#Science Lessons

[jimvasta]

I remember we did an experiment to create hydrogen. We were supposed to light a splint and test it. When done right, you get a cute little 'pop' from your test tube.

We all got distracted, our teacher was a bit scatter brain and started going over something while our experiments were still working.

When we finally got back to testing for hydrogen - well, people came running from all round the science block to find out if we were okay.

It was a really loud bang.

Another lesson, the teacher collapsed foaming at the mouth. The lab tech forgot to tell him the fume cupboard was broken. He was breathing chlorine gas.

The school across from ours had to rebuild their lab after some pupils gathered all the alkali metals and threw them down the sink.

Maybe there are more safety considerations now than there were back then.

[itsallaboutbl]

👀😏🥵

+ arm bonus (not the character)

[starssoblue]

"the reason adrien is just instantly good at everything he tries is because he is programmed to be that way as a senti" aside from the fact that i don't think that's how it works (and also while he was decent at everything he tried with marinette he wasn't instantly good at all of them, and what marinette actually said to him was that he could improve in anything with practice but it was a great first attempt) did we all collectively forget about how adrien actually canonically isn't the best singer?

[neosatsuma]

For the purposes of this, let's define "an anime" as an animated television series made in Japan. So no Ghibli (not a series) and no ATLA (not Japanese).

sorry the oldest age is last, it doesn't let you rearrange your options lmao

[cyborgized]

“The man who comes back through the Door in the Wall will never be quite the same as the man who went out. He will be wiser but less sure, happier but less self-satisfied, humbler in acknowledging his ignorance yet better equipped to understand the relationship of words to things, of systematic reasoning to the unfathomable mystery which it tries, forever vainly, to comprehend.”

― Aldous Huxley

Artist: Mariusz Lewandowski

[somewhereincairparavel]

I'm so immersed in my jason grace new rome uni fic that I'm studying ancient roman law terms using this as an excuse. help.

[malpractisnt]

strange: I’ve got some ancient spells to learn today

tony: do any of them involve kissing me?

Strange: No

tony: sounds like a waste of time, honestly.

[evienyx]

Sentry vs. The Avengers (with science!)

In my previous post I calculated how much power MCU Sentry actually has, given the "power of a thousand exploding suns" statement. Now, I wanna throw the rest of the Avengers into the mix as best I can. We're only gonna look at the original six Avengers in this, because that's generally what people seem to be implying anyway.

I'm gonna focus more on power rather than abilities, because we could argue those all day, especially in regards to our two strongest original Avengers.

For reference, we've calculated Sentry's power as about

2.415 × 10^47 joules

Or, how much energy all of Earth uses in a year, 2.836 octillion times over. So, a lot.

To start, I really don't think that we need to say anything about Steve Rogers / Captain America, Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow, or Clint Barton / Hawkeye. Even without thinking about Sentry's actual power, we saw what he did to the Thunderbolts. Even hits from Bucky's vibranium arm glanced right off of him. Sorry, gang, but those three are done before the fight begins.

Now, onto the teammates that have any real amount of firepower.

First up, Tony Stark / Iron Man.

Surprising absolutely no one I would hope, Tony's not doing very much here.

Within the MCU, his suits are powered by arc reactors, which output an immense amount of power every second. Tony even said specifically that he has found more efficient ways to power his suits, but continues to use the arc reactors anyway.

Now, the palladium arc reactor (as in, the original version of it) was calculated by Tony as outputting 3 gigajoules (10^9) of energy every second, or 3,000,000,000 joules per second.

We could say that the newer arc reactors are way more efficient than the original palladium one was. This is honestly likely. We don't have any numbers for it, but let's be super generous and say that the Mark 1 arc reactor is like a Triple-A battery (5400 joules) when compared to the prime version of the arc reactor from something like Infinity War or Endgame.

Setting up a quick proportion, we can find then that, under this assumption, our best arc reactor (and therefore our strongest version of Iron Man) is producing 1.67 × 10^15 joules of energy (per second).

