heat affected load-bearing animals and people, making transportation more difficult. [...] Extremely hot conditions increased the stress on seafaring oarsmen. A lack of sufficient charcoal and firewood resulted in ships being fuelled with coal from England, which was costly. Problems of transporting wood and the cumulative long-term effects of deforestation made firewood supplies an enormous issue. The Ottoman state set prices and imposed mandatory labour on rural regions, which absorbed the burden of providing food, firewood, charcoal, and construction material to Istanbul and the city’s palace. Charcoal, which had previously been supplied as taxes from villages in some Balkan countries after the Russian War, was not available. As a consequence, charcoal prices rose from 3.8 Akçes in 1829 to 13.6 Akçes in 1830. In the second half of the century, numerous fires, some of which coincided with scorching temperatures, increased timber demand and prices multiplied.

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The state took measures against this severe firewood shortage. Necessary institutional action was taken. Laws were changed to regulate the organization of forests under the General Directorate of Forests founded in August 1840. And silviculture was established. Once supply from the Balkans was no longer forthcoming, the stress on regional supplies increased. The demand for timber from Kocaeli, a neighbouring district located east of Istanbul, was almost four times higher. Nearly two-thirds of forests were cleared by 1847. Life became desolate for villagers; some even sold their buffaloes to relieve themselves of the burden to supply wood. Until Ottoman coal began to arrive from Zonguldak on the Black Sea in 1850, Istanbul’s firewood and coal supply was a significant problem.

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Firewood and water scarcity increased the cost of public baths, which were essential for the well-being and health of inhabitants. The number of public baths did not increase in line with the doubling of Istanbul’s population. [...] For example, during the 1811–1812 plague, ship crews carrying firewood and charcoal as well as food to Istanbul fled the city. This increased labour and transportation costs. Some public baths, whose furnaces were heated with charcoal and firewood, went bankrupt. [...]

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The first municipal institution (Şehremaneti), founded in 1868, was given the urgent mandate of ensuring public hygiene. The effect of climate change on the landscape, economy, and institutional changes was significant. Indeed, climate is an important factor to consider for the history of the era. Disease was not only a result of Orientalist discourse. Environmental conditions also changed Istanbul’s healthscape. Thus, unbeknownst to Charles MacFarlane, the discrepancy between the earlier accounts of Istanbul and his own experiences can, at least partly, be ascribed to climate change.

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Image, caption, and text by: Özlem Sert. “Water, Firewood, and Disease in Nineteenth-Century Istanbul.” Environment & Society Portal, Arcadia no. 45. Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society. Autumn 2020. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me. Italicized first paragraph/heading in this post added by me.]

[sonalshinde]

What is Hospital Sewage and Why Its Treatment is Necessary?

Hospital sewage refers to the wastewater generated from various activities within a healthcare facility, including patient care, laboratory procedures, laundry, and sanitation. This sewage contains a complex mixture of biological and chemical contaminants, making it significantly different from domestic sewage. The presence of pathogens, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and radioactive materials necessitates specialized treatment to ensure environmental and public health safety.

The Composition of Hospital Sewage

Hospital sewage is laden with microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Additionally, it contains a variety of chemicals such as antibiotics, disinfectants, and heavy metals. The concentration of these hazardous substances poses a significant risk if discharged untreated into the environment. This makes the treatment of hospital sewage crucial for preventing the spread of infections, protecting aquatic life, and safeguarding public health.

The Necessity of Treating Hospital Sewage

Public Health Protection: Untreated hospital sewage can release harmful pathogens into the water supply, potentially causing waterborne diseases. The use of bioculture for sewage treatment plants, specifically designed to target and neutralize these pathogens, is essential in mitigating this risk.

Environmental Safety: Chemical contaminants in hospital sewage can disrupt ecosystems and harm aquatic life. Implementing biological additives for STPs helps in breaking down these chemicals, making the water safe for discharge.

Regulatory Compliance: Hospitals are required to comply with stringent environmental regulations. Utilizing microbial culture for STPs ensures that the effluent meets these regulatory standards, avoiding hefty fines and legal issues.

Treatment Solutions for Hospital Sewage

One effective method for treating hospital sewage is aerobic wastewater treatment, which involves the use of oxygen-loving bacteria to decompose organic matter. The manufacturer of bacterial culture plays a critical role in providing high-quality bioculture for STP systems. These biological cultures are essential for maintaining the efficiency and effectiveness of sewage treatment processes.

PureBact Solutions

PureBact offers a range of products designed to enhance the treatment of hospital sewage. Our biological culture for sewage treatment plants, such as PureBact 10, is engineered to optimize the breakdown of complex contaminants. By using our advanced bacteria culture for STP, hospitals can achieve superior treatment results, ensuring compliance with environmental standards and promoting public health.

