#types of water purification methods

[ionexchangeglobal]

Top Methods of Purification of Water Explained

Water is one of the most essential resources for life, yet access to clean and safe drinking water remains a global challenge. Whether it’s for household use, industrial processes, or agricultural purposes, ensuring water is free from contaminants is crucial. That’s where methods of purification of water purification come into play. These techniques help eliminate impurities, making water suitable for consumption and other uses read more here…

[thecupidwitch]

Moon Magick

What Is A Moon Magick?

In many cultures around the world, practitioners have used the position of the moon, as well as the phases of the moon in their practice. Each phase of the moon is perfect for certain types of magickal workings. Not all witches depend on the particular moon phase. Many develop their own methods and techniques through trial and error to find out what works best. Those that do use the timing of the moon do so by choosing the moon phase most conducive to their magickal workings. This gives their magickal workings some extra lunar energy boost.

Correspondences:

Associated deities: Isis, Diana, Artemis, Morrigan, Holda, Nyx, Nephtys, Sedna, Lilith, baba, Yaga, Kali, Aphrodite, Freya, Ishtr, Hathor, Selena, Oshun, Perspephone, Flora, Cerridwen, Gaia, Epona, Yemanja, Rhiannon, Khonsu, Inanna, Hecate, ...ect

Animals: owls, rabbits, wolves, deer, cats, moths, bats, spiders, raccoons, opossum, cows, frogs, dogs, crabs, whippoorwill, panther

Crystals/Stones: moonstone, selenite, obsidian, silver, mother-of-pearl, aquamarine, gold beryl, topaz, emerald, clear quartz, coral, pearls

Moon Associations: Shadow work, Protection, Meditation, Journaling, Introspection, Strength , Love, Beauty, Manifesting, To attract new things, Purification, Letting go, celebrate your accomplishments, letting go, goal setting, banishing

Plants and Herbs: vervain, moonflower, jasmine, lemon balm, cabbage, camellia, camphor, chickweed, moonwort, gardenia, grape, lemon, passion flower, turnip, potato, pea, cucumber, pear, peach, willow, poppy, mountain ash, mango, wallflower, rowan, cactus

Moon Phases

New Moon

This is the crescent Moon when see the first peak of light, this is a time of newness, the beginning of relationships, the beginning of a new venture, the energy of this phase promotes new beginnings on any level. This is the time for change and for being open to, and looking for new opportunities, tilling the soil and planting seeds actually, and the seeds of ideas.

Waxing Moon

The Moon is beginning to gain strength as it grows in size, and goes from a new to a full Moon, this is a perfect time for growth and increasing things, growth within a relationship, financial growth, a time for learning and gaining knowledge.

If someone is thinking about pregnancy, this is a time of fertility, and it is an exceptional time for communication, in a business matter, or within a relationship. This is also an auspicious time for any legal matters, especially those where finances are concerned, if a healing spell, or healing of any type is needed, this is the time.

Waxing Gibbous

During the phase of the Gibbous Waxing Moon anything to do with increase is compatible; this is a good time for minor magic as the lunar energy is waning.

Full Moon

The full Moon is the most powerful phase, this is when the Moon is seen in its glorious fullness, this is a time of enlightenment and heightened psychic awareness. It is a time when everything comes together, it is a time of ideas, also a time of commitment, to a person, idea or project. It is also a time of family, and or friends coming together, any spell is well aspected during this phase of the Moon.

Waning Gibbous

The Waning Gibbous Moon  is suitable for rituals associated with letting go, and banishing,  if it is time to clear out the old and prepare for the new, this is the Moon phase to spell craft with.

Waning Moon

As the Moon decreases in size, it goes from full to dark, and this is a time of letting go, it is also a time of completion. If you have been wanting to change something in your life, this is the perfect time.

It is also a time of ending anything that doesn’t work in your life, this may be a habit, a relationship, or paying attention to issues  associated with legal matters, this is a time to pay attention to anything that you have been procrastinating about

Moon Water

Moon water is very similar to Sun water. But rather than being charged by the sun, it’s charged by the moon. Moon water can be useful for helping boost the energy of a spell, to help an intention grow, protect and to cleanse a space.

Instructions:

Get a glass bottle

Fill it with any type of water.

Leave the bottle with water out in the moonlight for a whole night.

[the-witchy-housewife]

｡+*✧ The Basics of Spiritual Safety & Wellbeing✧*+｡

This is an article from my website, The Witchy Housewife. You can read it at the source here or look under the cut to read it here on Tumblr. If you enjoy my work, please consider subscribing (at the bottom of this page) to receive articles as they're posted via e-mail, exploring the shop, leaving a tip, or reblogging this post. I run this all myself, so all support is greatly appreciated. 💜🔮✨

When asked the most important place to begin as a newcomer to the craft, to energy work, or even to simply walking a more spiritual path, more experienced practitioners will often share the basics of their magickal tool cabinet, suggest a bouquet of book titles and YouTube channels, or state plainly that the only correct answer is to let your heart and soul guide you. Only occasionally do I see or hear these types of questions answered with the recommendation to familiarize oneself with spiritual safety and wellbeing prior to diving head-first. But matters of protection, I feel, are one of the most important things to study up on when starting out, and today, I’d like to share my own thoughts and advice on the topic.

Cleansing, Purification, & Banishing

As I define them in my practice: To cleanse is to rid a person, place, or thing of stagnant, unwanted, draining, counterproductive, or otherwise negative energies or entities (though positive energies will often accompany them), to purify is to return a person, place, or thing to its original energetic state, and to banish is to cleanse by authoritative expulsion or removal using an outward-pushing energy. You may find others who define these terms differently or use these words interchangeably, but this is how I have come to define them, each offering their own unique function in my workings. If you are looking at correspondences in my digital grimoire, these energetic properties can be found in items marked as cleansing, restoration, and banishment respectively.

A cleansing may be performed when you find that energies are stagnant, stuffy, or negative. Unpleasant energies like these can be responsible for inviting in equally unpleasant entities, hindering the results of energetic workings, creating a state of mental or emotional discomfort, brewing a heavy tension in the air, or even causing feelings of sickness in those who are particularly sensitive. As such, it is usually recommended that cleansings be performed on a regular basis – especially if you live in a space that is regularly exposed to more negative energies. Some common methods of cleansing utilize the smoke of cleansing herbs (alternatively, a spray), water infused with cleansing herbs, or simply a visualization of brilliant white light – and this is just barely scratching the surface. As with many rituals, there are hundreds of methods of cleansing out there for you to explore, and it is paramount to choose one – or even create one – that works for you. Let your intention – your goal – be your guiding force. As a general rule, if you are putting your intention into it and you are going about it in a way that feels intuitively compatible, you will more than likely see the results you are looking for.

Often, cleansing – similarly to banishing – will result in a feeling of emptiness. You are essentially scrubbing the present energies “clean”, including energies that may be more positive. On the other hand, you may wish to perform a purification, or restoration, of a person, place, or thing if the goal is to reverse any energetic damage that may have been done while still retaining those unique individual energies. For this, you would utilize restorative herbs instead of cleansing ones and focus your intention accordingly. It seems it is common for practitioners to opt for cleansing over purification – and even more common for the terms to be defined as one and the same – but I enjoy having this as a separate option when it is needed. In my practice, this process typically comes into play when I want to remove any absorbed energies from a crystal, charm, or tool but would like to preserve its core energies as much as possible.

Finally, banishment is used when you want to push an energy or entity out of a particular space, and in this case, the original energies seem to remain wholly unchanged. For this reason, some practitioners choose to also perform a cleansing beforehand. Like cleansing, there are many methods of banishment out there that you can give a try, though the most commonly passed-around is the Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram (or LBRP) of ceremonial magick, sometimes given different flavors for different systems.