This is a lot of power. However, when we compare to Sentry's power, we see that his is about 10^32 times bigger. So, unfortunately, Tony's peak possible power giving him many benefits of the doubt is nowhere near what he'd need to take on Sentry.

Next up, Bruce Banner / the Hulk.

I'm gonna be honest, this one is probably gonna be the hardest. Besides the fact that Hulk is certainly nerfed in the MCU compared to the comics, we also don't really have much info on any feats that I can use to measure his strength.

The best thing that I can find for any measure of it that I might actually be able to calculate is that scene in She-Hulk when he throws a boulder into space. So, that is what we will go with.

To throw something out of Earth's orbit (which is what we are assuming he did), it needs to reach escape velocity (which it must have reached immediately given how it just flew straight out of the atmosphere). Earth's escape velocity is about 11.2 km/s, also known as 11,200 m/s.

Next, we need a guess for how big the boulder is. It's a little shorter than Hulk (about 2.6 meters apparently) when he picks it up, so let's be nice and sat 2.5 meters. It's somewhere between two and three times as wide as it is tall, so we'll be generous and say three times, making it 7.5 meters wide.

We'll then calculate an approximate volume for the boulder using two hemispheres for the rounded sides and one cylinder for the bulk of it. From this, we get that the volume is just about 45 cubic meters.

There are a lot of possibilities for the density of stone, which we need to calculate how much this stone weighs. I am not a geologist or anything, so I don't know how to identify the type of stone either. We're gonna go middle-of-the-road here, then, and say that the density is about 2500 kilograms per cubic meter.

This makes the mass of our boulder 112,500 kilograms.

Now, Hulk in the MCU might have an unfairly low number of feats to go off of, but this is not much for him to lift. It is the escape velocity part that makes it so impressive, because throwing something hard enough for it to escape Earth's orbit is crazy.

Anyway, let's calculate that kinetic energy.

E = 0.5 × mass (kilograms) × velocity^2 (m/s)

E = 0.5 × 112,500 kg × (11,200 m/s)^2

E = 7.056 × 10^12 joules

Oh, boy. That is not a lot. What else can we look at? The destruction of the Avengers facility in Endgame? How would we get a measure on that?

As I've said before, MCU Hulk is a hard guy to get a number on. He is nowhere near as strong (from what we've seen) as Hulk in the comics. However, let's look at the comics anyway. He's lifted a lot of things in the comics, one of which is a mountain described as weighing 150 billion tons. We're not gonna use that.

Instead, we are going to go with what could be the greatest push of his MCU strength, given the Avengers Facility lift. Let's see how strong Hulk would be if he had to lift up the entirety of New York City.

In kilograms, New York City weighs about 764 billion (source). This is far less than the 150 billion tons from the comics, but, as we said before, this is MCU Hulk who has been massively weakened. I don't see a world where MCU Hulk (as he is) can lift the entirety of New York City. Still, let's check it out anyway.

The energy to lift something on Earth of a given mass a certain height can be found with

E = mass (kilograms) × gravity (m/s^2) × height (meters)

The mass is 764,000,000,000 kilograms. Let's say the height he is lifting it is 1 meter. Gravity is a constant of 9.8 m/s^2.

E = 764,000,000,000 × 9.8 × 1

E = 7.4872 × 10^12 joules

Honestly, kinda crazy that this is just barely better than throwing the rock into space.

That is a feat I cannot see MCU Hulk doing, really (though based on these calculations he probably could). Either way, what we're seeing from this is that, while he is very strong, he does not hold a candle to Sentry's power.

Even if Hulk was a thousand times stronger than he is, he does not hold a candle. Even if he was a million times stronger, Sentry still has him beat by a factor of 10^29, or 100 octillion. In the comics, they might go toe-to-toe easily, with it being a coin toss either way depending on the issue and the Hulk, but in the MCU? Nah. The real shame, though, is how much weaker the MCU has made him :(

Finally, Thor

This is the one we were all waiting for, wasn't it? You know him, you love him, it's the God of Thunder. But, is he stronger than Sentry?