For more information, visit PureBact.

[argyrocratie]

(...)

"On January 2nd, the WHO announced that there are currently 424,639 cases of infectious diseases in Gaza. Since such official counts only represent those who were able to make it to a clinic or hospital, experts assume that the true rates are much higher. A half million infectious disease cases would still have overwhelmed Gaza’s healthcare system before October 7th, though many would have been treatable with food, water, and medical care. But today, amid an ongoing assault that has destroyed 27 of Gaza’s 36 hospitals, as well as the very foundations of the enclave’s public health—in the form of food, water, and shelter—epidemics are likely to mean mass death. “You don’t need overt bloodshed to cause significant violence that ends people’s lives,” Asi told Jewish Currents. “Many people will die unnecessary deaths due to deprivation.”

This concern has a firm historical basis: In most wars, including in Iraq, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Yemen, and Darfur, far more people die of disease and starvation than through direct military assault. Indeed, according to public health scholar Barry Levy, indirect health-related deaths—which are seldom discussed when reporting the death toll of a war—can outnumber direct deaths by more than 15 to 1. In Gaza, such deaths are likely to keep increasing even if there is a ceasefire. Public health scholar Devi Sridhar recently estimated that, barring a dramatic shift which includes a resuscitation of the health system, half a million people—a quarter of Gaza’s population—could die from preventable health causes in the coming year.

(...)

The current health emergency in Gaza builds on the ruinous effects of years of Israeli restrictions on the Strip’s health system. As Asi told the Foundation for Middle East Peace on November 14th, “we’ve heard increasingly . . . that Gaza’s health system has collapsed. But in reality, Gaza’s health system has been on the verge of collapse essentially for 16 years.” Over that time, Israel has kept Gaza under a tightly controlled blockade, restricting access not only to medical equipment and medications, but also to food and water. Documents show that at one point, Israel even calculated the minimum caloric intake needed for survival; these restrictions have rendered 63% of Gaza’s population food insecure and left 30,000 children under the age of five severely malnourished. Similarly, 96% of Gaza’s water was already unsuitable for drinking before October 7th, causing a quarter of the enclave’s illnesses. As of 2018, waterborne illnesses were the leading cause of death for children in Gaza.

Israel’s newly intensified siege is exacerbating these vulnerabilities. In recent weeks, between 100 and 120 aid trucks have been entering Gaza each day, an 80% decrease from the pre-October 7th number. This chokehold on humanitarian supplies has led to calamitous shortages of basic necessities. For instance, according to the independent Famine Review Committee, 80% of the Palestinians in Gaza have reached the two most extreme levels of its food insecurity classification system—“emergency” and “catastrophe”—with half of the population at risk of starvation. Water shortages are also rampant in Gaza, and with the lack of fuel severely curtailing wastewater treatment and solid waste management, clean drinking water is impossible to find. As a result, people are drinking and cooking with unclean water, some digging wells to access water contaminated by sewage and solid waste build up, and others resorting to drinking seawater, where over 100,000 cubic meters of waste is discharged daily.

This growing sanitation crisis is compounded by constant Israeli bombardment, which has released toxic substances into the air and resulted in high numbers of unburied dead bodies in the streets and under rubble. Bombings and forced evacuations have also caused massive overcrowding. Since October 7th, Israel has displaced 90% of Gazans from their homes, pushing them into smaller and smaller areas and creating breeding grounds for disease.

(...)

Public health experts, including in Israel, say Gaza’s health disaster could also reverberate back in Israel. In 2018, Shira Efron, a co-author of a report on the enclave’s water and sewage crisis, warned that waterborne diseases will not “stay on the other side of the fence.” Israeli officials themselves have noted the danger of water pollution from Gaza; indeed, sewage from the Strip has already spread illness and polluted beaches in Israel, in addition to forcing the closure of a desalination plant in Ashkelon.

Such concerns have come to the fore again since the start of the recent war on Gaza. Already, Israeli soldiers are facing drug-resistant infections from bacteria in Gaza. An Israeli soldier recently died from a fungal infection, likely contracted due to sewage; the army also reported an outbreak of gastrointestinal illnesses, with some cases involving shigella—a bacteria that causes dysentery. Experts say soldiers are likely to bring such diseases into Israel in the coming weeks. As Nadav Davidovitch told Mako, “at the end of the day, we endanger ourselves when we don’t take into account the humanitarian side of civilians in Gaza.” Israeli public health experts have become particularly vocal in response to Eiland’s advocacy for the spread of disease, writing in a Haaretz op-ed that pandemics “do not know borders” and that diseases in Gaza will “spread without disruption and lead to sustained outbreaks among the civilian population” in Israel as well.