Enchanting & Blessing

The emptiness of a cleansing or banishing can feel pleasant enough, but I find that this sometimes allows unwanted energies to creep back in more easily. A blank slate becomes anyone’s game, so to speak. To mitigate this, you may choose to preemptively imbue the space with more intentionally – and typically positive – energies. For this, we use enchantment or blessings. To enchant is to fill a person, place, or thing with intentional (but not necessarily positive) energies, and to bless is to enchant with fresh, positive, and often divine energies.

Enchantment is one of those foundational things that is pretty crucial to get the hang of when first starting out in a magickal practice, and all it entails is focusing on an intention and willing the energy of that intention to fill the person, place, or thing being enchanted. To a beginner, this can be more difficult, which is why it is also important to learn what these subtle energies can feel like to you. Skipping this step can sometimes deter people away from magick altogether. Lady Gravedancer, one of my favorite witches on YouTube, has an excellent video on learning to work with and sense these subtle energies. If this is all new to you, I highly recommend it.

Typically, though, a blessing is more what we’re looking for post-cleansing – positive, even divine, energies that inspire a sense of wellbeing. If you work with deities, you may also like to ask them to bestow their own blessings in your stead or beside you. Otherwise, it’s just enchantment with a wholly positive intention, but if the idea of a blessing feels too religious for your comfort, stick with “enchantment” and don’t let semantics bog you down.

Warding, Shielding, & Cloaking

In all cases, I tend to feel that the energies we’re working through are not being totally destroyed, but are rather either transmuted, deterred, or even just fragmented. In my opinion, it is usually a good idea to follow up your cleansings or banishments with the re-energizing of your wards. To ward is to create an energetic protective barrier around a person, place, or thing as a semi-passive and long-term protective measure, to shield is to create a more short-term ward that surrounds a personal, place, or thing entirely and is envisioned as a bubble, and to cloak is to make a person, place, or thing energetically “invisible” or “irrelevant” to wandering energies or entities so that interests are directed elsewhere. You can find relevant correspondences in my digital grimoire marked as protection, security, and invisibility.

Warding can be thought of as the closing and locking of your spiritual entryway, though it is often done with the intention to protect from more than just matters of the spiritual. I’ve known people to create physical barriers around properties using salt and/or eggshells with protective herbs as a base and visualizing their wards rising from that barrier. You might also like to bury protective crystals at the four corners of the property for that additional kick. But once again, there are so many methods out there that it really comes down to personal preference.

I tend to think of shielding – or bubbling, as some call it – as a more short-term and active form of warding. Shielding is especially useful as an emergency layer of protection when out and about or as an additional layer over your personal wards in outings that you suspect will be energetically taxing. Where wards are thought of as great and powerful walls, shields are typically thought of as entire bubbles surrounding a person, place, or thing on all sides. If you’re an empath like me – which is a sometimes-misrepresented term I’ll get into in a future article – shielding is a good practice to have in your pocket for going out into crowded environments, whether that crowd is physical, as in a theme park, or spiritual, as in a hospital. Whatever visualization you choose to use for warding, your shielding process can tend to be similar, and much of it, again, comes down to the intention. It is often the case, though, that this process takes more energy to conduct, and thus, if you choose to keep up a more permanent shield, it may require more care and more frequent energetic charging than your wards do.

Cloaking is something I don’t see discussed very often, but it can be very useful to consider when you are trying to be energetically off the radar. And obviously, I am not suggesting you go about doing sneaky, unsavory things. Instead, cloaking may be more beneficial for avoiding unnecessary conflict with nosy neighbors, finding peace to work in a coffee shop, or subduing the attention that can come from large-scale energetic workings. And as always, you may choose to hand-pick some herbs, crystals, or other mystical tools for this purpose, but the recommended visualization varies a bit from that typical bright light you may be used to working with. In the case of invisibility, you may choose to envision the person, place, or thing fading out of view or to mentally play the situation at hand out exactly as you wish it to transpire.

Safety Tips for Spirit Work

Certainly, if you plan to do spirit work – a line of spiritual work in which will regularly involve energies and entities completely independent of you – these concepts may be more important to familiarize yourself with than with someone whose only spiritual endeavor is manifesting a little extra spending money every once in a while. Aspiring spirit worker, the following tips are for you:

• As per the point of this article, it’s a good idea to have your preferred protective methods at the ready prior to actively working with spirits. This, of course, does not mean that your methods cannot change over time – but when starting out, you should find a method that is compatible with you and gets you the results you need. Once chosen, try to become familiar enough with it that you can cast it off-book in the event of some sort of spiritual emergency.

• As a spirit worker, you’ll want to cleanse your tools, your space, and yourself very regularly. My preference in my practice is at least once a month and more frequently if I feel it is necessary. Even if you aren’t involved with spirit work, regular cleansings are a good habit to get into, but it is especially important for those inviting a large number of outside influences into their home.

• Get to know your spirit guide(s), and keep them close during any sort of spirit work. I’ve heard from many people who feel that the connection you have with your guide(s) has a sort of solidity to it that can override other communications the moment you ask for it, and I myself have not yet seen evidence to the contrary. If you ever feel uneasy about a communication and are in need of a second opinion on who or what you may be speaking to, ask your guide(s) to come through and communicate with you. Still, as we communicate between realms, discernment is a necessary skill to develop, and having protections in place is always a good idea, regardless of whether you choose to involve your guide(s) or work on your own. If you are completely new to the idea of spirit guides, I do plan to write an article on the topic in the future – but in the meantime, if you’re interested in meeting yours, Lady Gravedancer also has a wonderful video featuring a ritual for communicating with your guides for the first time.

• You may also want to look into the idea of casting a circle (another topic I’ll likely be discussing here in the future). While an entire ritual may not be in the cards for your practice, it may help you to develop some alternative ideas for shielding the space around you during active spirit work. In doing so, you maintain greater control over what is permitted to enter. Afterwards, be sure to say your goodbyes and to close up your circle and any portals you may have opened to avoid uninvited visitors outside of working hours. If you are someone who chooses to always leave your space open to visitation – and some people do – be aware that anything can enter and be prepared for the circumstances that could stem from this.

• If you are someone who allows certain spirits to reside in your home – what I refer to as my “spirit family” – I think it is a hospitable gesture to let those spirits know when you are going to be performing a cleansing or banishing. I can’t imagine that having your energy forcefully transmuted or shoved out the door would be a terribly comfortable thing to experience, so I think of it as a sort of courtesy that exhibits the respect I have for them. This will give them a chance to temporarily leave the space of their own volition while you go through your routine. Alternatively, if you have a special space set up for your spirit family like I do, you may choose to shield that space with the intention for their energies to remain unaffected by the cleansing. I’m not sure that it’s the most perfect method, but it’s one that I’ve found to work well for my spirit family thus far. In both cases, there are those who would argue that this gives unwanted entities a chance to temporarily leave or take shelter within the shield, as well, but I tend to feel that my spirit family would act accordingly to keep our home safe. It is their home, too, after all.

Despite popular Hollywood tropes, working with spirits doesn’t necessarily equate to “terrifying and dangerous” – but this does not mean it is without its risks. And just as you wouldn’t find your way into a dark alley in the middle of the night without some pepper spray, it’s likely not a good idea to invite spirits into your home without compatible defense measures in place.

Safety Tips for Energy Work

Energy work, in general, tends to have the odd side effect of making you a sort of beacon in the realm of the spiritual – and the more you do, the more your energy builds, the more your awareness expands, and the brighter your whole being shines. No matter the level you find yourself at spiritually, the following tips are for you (though feel absolutely free to read through the previous section, as well; the additional knowledge can only benefit you):

• Whether it be through tarot, runes, pendulums, spirit boards, prayer, or some other form of divination you find useful, it is wonderfully wise to seek guidance regarding any workings you do. This practice can help you to avoid unwanted outcomes, to avoid manifesting something you may not truly want, and to uncover exactly what it is you need to add or take away from your workings to bring you the results that you are looking for.