Let's see.

Thor's biggest (and most calculable) feat that I can think of in the MCU is in Infinity War when he holds open the iris of the forge to form Stormbreaker, and takes on the full force of the neutron star within for a period of time.

Now, for Nidavellir, things get a little weird to calculate. This is for a couple of reasons, one of the biggest being that it is hard to know information about neutron stars. It varies immensely depending on the star, just as it does for regular stars like our Sun. Most of what we have measured of neutron stars is from the youngest amongst them, as those are hottest and brightest.

Neutron stars are very small (at least in comparison to most stars). They are what remain of the collapsed cores of massive stars following a supernova explosion (provided there isn't enough mass left to form a black hole instead) (source).

Someone with far more patience than me has already calculated the diameter and surface area of Nidavellir given Thor's height and the number of pixels on screen and stuff, so I will use those numbers for this, though I am going to break away for the rest of it lol. So, we'll say the surface area of Nidavellir is 5,410,729 square meters.

Neutron stars don't actually tend to have a particularly high luminosity, with the youngest ones having the highest. From what we know, though, Nidavellir is not a very young neutron star. If it was, it would be very hot, hot enough that the ice wouldn't have been able to form around it, even given the Dyson's sphere containing it. I don't care how good your sphere is, you're not stopping a young neutron star that is 1 million Kelvin from melting ice off of it.

So, this has gotta be an older neutron star. That drops the luminosity even more. When the star is around 1 million Kelvin, the luminosity is around 10% that of the Sun. That's gonna go down more the cooler the neutron star gets.

However, I want to be as generous to Thor as possible. So, instead, we're just gonna say that the 10% of the Sun's luminosity is what we're looking at. In fact, I'll even be extra generous, pretend this is a younger neutron star, and give it 20%.

This leaves Nidavellir's luminosity as 7.656 × 10^25 watts (joules/second).

Now, what is the surface area of Thor? Using Chris Hemsworth's height and weight, we can calculate that his BSA (body surface area) is about 2.3 square meters. Since the star is only hitting his backside, we'll divide this by two to get about 1.15 square meters.

The power per square meter of Nidavellir can be found by dividing its luminosity by its surface area, leaving us with 1.415 × 10^19 watts per square meter.

Now, to see the amount of energy that Thor took on while holding the iris open, we need to multiply the power per square meter by his surface area, by the number of seconds that he endured it. Within Infinity War, he lasts maybe fifty seconds of the few minutes he is supposed to in order to finish the axe. This also mortally wounds him, and he would not survive if not for Groot using his arm as a handle and allowing Thor to heal with the completed Stormbreaker.

I'm gonna be extra extra generous here and say that, considering movie cuts and editing, Thor lasts, in universe, a minute and a half, or 90 seconds.

Let's calculate our energy.

E = power per square meter (W/m^2) × surface area (m^2) × time (s)

E = 1.415 × 10^19 W/m^2 × 1.3 m^2 × 90 s

E = 1.656 × 10^21 joules

At our most generous.

Remember, Thor did survive this, but not really? Like, he would have died if not for Stormbreaker.

Regardless, we can then say that this is about the power that we know Thor can withstand. How does that measure up to what we calculated for Sentry's power? Well, Sentry is about 10^26, or 100 septillion, times stronger.

So, once more, it looks like Sentry comes out on top.

Now, what does any of this actually mean? I don't know. Like I said at the start, we're not talking about abilities or anything like that (because those make things so much more complicated). We're just looking at what we can calculate.

And, with what we can calculate, even when we give those original Avengers as many generous takes as we can (arc reactor output, lifting New York, surviving ninety seconds rather than like fifty), they are still nowhere in the ball park of what we have calculated Sentry's power as.

I like to imagine, in a funnier world, that this is what Valentina meant when she said that Sentry was "stronger than all the Avengers rolled into one," because, if so, she's right.