But not even the possibility of negative health consequences for Israelis has changed Israel’s instrumental approach to health in Gaza. Instead, the Israeli government has continued to treat disease merely as a tactical problem—one that needs to be managed to keep the war going. Indeed, on November 17th, an unnamed government source explained Israel’s decision to let limited amounts of fuel into Gaza as “minimal support for sewage, sanitation and water systems in order to prevent the outbreak of epidemics,” which could harm the war effort. Benny Gantz, a member of Israel’s current war cabinet, was likewise quick to note that letting in fuel “is not a question of changing strategy, but of providing a specific response that serves the continued fighting of the IDF.” Historically, disease has sometimes proven militarily decisive: Hitler’s army lost to British forces in North Africa in part because of sickness; smallpox led to the defeat of George Washington’s army in the Battle of Quebec; Napoleon’s army was defeated in Russia because of typhus. It is these military outcomes Israel seems most keen to prevent, with Netanyahu even explaining that preventing soldiers from getting sick was important because “any breakdown, from disease to water contamination, could halt the fighting.”

These statements, the Israeli human rights group B’Tselem noted, are “astounding in their honesty: The Prime Minister and the Defense Minister admit, in front of cameras, that Israel is deliberately manufacturing a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip. If Israel wills it, the crisis will be solved. If it does not, it will continue.”

(...)

Public health experts have noted that Israel’s decision to create unlivable conditions in Gaza falls under the definition of genocide, which includes not just direct military violence but also “deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction.”

Every public health expert with whom I spoke agreed that a ceasefire is the first step towards addressing the health crisis in Gaza, “so that the hospitals will go back to functioning, so that aid—food, water, sanitary items, medicine—can reach everyone,” as Aseel Aburass from Physicians for Human Rights-Israel told Jewish Currents. But, as Asi noted, a ceasefire would only address the most explicit forms of violence, and the indirect toll of the war is likely to keep growing even if the bombs stop falling. “We have now reached the point where a ceasefire in one minute would not end the suffering of many for weeks, if not months,” Asi said. Fighting infectious disease, public health experts agree, requires allowing in food, medicine, and vaccines; building houses to shelter Gaza’s nearly two million displaced people; and investing in infrastructure—water treatment, sewage systems, and power grids.

But all this requires the political will to save lives in Gaza—something Israel and its international allies sorely lack. “If the world is able to tolerate this amount of Palestinian death by direct bombardment, it will be much more able to tolerate future reports of how many Palestians died from diseases,” Omar told Jewish Currents. “If you can burn people with phosphorus bombs, then of course you can crowd them together and let diseases do the rest. Who will cry now? What is a red line?”

[skin-care-news]

Can Pools Damage Your Skin? Exploring the Effects of Pool Chlorine on Skin Health

Swimming is a popular recreational activity enjoyed by millions around the world. Pools provide a refreshing escape from the summer heat and an excellent way to stay active. However, amidst the enjoyment, it's essential to consider the potential impact on our skin health. One common concern is the use of chlorine in pool water and its effects on the skin.

Understanding Chlorine and Its Role in Pools

Chlorine is a chemical commonly used in swimming pools to disinfect the water and prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and algae. It is an effective sanitizer that helps maintain water quality and keeps swimmers safe from waterborne diseases. Chlorine works by releasing chlorine gas, hypochlorous acid, and hypochlorite ions when it reacts with water. These compounds are highly effective at killing bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms present in the pool.

The Impact of Chlorine on Skin

While chlorine is essential for maintaining water hygiene, its direct contact with our skin can have some side effects. The primary concern lies in the fact that chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent, which means it can potentially damage organic matter, including skin cells. The following are some common effects of chlorine on the skin:

Dryness and Irritation: Chlorine can strip the natural oils from the skin's surface, leading to dryness and irritation. This effect is more pronounced in people with sensitive or already dry skin.

Redness and Itching: Prolonged exposure to chlorinated water can cause redness and itching in some individuals. This is often referred to as "chlorine rash" or "swimmer's itch."

Eczema Aggravation: People with pre-existing skin conditions like eczema may experience a worsening of symptoms due to chlorine exposure. The skin can become more inflamed, itchy, and uncomfortable.

Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs): When chlorine reacts with organic matter, such as sweat, urine, and skin cells, it can form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Some of these DBPs, like chloramines, can cause eye and skin irritation.

Premature Aging: Chronic exposure to chlorine may contribute to skin aging, as the oxidative stress caused by chlorine can accelerate the breakdown of collagen and elastin, leading to wrinkles and sagging skin.

Protecting Your Skin in the Pool

While the potential effects of chlorine on the skin can be concerning, there are several measures you can take to protect your skin and minimize the impact:

Shower Before and After Swimming: Showering before entering the pool can help to wash away sweat, dirt, and other impurities, reducing the amount of organic matter that chlorine reacts with. Showering afterward can help remove chlorine from your skin.