• Keep a journal of what works and what doesn’t in your practice and of any intuitive insights you receive that you feel may be important. Your spiritual path is a deeply personal one, and one person’s experience will likely never be perfectly identical to another’s. There is an abundance of wonderful advice out there. There are many methods out there that work very well for many as-is. But at the end of the day, you must discover what works best for you, even if that is different from the teachings of the majority. Be sure to keep track of it.

• Be mindful of loopholes, especially in manifestation workings. Being too specific can sometimes be ineffective, but not being specific enough has the potential to cause even bigger issues. Manifestation, I find, tends to take the path of least resistance, so when putting your energies out there, you want to be sure your intentions don’t put anyone in harm’s way. Again, divination can be a wonderful source of guidance prior to your workings.

• If you are going to be working with negative intentions of any kind – which is something I don’t advise for a number of reasons, and especially not for beginners – be sure to deep-cleanse yourself and the space the spell or ritual took place in. In addition, it’s generally a good idea to not keep any items used in the working on or near your property. Also know that there are other options, like justice workings, that can be done in place of this. Sometimes when we feel very upset or very angry, we speak or act irrationally and come to regret it later. This can also be true for spellwork, but the results can sometimes be a lot more devastating. Ultimately, I cannot stop you from doing what you feel you must, but at the very least, I hope you’ll think things through.

• Finally, this may seem like common-sense, but don’t let your spiritual practice throw off balance in your life. The realm of the physical has its own value and importance, and that certainly includes your health and wellbeing. If you find yourself neglecting your health, your hygiene, your friends and family, your responsibilities, or your other hobbies, it may be necessary to take a break or dial it back until you’re able to find a good balance.

A Regular Cleansing Practice

You may have already seen this in my article on making the home more magickal, but I thought it would be good to include, here as well. The following are my two most often-used cleansing rituals – one which I perform monthly, and the other as-needed:

My Monthly Cleansing Ritual: I perform this ritual on the first of each month. Any cleansing tools to be charged on the altar should be set at least a day before performing the cleansing. The morning of, weather permitting, open windows and play uplifting music or cleansing affirmations, frequencies, or subliminals of choice. Take a cleansing shower. Clean the home as you normally would. When physical cleaning is complete, use a smoke or spray cleansing blend of choice, walking with intention from room-to-room. Pay special mind to corners and doorways. I like to use sound cleansing – bells, drums, or even snapping your fingers will do – in these spaces to really ensure the breaking up of any “stuck” energies. If you are someone who performs banishing rituals, you may choose to do so now. At this point, I also take a moment to cleanse myself, particularly as an empath. I then tend to my wards by first taking a blessed salt blend around the perimeter of the property, followed by sitting at the center of the property and funneling my own energy into the ward. If you would prefer to instead bless first and ward after, feel free to do so. It is your ritual, after all. Regardless of which order you perform the ritual in, the blessing process may be a deeply personal one, so this is a step I suggest thinking on a bit rather than following to the letter. In my ritual, I use a spray with positive energy-promoting herbs (as well as herbs that may promote the intention I wish to set for the month) and follow up with prayer to my deities. If you’re interested in a more in-depth look at my Monthly Cleansing Ritual, I do have detailed instructions available on my Monthly Blessings Patreon.

My As-Needed Cleansing Ritual: This is essentially a truncated version of my monthly ritual. If the energies are something I’ve tracked in or absorbed too much of, I will take a cleansing shower first. Following this, perform your usual smoke or spray cleansing, focusing especially on any room(s) that may be the most abundant in the energy that brought about this need for an emergency cleanse. You may also like to perform a shorter version of your regular blessing ritual. Unless the situation is really dire, I will generally stick to my spray in this case.

Just to reiterate, all of the information, including these rituals, are from my own practice and my own experience. You must do what works for you if you want to get the absolute best results and the most fulfilling experience. Take what serves you, and leave the rest. Much love and many blessings to you on your journey. Take care of yourself.

[dionysianfreak]

heyyy, I would like to know other ways to purify myself before worshiping the gods other than khernips. I don't feel that khernips is for me for a number of reasons, so it would help me to know other forms of cleansing

hello lovely. there's a multitude of ways you can purify yourself, both in a Hellenic sense and outside the traditional sphere. since helpol is a revived religion, you're not required to stick with historical methods of purification. of course, it's perfectly okay to prefer them anyways :)

khernips roughly means "lustral water", so it's simply a type of water meant for purification. I'm unsure of your predisposed methods of performing khernips, but it can be as simple as washing your hands. I've seen some of my mutuals talk about simply touching water when nothing else is available. i encourage you to push outside of the box on traditional rituals to accommodate for a modern lifestyle. in my day-to-day I will wash my hands and splash the clean water onto my face in order to cleanse myself. easy, simple, and very accessible to the modern person.

smoke cleansing is quite popular, both historically and now. incense, especially frankincense, is quite sacred. some in antiquity viewed this as the prayers and offerings of the worshipper being lifted up to the Theoi, which is why burning offerings was so commonplace. fumigations of various kinds were used as offerings and ritual cleansing for temples, objects, and people.

my personal favorite way to purify is to simply clean. I'll wash my hands, take a shower, sweep my house, brush my hair, or anything of the sort. purification in antiquity was about being as physically clean as you are spiritually. taking care of your body and cleaning yourself of mundane grime is the best form of self-purification in my opinion.

anyone else who has historically-attested methods of purification to add is encouraged to do so !

[mydearestbeloved]

Hi excuse my poor reading comprehension but I think you mentioned somewhere about the plants that Mc generates in the dungeon purifies mana like they do carbon dioxide right. Do you think if like you follow that line of thinking could the mc’s power basically induces plants to over purify mana and potentially cause like maybe mana suffocation or poisoning to any enemies with the field? I’m sorry if this doesn’t make sense my brain just went plants—> oxygen—> kill? —> oxygen suffocation —> mana?—>??? (I mean plants can’t technically kill you this way but this is fantasy-ish)

Also don’t forget to take breaks and drink water so you don’t burn out

?System¿:

[Ask submitted.

Thank you for sending your ask, Reader!

System will now connect you to 《Author》]

.

.

.

Thank you for sharing your thoughts! 💞

It's okay, I admit it's a lot to comprehend when we are playing with a mixed concept of science and magic. Your idea about mana suffocation and the broader implications of plant abilities in this fantasy setting is definitely worth exploring further. I’ll keep it in mind as I continue refining the world mechanics. So, let me explain a bit more on Trial Player!Reader's powers as of (27/11/24):

General Enchanted Flower Field

You’re absolutely on to something interesting with the idea of mana purification and its potential effects! I’ll admit I’m not 100% sure I grasp your full idea yet, but here’s what I can explain about how the Enchanted Flower Field works so far:

In Chapter 10, we first see the Enchanted Flower Field in action. Its mechanics are fairly straightforward:

Mana Contamination and Absorption:

Demons and undead release contaminated mana into the air naturally.

Butterflies feed on this contaminated mana but can’t directly use it.

2. Flowers as Purifiers:

The flowers absorb contaminated mana in the air and use the impurities as sustenance.

In turn, the flowers release purified mana through their blooms.

3. Energy Transfer to Butterflies:

Butterflies feed on the clean mana, using it as a substitute energy source (though not as effective as lifeforce) to keep working.

The butterflies also expel contaminated mana from their bodies near the flowers, enabling more purification.

The circumstances in the Demon Castle maximazed this method, because the inhabitants there are near endless and oozing contaminated mana, making a perfect cycle.

Mana Suffocation

Technically, the butterflies already weakens enemies by draining lifeforce. This could be considered a form of “suffocation,” as lifeforce is essential to the enemies’ survival.

