#especially in regards to Catholicism and Christianity

[toastgoatteeth]

I have not engaged with any MCU media in a VERY long time, so correct me if I'm wrong, but does anyone else sometimes think about how Norse mythology is the only mythology/religious sect that is proven to exist in this universe. It's objectively interesting to ME at least, because presumably everyone on earth was chilling and relaxing and then suddenly the Nordic god, Loki, touches down and starts causing alien havoc in New York.

Like, would that not cause some kind of weird religious upset, to just have an actual REAL Scandinavian god be real, amongst the rest of his pantheon? Like yeah, Thor is a superhero or whatever, but does anyone ever just be like "That's the actual Norse Thor and Loki. The god's from Scandinavian folklore. They are the only gods to be proven real." And like, yes, the MCU gets most if not all of their mythology incorrect, but it's just weird to me how presumably other religions still manage to exist despite Loki and Thor and Odin just fucking being there.

Basically this post was created because I really really really wanted there to be like. A Loki shrine or worshipper or something in the new Loki season because you know. He's a god. He would have worshippers. People who pray to him and all that stuff, and I'm disappointed there weren't any.

[willofwinnie]

Calendar of Auldrant

Though I do not know if other games in the Tales series go by a similar date and day naming system, this will primarily be Tales of the Abyss. This is a long post!

Here is all the information the game gives regarding the calendar.

The Days:

This is a funny nod towards the origins behind the names of the days of the week. Rem is light and the “Sun” in Sunday is directly referencing the Sun. It's pretty neat that both reference a form of light. 

Similar situation with Lunaday and Monday (Luna- Moon, Mon- also Moon). 

Ifrit(also spelled Efreet) is Fire. Potentially in Korean the Tuesday equivalent translates to “fire day” according to Wiki about Tuesday. I don’t speak or read Korean so I also checked WordReference and found similar characters in some of the words like rage, wrath, ire, (further down that provided list) great fire. So it potentially could be a fun nod to that, can’t completely confirm. 

Undineday is water day. In Japanese and Korean Wednesday also translates to Water Day. Yes, in WordReference the Japanese character used in Wednesday is used for water so this seems fairly straightforward. In Korean I also found a bit more difficulty as the characters are widely used in many words, there are some water-related words in the sea of words the character appears in so I wouldn’t completely dismiss the possibility. 

Sylphday is wind. Thursday is a reference to Thor, the god of thunder. The wind would relate to stormy weather that thunder and lightning often appear with. 

Loreleiday- Lorelei. Friday- the greatest day of the week. In Auldrant Lorelei is considered pretty great! Just kidding, well partially. Friday comes from Freya, the goddess of marriage and love. Lorelei is a godly figure in the world of Abyss. Though Lorelei may be caring, it’s more related to sound and memory. Daath in general is fairly religious, following Lorelei, with the Order of Lorelei. In Christianity, Good Friday is a widely celebrated day. In Catholicism, all Fridays during Lent, you can’t eat meat (but it is supposed to be all Fridays to abstain from meat not just Lent). This being Friday's equivalent does make sense with the more religious aspect of the day (since Sunday was used for the more straightforward “light” connection).

The Gnomeday-Saturday connection is fairly nonexistent. Gnome is the element earth in Auldrant. Saturday is a reference to Saturn (God of Time), sabbath day (for romantic languages), and bath day (Old Norse). I will be honest, none of these fit. Sadly, it may be a case of “just put it in somewhere.”

The Months:

There are 13 months in Auldrant. As far as I can tell, there is no official count of how many days are in each month.

If we ignore Lorelei Decan for a moment, the rest of the months go forward and reverse except for Rem Decan and Luna Redecan (which is in place of the counterpart of a potential Rem Redecan). The order of Rem, Sylph Undine, Gnome, Ifrit, and Shadow are not in the order of fonon numbers. The number order of this month list is 6, 3, 4, 2, 5, 1, 1, 5, 2, 4, 3, 6, 7. I am assuming Luna and Rem are two sides of the same coin and are referencing the same fonon so they are both the 6th fonon. There was close to being a pattern of taking a number, halving it, adding one, and halving it again but they ran out of whole numbers to continue that.

The first half of the year has the postfix Decan and the latter half Redecan except for the Lorelei month. This could be because Lorelei signifies that a new year will arrive, so it has the postfix Decan. Lorelei is an important figure in Auldrant, especially Daath, so a month that stands out in the name of Lorelei would be fitting.

To think of a wild interpretation of the months, it could represent a person’s life or the year’s lifespan. The beginning starts with the sun, a new beginning. The person/year goes through the experiences of their life, experiencing all it has to bring (with fonons making up the world). The center point of the person/year’s life is the Shadow months. At this point, they are no longer young and will have to figure out what to do for the rest of their life (a very shadowy midlife crisis). They reminisce about their life and go back to relive the experiences of their youth until the sun sets and the moon rises. The end of the line. Then as all 7th Fonists do, they return to the Fonbelt, to Lorelei. Then the cycle of fonons can begin again. 

Or a more logical explanation of the months could represent the cycle the memory particles go through when traveling through the Fon Belt (The Planet Storm). Then to encompass all the Fonons Lorelei represents the final one of the 7th Fonon.

Anyway, all the months can comfortably fit 58 days in them but there is a remainder of 11 days to account for in the year. If we add a day for every other month starting with the first month, that would leave 4 days remaining. I do not know a logical placement for these days, so I will add them to Lorelei Decan. The month count would be Rem Decan- 59, Sylph Decan- 58, Undine Decan- 59, Gnome Decan- 58, Ifrit Decan- 59, Shadow Decan- 58, Shadow Redecan- 59, Ifrit Redecan- 58, Gnome Redecan- 59, Undine Redecan- 58, Sylph Redecan- 59, Luna Redecan- 58, Lorelei Decan- 63. (This will be helpful for some calculations later.)

The Year:

A year in Auldrant is 765 days. That is 2.1 times longer than our calendar year. If we compare that to our world, Jade would be 70, Guy 42, Natalia 36, Tear 32, and Anise 28. Dang does Jade look great at 70 haha! I do know the 765 days is a pun because that number sounds somewhat like Namco in Japanese. In this world, I assume people age at half the rate (My condolences to all the Auldrant parents with tantrum-throwing toddlers). Since the year is twice as long, Luke being locked in his Manor for seven years and the time skip in the story would be way longer than originally believed. Nothing like Auldrant continuing to be worse and worse, right?

Birthdays:

Can't have a ramble about a fictional calendar without talking about birthdays! From around the internet, the birthdays of the characters are listed as follows: Jade- Sylph-Redecan 22, Guy- Efreet-Decan 41, Natalia- Rem-decan 37, Luke- Lorelei-Decan 48, Tear- Lorelei-Decan 1, Anise- Shadow-Decan 46. Going along with my guess on how many days per month, the day each character is born in this: Jade- 607, Guy- 275, Natalia- 37, Luke- 750, Tear- 703, Anise- 339. (Basically, add up all the days of the months prior and add then the day of the month they were born). The birthdays I got from fan sites that supposedly got them from a QNA. I do not know the accuracy of these but for the purposes of the rest of this, these are the dates used.

I have noticed that there are assigned birthdays for the characters per our calendar year. Jade is Nov 22, and Luke is Dec 25th. I found these from fan sites and repeated them across the internet. Again with these, I do not know the accuracy, so I did my own take on the potential calculations.

There are a few ways to calculate the birthdays of these characters with our own: Divide the year by two (2.1 to be more accurate) and get an approximate answer, place our calendar year onto Abyss’, and count the days (for example there will be two Decembers).

The first option is easy. Divide the day they were born by 2.1 to get the day they would be born on Earth. It would land the characters birthdays like this: Jade- 289 (Oct 16), Guy- 130 (May 10), Natalia- 17 (Jan 17), Luke- 357 (Dec 23), Tear-  334 (Nov 30th), Anise- 161 (Jun 10). These are pretty close to the associated birthdays with Luke nearly being a Christmas Eve baby and Jade being born in fall.

The second option is also easy, for any character whose birthday is over 365, subtract 365 until it is a number below 365 and find the date associated (For example, if a character is born on the 366th day, they would be born on Jan 1st in our calendar). It would land the characters birthdays like this: Jade- 242 (Aug 30th), Guy- 275 (Oct 2nd), Natalia- 37 (Feb 6th), Luke- 20 (Jan 20), Tear- 338 (December 4th), and Anise- 339 (December 5th).

Despite the numbers not exactly lining up (there will be human error on my part with calculations and rounding), if people celebrate Jade's birthday on Nov 22 that's completely fine by me! It's a fictional birthday anyway! If it means more Tales of the Abyss art and content, Jade's birthday could be Feb 14 for all I care!

This was just something fun I've been thinking about when I learned about the calendar of Auldrant! And might as well try to put all my thoughts together for a big ramble. Hope you all enjoyed!

[avelera]

What religion do we think IWTV show Armand is, at this point?

Because with almost any other character, especially a centuries old vampire, I would add "if any", but that really really doesn't apply to Armand. Religion is absolutely core to his character throughout the books in ways that it is for very few characters even within the Vampire Chronicles.

Below the cut is a rundown of Armand's faith in the books, questions that arose as a result of him pretending to be Rashid in the show, and my fundamental question which is: where does that leave us with regards to Armand's faith as it stands today?

Book Background:

For those not familiar, Armand's religion in the books is, presumably, Russian Orthodox when he was a child or its equivalent in Kievan Rus in the 1400s and he was quite devout.

Presumably, when he was sold as a slave to the Venetians and became immersed in the Venetian art scene as part being an artist in Marius's studio (forgive my somewhat patchy memory of TVA, this is based more on TVL which I'm currently re-reading) he would have been surrounded by and partaken in Roman Catholicism.

When he is kidnapped and indoctrinated by the Children of Darkness, a Satanic cult that believes vampires are a punishment sent by God (in a Roman Catholic tradition) and eventually becomes the leader of the Paris Coven, Armand is still heavily steeped in a Catholic, arguably almost Catholic monastic existence.