POV: They don't know I'm stronger than all of the original Avengers combined times 100 septillion (they do)

[thepersonalwords]

Just for a second, think, how mysteriously vast the universe is! And you the humans exist only in a tiny fraction of that vastness. You’d realize how insignificant you are if you compare yourself with the vastness of the universe. Your universe is everything that is out there. Your little 3 pound brain has access to only a microscopic percentage of that unfathomable everything. You childishly boast your greatness as a so-called advanced species while you only see a very small strip of what’s really going on in the universe.

Abhijit Naskar, Autobiography of God: Biopsy of A Cognitive Reality

[peaceloveandhistory]

Fun fact: The pronunciation of American English is closer to the pronunciation in William Shakespeare's time (1564-1616) than in British English. Today's American accent is more closely related to what Shakespeare heard while he wrote. People generally assume that Shakespeare's English is related to British English, but in Early Modern English the letter "r" is still pronounced. During the 18th century the "r" was dropped from pronunciation when it was the last syllable of a word in southern British English. American English froze in how we pronounce letters, which is why we sound more like Shakespeare than British English.

[reality-detective]

Nobel Laureate in Chemistry Kary Mullis slams Fauci in the 1990's 🤔

[maream2636]

2024.8.7

I made a detailed plan for my day the night before, and it was a good day. I got an evaluation of my day 13 out of 16. It was a productive day. I will adopt this method, as it makes me aware of what is happening and what I am doing, and as long as I continue to mark it as true or false.

So what i did:

1. Do a morning routine (for the skin, facial exercises, drinking vitamins, and drinking lemon).

2. Doing Pilates (it seems simple, but it is painful. I am still new. I was relying on cardio exercises, which turned out to be a mistake)

3. I made myself a healthy breakfast (I was eating cake and tea, which was making me sluggish and unproductive. Don’t underestimate breakfast!)

4. I studied the first file of mathematical principles (I divided it into parts, but it turned out that this method did not suit me)

5. I studied half the second file of pharmaceutical accounts (when I face something I don’t understand, my mind starts to wander, and this is a problem..)

6.Drink four bottles of water (women need 2.7 liters, and each bottle I have contains 500 milliliters).

The mistakes I made:

•My comprehension is high in the morning, but I woke up late and also did less important things in the morning, so tomorrow I will correct that.

•I slept in the afternoon and it was the worst decision. I woke up in pain and feeling dizzy and had to drink coffee, which kept me very awake instead of sleeping now!

[itsallaboutbl]

Est Supha as shirtless Po ThamePo Heart That Skips a Beat, ep. 11

[wahroh]

It's an inverse relationship.

[autistictortoise]

The "How many women scientist except madam Curie can you name?" really bugs me, because Calvin is a biochemist. Yes, he is not what you would call really socially competent and we never see him take much interest in other people's work, but, guys... he's a scientist. He must know what the newest trends in science are, he must know what is being researched right now around the world, he must know to what projects money and grants are going.

Elizabeth meets Calvin in 1952 (according to the book version). You know what happened just a year later? Watson and Crick published their model of structure of DNA double helix. In creating it they used a picture they obtained without the author's permission. Never the less, they mention her in their article in Nature AND the author of the picture published an article with her results in the same volume and issue of the prestigious scientific magazine. Her name? Rosalind Franklin. Calvin's research is said to be focused on DNA, there's no way he would not be aware of this woman's work and what she was trying to achieve, especially since she got PhD at Cambridge in 1945, where Calvin studied.

Ok, but let's say Calvin is that ignorant. But don't tell me he doesn't know the name Nettie Stevens, who is known for XY sex-determination system. Don't tell me he doesn't know the names Harriet B. Creighton and Barbara McClintock, who studied crossing over, chromozomes etc. (McClintock later got Nobel prize in 1983). Don't tell me he doesn't know the name of the first woman to get Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine - Gerty Cori, who got the prize in 1947.

And if he really is THAT ignorant, it should have been made into "how come you don't even know THESE names" scene, because Elizabeth Zott should know these women and their work. And readers and viewers should learn about them.

[ezralva]

This time Together with Maman as school teachers

Caption "Teachers for subjects you're not good at"

What subjects will they teach?