However, since mana is a secondary source of energy for the butterflies (and less potent than lifeforce), they cannot drain mana from enemies’ bodies as effectively as lifeforce. This means that the suffocation effect is less pronounced.

Hallucination and Poison

Butterflies

The butterflies <Conversion> skill allows the butterflies to transform excess energy gained from feeding (via <Devour>) into various forms, such as boosts, healing, transferable mana, or other effects, via magic.

Hallucinogen is one such product of that converted energy. Hallucinogenic butterflies can cast <Illusory>, where they release the hallucinogen from their body onto the enemies. The hallucination the enemies experience while cloaked in the butterflies' specially-modified hallucinogen can be tailored to different types (auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, presence, proprioceptive, somatic, command, you named it) via magic by TP!Reader and the butterflies, since they are sentient enough.

While not inherently harmful (for example, when Red use <Auditory Illusory> to speak with Jinwoo), these hallucinations can become lethal depending on their application. For example, enemies trapped in hallucinations might harm themselves or become incapacitated, which could be considered a form of “poisoning", no?

Flowers in the Enchanted Field

In Chapter 19, we see that the flowers in the field can have specialized effects depending on their type. For example, Heather White (symbolizing luck and protection) was used to create a safe transport mechanism for victims of the Japanese island massacre. Luck played a part here too. Because of the situation, victims who managed to escape didn't fully realize that they became survivors because they were close to a patch of Heather White the moment they were attacked by the mutated ant.

This suggests that the field’s effects can be customized. If TP!Reader were to use a flower associated with toxicity (e.g., nightshade or foxglove), the Enchanted Flower Field could potentially release poisonous substances to harm enemies in its range.

Butterflies vs. Enchanted Flower Field

Despite their similarities, the butterflies and the Enchanted Flower Field have distinct strengths and weaknesses:

Area of Effect Range

While both are AOE-based, the butterflies can move to distant targets, whereas the flower field is stationary and confined to a specific area.

Distance Effectiveness

Butterflies grow weaker the farther they are from TP!Reader since they’re tied to her mana flow. The flowers, on the other hand, maintain their strength as they contain condensed mana.

Renewability

Butterflies regenerate naturally as long as TP!Reader is present, making them renewable. The flowers are exhaustible, as their mana depletes over time unless actively recharged.

Summoning

Butterflies can be summoned instantly and at no mana cost since they’re born naturally from TP!Reader’s mana flow. The flower field takes longer to summon and requires TP!Reader to actively focus her mana until the flowers are fully grown and self-sustaining.

Sentience

Butterflies are sentient and capable of handling complex mental tasks (e.g., managing individualized hallucinations). Flowers are less sentient, and their effects are more generalized, producing fixed effects based on their type (e.g., a specific hallucinogen).

_____

Thank you for your thoughtful questions and ideas—they’ve definitely sparked some creative thinking! And don’t worry, I’m staying hydrated and pacing myself to avoid burnout 😊.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

New membrane technology could lead to more effective and efficient water purification systems

A team of NYU Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) researchers has developed a novel approach that utilizes microwave technology to more easily synthesize and fine-tune a new type of membrane which effectively purifies water from a wide range of contaminants. The membrane synthesis technique takes a few minutes, making it one of the fastest methods for creating covalent organic framework (COF) membranes. These membranes act as filters in devices designed to clean polluted water from specific contaminants, allowing its reuse in different applications—an important discovery at a time when efficient wastewater treatment becomes vital in a world threatened by water scarcity. The new type of dual-faced membrane, characterized by its unique superhydrophilic and near-hydrophobic surfaces, enables efficient removal of contaminants like oils and dyes from water. This dual functionality not only enhances the filtration process but also endows the membranes with strong antibacterial properties, crucial for long-term usability and effectiveness.

Read more.

[sporadicarbitergardener]

Uses for sand

Types of Sand & Their Correspondences Beach/Coastal Sand: calming, grounding, cleansing, connecting to the sea, self-love, protection and warding, motivation, memory, spiritual clarity, purification of the heart, easing pain, physical and spiritual strength, can represent both the elements of earth and water Ocean Sand (from the ocean floor/deep sea): primordial energy, banishing negative emotions and energy, grounding, mental clarity, psychic clarity and strengthening, divination, guidance, ancient wisdom and power, connections to the sea and primordial waters, birth, creation, can represent both the elements of earth and water Desert Sand: curses and removing energy from others, weakening, draining, banishing, grounding, mental clarity, physical health, enduring hardships, “drying up” love and past emotions, healing heartbreak, burying the past, often related to burial ceremonies Volcanic Sand: destruction, intense energy, strength, death, rebirth, banishing, secrets or hidden messages, warding, baneful magic, offensive magic, often represents both earth and fire at once River Sand/Silt: fertility, procreation, movement, flowing energy, travels, change Lake/Pond Sand: the present, calmness, serenity, inner focus, self-reflection and meditation Swamp/Wetland Sand: mystery, secret keeping, silencing lies and rumors, binding, curses related to becoming lost or emotional heaviness, often represents both water and earth at once, often related to animal magic specifically those that live in swamp land Unearthed/Buried Sand: grounding, hidden power, addressing past issues and mistakes, overcoming controversy, self-discovery, introspection, emotional healing, moving on from past scars Biogenic Sand/Bone Sand/Shell Sand: healing, moving on emotionally, remembrance but letting go of the pain and loss, honoring those lost (often at or to the sea), close connections to necromancy Black Sand: protection, warding, banishing, relates to necromancy and spirit work Pink Sand: love, beauty, youth, harmony, adjusting to change, remembering the past and lost loved ones, rebirth, emotional and mental healing, forgiveness of self and others Red Sand: strength, courage, valor, relates to fire rather than earth Yellow Sand: divination, focus, improving memory and skills, mental health, grounding and centering, represents both earth and air elements sometimes both at once White Sand: purity, cleansing, protection, wisdom, preparing for change, physical and emotional balance, harmonizes all aspects of oneself Combinations of Sand and Other Ingredients Sand and Soil: grounding, balance, cleansing, protection of loved ones and family Sand and Salt: change, growing power, dreams, purification, warding, protection, longevity Sand and Ash: remembrance, the past, divination Sand and Clay: change, mental fortitude Sand and Kelp/Seaweed: beauty, youth, birth, fertility, the ocean image Originally posted by estpdra-thethirdeye

The History Not much history on the use of sand in magic from what I can find that is a reliable source, but I was able to find some bits about its use.

Sand has been used in connections to rituals for the dead and in burial practices in many different cultures to a varying degree. In some sand was used for burying the deceased such as very early Ancient Egypt for its mummification properties before better mummification methods were invented and utilized. Placing sand into graves or coffins of the deceased somethings as a means to connect them to their homelands if that person was traveling into foreign lands or countries. Some stories speak about mixing the ashes of the dead with sand to be kept in the home. Other stories tell of people mixes ashes from fires or the hearth with sand and casting it out into the sea for lost sailors who could not be brought home.

Sand was also used historical in some types of spell jars and vessels. In some places sand was put into jars and bottles and given to sailors to keep them connected to home even when sailing. Others said carrying sand could protect one from being lost at sea or from disaster, likely where the history of sand being used for protection properties came from. It has also been used in witch’s bottles and for burying spells for varying purposes. Some cultures would bury offerings to deities into the sand of beaches or deserts.

Modern Use Sand is still a common ingredient for many sea witches and worshipers of ocean related deities to utilize in their craft and in their altars. Deities commonly related to sand are Poseidon, Aphrodite, Psamathe, Thalassa, Aegir, Neptune and Veles. Sand is also often used in altars to represent either earth or water when representing the cardinal directions or the 4 elements. Some will use sand to represent both in cases of smaller altars.