Even when the Paris Coven transitions into the Theatre des Vampires, Armand maintains a great many of the rules from the Children of Darkness and the Theatre is very much a spiritual successor, reinvented specifically for the Age of Reason because they were hemorrhaging followers and believers in the 1700s.

(Because the Children of Darkness was a fundamentally Medieval cult, founded in response to the Black Death, and the ways of thinking were changing to make that level and flavor of religious devotion old fashioned and no longer as compelling to modern people of the time, but I digress.)

For all that Armand no longer presents as particularly religious by the time of the Devil's Minion, and even to have left that part of his life behind, the events of Memnoch the Devil show that Armand's religious faith was merely dormant, and when given a sliver of proof that God and the Devil, Heaven and Hell exist, his faith returns in a fiery (heh) explosion. Specifically, his reaction is to evidence of the historicity of Jesus Christ via being confronted with the Veil of Veronica. It's a heavily Christian moment, though one that would be meaningful to Catholic and Orthodox believers.

Ok, so there's the book background. So what about the show?

When Armand was presented as Rashid in Season 1, I was quite willing and indeed excited at the notion of Armand reinvented as a member of the Islamic faith.

While it would require some alteration from the book canon as described above, it wouldn't necessarily be all that different than updating Louis from an 1800s plantation owner to a 1900s brothel owner and business man. Basically, I had faith the writers could pull it off and indeed make it beautiful.

Based on the S1 finale, I had assumed that Rashid was a character created wholly by Armand and, in the manner of all masks, therefore included a piece of his true self including his Muslim faith when he prayed.

But now in S2 we have Real Rashid. And we have Armand's theatrical background to show he's familiar with acting and putting on a character, in this case, the character of a real person he knows. So I'm beginning to think, much like Daniel when he shot those questions about Islam at Armand, that Armand was only praying in order to better 'inhabit' the character of Rashid, based on Real Rashid, who presumably is a Muslim.

That leaves us with a question: was Armand praying out of personal faith, or to better perform as "Rashid"?

Then there's the fact that in this season, we learn what alterations have been made to Armand's background. He is no longer Andrei of Kievan Rus, he is Arun of Delhi.

Thing is, Muslims make up a little over 10% of the population of Delhi today (according to a cursory Google search) so it's still entirely feasible that Armand was born into a Muslim household, rather than say a Hindu one, and practiced that faith as devoutly as Andrei practiced Russian Orthodoxy.

But then we get into the thornier issue, because Andrei/Amadeo/Armand going from Orthodox to Catholic is still a conversion, it's perhaps a less fundamental one. Especially since as a peasant in the 1400s, the differences in dogma between Catholics and Orthodox beliefs would be less relevant to Andrei than they would be to, say, a priest. (Not to say these differences aren't important. Just saying that many laymen at least in the Catholic faith at this time only had a fuzzy idea of what the dogma even was.)

But making Arun, who might have been Muslim, convert to a faith that believes in Jesus Christ as the Messiah rather than Muhammad as the Prophet is a much bigger, more fundamental betrayal and a potentially forceful conversion. Do you see what I mean?

So basically, I'm wondering where we're at in terms of potential later story beats that revolve around Armand's faith being specifically some flavor of Christianity (ex. in Memnoch) and potential prologue story beats of his time as a painter in Venice with Marius which would likewise have been fairly steeped in the Christian faith which this version of Armand was almost certainly not born into (at least, it would be very unlikely, Christians making up less than 1% of Delhi today, I confess I don't know the historical percentages).

So, where do we stand on Armand's faith by the present day? Did he convert wholeheartedly (or perhaps reluctantly, or perhaps neither since he didn't remember his childhood he simply adopted the faith of those around him, who knows?) to Christianity under Marius and the Children of Darkness and therefore consider those faiths as fundamental to him as his book counterpart, since they'd represent 99% of his life, or was his Muslim prayer as Rashid in any way a homage to his childhood faith, if he even recalls it?

[kemetic-dreams]

All Abrahamic religions claim to be monotheistic, worshiping an exclusive God, although one who is known by different names. Each of these religions preaches that God creates, is one, rules, reveals, loves, judges, punishes, and forgives. 

However, although Christianity does not profess to believe in three gods—but rather in three persons, or hypostases, united in one essence—the Trinitarian doctrine, a fundamental of faith for the vast majority of Christian denominations, conflicts with Jewish and Muslim concepts of monotheism.

Since the conception of a divine Trinity is not amenable to tawhid, the Islamic doctrine of monotheism, Islam regards Christianity as variously polytheistic.

Judaism and Islam have strict dietary laws, with permitted food known as kosher in Judaism, and halal in Islam. These two religions prohibit the consumption of pork; Islam prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages of any kind. Halal restrictions can be seen as a modification of the kashrut dietary laws, so many kosher foods are considered halal; especially in the case of meat, which Islam prescribes must be slaughtered in the name of God. Hence, in many places, Muslims used to consume kosher food. However, some foods not considered kosher are considered halal in Islam.

With rare exceptions, Christians do not consider the Old Testament's strict food laws as relevant for today's church; see also Biblical law in Christianity. Most Protestants have no set food laws, but there are minority exceptions

The Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA) embraces numerous Old Testament rules and regulations such as tithing, Sabbath observance, and Jewish food laws. Therefore, they do not eat pork, shellfish, or other foods considered unclean under the Old Covenant. The "Fundamental Beliefs" of the SDA state that their members "are to adopt the most healthful diet possible and abstain from the unclean foods identified in the Scriptures".

Proselytism

Judaism accepts converts, but has had no explicit missionaries since the end of the Second Temple era.

Judaism states that non-Jews can achieve righteousness by following Noahide Laws, a set of moral imperatives that, according to the Talmud, were given by God[k] as a binding set of laws for the "children of Noah"—that is, all of humanity. It is believed that as much as ten percent of the Roman Empire followed Judaism either as fully ritually obligated Jews or the simpler rituals required of non-Jewish members of that faith.

Christianity encourages evangelism. Many Christian organizations, especially Protestant churches, send missionaries to non-Christian communities throughout the world. See also Great Commission. Forced conversions to Catholicism have been alleged at various points throughout history. The most prominently cited allegations are the conversions of the pagans after Constantine; of Muslims, Jews and Eastern Orthodox during the Crusades; of Jews and Muslims during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, where they were offered the choice of exile, conversion or death; and of the Aztecs by Hernán Cortés. Forced conversions to Protestantism may have occurred as well, notably during the Reformation, especially in England and Ireland

[jesawyer]

as a lifelong Catholic and a fan of many of the games you've worked on, i appreciated Pentiment's exhaustive and unsparing portrayal of medieval Christianity at its most scrupulous, brutal (and bizarre lol). never seen a game with those theology chops. i'm curious if your reading about the faith came up or informed any of Pillars of Eternity's unique plot points regarding that setting's gods, or discussions of faith in general. (not to imply u wrote the game or w/e, just curious if it came up)

Thank you.

I have never been a practicing Catholic or Christian of any denomination, but I studied Christian theology and the history of the Catholic church in college as part of my history degree.

Prior to Pillars of Eternity, I directed the Fallout: New Vegas DLC Honest Hearts. I'm hardly a scholar of Mormonism, but I wanted to deal with faith and religious history repeating itself in its storylines and its characters (especially Joshua Graham/The Burned Man).

I don't think Catholicism was a huge influence on the development of the Pillars setting or the story itself, but there are story elements lifted from Catholic history - specifically, Saint Waidwen as an analogue to Hans Böhm aka The Drummer of Niklashausen.

[stellae-de-baphometis]

The Bastardised Interpretations Of Daemons (And Other Spirits) Within The Dictionnaire Infernal

+. GIF Credit .+

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So I got the idea for this post from my best friend @sortiarus-de--naturas--daemonum, and we both agreed that this was something that needed addressing; Especially in regards to Daemonolatry.

The Dictionnaire Infernal is one of the most widely known grimoires on demonology and all things occult. But what a lot of practitioners might not know is that it's actually quite a problematic resource for Daemonolatry and occult practices, and for several reasons. In fact, I personally don't think it's a reputable source in general, and this post is going to be detailing exactly why that is.

So without further ado, here's why the Dictionnaire Infernal might not be the greatest resource for Daemonolatrists, and why it's much more problematic than you think!

Full post under the cut. ↓

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So, why is the Dictionnaire Infernal a bad resource for Daemonolatry and daemons in general? Well...

For starters, the book was written by someone who had very, very problematic views on other religions and belief systems... As in, racism, xenophobia, and religiophobia kind of problematic.

On top of that, Jacques Collin De Plancy (the author) had converted to Catholicism by the time he had started writing the Dictionnaire Infernal. So at this point, he was already going to have a biased interpretation of the Daemonic Divine, as he was interpreting them through a Christian-tainted lens; That is, in comparison to someone who seeks to learn about and venerate them. As a result, the entries on the daemons within his book were evidently written to play into the vilifying and denigration of daemons in general.

And to add insult to injury, a later edition was published with added illustrations, likely commissioned by De Plancy and drawn by Louis Le Breton, showcasing bastardised interpretations of daemons and demonised deities, interpreting them to look as monstrous and hideous as possible.

All around, it seems that both the spirits' entries and their illustrations were made with the main intent to mock and degrade them, as well as to portray them as being mere dirt beneath the feet of the Christian God. Obviously, a book portraying daemons in such a way is not going to be very helpful to a Daemonolatrist. If one wants to honour and work with daemons, what use is such a book that primarily mocks their very existence going to be?

Don't get me wrong; I think it's okay to go to the Dictionnaire Infernal for research, but only with the foreknowledge and understanding that the lore and mythology of the daemons and other spirits listed therein runs much deeper than the mere entries within the book, and that you shouldn't rely on it as your sole source of information on the Daemonic Divine.