Use a Barrier Cream: Applying a thin layer of a specially formulated barrier cream or serum before swimming can create a protective barrier on the skin, reducing chlorine contact.

Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water before and after swimming helps keep your skin hydrated, reducing the likelihood of dryness and irritation.

Limit Pool Time: Minimize the time spent in chlorinated water, especially if you notice skin irritation after swimming.

Rinse with Fresh Water: After swimming, rinse off with fresh water to remove chlorine from your skin as soon as possible.

Moisturize Regularly: Apply a good quality moisturizer after swimming to replenish lost moisture and soothe the skin.

Choose Pools with Proper Water Chemistry: Opt for swimming pools that maintain appropriate chlorine levels and regularly monitor water quality to minimize the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts.

While swimming in chlorinated pools can have some impact on the skin, it doesn't mean you need to avoid this enjoyable activity altogether. By taking simple precautions and adopting good skincare practices, you can minimize the potential adverse effects of chlorine. Regular moisturizing and staying hydrated are essential to maintaining healthy skin. Remember to choose well-maintained pools with proper water chemistry, and always shower before and after swimming to protect your skin from unnecessary exposure to chlorine. By doing so, you can enjoy the benefits of swimming while keeping your skin looking and feeling its best.

[pluspointcleaningservice]

Professional Water Tank Cleaning in Dubai – Keep Your Water Fresh and Hygienic

Clean water is a basic necessity for maintaining good health and overall well-being. In a fast-growing city like Dubai, where water is stored in tanks for domestic and commercial use, ensuring the cleanliness of these tanks is crucial. Over time, sediments, dirt, and harmful bacteria can accumulate in water tanks, posing serious health risks. This is where professional water tank cleaning services in Dubai come into play, offering a comprehensive solution to ensure your water remains fresh, clean, and safe.

Why Is Water Tank Cleaning Important?

Water tanks, whether for homes or businesses, are susceptible to the buildup of contaminants. Over time, rust, dust, debris, and even algae can form in the tanks, which may compromise the quality of the water. Regular tank cleaning is essential to:

Prevent Waterborne Diseases: Contaminated water can carry bacteria, viruses, and other harmful pathogens that lead to serious health issues such as gastrointestinal illnesses, skin infections, and more.

Improve Water Quality: Clean water tanks ensure the water remains clear, odorless, and free from impurities, making it safe for drinking, cooking, and bathing.

Prolong Tank Life: Regular cleaning helps remove sediments and prevent corrosion, which can extend the life of your water tank and reduce the need for costly repairs or replacements.

The Role of Professional Services

Hiring professional water tank cleaning services in Dubai ensures that the job is done thoroughly and efficiently. At PlusPoint Cleaning, we use advanced cleaning techniques and equipment to eliminate any buildup of contaminants, leaving your tank spotless. Our team of experts follows a strict process that includes:

Inspection and Assessment: We assess the condition of the tank to identify any potential problems like rust, cracks, or algae growth.

Draining and Cleaning: The tank is drained and cleaned using eco-friendly solutions that remove all dirt, sediments, and bacteria without causing harm to the environment.

Disinfection: We use safe disinfectants to ensure that any remaining bacteria or viruses are eliminated.

Final Inspection: After cleaning, we conduct a thorough inspection to ensure the tank is completely sanitized and ready for use.

Why Choose PlusPoint Cleaning?

At PlusPoint Cleaning, we are committed to delivering the highest quality water tank cleaning services in Dubai. Here's why our clients trust us:

Experienced Professionals: Our team is trained and certified, with extensive experience in handling all types of water tanks.

Advanced Techniques: We use state-of-the-art equipment and eco-friendly cleaning agents to ensure that your water tank is cleaned without any harm to your health or the environment.

Affordable Pricing: We offer competitive rates for our services, ensuring that everyone in Dubai can access clean, safe water without breaking the bank.

Customer Satisfaction: We pride ourselves on delivering excellent customer service and ensuring that every client is satisfied with the results.

Schedule Your Water Tank Cleaning Today

Don’t wait until dirty water affects your health. Contact PlusPoint Cleaning today for professional water tank cleaning services in Dubai. Let us help you maintain the cleanliness and hygiene of your water tanks, ensuring fresh and safe water for your home or business.

[pritiinternational1-blog]

Health Risks of Contaminated Water: How Manufacturers Prevent Them

Water is fundamental to life, but when contaminated, it can pose serious health risks. From gastrointestinal diseases to long-term chronic illnesses, polluted water can wreak havoc on our health. 

In this article, we’ll explore the dangers of contaminated water and how manufacturers work tirelessly to ensure the water we drink is clean and safe.