Modernly, sand is often used in spell jars and bottles when used in spellwork or as a vessel to charge, cleanse and bury objects or tools such as crystals, poppets, amulets and trinkets. Sea witches or witches with accesses to large amount of sand will often use it for grounding and circle casting. Some will use it for runes and sigils as well.

Storing Sand For those wishing to store and use collected sand ensure that there is nothing undesirable in it - garbage, sharp bits of glass, decomposing fish or animals, insects etc. Shift it thoroughly to ensure anything that could be potentially dangerous is removed and if needed properly disposed of. Once the sand has been shifted ensure it is dry before you seal it into anything.

Wet sand can house bacteria and mold - which can also smell quite foul when the container is opened again. You can use the sun to dry it or indoor heaters at a safe distance. Spread it out thin and flat to help ensure it is thoroughly dried if it is damp or wet.

Once dried the best way to store sand is inside of glass or ceramic vessels. Jars and bottles are the most ideal. Ensure that they are sealed tightly to ensure no spillage or condensation can get inside.

[ladyofcrowsandcoffee]

11, 16, 18 Juniper & Briyola

Ask game in question

11) Does your character have a pet peeve?

Juniper

Rudeness and chewing with your mouth open

Briyola

Assuming she's not smart just because she's a bit air headed, snobby my class is better than yours types, and food you drown in an excessive amount of cheese where you can't even taste anything but vague cheese flavor (she has strong opinions and a rant with graphs ready if you show her a burger that has had cheese poured ontop of it)

16)What is your character's favorite leisure activity?

Juniper

Needle felting, star gazing, hiking, cuddling and telling stories around a fire.

Briyola

Sparring, making little trinkets, and napping

18)If your character were trapped on a deserted island, what three things would they want to have with them? Which person would they absolutely hate to be trapped there with? Which person would they enjoy being trapped there with?

Juniper

He'd want a guaranteed firestarter like a flint and steel striker, a solid multipurpose tool with an amazing knife, and a massive first aid kit. As he can build everything else they need this is just another Tuesday for him. He'd hate being trapped there with his youngest sister and Minthara. His sister would accidentally get them killed because she found a fruit a god claimed or they'd be fighting about her not being a kid so stop bossing her around. They'd survive but it would be very much like being snowed in for two weeks with your sibling. Minthara is because there's not a buffer like Karlach so she would drive him up a wall and he'd be concerned she'd try to betray him to get off the island. He'd happily enjoy being trapped there with Ren or Wyll. Ren because he loves her and they make a good team. Wyll because he's being camping out as a monster hunter so useful skills.

Briyola

She'd want a water purification method, a weapon like an axe, and a how to survive in x climate book that's preferably waterproof. She'd hate being stuck there with Astarion as they're both not good at planning and he can just snack on wildlife but she's risking death just for a snack. She'd love being stuck with Lae'zel or one or both of the durge twins ( Ka'irion Mar'tele) as she trusts them and knows they'd survive together. Also would let her have sparring partners to clear her head.

[esoteric-chaos]

Rosemary - The Mundane and the Magical 101

Native to the Mediterranean this shrub has been valued as a brain tonic since Ancient Egyptian times. In the days of the ancient Greeks, Rosemary was valued by students revising exams and is still used for memory today along with some very tasty dishes.

Family: Labiate

Native to: Mediterranean

Parts harvested: Arial parts

Soil Type: Free draining dry or coastal sites

Watering: Every 1-2 weeks if grounded, Once a week if potted

Harvest when: Mid-May to mid-summer

Plant when: Spring

Sun position: Full sun

CAUTIONS: Avoid if pregnant. ALWAYS check with your local herbalist and doctor before consuming any medicinal medicine as they will be able to direct you on proper dosages. Some medications can also interact and so can some conditions with certain herbs.

Uses in Herbalism and healing:

Within digestion to protect the stomach lining from irritation and inflammation. To reduce bleeding and diarrhea. 

An excellent brain tonic, increases blood flow to the brain, clears the mind, heightens alertness, improves concentration and memory.

Reduces inflammation and muscle tension. Makes a great migraine and headache cure.

As a hot tea Rosemary relieves fevers, sore throats, colds, flus and chest infections

Reduces heavy menstrual bleeding

Enhances elimination of wastes

Relives pain in arthritis

Can be made into oils, salves, honeys and teas

Uses in Magic:

Planet: Sun

Element: Fire

Very cleansing when burned, rids space of negativity and purifies space

Drives away nightmares and promotes good sleep when places under pillow

Aids memory and concentration 

Aids in protection when burned or used in spellwork

Aids in clarity overall (situations, metal, etc)

Used traditionally in healing dolls to promote vitality and purification 

To wash the hands before healing work, to cleanse the energy field

Typically a fantastic supplement for Frankincense 

Grow Rosemary at your doorstep for this herbal ally to protect your home

Recipes:

Rosemary herbal infused oil

What's an infused oil? An infused oil is a herb that has been steeping in an oil such as olive oil for cooking or even magical purposes. This is NOT an essential oil! Today I’m going to teach you a folk method.

Supplies needed: Dried rosemary, oil of choice (Recommend olive oil for cooking)

Kitchenware: Grinder (If using whole herb), two 1-quart mason jars with lids, paper bag and cheesecloth.

Instructions: Fill the mason jar half way with dried coarsely ground Rosemary. Add oil to reach the top of the jar and close the lid tightly. Place the jar in the paper bag and store in a warm place.  Shake the jar for several minutes twice a day for 1-2 weeks. Then strain the oil into another jar, secure the lid, and let sit for a few more days. Strain the oil again with a fine cheesecloth. Pour the herbal oil in a clean, dry jar and store in a cool dark place. 

Will last 1-2 weeks stored out of the fridge, will last up to a year in the fridge.

Sources and reading material:

Please remember while I provide sources, some content is my own UPG from working for years intuitively with this herbal ally. What you do not see from my sources assume it is my UPG and take what information you will. Always cross reference and research yourself. All medical knowledge will be sourced.

Books:

Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs (Expanded and Revised Edition) by Scott Cunningham

Herbal Remedies for Everyday Living by Anne McIntyre

The Complete Herbal Tutor by Anne McIntyre

UPDATED: 3/29/24

Want to check out my other posts? Look at my Masterpost

[magick-musings]

Hey!! How do I transmute energy? Like from someone’s hex on me? Or overall how to do this? Do u have any resources or recommendations or anything 🙏🏿🙏🏿🙏🏿

So... here's the thing. I'm an intuitive and eclectic practitioner, and pretty private about my personal workings (as you should be too. Can't be giving out the blueprints and schematics of your lair with all the secret passages circled in red ink. There's a reason this shit was supposed to be kept on the down low). All I can say is that there are no crystals and jars lying around my house to break or steal or otherwise render useless. Maybe someone else can point you to an obscure grimoire or a shiny crystal to spend big bucks on to solve all your problems, but that's not how I do things. I don't have a spell for you, only theory.

Hopefully you know the basics of energy work and warding and aura manipulation, and a general understanding of animism and alchemy and whatever divination method you use to receive messages from the many types of incorporeal. Experience in astral workings would also be good too honestly. If not, you can search em on my blog there's definitely more than a few master posts here to get you started.

As we've all heard, good defense is the best offense so start with banishing, cleansing and warding, followed by a recharge. This is a good time for any aura/energy manipulation on yourself as well as your spaces. Gotta start with a blank canvas. If this is gibberish to you... girl idk get to studying bc transmutation is not beginner shit. If you got all that down tho...