But aside from these glaring issues, the Dictionnaire Infernal is just iniquitous and amoral in general; Which is no surprise, given that it was written in the 19th century and people back then held some very problematic beliefs... But that doesn't make any of it okay.

So, what other issues lie within the pages of the Dictionnaire Infernal? Let's delve into them...

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◦──⋆ I ⋆──◦

~ Demonising Deities Of Other Religions ~

Something I noticed from the get-go was the fact that De Plancy is very quick to declare deities from other belief systems as Christian demons who oppose God, when they're historically not documented as such. He did this with several Hindu deities such as Bhairava, Ganga, Kali, Durga (a.k.a. Deumus), Kateri, and Garuda. The illustrations of these deities drawn by Le Breton seem to be quite shocking and possibly kind of racist as well.

I mean, take these depictions of Bhairava (left) and Kali (right) for example, and they seem to speak for themselves. I don't know for sure if these depictions are racist or not, but they definitely feel like they might be...

At the very least, they seem to be extremely bastardised and monstrously grotesque misrepresentations of these deities. See these more historically accurate depictions below for comparison:

De Plancy also included entries on deities and entities such as Abraxas, Adrammelech, Alastor, Astarte, Chemosh (Chamos), Dagon, Dumuzid (Tammuz), Flaga, Guayota, Hadad (Rimmon), Milcom, Moloch, Nergal, Nibhaz (Nybbas), Nisroch, Pan, Peckols (Picollus), Pluton, Proserpina, Pucks, Rubezahl (Ribesal), Succoth-benoth, Torngarsuk, and many others that were criminally misrepresented and twisted into something they weren't.

It likely only reinforced the idea of deities such as Moloch, Chemosh, Dagan, Adrammelech, and Abraxas being considered Christianised "demons" rather than simply just deities pertaining to other religions and belief systems. Even mere underworld deities tasked with watching over the dead in the afterlife (e.g. Peckols, Pluton, Proserpina, Nergal, Dumuzid) were tainted with the stereotypical Christian idea of Hell; Fire, brimstone, pain, torment, and suffering for all of eternity.

And while some forgotten gods of dying religions might take a liking to being embraced as daemons or daemonic deities worthy of veneration in the context of Daemonolatry (as long as it's done in a respectful manner of course), these deities have still been obscenely misrepresented through the distorted perception of De Plancy's problematic views on other religions.

And that leads us into his similarly skewed views on the Daemonic Divine themselves, which isn't any better...

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◦──⋆ II ⋆──◦

~ The Monstrous Misrepresentation Of Spirits ~

So not only was De Plancy a racist religiophobe (which was already rather obvious lol), but he was also quite uneducated on daemons as a whole; That is my personal opinion as both a Daemonolatrist and a Daemonologist. Having converted to Catholicism, this likely made his perception and interpretation of daemons extremely biased, because it's quite commonplace for Christianity to depict daemons in a grossly negative light.

They're basically viewed and treated like they're evil incarnate and are frequently scapegoated for most of the world's problems by religious extremists, even in the modern day. As someone who has a lot of love and respect for the Daemonic Divine, these ideas criminally misrepresent the daemons I know and love; And that goes for how they're portrayed in the Dictionnaire Infernal as well.

On top of De Plancy having a warped perception of daemons, he also seemed to have limited knowledge of the Daemonic Divine beyond their grimoire appearances; He didn't seem to have much of a UPG on them (other than the fact that he believed they were literal fallen angels who disobeyed god and were cast out of Heaven as a result), which is probably because he was biased, and didn't care to see daemons in a different perception beyond the Christian interpretation of them being the "villains".

From the thorough research I've done, it seems much more likely that daemons originate from deities pertaining to pantheons of other religions and belief systems, rather than being literal fallen angels. But that's for a whole other post in and of itself.

Aside from deities such as Baal and Astarte already being bastardised into the daemons Bael and Astaroth, as well as being depicted as such in the Dictionnaire Infernal, De Plancy himself also misinterpreted and misrepresented several deities and spirits of other folkloric backgrounds. This is very evident in his "hellish hierarchy" of spirits he considers demons included within his book. He also assigns absurdly inaccurate roles to them too. Here are just a few examples:

Kobal - This is likely a demonisation of both the Kobold sprites of Germanic mythology and the Kobaloi sprites of Greek mythology. Kobolds were commonly considered household spirits who stirred up mischief around the home. In some accounts, they were also known to do chores at night that humans neglected to finish during the day. Kobaloi were said to be impudent and mischievous spirits that were fond of tricking and frightening mortals. They were companions of Dionysus and also had the ability to shape-shift. De Plancy represented these sprites as a singular demon and assigned him with directing theatres and being somewhat of a "stage manager" in Hell.

Nybbas - This is a demonisation of a supposed deity of the Avim called Nibhaz, worshipped during the reigning of Shalmaneser I, mentioned in 2 Kings 17:31 of the Bible. Nibhaz is a rather obscure Mesopotamian deity mentioned in the Bible who was either 1) A deity whose history and mythos has been lost to time, or 2) A deity that likely never even existed in the first place. Thus, there's barely any information on Nibhaz, other than the fact that they apparently appeared in the form of a dog. De Plancy portrayed this deity as a demon under the name of Nybbas, who was in charge of managing the visions and dreams of mortals. He was said to be treated with little respect, and was regarded a "buffoon" and "charlatan".

Nergal - Here's another Mesopotamian deity that was mentioned in 2 Kings 17:31 and later demonised by De Plancy, though, Nergal seems to have a much more pronounced mythos. Nergal was a chthonic god associated with plagues, war, pestilence, death, and devastation. However, he was also said to be a benefactor to mortals; Hearing their prayers, reviving the dead, and protecting agriculture and flocks. He was equated with Irra, a god of war and scorched earth. This is probably why Nergal was later regarded as a "destroying flame" and described as "scorching". De Plancy assigned him with the role of being chief of Hell's "secret police". He is also listed as the first spy under Beelzebub's command who, in turn, is under the surveillance of "the great vigilante" Lucifer. I have absolutely no idea why Hell would even need secret police or where he even got that idea in the first place, but go figure lol. That's De Plancy for ya.

Proserpina - As far as I know, I don't think Proserpina was actually demonised prior to her appearance in the Dictionnaire Infernal. It seems that her entry within the book is the first time she was ever demonised. Proserpina is a Roman goddess (Greek equivalent: Persephone) of fertility, nature, agriculture, vegetative growth, the underworld, and the season of Spring. She is best-known for the myth of her abduction to the Underworld by the chthonic god Hades (Roman equivalent: Pluto). De Plancy includes her in his "hellish hierarchy" where he regards her as an archdiablesse (French for "archdemoness" or "arch-she-devil") and princess of evil spirits. In her grimoire entry within the Dictionnaire Infernal, she is described as being queen of the infernal empire and is associated with serpents and snakes.

Hutgin - This is another case of De Plancy demonising sprites and faeries. Hutgin is likely a demonisation of Hodekin, a kobold or sprite of Germanic folklore. Hodekin was said to be a helpful sprite and somewhat of a familiar spirit who lived with the Bishop Of Hildesheim. Hodekin was said to mainly be a nocturnal spirit and only active at night. He could see into the future and could warn one of problems to come. One of the myths surrounding Hodekin is that he was tasked with watching over the bishop's wife to make sure she remained faithful while he was away. Whenever she tried to cheat on the bishop, Hodekin would step in and assume frightening shapes, scaring the paramours away before the wife could be unfaithful. De Plancy assigns Hutgin with the role of being Hell's ambassador to the country of Turkey (for whatever reason lmao).

I don't really know how De Plancy came to such conclusions regarding daemons, deities, and other spirits; But clearly, a lot of these depictions are not very historically accurate lol. And that leads us into the next section of this post, where the depictions of the Daemonic Divine in particular weren't exactly without error in comparison to their other grimoire appearances.

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◦──⋆ III ⋆──◦

~ The Inaccurate Depictions Of Daemons ~

A lot of people in occult spaces are likely familiar with Le Breton's illustrations within the Dictionnaire Infernal. However, what a lot of people don't know is that the illustrations and grimoire entries aren't very historically accurate depictions of the Daemonic Divine; That is, when you compare them to the daemons' original grimoire appearances in books such as the Livre Des Esperitz, Fasciculus Rerum Geomanticarum, Liber Officiorum Spirituum, and the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum. From the disparaging illustrated depictions to the bastardised lore, the Daemonic Divine aren't exactly documented so accurately within the Dictionnaire Infernal. Let's delve into some examples:

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Pruflas (also called Bufas, Suffales, Bulfas, Pruslas, and Busas) is a daemon that appears in the Livre Des Esperitz, Liber Officiorum Spirituum, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, and the Dictionnaire Infernal.

In the Dictionnaire Infernal, Pruflas is depicted as a man with the head of an owl. But for some reason, his illustration depicts Purson rather than Pruflas (Purson is described as a lion-headed man riding a bear, also being associated with trumpets). Perhaps this was either some sort of error, or De Plancy and/or Le Breton considered Pruflas and Purson to be the same daemon, even though this is not stated anywhere in the Dictionnaire Infernal.

In the Livre Des Esperitz, Pruflas's appearance is not described. In the Liber Officiorum Spirituum, he is said to appear as a spark of fire. In the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, he is said to appear with the body of a fiery flame and the head of a nighthawk or nightjar (described as "nycticoraci" in the original Latin version).

The term "nycticoraci" or "nycticorax" is translated to "night raven" in English. This term likely originates from Leviticus 11:16 of the Bible, which regards the "night raven" as any bird of ill omen. The specific birds regarded as night ravens mentioned in Leviticus 11 are; Eagles, vultures, black vultures, red kites, black kites, ravens, horned owls, screech owls, gulls, hawks, little owls, cormorants, great owls, white owls, desert owls, ospreys, storks, herons, hoopoes, and bats (even though bats aren't birds lol).