Health Risks of Contaminated Water

1. Gastrointestinal Diseases: Contaminated water often contains harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. These pathogens can lead to diseases like diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever. Symptoms include vomiting, dehydration, and abdominal cramps. Children and the elderly are especially vulnerable to these waterborne diseases.

2. Chemical Contaminants: Water can be tainted with chemicals like lead, arsenic, and pesticides. Long-term exposure to these toxins can result in cancer, liver and kidney damage, and reproductive issues. These pollutants often come from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, or old plumbing systems.

3. Heavy Metals: Heavy metals like lead and mercury are particularly dangerous, especially to children. Lead exposure can lead to developmental delays, while mercury affects the nervous system and cognitive function.

4. Emerging Contaminants: Recently, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine-disrupting compounds have been detected in water sources. These emerging contaminants can have unpredictable effects on human health and ecosystems, making water safety an ever-evolving challenge.

How Manufacturers Prevent Water Contamination

1. Source Protection: Water manufacturers protect the source of the water they use, often drawing it from deep wells or protected reservoirs. Regular assessments are conducted to ensure the source remains uncontaminated.

2. Advanced Filtration Technologies: Leading water manufacturers, like Priti International in Kolkata, use cutting-edge purification methods, including:

Reverse Osmosis (RO): This process filters out dissolved salts, bacteria, viruses, and other impurities.

Ultraviolet (UV) Treatment: UV light is used to disinfect water, killing harmful microorganisms.

Activated Carbon Filtration: This method helps remove organic contaminants, chlorine, and other chemicals.

3. Rigorous Testing and Quality Control: Manufacturers perform regular water tests to ensure it meets safety standards. These tests screen for microbial, chemical, and physical contaminants. Strict quality control measures ensure that the water remains safe throughout the production process.

4. Sanitation and Hygiene Practices: Proper sanitation practices are essential to prevent contamination during bottling. Equipment is regularly cleaned, and employees follow strict hygiene protocols to avoid introducing pollutants.

5. Food-Grade Materials: Bottled water containers are made from food-grade materials to prevent chemical leaching. This ensures that no harmful substances seep into the water, even during long storage periods.

6. Compliance with Regulations: Manufacturers must meet stringent local and international water quality standards set by agencies like the FDA and EPA. This ensures that the water produced is safe for public consumption.

7. Consumer Education: Manufacturers often engage in educating consumers about safe water handling and storage. This helps individuals recognize potential signs of contamination and take appropriate steps to ensure the water they consume remains clean.

Conclusion

Contaminated water poses significant health risks, but water manufacturers play a key role in safeguarding public health. By protecting water sources, employing advanced purification technologies, conducting rigorous testing, and complying with strict regulations, manufacturers like Priti International ensure the water we drink is safe.

As consumers, it’s important to understand these processes to make informed decisions about the water we consume. By doing so, we can reduce health risks and trust that manufacturers are doing their part to provide clean, safe drinking water.

If you’re looking for a reliable water treatment solution, connect with Priti International, the leading water treatment plant manufacturer in Kolkata.

[trendingreportz]

Flocculants Market - Forecast 2024-2030

Flocculants Market Overview:

Flocculants Market size is forecast to reach $1.4 Billion by 2030, after growing at a CAGR of 7.9% during 2024-2030. This growth is driven by the Flocculants Market witnessing a burgeoning trend driven by the growing demand for water treatment solutions. Escalating concerns over waterborne diseases and the imperative for freshwater conservation fuels this trend. Municipalities and industries alike are increasingly turning to flocculants and coagulants to purify water effectively. As populations expand and industrial activities intensify, the necessity for robust water treatment processes becomes paramount. Consequently, there's a notable upsurge in the adoption of these chemicals across water treatment facilities worldwide, ensuring the delivery of safe and clean water to communities and industries alike.

Additionally, the Flocculants Market experiences a significant trend with North America emerging as a dominant player, poised to capture around 28.5% market share by 2033. This growth trajectory is propelled by several factors, including stringent government regulations concerning public health and water management. Additionally, the region's pressing need for efficient water treatment solutions drives the heightened demand for flocculants and coagulants. As North America continues to prioritize environmental sustainability and water quality, the market for these chemicals is expected to witness sustained growth, solidifying the region's position as a key market leader in the global flocculants industry.

Flocculants Market - Report Coverage:

The “Flocculants Market Report - Forecast (2024-2030)” by IndustryARC, covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments in the Flocculants Market.

By Type: Natural (Chitosan, Cellulose, Gum and Mucilage and Starch Derivative), Synthetic (Polyacrylamide, Polyethylene Oxide and Polyethylene Amine) and Inorganic (Activated Silica, Metallic Hydroxide and Colloidal Clays).