First off, having the outer layer of your ward be 'sticky' is a good start. Instead of energy bouncing back, it gets stuck, trapped. this can turn into a layer of grime though, so you have to have a purification process for it. Think like... how plants take in CO2 (deadly to humans) and give us oxygen (life sustaining) and in the same vein, what we exhale is what they inhale. Or oysters, filter feeders in the ocean who take in detritus and sustain themselves off of it while returning cleaner water to the ecosystem. Chicken manure is used as fertilizer for crops that feed us. Spiders catch pests in their webs.

If you're into animism, nurture a symbiotic relationship. Feed the harmful energy to something that lives on it, and in exchange for nourishing it, the 'waste' it gives off is something helpful to you. There are a lot of ways to go about this, I encourage you to use your imagination. Look around at what you got, and do the best you can with that. Transmutation is all around us if you just know where to look.

Either way. Once it's purified, you can apply it to whatever you want. Wards are a great start though. A self sustainable ward goes a whole long way towards peace of mind.

My main piece of advice is never do the transmutation inside your own energetic body. (Well, not never, but that's mad advanced and if you have to ask this you're not ready for all that). (This is said with love and care and concern not condescension). (Exceptions made for shadow work, or any working done with your own energy. That is also transmutation, also related to the aura and astral work i mentioned above, and a whole other beast entirely). Externalize it, separate the malignant energy from yourself if it isn't already (aka caught in the wards before it could get to you and/or banished etc), and then host the purification process outside of yourself. Also, dont be scared to ask your spirit guides/gods/ancestors/etc for help, if you work with any.

Trust your intuition, ask your guides for, yknow, guidance, and don't be too scared to actually try something new or experimental.

[spxxkyplate]

More about the Kamo Clan;;

The Kamo Clan are known to give birth to people with psychic powers, usually leaning into the purification kind.

Therefore, priests and priestess of the Kamo Shrine are often responsible for purification and exorcism rituals. Aside from yearly rituais for protection, one could donate a hefty amount to the shrine in order to have its priest/ess perform an exorcism ritual.

The preferred method varies.

Usually, the ceremonies involve an enchantment (prayer) performed by the Psychic, alongside holy symbols. The five elements must be incorporated into the ceremony, following the japanese pentagram (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water).

For this reason, common tools used for the exorcism were the Fan, The Katana and Purifying Water. However, with development of society and the friendship between human and pokémon, the tools were replaced by pokémon of the respective typing: Grass, Fire, Ground, Steel and Water.

[carriechambers]

Herbs 101 - Lavender

This post on website

Hi Tumblr! This is a post I have started over a month ago and now I've finally finished it. Lavender is such a popular herb, and I probably my favourite. The aroma it gives off is fenomenal. So, let's look at it a bit deeper!

In this post, you'll learn:

basic info (other names, properties, ...)

its history (historical uses, where it came from)

physical description (the very few traits species of lavender share)

uses (all kinds of ways in which you can use lavender and links to some recipes)

how to harvest it (when, where)

how to dry it (a few methods including specific steps)

Click Keep Reading to read the entire post right here, or you can read it on the blog page Lavender. There you can also find the .md file for download, so that you can import it into logseq or notion grimoire, or just for a shorter version in the form of bullet poitns!

Lavender

  Basic Info

Species: Lavandula

Other Names: Elf Leaf, Nardus, Spike, Spikenard

Most Popular Types: English Lavender, Spanish Lavender

Known Species: 47

Family: Lamiaceae (the mint/sage family)

Native to: Old World (historic Euro-Asia), to the mountainous zones of the Mediterranean, where there is dry and stony soil

Planet: Mercury

Element: air, water

Properties: calming / peace + sleep, protection, love, purification

History

Lavender has been in use for over 2500 years. In ancient Egypt it was used for embalming and cosmetics. Greeks also used it for cosmetic purposes, and also for its medicinal properties (which for example Dioscorides or Theophrastus wrote about).

It’s name comes from the latin verb Lavare - which means “to wash”. So it’s not too surprising that it was used by both Greeks and Romans in herbal baths. Romans also recognized it for its antiseptic properties and they brought it with them on campaigns to dress wounds. On top of that it was used as incense in religious ceremonies, or in sick rooms to disinfect them. And Arabs were the ones who brought their medicine to Spain, where it spread across the rest of Europe.

During the middle ages, it wasn’t used as much at first, only by monks and nuns. It was grown in gardens of monastries. Then in Tudor England, when the monastries were dissolved (1536) the lavender moved to domestic gardens, often planted near the laundry and clothing was then laid on it to dry while getting that fresh scent on them. Also, Queen Elizabeth I. allegedly put it in tea to help with her migraines and as a perfume.

In 17th century, lavender was considered a cure-all. Naturally, the price rose, especially when the Great Plague stroke. It is also a part of Four Thieves Vinegar, liquid in which grave robbers washed belongings of plague victims.

Description

Of course, each lavender type is different, however they share many similarities. Their flowers are arranged in whorls (surrounding the stem) on spikes above the foliage. They can be blue, violet, or lilac, sometimes even blackish purple or yellowish. The leaves and the way they they grow varies greatly across different species. However, here is an illustration of English lavender:

Uses

A very common things are lavender sachets. Now while we may often simply use it to sniff it (which is totally valid use as well btw, especially if you kind of squeeze it during anxiety), it has other uses too. When kept between laundry (into wardrobe, or even some places you store  seasonal clothing), it can both give it the wonderful scent and also deter insects. You can also toss them into the dryer together with your laundry (Tutorial)! And since it is famous for helping with relaxation and sleep, you can always keep it near / under your pillow to help you with that.

Another popular use is in essential oils. It brings all the benefits mentioned above. For the smell, you can dab them on your skin and sniff that, or diffuse them in an aroma lamp. In the history section, I’ve mentioned soldiers carried it with them to treat wounds. It was proven to help wounds heal and can still be used that way today. For topical use, ALWAYS USE DILATED OILS ONLY. You can check out the guide to diluting essential oils on aromaweb.

A common use for herbs is tea. Lavender tea brings all the benefits we talked about - it is relaxing and healing. Only the buds are used for making the tea, not the leaves. You can of course also mix herbs - some other popular choices are chamomile, which is also enhancing the relaxation and sleep of lavender, and mint, which can help with some digestive problems, but also just tastes good with it. Senchateabar.com has all these three recipes (as to how long you should brew them).

Another common use is culinary. So integrating lavender into all kinds of food recipes. Now, while most lavender is safe to eat, there are some that simply shouldn’t be, like Levandula Stoechas, Levandula Latifolia and Lavandin, but others will just make your food taste soapy and overly floral. What’s used in recipes is culinary lavender, which is usually cultivated from English lavender and has less oil than aromatic lavender. Awesomeon20.com has some wonderful recipes with lavender and I actually quite like this site for kitchen magick, because they talk about magickal properties of the ingredients used and also have posts about which recipes are good for holidays of the Wheel of the Year for example.

And finally, we can of course use lavender in spells. We use it for spells that need the properties of relaxation, sleep, healing, or love. Also protection or just for general “witchy” things (like enhancing intuition, etc.). This can include spell jars, burning the herbs, sprinkling some lavender infused water, making circles with them, or so many other things. Some spell recipes:

anxiety spell jar

sleep spell sachet

self love and healing spell jar

Harvesting and Drying

I won’t be going into how to grow lavender, however I do want to talk about how and when to harvest it and how to dry it. It takes about 3 years for the plant to mature, so while you can absolutely harvest a bit before they mature, leaving them alone helps them grow  and develop more.

Now let’s look into when to harvest. For best fragrance and essential oil content, that would be in their early bloom cycle (meaning when the buds are barely starting to bloom - so you have the stem full of buds, and you already see few of them blooming, while the others are still closed). That applies to each individual stem. And also it is often said that you should harvest them in the morning, once dew has dried, because sun dissipates some of the fragrant essential oils.