Later, the term "nycticorax" was used to name a specific genus of night herons. It was specifically also used to refer to the best known species, the black-crowned night heron. Given that the term "night raven" can refer to any bird of ill omen in Christianity, this may explain why daemons such as Stolas, Andras, and Aamon are depicted as either being owl-headed or taking on the appearance of an owl.

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Buer (also called Gemer) is a daemon that appears in the Livre Des Esperitz, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Ars Goetia, and the Dictionnaire Infernal.

In the Dictionnaire Infernal, Buer is depicted as appearing in the form of a star or five-pointed wheel. Le Breton's illustration depicts him as a disembodied lion's head with five goat legs, giving him the ability to "walk" or roll in all directions. This is a historically inaccurate depiction of how Buer appears, because he isn't depicted as a quintuple-goat-legged lion head in any of his grimoire appearances whatsoever.

In the Livre Des Esperitz, Buer's appearance is not described. In the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, he is said to appear in the form of a star. In the Ars Goetia, he is said to appear in the form of a "sagittary" or centaur, specifically when the Sun is in Sagittarius.

Buer is likely a demonisation of Chiron, a superlative centaur from Greek mythology who specialised in healing, medicine, and astrology; Which explains Buer's similar functions and the account of him appearing in the form of a "sagittary" in the Ars Goetia.

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Barbatos (also called Barbates, Barbares, Barbais, Barbas, and Barbarus) is a daemon that appears in the Livre Des Esperitz, Munich Manual Of Demonic Magic, Liber Officiorum Spirituum, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Ars Goetia, and the Dictionnaire Infernal.

In his Dictionnaire Infernal illustration, Barbatos is depicted as a bearded hunter wielding a hunting rifle, and he is said to inhabit the forests. In his grimoire entry, he is alternatively said to appear as an archer. He is also compared to Robin Of The Woods (a.k.a. Robin Hood) and Jack In The Green.

In the Livre Des Esperitz, Barbatos's appearance is not described. In the Munich Manual Of Demonic Magic, he is said to appear as a forest archer who is accompanied by four kings carrying trumpets. In the Liber Officiorum Spirituum, he is said to appear in the form of a shouter, forest man, or wild archer. Alternatively, he is also said to appear as a centaur or "sagittary" that is described as being "half-man and half-beast". In the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, he is said to appear in the form of a woodland archer. In the Ars Goetia, he is said to appear in the form of a "sagittary" or centaur, specifically when the Sun is in Sagittarius; Similarly to Buer.

While his form described in the Ars Goetia is said to be a mistranslation, it's not technically an inaccurate depiction. He appears as a centaur in the Liber Officiorum Spirituum, after all. His depiction as a forest man isn't too inaccurate either, given that Barbatos is possibly tied to the mythical figure Woodwose originating in medieval Europe, and functions similarly.

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Gaap (also called Tap, Goap, Coap, Taob, Ducay, and Balath) is a daemon that appears in the Livre Des Esperitz, Munich Manual Of Demonic Magic, Liber Officiorum Spirituum, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Ars Goetia, and the Dictionnaire Infernal.

In the Dictionnaire Infernal, Gaap is said to appear at noon in human form. But in his illustration, he is depicted as a devil-like figure, or more plausibly, as a man riding upon the shoulders of a devil-like figure. Many people have interpreted this illustration as the demon figure being Gaap himself. But given his Dictionnaire Infernal entry, it's probably more likely that Gaap is the human mounted on the shoulders of the demon-like figure.

In the Livre Des Esperitz, Gaap's appearance is said to appear "very benignly". In the Munich Manual Of Demonic Magic, he is said to appear as a healer that assumes human form, and is also regarded as a doctor. In the Liber Officiorum Spirituum, he is said to appear as a misshapen image. In the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, he is said to appear in a "meridional sign". In the Ars Goetia, he is said to appear in human form when the Sun is in the Southern signs.

As previously stated, it's likely that many people have interpreted Gaap's illustration as him being depicted as the devil-like figure, instead of the man that is mounted on him. Looking at his other grimoire appearances, it's likely that the illustration was meant to depict Gaap as taking the form of a human mounted on the shoulders of a devil-like being.

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Beleth (also called Bileth, Bilet, and Byleth) is a daemon that appears in the Liber Officiorum Spirituum, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Ars Goetia, and the Dictionnaire Infernal.

In the Dictionnaire Infernal, she is said to appear as a "terrible" king riding a white horse, preceded by cats blowing horns and trumpets. However, her illustration seems to depict her as cat-headed person playing a horn, surrounded by dancing mice. Perhaps this illustration was meant to depict one of the horn-blowing cats that precede Beleth? I'm not sure.

In the Liber Officiorum Spirituum, Beleth's appearance is not described. In the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, she is said to appear furiously, riding upon a pale horse; The sounding of trumpets and the playing of all sorts of other musical instruments are heard before her. In the Ars Goetia, she appears pretty much in the same way as described within the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum.

It's also just my personal UPG that Beleth is a girl lol, as I believe she likely originated from the Mesopotamian goddess Belet-ili. As far as I know, I don't think Beleth is depicted as a woman in any of her grimoire appearances. Her Dictionnaire Infernal entry and illustration don't seem to align either, so it's likely that the trumpet-blowing cat drawing was meant to depict the cats that precede Beleth, rather than Beleth herself.

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These are just a handful of the inaccurate depictions of the Daemonic Divine and other spirits within the Dictionnaire Infernal. If I were to delve into all of them in great detail, this post would be far too long... So I'm gonna end it there lol.

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In conclusion, I personally don't advise going to the Dictionnaire Infernal as your sole source of research on daemons; Especially if you're a daemonolatrist. I'd instead recommend looking at their other grimoire appearances, especially the earlier ones. The grimoires I recommend looking into are:

Livre Des Esperitz

Fasciculus Rerum Geomanticarum

Liber Officiorum Spirituum

Pseudomonarchia Daemonum

Ars Goetia

I hope you find this post helpful! And as always, I wish you well on your spiritual path. Also, a big thanks to my friend @sortiarus-de--naturas--daemonum for helping me out with this post! I could not have written this without her. 💜

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❀༻ Ave Satanas ༺❀

+. Image Sources .+ ... Nightjar Photo ... Centaur Image V1 ... Centaur Image V2 ... Flower Petals Image ... Horse Rider Image ...

[fdelopera]

musings on Judaism in Good Omens...

Neil has written about Crowley being one of his most Jewish characters, and i was thinking about that while watching season 2 of Good Omens, especially episode 3.

in ep 3, during the "resurrectionist" flashback, there is a discussion between Aziraphale and Crowley that exemplifies the argument between Christianity and Judaism regarding poverty.

medieval Catholicism in particular believed that the poor are potentially more holy because they have further to "climb" on the social ladder, so we shouldn't give them "handouts" (unless of course it's as a way to buy favor with the church, since Catholics believed that charitable giving could buy them a reduced sentence in purgatory). Catholicism taught that we should let the poor “pull themselves up by their bootstraps”, because that would make them more virtuous and bring them closer to God, blah blah blah (you hear the same arguments in right wing political circles).

Judaism on the other hand takes the approach of the mitzvah of tzedakah (tzedakah is charitable giving that advances social justice -- the word comes from the Hebrew word “tzedek”, which means “justice”). Jews believe that it is our our moral and ethical duty to help disenfranchised people, and that it's ethically wrong to allow people to live in poverty for our own gain. it's the "we're all in this together so we have to help each other out" approach to society.

incidentally, that also relates to why pork is treyf in Judaism. it's not because the ancient Israelites knew that uncooked pork contained trichinella and that it could be dangerous to eat if not cooked properly. no one back then understood germ theory. instead, Jews are forbidden from eating pork because pigs can eat food that people also eat (they don't chew a cud, i.e. they don't solely survive on grass and ruffage that people can't digest). so if Jews raised pigs, they would potentially be taking food away from other Jews, and so the raising and keeping of pigs had to be banned for the good of Jewish society (since it was always hanging on by a thread).

Jews wrestle with G-d. that’s the meaning of what it is to be Jewish. Jacob was given the name “Israel” when he wrestled with the Angel, meaning “he who wrestles with G-d”.

in Crowley, there is an echo of Rabbinic and Talmudic thought, in terms of being able to use "fences" to shape our interpretation of the Torah. unlike with the Christian interpretation of the Bible, the Jewish relationship to our texts is not set in stone. Rabbis get around problematic passages by writing “fences”, or exceptions to the text. in essence, a “fence” says, “this law cannot be enacted, unless a series of completely improbable things were to happen first”. this allows the text to remain as it is, while removing the parts that we don’t agree with anymore (like stoning people to death as punishment etc).

watch the Job flashback in ep. 2 with this in mind.

this is part of how Jews wrestle with G-d, and it's an expression of our free will -- our texts can be addended to in order to reflect a modern understanding. (that's also why there are queer Rabbis in most Jewish denominations. most of the Jewish movements realized in the 20th century that barring queer people from being Rabbis wasn't in the interests of anybody, and so Judaism evolved.)

but while Rabbinic Judaism focuses on free will, many Christian movements (such as Calvinism) maintain a belief in a deterministic universe. 

and that's also part of the struggle between Crowley and Aziraphale.

so Crowley is figuring out how to say, "these laws don't serve me, so i'm not going to follow them as they’re written. i’m going to come up with my own interpretations". and he's just hoping that Aziraphale will catch up.

let’s just hope we get a Season 3, so Aziraphale has a chance to get there... come on, dude .. i know you can do it...

[mariacallous]

With regards to conversion, I feel like the worst combo possible is someone who was raised Evangelical (especially something like Baptist) and then later converted to Catholicism as an adult. They carry with them their "if this Church doesn't align with my exact precise interpretation of the Bible, I'll make my own church" and "deeds don't matter, only faith is necessary to get to Heaven" Protestant attitude and combined it with the aesthetics and opulence of Catholicism. Absolute worst combo of Christianities mashed together.

Oh, absolutely

[byhisscourging]

Introduction

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hello, peace be with you, and welcome to my blog!