By Application: Water Processing, Mineral Dressing, Fermentation and Others.

By End-User Industry: Oil & Gas Industry (On-shore and Off-shore), Food & Beverage (Dairy, Soft Drinks, Alcohol Drinks and Others), Wastewater Treatment (Industrial and Municipal), Mining Industry, Paper & Pulp, Power Generation (Hydro, Wind, Nuclear and Others) and Others.

By Geography: North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and RoW.

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COVID-19 / Ukraine Crisis - Impact Analysis:  

• The Covid-19 pandemic significantly impacted the flocculants market, presenting a mixed bag of challenges and opportunities. On one hand, the pandemic-induced economic slowdown temporarily slowed down industrial activities, leading to reduced demand for flocculants across various sectors such as mining, oil and gas, and water treatment. Supply chain disruptions and logistical challenges also hampered the market's growth during the initial phases of the pandemic. Conversely, the increased focus on hygiene and sanitation during the pandemic spurred demand for water treatment solutions, including flocculants, particularly in healthcare facilities and municipal water treatment plants. Moreover, the gradual recovery of industrial activities and the resumption of infrastructure projects post-lockdowns provided a stimulus to the market's rebound. Overall, while Covid-19 initially posed obstacles to the flocculants market, the renewed emphasis on water treatment and gradual economic recovery has fuelled its resurgence, indicating a resilient trajectory amidst challenging circumstances. 

• The Russia-Ukraine crisis exerts a notable impact on the flocculants market due to its implications for the global supply chain. Ukraine is a significant producer of raw materials used in flocculants manufacturing, including chemicals and minerals. The conflict disrupts supply chains, leading to potential shortages and price fluctuations in the market. Additionally, heightened geopolitical tensions can create uncertainties, prompting companies to reassess their sourcing strategies and seek alternative suppliers, which could further strain supply and affect pricing. Moreover, instability in the region may hamper logistics and transportation networks, impeding the timely delivery of flocculants to end-users. Overall, the Russia-Ukraine crisis underscores the interconnectedness of global markets and highlights the need for resilience and diversification strategies within the flocculants industry to mitigate risks associated with geopolitical conflicts.

Key Takeaways:

• Asia-Pacific dominates the Flocculants Market owing to the rapid development in the wastewater treatment sector which is significantly influencing the demand for Flocculating agents in the region for removing suspended solids.

• Growing production of crude oil resulting from high petroleum demand has accelerated the demand and usage of Flocculating agents for wastewater treatment in the oil & gas sector, which has positively impacted the Flocculants industry outlook.

• Rapid growth in mineral mining production due to the high demand for minerals in manufacturing products such as plastics, paints, and ceramics has accelerated the demand and usage of Flocculants in the mining industry for the removal of suspended solids during mineral extraction.

• The establishment of effective and eco-friendly alternative water treatment technologies would hamper the usage of chemicals in such applications. It would decrease the market growth of Flocculants, thereby negatively impacting the Flocculants Market size.

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Flocculants Market Segment Analysis – By Type

Natural type emerges as the leading contender in the flourishing flocculants market due to its eco-friendly nature and superior performance and it has a market share of 39.5% in 2023. Unlike conventional flocculants derived from synthetic chemicals, Natural types harness the power of natural polymers sourced from renewable resources such as plants or microorganisms. This sustainable approach not only mitigates environmental impact but also addresses consumer concerns regarding toxicity and biodegradability. Moreover, Natural flocculants exhibit remarkable efficacy in water treatment, industrial processes, and wastewater management, surpassing traditional alternatives in performance metrics like sedimentation efficiency and residue minimization. As industries increasingly prioritize sustainability and regulatory compliance, the demand for Natural flocculants continues to surge, marking a paradigm shift towards greener solutions in the global market landscape.

Flocculants Market Segment Analysis – By Application

Water processing has emerged as the fastest-growing application of flocculants in the market with a CAGR of 8.5% during the forecast period. With increasing industrialization and urbanization, the demand for clean water has escalated, necessitating advanced treatment methods. Flocculants play a pivotal role in water processing by effectively removing suspended particles and contaminants, thus improving water quality. The adoption of flocculants is particularly significant in industries such as mining, oil and gas, and municipal water treatment plants. Moreover, stringent regulations regarding wastewater discharge further drive the demand for efficient flocculation processes. Additionally, advancements in flocculant formulations, such as eco-friendly and biodegradable options, cater to the growing environmental concerns. As water scarcity becomes a pressing global issue, the water processing segment is poised for sustained growth, underscoring the indispensable role of flocculants in ensuring clean water supply.