You really don’t have to follow this strictly though. This is mostly to maximize the fragrance, and also because when the flowers mature and start browning, they tend to fall off the stem more easily. What you probably should follow is to not collect it wet. That means let the morning dew dry, and not collect within 24 hours of rain. That’s because damp environment increases the chance for the flower to rot.

As to how, we can use a small curved knife, which is ideal for cutting lavender, or pruning shears, or scissors. Just try to not use your hands for it, since that usually damages the stem, while sharp tools help it heal quicker. Also usually you want to organize them into bundles after cutting them, so you can wrap a rubber band around your wrist to make this easier.

Now to where exactly to cut. Well, with lavender used for culinary purposes, you should cut above any leaves and side branches, because leaves are not recommended for cooking (mostly for fragrance). Also please make sure your lavender is safe (and good) to eat before using it that way!

If you want longer stems, perhaps for decoration, or with lavender that doesn’t have much space between the flower and first leaves, then just follow the stem lower and cut at another junction. However, keep in mind that you shouldn’t cut more than two-thirds of the plant’s hight, so that it can continue to grow.

And now finally for drying itself. One way is to hang it in bundles in a dry, warm, airy room. Also in the dark, which helps it keep its color. To help the air circulate, you can just use a fan (if it’s some space like a basement or a closet). The bunches should be tied secure enough, so that it doesn’t fall apart, but not too tight. Also one source recommends to not dry them in spaces like garage, where they’d be exposed to engine and chemical fumes. It can take up to 6 weeks for them to dry this way, and you’ll know the stems are dry once they break instead of bending.

Another way is to dry them in food dehydrator. This speeds up the drying process significantly, while keeping the quality of the flowers. For this, remove the stems, leaving only flower buds in tact. Put them on the dehydrator trays so that they don’t touch each other (and use tray liners if you have them and the flowers are falling through, or even parchment paper). Set it to a low temperature - 95°F (or 35°C). It shouldn’t be more than 100 to 105°F (if you don’t have a lower setting). It should take about 24 to 48 hours to dry completely. Again, to find out if it’s dry, just try to snap one of the larger bud bundles in half, and if it bends, then it’s not dry yet.

Another method is to dry them in an oven. This is not ideal, because lowest setting on ovens is about 180°F (80°C), which, as you can notice, is more than the highest setting we could dry it in the food dehydrator. This amount of heat releases the essential oil from the flower buds. That’s why when using it, you should check on it every few minutes. And also leave the door slightly open so that the moisture can escape.

Then there’s microwave. That’s even harder to watch than an oven, so it is likely to produce less fragrant lavender. Or you can press it between heavy books, and leave it a few days to dry. That’s a method we usually use when making our own herbals.

Then you usually remove all the dried buds and either seal them in an airtight glass container. And you’re ready for using it!

Sources

The Modern Witchcraft Guide to Magickal Herbs by Judy Ann Nock

Cunningham’s Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs by Scott Cunningham

newcropsorganics - lavender history, taxonomy and production

wikipedia.org - Lavandula

cachecreeklavender.com - history of lavender

lavenderbackyard - how to use a lavender sachet

ncbi - wound healing potential of lavender oil

bonappetit.com - cooking with lavender

bbfamilyfarm.com - what kind of lavender can you eat

gardeningknowhow.com - Lavender harvest time

homesteadandchill.com - Harvesting Fresh Lavender: How to Harvest, Prune & Dry Lavender Flowers

bhg.com - When and How to Harvest Lavender for the Best Fragrance

littleyellowwheelbarrow.com - How To Dry Lavender (Preserving Methods And Tips)

all pictures in this post are free stock images, you can see their source when you click them

Thank you so much for reading! If you use lavender in any way, I'd be glad to hear about how you used it in the comments. If you'd like, you can head to the library to find more informational posts. And of course I'd be grateful for any likes or reblogs. See you in the next one!

[scotianostra]

On August 21st 1754 William Murdock, the Scottish engineer, was born.

The son of John Murdock, a former artillery gunner and a Millwright and tenant of Bello Mill on the estate of James Boswell in Auchinleck, William was educated until the age of ten at the Old Cumnock Kirk School before attending Auchinleck school under William Halbert, author of a highly regarded arithmetic textbook. There he excelled in mathematics.

Murdock was a brilliant Scottish engineer and inventor. He probably doesn’t get the recognition he deserves due to the work of one of his mentors, James Watt.

In 1777 he walked from his home in Ayrshire to Birmingham to follow his dream of working with and Watt and Matthew Boulton

Down south it is thought his name was anglicized to Murdoch, but I’m happy to keep it as the original for this post. He remained an employee of Boulton and Watt for ten years and later a partner of Boulton and Watt until the 1830s and his reputation as an independent inventor has tended to be obscured by the reputations of those two men and the firm they founded.

The invention for which Murdock is best known is the use of coal gas for lighting purposes. Several independent inquirers into the constituents of Newcastle coal had arrived at the conclusion that nearly one-third of the substance was driven off in vapor by the application of heat, and that the vapor so driven off was inflammable. But no suggestion had been made to apply this vapor for lighting purposes until Murdock took the matter in hand. Murdock tested the effects of different types of coal from all over Britain, setting up an iron retort in the back yard of his home from which a metal tube ran into the living room. On July 29th, 1792, he presided at the lighting of a gas flame within the room. It would be several years, however, before Murdock took his invention beyond this rudimentary stage.

Murdock moved to Soho in 1798, too and it was there he resumed his experiments with coal gas. He knew he still had a long way to go in devising storage methods, mantles to give effective light, and gas purification systems, as well as safety measures. Boulton and Watt took great interest in Murdock’s progress, but were reluctant to apply for patents because they were currently engaged in litigation over their steam engine patents. They finally overcame their reluctance, however, and by 1803 the Soho factory was entirely illuminated by gas. The “Soho stink,” as Murdock called the odour of the gas, was eliminated after a time and factories as well as private homes began to install the system.

Murdock’s catalogue of inventions and ideas also includes: a method of harnessing compressed air that he used to work the bells in his Birmingham home; a high-pressure steam engine that could propel shot; a cylindrical crown saw that could be used to bore steam pipes for water and cut columns out of solid blocks of stone; an iron cement, the basic formula of which is still in use today, and; a method of transmitting letters and packages through a tube exhausted by an air pump.

Murdock took little interest in developments after 1810, by which time the gas industry was in the hands of businessmen scrambling for position and setting up rival gas companies in every city. In that year Murdock became a partner in the Soho company and remained so until he retired in 1830. He died in Birmingham on November 15th, 1839, and is buried near his former employers and mentors, Boulton and Watt.

The second pic is Boulton, Watt and Murdoch featured in a  gilded statue in central Birmingham, doesn’t it look great! 

[cuckoosingapore]

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[cihealthinsightshub]

Sustainable Bioprocessing Gains Ground with Recyclable Single-Use Systems

The Single-use Bioprocessing Market is entering a transformative growth phase, fueled by the rapid expansion of biopharmaceutical manufacturing, rising demand for flexible production systems, and heightened focus on contamination control. Valued at USD 7.62 billion in 2021, the market is projected to reach USD 25.40 billion by 2031, growing at an impressive CAGR of 18.93% during the forecast period (2024–2031).

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This market is evolving rapidly with the increasing adoption of single-use bioprocessing systems such as bioreactors, fermenters, mixers, filtration units, bags, and containers. These disposable systems, primarily made of sterilizable plastic components, support critical processes like upstream expression, purification, storage, and separation of biopharmaceutical products. As global biomanufacturing shifts toward agile, cost-effective, and contamination-free solutions, single-use technologies are being embraced by both established pharma giants and emerging biotech firms—especially in alignment with trends seen in the United States and Asia, where scalable, single-use systems are driving next-gen biologics production.