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About this page:

This blog is mainly intended to be used to compile resources & information i’d like to curate and incorporate into my day-to-day spiritual life, as i’m trying to bridge an odd gap in both my mental health and my relationship with God. you’re more than welcome to stick around if you find my reposts & such helpful :)

my username is a reference to Isaiah 53:5, “by His scourging, we are healed.” the blog title is the English translation of my paternal family’s motto: “Elatum a Deo Non Deprimat”

the word “witch” is in quotations marks within my bio simply because although “witchcraft” is probably the closest word to describe what it is i’m practicing, the title of “witch” feels like something i have outgrown and is no longer accurate to my spiritual practices and such. no judgement intended toward anyone who does refer to themselves that way!

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Here’s some very basic information about me:

my name is Francis, though you may call me Frankie if you’d like!

i am 22 years old — an October baby!

i am a baptized and confirmed Roman Catholic

i have attended Catholic school for all levels of education i have received thus far

i am a student of theology with a concentration in interfaith studies at a Jesuit university (and am also aiming for a minor in peace & justice studies)

a non-negligible part of my personal theology/relationship with God has been influenced by Buddhist thought, particularly in regards to theology of the body

i have an 18 month old kitten named Assisi (nicknamed Sisi!) who followed me home on the feast day of Saint Francis <3

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My interests related to this blog include:

folk Christianity (especially) Catholicism, including: Irish/Celtic folk Catholicism; Appalachian (especially southwest PA/north WV) folk Christianity (Catholic and/or Protestant); Slavic folk Christianity; German folk Catholicism; and Britannic folk Christianity

folk witchcraft/magic related to the aforementioned practices

Braucherei

how to be more Christlike

the Five Wounds of Jesus and the Sacred Heart

Marian Devotion (my relationship with our Virgin Mother has never been the strongest, which I’d like to change)

saints and practices involving working with saints, especially but not limited to: St. Joan of Arc, St. Dymphna, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Anthony, St. Expiditus, St. Joseph and St. Paul of the Cross

angels, guardian angels, and archangels, as well as practices involving working with all three

bibliomancy (specifically with the Bible) or other Christian-oriented/inspired divination

trans theology

cats and Christianity

witchcraft regarding familiars, chiefly cats

spoonie witchcraft

urban witchcraft

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GODBWYE!

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[lapsed-lys]

I have the same fear. I'm not Roman Catholic myself, but I participate in a R-Catholic pilgrim's trip for middleschoolers in France every year. I also know someone there who detransitioned. In her case, it was after leaving the church so I perceive her as having made this decision on her own, yet I've seen how her family and others treated her while she was living as a boy. And year after year, I see those queer youngsters who open up to me because I'm openly bisexual who want to believe. Who long for G-d's presence. And as time goes by, their seed of faith slowly dies and withers away because of so many peopoe telling them that they cannot live authentically and still call themselves Christian.

That's why I'm still participating. Because I have the tiniest hope that just me existing as a queer Christian over there would help them see that God loves them just the way they are.

I also believe the Catholic faith can be beautiful. If it had time to grow on its own volition.

If it's alright with you, I would like to pray for you and your friend? I hope that she knows that G-d loves her the way she is, not like others want her to be.

I wish you all the strength on your journey, thank you for sharing it! 🙏

Hi alatabouleau, thank you so much for this ask. I hadn't replied yet because I deeply touched me, I didn't know how to convey it properly.

Making this blog highlighted even more than I already knew that we desperately need more openly queer Christians. In real life, I've also been a support for many queer youngsters who could come to me as a safe space to discuss queer topics and philosophy, and online I've been receiving a lot of messages of support and solidarity. I'm glad to hear that you have a similar experience regarding your worries for a detransitionner, though it is unfortunate that both our friends seem to have done so from discrimination as much as their own decision.

Your hope to inspire queer people is founded. You inspire me, you inspire others, and surely this hope will keep growing into reality as we both participate more in Christian communities. Especially as both French people, as we know Roman Catholicism is very central to French culture and how much damage it caused to its population.

I like to think that we help people see God's live by keeping on living as ourselves. With our queerness, we have opportunities to study the faith in many angles that strengthen it. You inspired me to pick up my blog again, in the hope that we can help and comfort our queer friends too.

It's totally okay to pray for my friend, I will pray for yours too. Not praying to force them to transition, but rather pray that they both live happily and in harmony with God, whichever path it takes for them to follow Him, of course.

[drogba-prospect]

Angel

Mercury - Tiriel

In medicine, Mercury is associated with the nervous system, the brain, the respiratory system, the thyroid and the sense organs. It is traditionally held to be essentially cold and dry, according to its placement in the zodiac and in any aspects to other planets.

Astrology, Mercury represents the principles of communication, mentality, thinking patterns, rationality/reasoning, adaptability and variability. Mercury governs schooling and education, the immediate environment of neighbors, siblings and cousins, transport over short distances, messages and forms of communication such as post, email and telephone, newspapers, journalism and writing, information gathering skills and physical dexterity.

Saint

Mars - Sébastien

Sebastian is a popular male saint, especially today among athletes.[3][4] In medieval times, he was regarded as a saint with a special ability to intercede to protect from plague, and devotion to him greatly increased when plague was active. As a protector from the bubonic plague, Sebastian was formerly one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. In Catholicism, Sebastian is the patron saint of archers, pin-makers, athletes (a modern association) and of a holy death.

Diety

Mercury - Ogun

As a father creates his tools, the children of Ogun open their own paths to what they want. They are conquerors and act quite artistically. It is curiosity that leads them to unravel things and discover the paths on their own. Ogun is the orisha of iron and war. The great warrior who gives his children a lot of will to fight for what they want and a great power of conquest. In matters of the heart, he loves to take the initiative. He rules impulsive and temperamental people.

Elements

As the “scout signs” which generate the seasons, cardinal signs govern creativity. These signs are restless, active, self-motivated, ambitious, and they often are the leaders in their communities. They can be a bit domineering, but that comes part and parcel with their best qualities of being enterprising, independent, creative, spontaneous and forceful.

Plutonium Lightning and Ice

Bible

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (German: Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus) is a book written by Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician. Begun as a series of essays, the original German text was composed in 1904 and 1905, and was translated into English for the first time by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1930.[1] It is considered a founding text in economic sociology and a milestone contribution to sociological thought in general.

CALEBISM Rosicrucian Fellowship (CRF) Mercury-Mars-Pluto Invocation Planetary Intelligence Planetary Heavens of Astrology Astral Body as Religion

Rosicrucianism is a spiritual and cultural movement that arose in early modern Europe in the early 17th century after the publication of several texts announcing to the world a new esoteric order. Rosicrucianism is symbolized by the Rosy Cross or Rose Cross. There have been several Rosicrucian (or Rosicrucian-inspired) organizations, since the initial movement was founded, including the Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross (1750s–1790s), the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (1865–present), and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (1887–1903).

The Rosicrucian Fellowship (TRF) ("An International Association of Christian Mystics") was founded in 1909 by Max Heindel with the aim of heralding the Aquarian Age and promulgating "the true Philosophy" of the Rosicrucians.[1] It claims to present Esoteric Christian mysteries or esoteric knowledge, alluded to in Matthew 13:11 and Luke 8:10, to establish a meeting ground for art, religion, and science and to prepare the individual through harmonious development of the mind and the heart for selfless service of humanity.[2]

The school's teachings hold that man is a Spirit with all the powers of God, powers that are being slowly unfolded in a series of existences (rebirths) in a gradually-improving body, a process under the guidance of exalted Beings ordering our steps in a decreasing measure as man gradually acquires intellect and will. For this purpose we live many lives[18] of increasingly fine texture and moral character. Through the "Law of Cause and Consequence" we constantly set new causes into operation which will create new destiny to balance and improve the old destiny brought from the past. All causes set into action in one life cannot be ripened in one existence but "Whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap".

The astral body is a subtle body posited by many philosophers, intermediate between the intelligent soul and the mental body, composed of a subtle material.[1] In many recensions the concept ultimately derives from the philosophy of Plato though the same or similar ideas have existed all over the world well before Plato's time: it is related to an astral plane, which consists of the planetary heavens of astrology. The term was adopted by nineteenth-century Theosophists and neo-Rosicrucians.

The word "possession" is used here in its neutral form to mean "a state (sometimes psychological) in which an individual's normal personality is replaced by another". This is also sometimes known as 'aspecting'. This can be done as a means of communicating with or getting closer to a deity or spirit, and as such need not be viewed synonymously with demonic possession. In some religious traditions including Paganism, Shamanism and Wicca, "invocation" means to draw a spirit or Spirit force into one's own body and is differentiated from "evocation", which involves asking a spirit or force to become present at a given location

The Rose Cross (also called Rose Croix and Rosy Cross) is a symbol largely associated with the legendary Christian Rosenkreuz; Christian Kabbalist, alchemist, and founder of the Rosicrucian Order.[1][2] The Rose Cross is a cross with a rose at its centre, often red, golden or white[3] and symbolizes the teachings of a Western esoteric tradition with Christian tenets.[4][5][6]

Mercury (Sun)-Pluto (Moon)-Mars (Rising)

Trinity Invocation Possession: Angel, Saint, et Deity (Ex. Mercury Angel, Mars Saint, Ogun)

Caleb Faith Pendant is a beautiful reminder of faith and devotion: Crown of Life & Crown of Glory, Palm Frond; Rum; & Cigarillos, Heavenly Soldier Tudor Rose, Holy Death

Caleb Patronage: Boxers, Arithmetic Skills, Musicians, Rhum et Tabac, Painters, Chefs, Robbers, Guns, (Pain Killers) Prescription Drugs, Poverty Trap, Gold, Diamants, Potatoes, British Game Meat Deli Rolls-Waffle Sandwiches

Saints as Dieties: Because of this, saints were considered to be spiritual guides and mentors, who would add their prayers in heaven to those offered by Christians still living in the material world. In this way, they would “intercede” with God on behalf of those who asked for their aid. Intercession of the Saints is a Christian doctrine that maintains that saints can intercede for others. To intercede is to go or come between two parties, to plead before one of them on behalf of the other. The practice of praying to saints for their intercession can be found in Christian writings from the 3rd century onwards. Intercessory prayer is the act of asking a saint in heaven to pray on behalf of oneself or for others.[1]

A shrine (Latin: scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: escrin "box or case")[1] is a sacred or holy space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they are venerated or worshipped. Shrines often contain idols, relics, or other such objects associated with the figure being venerated.[2] A shrine at which votive offerings are made is called an altar. (Saint Sebastian)

Basilicas are Catholic church buildings that have a designation, conferring special privileges, given by the Pope. Basilicas are distinguished for ceremonial purposes from other churches. The building need not be a basilica in the architectural sense (a rectangular building with a central nave flanked by two or more longitudinal aisles). Basilicas are either major basilicas, of which there are four, all in the Diocese of Rome, or minor basilicas*, of which there were 1,810 worldwide as of 2019. (Saint Sebastian)

Mix Plantation Agronomics, Slovaj Hegelo-Lacanian (Philosophy of Spirit and Culture), Shaman Oversoul Philosophy, Five Heavenly Crowns, De Coelesti Hierarchia, St. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica for a Tchad Angelology Treatise Philosophy Bible.