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Flocculants Market Segment Analysis – By End-User Industry

The pulp and paper industry stands out as the fastest-growing end-use sector within the flocculants market with a CAGR of 8.3% during the forecast period. Flocculants play a pivotal role in this industry by aiding in water purification and recovery processes during paper production. As environmental regulations tighten, the demand for efficient water treatment solutions escalates, propelling the adoption of flocculants. Additionally, the burgeoning demand for paper products globally fuels the expansion of pulp and paper production facilities, further boosting the requirement for effective flocculants. Moreover, advancements in flocculant technologies tailored to address the unique challenges of the pulp and paper sector contribute to its rapid growth. With sustainability concerns driving industry practices, the use of flocculants becomes indispensable, positioning the pulp and paper industry as a key driver in the flourishing flocculants market.

Flocculants Market Segment Analysis – By Geography

The Asia Pacific region stands out as the dominant market for flocculants within the global market landscape and it has a market share of 43% in 2023. Several factors contribute to this burgeoning growth trajectory. Firstly, rapid industrialization across countries such as China, India, and Southeast Asian nations fuels increased demand for water treatment solutions, where flocculants play a vital role in purifying water for various industrial processes and municipal use. Moreover, stringent environmental regulations drive industries to adopt advanced water treatment technologies, further propelling the demand for flocculants. Additionally, the expanding population in the region amplifies the need for clean water, stimulating investments in water infrastructure and treatment facilities. Furthermore, the flourishing mining sector in countries like Australia and Indonesia necessitates effective water management practices, boosting the uptake of flocculants in mineral processing operations. The Asia Pacific's dynamic economic landscape, coupled with rising environmental concerns and infrastructure developments, positions it as the leading growth hub for flocculants in the global market, offering lucrative opportunities for market players to capitalize on.     

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Flocculants Market Drivers 

Increase in Mineral Mining Output 

The increase in mineral mining output serves as a significant driver in the flocculants market due to its direct correlation with the demand for water treatment solutions. As mining activities escalate worldwide to meet the growing demand for essential minerals such as gold, silver, copper, iron ore, and rare earth elements, the need for effective water management practices becomes imperative. Flocculants play a crucial role in the mineral processing industry by facilitating the separation of solid particles from water during the extraction and refining processes. The rising mining output leads to higher volumes of wastewater containing suspended solids, metals, and other contaminants, necessitating efficient treatment methods to meet environmental regulations and ensure water reuse or safe discharge. Consequently, the demand for flocculants surges as mining companies seek cost-effective and sustainable solutions to optimize their water treatment operations. This trend presents a lucrative opportunity for flocculant manufacturers to cater to the evolving needs of the mineral mining sector and capitalize on its growth trajectory.

Bolstering Growth in Oil Production 

Bolstering growth in oil production serves as a significant driver in the flocculants market, amplifying demand for these chemicals due to their crucial role in the oil and gas industry's water management processes. With the global energy demand persistently rising, oil exploration and production activities are expanding, particularly in regions such as North America, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. As oil extraction involves the use of large volumes of water for processes such as drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and enhanced oil recovery, there's a growing need for efficient water treatment solutions, including flocculants, to manage wastewater and ensure compliance with environmental regulations. Moreover, as oil reserves become more challenging to extract, unconventional extraction methods like shale oil and deep-sea drilling become more prevalent, further driving the demand for flocculants to treat the associated wastewater. This trend positions the flocculants market for sustained growth, with oil production serving as a key catalyst.

Flocculants Market Challenges

Introduction of Alternative Technologies 

The introduction of alternative technologies poses a significant market challenge for the flocculants industry. As sustainability and environmental concerns escalate, industries are increasingly exploring and adopting alternative water treatment solutions that may compete with traditional flocculants. Advanced technologies such as membrane filtration, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, and electrocoagulation offer more efficient and eco-friendly alternatives to flocculation processes. Furthermore, the emergence of nanotechnology and bio-based polymers presents innovative solutions that can potentially replace conventional flocculants. These alternatives often boast lower environmental footprints, reduced chemical usage, and enhanced treatment efficiencies, making them attractive options for various applications. However, while these alternative technologies offer promising benefits, their widespread adoption may challenge the market dominance of traditional flocculants. Market players in the flocculants industry must adapt by investing in research and development to innovate and improve their products, ensuring competitiveness in the face of evolving market dynamics and shifting consumer preferences toward more sustainable solutions.

Market Landscape

Product/Service launches, approvals, patents and events, acquisitions, partnerships and collaborations are key strategies adopted by players in the Flocculants Market. The top 10 companies in this industry are: BASF SE, SNF Floerger, Ecolab Inc., Kemira, Solenis LLC, Buckman Laboratories, Feralco AB, Suez S.A., Ixom Operations Pty Ltd., Kurita Water Industries

Developments:

Kemira focused on sustainability in the flocculants market. In May 2022, they launched "Superfloc® BioMB," the world's first biomass-balanced flocculant. This eco-friendly option offers similar performance to traditional solutions but with a lower environmental impact.