Key Market Drivers

1. Rise in Biologics and Personalized Medicine: The growth of monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, and personalized medicine has created a strong need for scalable, contamination-free, and faster bioprocessing methods. Single-use systems (SUS) offer agility and ease of implementation, making them ideal for such advanced therapies.

2. Cost Efficiency and Operational Flexibility: Unlike traditional stainless-steel systems, SUS eliminate the need for cleaning and sterilization, significantly reducing downtime and water/chemical usage. This makes them highly attractive for small-to-mid-sized biotech firms and contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs).

3. Pandemic Preparedness and Vaccine Development: COVID-19 and subsequent global health threats highlighted the urgent need for rapid-response manufacturing capabilities. Single-use systems enabled fast-tracked vaccine production and played a pivotal role in scaling mRNA technologies.

4. Regulatory and Environmental Incentives: The U.S. FDA and EMA support the adoption of single-use bioreactors and modular facilities, facilitating market expansion. Meanwhile, vendors are innovating biodegradable materials to tackle concerns over plastic waste and sustainability.

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Market Segmentation Snapshot

By Product Type: The market is segmented into bioreactors, mixers, bags, tubes & connectors, sampling systems, and others. Bioreactors and mixing systems account for the largest share due to their central role in upstream processing.

By Workflow: Upstream processing dominates the market share, given the high usage of SUS in cell culture and fermentation.

By End-User: Biopharmaceutical companies hold the majority share, followed by CMOs and academic research institutes.

Regional Insights

United States: The U.S. remains the largest and most mature market, fueled by robust biopharma R&D, government funding, and large-scale manufacturing investments. In 2024, the U.S. government announced a new initiative to strengthen domestic biologics production, allocating over USD 2 billion toward advanced manufacturing platforms—predominantly single-use facilities. Leading companies like Thermo Fisher Scientific, Danaher Corporation, and Sartorius Stedim Biotech are expanding their manufacturing capacities across North America.

Japan: Japan’s biopharma industry is rapidly integrating single-use systems as part of its strategic vision for regenerative medicine and mRNA vaccine production. In 2024, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) introduced incentives for companies transitioning from conventional systems to disposable solutions. Furthermore, leading Japanese firms such as Asahi Kasei and Nipro Corporation are increasing R&D spending on sustainable single-use materials to enhance product lifecycle management.

Europe and Asia-Pacific: Germany, the UK, and Switzerland continue to be innovation hubs, while emerging economies in the Asia-Pacific region, such as China, South Korea, and India, are rapidly adopting SUS to scale biologics and biosimilars production.

Latest Industry Trends

AI Integration in Bioprocess Monitoring: Vendors are now embedding AI and data analytics into SUS platforms to allow predictive maintenance, batch tracking, and process optimization.

Modular Biomanufacturing Units: Companies are investing in mobile, modular units using SUS to cater to outbreak hotspots and rural regions, enhancing supply chain agility.

Green Bioprocessing Innovations: Environmental concerns are driving innovations in recyclable polymers and closed-loop systems to minimize single-use plastic waste.

M&A Activity on the Rise: The market is witnessing increased mergers and acquisitions. For example, in Q1 2025, Repligen Corporation announced the acquisition of a European tubing and bagging system manufacturer to strengthen its product portfolio.

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Competitive Landscape

The market is highly competitive and fragmented, with major players focusing on product innovation, capacity expansion, and strategic partnerships. Notable players include:

Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

Sartorius AG

Danaher Corporation (Cytiva and Pall)

Merck KGaA

Eppendorf AG

Parker Hannifin Corp.

Avantor, Inc.

Corning Incorporated

PBS Biotech, Inc.

Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics

These companies are investing in next-generation single-use assemblies, automation, and flexible manufacturing to meet evolving industry demands.

Growth Opportunities

CMO & CDMO Expansion: As pharmaceutical outsourcing grows, CMOs are increasingly deploying SUS to reduce turnaround time and manage multiple client processes efficiently.

Biosimilar Production: The patent cliff for blockbuster biologics has opened lucrative opportunities for biosimilars, where SUS offers a cost-effective pathway to scale.

Emerging Markets Penetration: Expansion in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa presents a significant untapped opportunity, supported by international funding agencies.

Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy: As cell therapy and tissue engineering progress, single-use bioreactors and closed systems will be pivotal in clinical and commercial scale-up.

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Conclusion

The global single-use bioprocessing market is on the cusp of a revolution, catalyzed by innovation in biologics, operational efficiency, and a growing preference for flexible, scalable manufacturing. The United States and Japan stand at the forefront of this transformation, while global demand signals a sustained, long-term market boom. As regulatory and environmental concerns are addressed through innovation, single-use technologies are poised to become the new standard in biopharmaceutical manufacturing.

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Distillation Columns

The separation method, which has been a pillar of the chemical and commercial sectors for loads of years, is vital in diverse programs. Be it the purification of water, the refinement of crude oil, or even the manufacturing of alcoholic liquids, a distillation column performs a very sizable function in separating combinations primarily based on differences in boiling factors. It is simply to provide an explanation for how a distillation column works, its mechanisms and values, and the exact science at the back of this first rate manner.

What does the term 'distillation column' suggest?

A regular simple distillation column is definitely a vertical vessel designed to split a liquid combination into its natural additives with the aid of manipulating the differences in boiling points of the substances that comprise the mixture.

Applications of Distillation Columns

From the separation and purification of substances based totally on boiling factors, distillation columns in recent times find their utility in almost each enterprise. The programs of a distillation column range from simple ordinary product programs to complicated commercial approaches. The important makes use of of the distillation column are as follows:

Petroleum Refining: Perhaps one of the greatest acquaintances that makes use of distillation columns is petroleum refining.Crude oil carries a mixture of hydrocarbons on a wide range of boiling points. The distillation column will fractionate crude oil into fractions like fuel, diesel, and kerosene, amongst others, with heavier merchandise like lubricating oils and bitumen. After that, the fraction may be subjected to further processing and purification.

 Chemical Manufacturing: The application of chemical enterprise is large, especially in separating and purifying many chemical compounds and chemical mediators.

Alcohol Production: Perhaps the significant manner of alcoholic beverage manufacturing is that of distillation. This involves heating the fermented beverages in a column of distillation, isolating the alcohol from water and different components, and raising the alcohol content for whiskey, vodka, and rum types.

Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical industries employ distillation columns to purify drugs, separate their intermediates, and put together excessive-purity solvents and reagents. Separation of the different components inside the aggregate assures secure and useful pharmaceutical merchandise.

Food and Beverage Industry: The columns purify and concentrate food and beverage merchandise. They regard the tactics of focused fruit juices, critical oils, and flavor extracts.

Natural Gas Processing: The natural gas being dispensed contains NGLs, that are refined via distillation columns into propane, butane, and ethane to supply of  anpam engineering. These liquefied natural gases have made use of in industries including gas, feedstock for petrochemical production, and heating.

Aromatics Production: Distillation columns for isolating and purifying fragrant compounds in plastics, polymers, and synthetic fiber manufacturing.

Water Desalination: The approaches may be used to put off salts and different impurities from seawater to provide sparkling water. Though different methods of desalination, consisting of reverse osmosis, are greater customary, distillation is still a totally possible opportunity in some times.

Biofuel Production: During the production of biofuels, distillation columns play their part inside the method of manufacturing ethanol from renewable sources like corn and sugarcane. This results in contaminated biomass fermentation with alcohol, generally an aqueous answer, which wishes to be distilled to split ethanol and pay attention to it.

These programs most effectively show the wide-ranging significance of the distillation column across industries. With improving technology and design comes the development of competence in distillation methods, making this parting method important to numerous commercial procedures and a big range of regular processes.

Conclusion

Anpam Engineering is a pinnacle production employer, specializing within the layout, fabrication, and installation of splendid distillation columns in Trichy, India. With a strong promise of excellence and customer satisfaction.