Aesthetics and Religion

Abstract

A systematic consideration of the multiple relationships between aesthetics and religion demands a sorting-out of concepts and issues. “Aesthetics” may be understood as practice (art) and as theory. It can refer to a number of overlapping subjects, including art, symbol, feeling, beauty, taste, imagination, and perception. A theological or religious aesthetics considers any of these topics in the light of God, revelation, and the sacred. The contemporary world has seen a renewal of interest in religious aesthetics. Art has been increasingly recognized as an important theological “text” that complements the written word, and as a crucial component of communication of the Christian message. The theological consideration of art and beauty is made complex by the secularization of the contemporary world, which raises the question of the relation of aesthetics to Christian “conversion.”

Island Records Model

Each Club has a Bassline Genre

Ex. Beach Club, Night Club, and Hôtel Raves

Each Label has an Energy Drink

Mixing

Prémix Vocal Auto Tune

Arpeggio Scales Melody without Highs or Lows

Syncopated Percussions

Dance EQ

Mozart Effect Audio Clips

Beat Process

Layered 808s

Saw 303 Pedal

Simple Snare

Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales

Lyrics

Refrain (Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales & Syncopated Percussions)

Refrain (Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales & Syncopated Percussions)

Refrain (Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales, Saw 303 Pedal, & Syncopated Percussions)

Verse (Tension Release)

Ballards (Lyrics)

Cover Art

Headshots with Graffiti Tag

Pick-up Song Title

Ex. Friends with Benefits

Cologne-Spirits Sponsored Mixtapes

Vodka

Fougère

Genre Influences: Sean Paul Tomahawk Technique; Unruly (Popcaan) Where We Come From; (UK) Drum n' Bass Production

The effects of dancehall genre on adolescent sexual and violent behavior in Jamaica: A public health concern

Aim: To determine the extent to which dancehall music/genre impacts adolescent behavior.

Results: Of the 100 adolescent cases (50 male, 50 female), females (40%) were more likely to gravitate to sexually explicit lyrical content than their male counterparts (26%). Females (74%) were also more likely to act upon lyrical contents than males (46%). There was no significant difference where males (100%) and females (98%) subconsciously sings the dancehall lyrics even without hearing it; as well as inspire their dreams 64% and 62% respectively. However, more females (74%) than males (46%) acted on lyrical contents of the dancehall genre.

Dancehall Culture

Donna P. Hope defines dancehall culture as a "space for the cultural creation and dissemination of symbols and ideologies that reflect the lived realities of its adherents, particularly those from the inner cities of Jamaica."[41] Dancehall culture actively creates a space for its "affectors" (creators of dancehall culture) and its "affectees" (consumers of dancehall culture) to take control of their own representation, contest conventional relationships of power, and exercise some level of cultural, social and even political autonomy.

Kingsley Stewart outlines ten of the major cultural imperatives or principles that constitute the dancehall worldview. They are:

It involves the dynamic interweaving of God and Haile Selassie

It acts as a form of stress release or psycho-physiological relief

It acts as a medium for economic advancement

The quickest way to an object is the preferred way (i.e., the speed imperative)

The end justifies the means

It strives to make the unseen visible

Objects and events that are external to the body are more important than internal processes; what is seen is more important than what is thought (i.e., the pre-eminence of the external)

The importance of the external self; the self is consciously publicly constructed and validated

The ideal self is shifting, fluid, adaptive, and malleable, and

It involves the socioexistential imperative to transcend the normal (i.e., there is an emphasis on not being normal).

Yvës’s & Delëvoix's Grigori Sin

Thorn Crown (Sin, Passion, Glory)

Raver’s Birth (Visual-Spatial—Kinaesthetic Learner Gemini-Cardinal Sign-Mars (Men) Gemini-Cardinal Sign-Moon (Women) Planetary Intelligence Birth; Chromosomes Prenatal Hormones, Sensory processing disorder (SPD) Fetus Alcohol Consumption)-Audio Clips Extended Production-Raiding Warfare Capture thé Flag (Fornication and Adultery)

Culture Theory (Esthétique Antagonique) (Hersey)

Cinnamon and Spice Speech (Fornication)

Cul-de-sac Drugs Mink Mile Warlordism

cul-de-sac est Sub-culture for Prescription Médication with After Hours Esthétique 

Solvent Levelling Effect Chemical Reaction Engineering et Placebo Effect (manufacturing), Suicide Tuesdays Levelling Effect (Rolling Tobacco, Oxytocin, Pain Killers, and Hydrocolloids Ecstasy) [Brain Receptors Dealing], Cash Back Program (Buy within 3 days of paycheck for extra Tobacco), Razor-Razor Blade C2C: Streetwear and PC Gaming (Business Model), Popcorn Marketing (Prices) Ecstasy-Opiods Singer-Dealers/Ecstasy-Xanax Producers-Drug Robbery (Rave Teams), et Hotel Chains Budgeting, Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account (Money)

Safrole Oil et Opium mixed with Soil for Flowers, meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine

Mu Receptors for Opioids et NMDA Receptors for Ecstasy

Business Model: Lean enterprise is sometimes simply referred to as "lean." Although both terms came into popular usage in the 1990s, the concept itself was devised by Toyota Motor Corporation when it introduced the Toyota Production System (TPS). Developed by Eiji Toyoda and Taiichi Ohno, the Toyota Production System (TPS) integrated socio-technical management philosophy and was practiced between 1948 and 1975. The lean enterprise philosophy was also inspired by telecommunications giant Motorola, which implemented a manufacturing principle known as Lean Six Sigma in 1986. The concept of work cells is based on the platform of lean manufacturing, which focuses on value creation for the end customer and reduction of wastage. Work cells, which are also referred to as workcells, are typically found in manufacturing and office environments. Manufacturing cells are sets of machines that are grouped by the products or parts that they produce. This type of system is used in the cellular manufacturing concept and is distinct from the traditional functional manufacturing system, which groups all similar machines together. Insurance companies base their business models around assuming and diversifying risk. The essential insurance model involves pooling risk from individual payers and redistributing it across a larger portfolio. Most insurance companies generate revenue in two ways: Charging premiums in exchange for insurance coverage, then reinvesting those premiums into other interest-generating assets. Like all private businesses, insurance companies try to market effectively and minimize administrative costs.

White Collar Sub-collar Crime 

Red

Grey

Dark Psychology

Social Scalping

Feminist Manipulation 

Creating an External Enemy

Frame Control

Erotic Self Care

Citric Acid Pills

Seamen Volume Pills 

Hyaluronic Acid Pénis Filler

Rings Gymnastics

Weighted Jump Rope 

Capture thé Flag Raiding Guérilla Warfare

Prophylaxis: (Putting Self in an Advantage while putting Opponent in Disadvantage) and Initiative: Making Threats or Responding to Threats (Chess Psychology)

Three Circles of Emotional Regulation (Drive System, Soothing System, Threat System)

Machine Pistols et Molotov Cocktails 

Trafficking P4P and Embezzlement are my Short Sentencing Laws.

Holacracy Structure

Owner — Gold Refinery, Lapidary, Textile Mills, Foundry, Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account

CEO — Painter (Art Gallery et Artisanal Real Estate Money)

Culture Antagonique for Big Pharma avec After Hours Esthétique, Art Gallery Painters is an Industrial Subculture for Nuit Blanche.

CSO — Chef (Imports)

Culture Antagonique for Bocuse d'or avec After Hours Esthétique, Pool Rooftop Hotel Chefs is an Industrial Subculture for Québécois Gastronomique.

Marketing Director — Olfactory Arts Model

Culture Antagonique for Pitti Uomo avec After Hours Esthétique, Baisers Parfumé Festivals is an Industrial Subculture for Fougère Models.

Promoter — Synth n' Grind Artist et Tennis

Synecdoqu Argot Cul-de-sac 

Rajoux: answer my question or there is a Gun in your mouth.

Pardicé Minuit: Sensory experience and cultural expression

Cul-de-sac: I sell pills for a living.

Baisons: Fuck me tonight

Bayens: Can I have your number for a date 

Braqons: Let’s bang this out 

Calmais: I am using Fear not Trust

Garçez: Lawless Urban Youth

Martyr-Congo: Head on thé Floor or Diamant

Pécho: Gangster

Pécho is verlan for the French word ‘choper,’ which translates to grab. However, pécho takes that word to a new level. It can mean things like ‘to date someone,’ ‘to buy drugs,’ ‘to sleep with someone,’ or even… ‘to grab something.’ Use it carefully!

Bastille: Trap Artist Résidences

The Storming of the Bastille (French: Prise de la Bastille [pʁiz də la bastij]) occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury, fortress and political prison known as the Bastille.