Solenis bolstered its global presence in the flocculants market through their acquisition of Diversey Holdings in July 2023. This deal, valued at $4.6 billion, expands Solenis' reach to 130 countries and strengthens their position as a key player. While not directly focused on flocculants, it suggests continued growth ambitions.

[beauila-blog]

Cholera Deaths Surge Globally Despite Being Preventable

Cholera, a disease long known to be easily preventable, has seen a dramatic increase in fatalities worldwide, with deaths rising by 71% in 2023, according to a World Health Organization (W.H.O.) analysis. The number of reported cholera cases only increased by 13%, signaling that outbreaks are becoming deadlier, largely due to overwhelmed health systems, conflict, and climate change.

Though cholera can be treated with basic and inexpensive interventions like oral rehydration salts, huge outbreaks in countries unaccustomed to handling the disease have stretched health infrastructure to the brink. Philippe Barboza, head of the W.H.O.’s cholera emergency response, called the sharp rise in deaths “totally unacceptable.”

“It reflects the world’s lack of interest in a disease that has plagued humans for thousands of years, afflicting the poorest people who cannot find clean water to drink,” he said.

In 2023, more than 4,000 cholera deaths were officially reported, but the actual toll could be as high as 100,000, according to the W.H.O.'s estimates based on testing data.

A Disease That Should Be Easy to Stop

Cholera causes severe dehydration as the body attempts to expel the bacteria through vomiting and diarrhea, and without timely treatment, it can be fatal within 24 hours. The solution? Basic treatments, like a simple bag of oral rehydration salts, which cost as little as 50 cents, along with IV fluids and antibiotics. Yet many people die without access to such care.

In 2023, cholera outbreaks were reported in 45 countries, up from 35 in 2021. Much of the burden has shifted to Africa, where cases surged by 125% last year, driven by catastrophic weather events such as floods and droughts, which exacerbate the spread of waterborne diseases.

Countries like Zambia and Malawi, though proactive in their responses, saw their health systems pushed to the limits. Lusaka, Zambia's capital, had to repurpose a stadium into a cholera treatment center. Meanwhile, in Sudan, ongoing civil conflict has displaced over nine million people, creating cramped living conditions in camps with poor sanitation. Despite efforts to control a cholera outbreak in Sudan last year, the disease has returned, with over 5,600 new cases reported since mid-August.

Deadly Community Spread and Overburdened Health Systems

One of the key reasons for rising fatalities is the increase in "community deaths," where people succumb to cholera without ever reaching a health facility. This has been a particular problem in large countries with weak cholera surveillance, like India, which reports very few cases relative to its population. Bangladesh, in contrast, has made significant strides in tracking and reporting cholera cases, accounting for over 23,000 cases in 2023, though much of this reflects improved detection rather than worsening outbreaks.

The W.H.O. recorded over 535,000 cholera cases worldwide in 2023, a rise from 472,000 in 2022. Countries like Afghanistan, Haiti, and Mozambique have also reported very large outbreaks, each with more than 10,000 confirmed or suspected cases, more than doubling the number of such massive outbreaks from previous years.

Vaccine Shortages Worsen the Crisis

The cholera crisis has been aggravated by a global shortage of vaccines, with demand outpacing supply for years. Vaccines are primarily targeted at low- and middle-income countries, where they sell for as little as $1.50 per dose. The International Coordinating Group, which manages the global emergency cholera vaccine stockpile, recommended a shift to a single-dose strategy to stretch supplies. However, even this measure has proven insufficient, with countries requesting 74 million doses in 2023, while fewer than half of those requests were fulfilled.

Rachel Park, international business director for EuBiologics, the sole global supplier of cholera vaccines, said the company is switching to a simplified vaccine formula that will boost production by 40% by the end of the year. Despite this, total supply will still fall short, with only 50 million doses expected to be available next year.

Bharat Biotech, an Indian pharmaceutical company, has developed a new cholera vaccine called HillChol, recently approved for domestic use. The company plans to apply for W.H.O. authorization to contribute to the global stockpile by 2026, with an initial annual production target of 40 million doses.

A Continuing Global Health Threat

As cholera cases continue to climb and vaccine shortages persist, many countries remain at high risk of outbreaks. With weather patterns exacerbating the spread of the disease, particularly in areas lacking adequate sanitation and access to clean water, cholera will continue to pose a significant threat to vulnerable populations worldwide.

Dr. Barboza warned that until global efforts are ramped up to meet the growing demand for vaccines and basic treatments, cholera will continue to claim lives unnecessarily. "How can we accept that people are dying in 2024 because they don’t have access to a simple bag of oral rehydration salts?" he said.