Diaphragm Expansion Inhales

Lung Inhale through Mouth, Release through pushing down Diaphragm, Diaphragm Nasal Inhale Catch.

Paradis Minuit Nez Qui Coule Inhale: Push Down Diaphragm Hold

Penthouse Complexes as Forts Party Invite Structure

5% of Squad has Girlfriends

Girls get invitéd to parties with no Sausage Fest and Trust Barrier is Broken for Hook Ups

Girls invite Girls to Bangers

Républiqons Sensual Virginty

De Coelesti Hierarchia Raves

Pluto Planetary Intelligence

Parking Ticket Free Brabus Dealerships (Angel Status)

Pool Access Lifeguard Summer Competitions

Ecstasy

Républiqons Dancehall

Undergarments Shopping

Oral Sex

Masturbation

Dirty Dancing

Sexting

Esthétique Antagonique

An Aesthetic Theory et Culture Antagonism avec Industrial Subculture, Heritage Assets, et Edgy Arts.

Union Minière

Tabac

Chocolat

Robusta

Diamant

Automobile

Vedette Bioesthétique

Women's Cosmétiques Procédure:

Heart Booty Lift

Diamond Face

Body Etching

Lipodissolve

Blonde Wavy Hair

Grey Eyes

Pheomelanin

Barre Exercise & Hyaluronic Fillers

Interior design is both a science and an art. When designing a space, we are creatively working to evoke a particular concept or emotion. This is the same process a painter uses.

Mâle Cosmétiques Procédure:

Diamond Face

Body Etching

Lippodisolve

Blonde Coils Hair

Grey Eyes

Pheomelanin

Hyaluronic Acid Pénis-Full Body Fillers and V-Taper Systematic Calisthenics Gymnastics Rings with Leucine, L-Carnitine, Créatine, and Keto BHB

COUP D'PIED Hyperarch Fascia ACE Gene Type IIx Supercompensation Training: Isometric Stretching, (Deadlift Complexes) Metabolic Resistance Training; 200m-High Jump Cross Training; French Contrast Warm Up 10 Seconds Wall Sit-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset; Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank; Keto BHB for Metabolism, Creatine-L-Carnitine L-Tartrate-Leucine for mTOR are my Supplements.

Shaman King Culture Boxing Hooligans: Bassline Dancehall Républiqons EDM Football Skills YouTube, FIFA Mount Hermon (FIFA Street), cul-de-sac, Tournament Clinics Retained Earnings Youtube Money, Gambling Games: Rolle Cinq (Captain, Ship, Crew), Live-Pool Betting Monopoly, Armor-type Over Soul: These O.S. are the most efficient form of Furyoku-based constructs. Armor-types represent the pinnacle of O.S. magic and are the most practical type of O.S. because of their resilient, highly dense Furyoku composition. This method makes them equally formidable in terms of raw power. Plutonium Lightning Body Armour Syncrétism Oversoul

COUP D’PIED Club Fragrance Brand Activation: Leather: A family of fragrances featuring honey, tobacco, wood and wood tars in the middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather. Fougère (IPA: [fu.ʒɛʁ]): Meaning fern in French, built on a base of lavender, coumarin and oakmoss, with a sharp herbaceous and woody scent. Named for Houbigant's landmark fragrance Fougère Royale, many men's fragrances belong to this family. Amber or "Oriental": Large class featuring sweet, slightly animalic scents of ambergris or labdanum, often combined with vanilla, tonka bean, flowers and woods. Can be enhanced by camphorous oils and incense resins, evoking Victorian era "Oriental" imagery. Citrus: The oldest fragrance family that gave birth to lightweight eau de colognes. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of more tenacious citrus fragrances. Chypre (IPA: [ʃipʁ]): Meaning Cyprus in French, this category is named after the François Coty's Chypre (1917), which was the first modern fragrance built on an accord of bergamot, oakmoss, and labdanum. Example: Guerlain Mitsouko, Rochas Femme (MODIFIER SCENT). Aquatic, Oceanic, Ozonic: The newest category, first appearing in 1988 Davidoff Cool Water (1988), Christian Dior Dune (1991). A clean smell reminiscent of the ocean, leading to many androgynous perfumes. Generally contains calone, a synthetic discovered in 1966, or more recent synthetics. Also used to accent floral, oriental, and woody fragrances. A fragrance wheel [1] also known as aroma wheel, fragrance circle, perfume wheel or smell wheel, is a circular diagram showing the inferred relationships among olfactory groups based upon similarities and differences in their odor [1]. The groups bordering one another are implied to share common olfactory characteristics. Fragrance wheel is frequently used as a classification tool in oenology and perfumery. Brand Activation is marketing that both builds a brand's image and drives a specific consumer action through one or more of six identifiable disciplines, which help bring a brand to life by connecting and interacting with the consumer on a personal level.

COUP D’PIED Crème au Rhum Casual Fashion House: Olfactory art is an art form that uses scents as a medium. Olfactory art includes perfume as well as other applications of scent. A business incubator is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting with management training and office space, and ending with venture capital financing. Olfactory Arts Festivals and Business Incubators. For the men, short-sleeved dress shirts, golf shirts, and khaki pants or nice jeans all work. A long-sleeved button down with dressier shorts and boat shoes are fine, too. Espadrilles (Spanish: alpargatas or esparteñas; Catalan: espardenyes; Basque: espartinak, French: espadrilles)[1] are casual, rope-soled, flat but sometimes high-heeled shoes. They usually have a canvas or cotton fabric upper and a flexible sole made of esparto rope. The esparto rope sole is the defining characteristic of an espadrille; the uppers vary widely in style. Slip-ons are typically low, lace-less shoes. The style which is most commonly seen, known as a loafer, slippers, or penny loafers in American culture, has a moccasin construction. One of the first designs was introduced in London by Wildsmith Shoes, called the Wildsmith Loafer.[1] They began as casual shoes, but have increased in popularity to the point of being worn in America with business suits. Another design was introduced as Aurlandskoen (the Aurland Shoe) in Norway (early 20th century).[2] They are worn in many situations in a variety of colors and designs, often featuring tassels on the front, or metal decorations (the 'Gucci' loafer). For smokers, the first cigarette of the day is often accompanied by a cup of coffee. Researchers say this may be more than a habit, finding chemical compounds in roasted coffee beans may help quell the effects of morning nicotine cravings. Sangster's Original Jamaica Rum Cream Liqueur is a rum and cream based liqueur produced in Jamaica. It was invented by Dr. Ian Sangster, who arrived in Jamaica in 1967 with a contract to lecture at the University of the West Indies. A humidor is a humidity-controlled box or room used primarily for storing cigars, cigarettes, cannabis, or pipe tobacco. Either too much or too little humidity can be harmful to tobacco products; a humidor's primary function is to maintain a steady, desirable moisture level inside; secondarily it protects its contents from physical damage and deterioration from sunlight. For private use, small wooden boxes holding a few dozen or fewer cigars are common, while cigar shops may have walk-in humidors. Many humidors use hygrometers to monitor their humidity levels. Crème au Rhum Desserts cookbook, collection of recipes, instructions, and information about the preparation and serving of foods. At its best, a cookbook is also a chronicle and treasury of the fine art of cooking, an art whose masterpieces—created only to be consumed—would otherwise be lost. Cigar and Crème au Rhum Collection Books. A plantation economy is an economy based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few commodity crops, grown on large farms worked by laborers or slaves. The properties are called plantations. Plantation economies rely on the export of cash crops as a source of income. Prominent crops included Red Sandalwood, cotton, rubber, sugar cane, tobacco, figs, rice, kapok, sisal, and species in the genus Indigofera, used to produce indigo dye. Aftershave Balm Lotion Body Splash offers you a pleasant fragrance that is not overpowering, as it is lighter and less concentrated. The fragrance of a body splash typically lasts for up to 4 hours, which is why you will need to apply it at least twice a day for ensuring that the fragrance lasts till evening.

Jardins du Festival City

Chad Jardins Quatorze Saints Assistants [Favelas] (Jardins Gomorroha; Gomorrha. / (ɡəˈmɒrə) / noun. Old Testament one of two ancient cities near the Dead Sea, the other being Sodom, that were destroyed by God as a punishment for the wickedness of their inhabitants (Genesis 19:24) any place notorious for vice and depravity.)

Synecdoqu Républiqons Language Arts Culture Antagonique for Language Arts Français avec After Hours Esthétique, Synecdoqu Argot Cul-de-sac is Industrial Subculture for Patois (Yoruba Code Switching)

Culture Antagonique for Language Arts Français avec Dirty Realism Esthétique, Synecdoqu Républiqons is an Industrial Subculture for Patois (Yoruba Code Switching)

Pocket Pita Gastronomy/Diet: Charcuterie Rolls (Cinnamon Rolls Alternative) [Meat Pastry], Corn Flour, Sheep Cheese, Yukon Gold Potato, Black Beans, Rice Pudding, Root Végétable Salt, Avocados, Bananas, Nectarines, Jack Rabbit (Éléments: Fruits and Veggies as D-asparatic Acid Carbs, Root Végétable Salt, Leucine as main Protéin, Omega-3 Dairy)

Workout: French Contrast Warm Up 10 Seconds Wall Sit-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset et French Contrast Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank

Declared to be of National Tourist Interest in Andalucía, the Bread Festival is celebrated in honour of Saint Sebastian. This is the main festival day in the village, where the brotherly union is complete; there are fireworks, doughnuts, bread rings and the traditional procession of the image of the Saint.

Favela (Portuguese: [fɐˈvɛlɐ]) is an umbrella name for several types of working-class neighborhoods in Brazil. The term, which means slum or ghetto, was first used in the Slum of Providência in the center of Rio de Janeiro in the late 19th century, which was built by soldiers who had lived under the favela trees in Bahia and had nowhere to live following the Canudos War. Some of the last settlements were called bairros africanos (African neighborhoods). Over the years, many former enslaved Africans moved in. Even before the first favela came into being, poor citizens were pushed away from the city and forced to live in the far suburbs.

The cocaine trade has affected Brazil and in turn its favelas, which tend to be ruled by drug lords. Regular shoot-outs between traffickers and police and other criminals, as well as assorted illegal activities, lead to murder rates in excess of 40 per 100,000 inhabitants in the city of Rio and much higher rates in some Rio favelas.[27] Traffickers ensure that individual residents can guarantee their own safety through their actions and political connections to them. They do this by maintaining order in the favela and giving and receiving reciprocity and respect, thus creating an environment in which critical segments of the local population feel safe despite continuing high levels of violence.

Drug use is highly concentrated in these areas run by local gangs in each highly populated favela. Drug sales run rampant at night when many favelas host their own baile, or dance party, where many different social classes can be found. These drug sales make up a business that in some of the occupied areas rakes in as much as US$150 million per month, according to official estimates released by the Rio media.

The designer drug situation in Ibiza

Abstract

A total of 137 urine samples and 46 serum samples, corresponding to 154 self-confessed designer drugs consumers in Ibiza island, were analyzed for the presence of designer drugs: amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives (methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), p-methoxymethylamphetamine (PMMA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), etc.), ketamine and γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Among this population, coming both from the forensic clinic and from the emergency room of a hospital, a total of 99 cases were found positive for some designer drug. This study shows the prevalence of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) among designer drug users, sole or in association with other drugs. Also, the mixture of MDMA with other designer drugs, ethanol and/or cocaine is shown to be more likely to produce toxic symptoms requiring clinical attendance in a hospital emergency room. These findings along with the consumption history, the concentrations of drugs and metabolites in urine and serum and the toxicological significance for the interpretation of some MDMA metabolites such as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) are discussed in this study.

What is polydrug use? 'Polydrug use' is a term for the use of more than one drug or type of drug at the same time or one after another. Polydrug use can involve both illicit drugs and legal substances, such as alcohol and medications.

Music as an Element of Tourism Innovation: Types of Nightlife Premises in Ibiza (Spain)

The island of Ibiza is a western Mediterranean destination known internationally for its nightlife. The aim of this paper is to make a proposal to classify the different types of premises in the Ibiza nightlife offer. This involves making a first definition that allows to delimit which businesses are parts of the sector. The methodology used is based on the case study and specifically, on the review of the promotional actions and activities carried out, completed with the visit to the premises. The classification has been made based on the offer marketed and not only on the legal forms used, as innovation goes ahead of the existing legal classifications. Although it is a particular application, due to the international importance of Ibiza, it is a good starting point to classify the nightlife offer of many other tourist destinations. The resulting typology divides the sector into two large groups: nightclubs and other premises. While nightclubs have musical parties as their main activity declared, the other premises have accommodation or catering as their main activity, with music being an element of differentiation. Nightclubs are divided into several subgroups, depending on their size and relevance. The other premises are subdivided into Beach Clubs, Hotel Clubs, Party Boats, Lounge Clubs, Disco Pubs, among others.

The impact of global nightlife in Ibiza: Youth tourism

The promotion of the island’s image through its parties with the release of record labels, elaborate shows (Bensa, 2002), and the transformation of buildings into large entertainment businesses (Rosa, 2002), made it possible to return to the already known name of Ibiza and to catapult it as a symbol of entertainment and partying (Allemand, 2010). This development was something that occurred not only at the national and international scale; rather, it was something that transformed the island into a global icon (Amirou, 2000). The process of reinterpreting the hippy alternative image in a contemporary global context (Jauréguiberry, 1994), came from local businessmen (from the island and from elsewhere). They were the actors who understood the authenticity of the island to convert it into a unique product that went beyond tourism. Given the party reputation of the island, the traditional sun and beach tourists began to stay away, which made it possible to attract visitors who were willing to spend large sums of money to experience the nightlife in Ibiza. There was a shift from tourism to the experience of shows and culture. In this manner, by the mid-2000s, Ibiza had become internationally renowned in the electronic music industry (its own record labels and invited DJs) and for its nightclubs (Goulding, 2011) (such as Space, Privilege, Amnesia, Café del Mar, Pacha, Ushuaia, and Esparadis); it also has become one of the most sought-after stages during the summer in show business (with parties organized by the Matinée group, La Troya, Supermarxé, and Circuit). Simultaneously, from the cultural perspective, the construction of the image of the island had a minimal physical impact and, on the contrary, made it possible to emphasize the natural Mediterranean environment of the island and the libertarian heritage of the reinterpreted hippy movement (Perrot, 1997). With its network of nightclubs (Sönmez, 2013), Ibiza began to generate an entertainment niche that attracted record labels and international DJs, which transformed Ibiza into not only one of the destinations in the global circuit but also a destination with international renown, almost exclusively during the summer period (Fontaine, 1996). The dissemination of the reputation of its parties crossed borders, attracting people from all over the world to Ibiza. Simultaneously, it became a world-renowned destination through the dissemination of its parties through video, the Ibiza-based record labels, and the lyrics to songs that include Ibiza as an icon and that have been emulated in other parts of the world, such as “Ibiza’s Party.” This highlights the island’s own style, which is defined by freewheeling parties and a relaxed environment that goes beyond labels or conventionalism. We find ourselves with the case of one of the few non-urban destinations that has managed to concentrate and attract nightlife (Fig. 5), even going so far as to displace some of the international record labels and entertainment events in the main cities.

Urban economics is broadly the economic study of urban areas; as such, it involves using the tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance. More specifically, it is a branch of microeconomics that studies the urban spatial structure and the location of households and firms (Quigley 2008). Microeconomics studies the decisions of individuals and firms to allocate resources of production, exchange, and consumption.

Upper-tier Municipal Government, Urbaneconomics, et Microeconomics. An upper-tier municipality is one formed by two or more lower-tier municipalities. Municipal responsibilities set out under the Municipal Act and other Provincial legislation are split between the upper-tier and lower-tier municipalities. A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposes[1] in some nations. The term is derived from the Old French comté denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount.

Festival Métropolitain for Culture Theory, Tourism, et Religion Theory; City dedicated for Culture.

Advisory Textbooks

The Grammar of Romance: A Comparative Introduction to Vulgar Latin & the Romance Languages (History), Art Gallery Sponsored Class, The Parisian Field Guide To Men's Style, Aesthetic Theory (Fashion), The Drugtakers: The Social Meaning of Drug Use by Jock Young, Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison, The French Connection in Criminology: Rediscovering Crime, Law, and Social Change (Law); Québécois Mirrors of Princes Literature De Administrando Imperio ("On the Governance of the Empire") et De ordine palatii (On the governance of the palace), Game Theory Network (Life Studies), Solvent Levelling Effect Chemical Reaction Engineering (Science), Blue Océan Strategy, INSEAD Knowledge, est Parisien/France Nouvelle Influenced; Lacanien Triad et Tableau Économique (Art Financing), Larousse Gastronomique, Institut Paul Bocuse Gastronomique: The Definitive Step-by-Step Guide to Culinary Excellence (Gastronomique), St. Thomas Aquinas: The Summa Theologica, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Bible Studies) are Advisory Textbooks

Banks

By asset size, the largest four banks in the world are Chinese, according to the 2023 annual rankings by S&P Global Market Intelligence. They include the Industrial & Commercial Bank of China, the China Construction Bank, the Agricultural Bank of China* Chad AgFund (Agriculture Central Hedge Fund) and the Bank of China, holding more than $19.87 trillion in combined assets.

Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited, or simply Temasek, is a global investment company owned by the Government of Singapore. Incorporated on 25 June 1974, Temasek has a net portfolio of US$287 billion (S$382 billion) as of 2023, with S$27 billion divested and S$31 billion invested during the year.

Agriculture Central Hedge Fund, Mining Unions, Conservation Peninsula Agronomique Engineering, Commodities Options Exchange (Credit Spread Options, Farm REITs, Crop Production; Fertelizers and Seeds; Equipment; Distribution and Processing Stocks, Ag ETFs and ETNs, Ag Mutual Funds), Tableau Économiques, Farmland REITs, Mardi Gras-Basiers Parfumé Art Financing (Visual Arts, Culinary Arts, Olfactory Arts)

Chadian Gastronomy (Masculine Neuroprotective Gastronomy)

Purple Food: High Carbs et High Fat with Fatty Acid Protein

D-Asparatic Acid Food Testosterone

Frog Legs

Mollusks (such as clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, octopus, squid, abalone, snail).

Lobster

Lobster rolls

Clam

Clam cakes

Clams casino

Fried clams

Stuffed clams

Crab cake

Mussels

Oysters

Fried oysters

Oyster stew

Raw oysters on a halfshell

Scallops

Moules-frites/Mosselen met friet: mussels cooked or steamed with onions and celery served with Belgian fries. The recipe has often been referred to as the country's national dish[3] but is also popular in the neighboring Nord region of France.

Starch

Purple Sweet Potatoes

Gaufres/Wafels: Belgian waffles, sometimes eaten as a street snack and sold by ice-cream vans. Among the better-known styles are the Gaufre de Liège or Liège waffle, Brussels waffle, and the stroopwafel.

Citrus Fruit Estrogen Detox

Heating Process

Bake

Grill

Boil

Sautée

Pan-Fry

Starch Thickening Agents Sauces

Buttermilk et Clam Juice Flavor

Cooking Wine

Soups

Chowder

Bisque

Vegetables

Sautée and Breaded

Salads and Dressings

Raw Seafood

Spinach and Egg

Sautée Fruit Salad

Fruit Vinaigrette

Cuisses de grenouille Salade Rollé Grill

Pocket Pita

Butter

Compound

Beurre Rouge

Cheese

Soaked in Wine

Bread Bowl

Sourdough

Héritage Asset

Farmer's Market

Auguste Escoffier Mother Sauces

Hollandaise, Tomato (Sauce Tomat), Bechamel, Espagnole, and Veloute.

Publishing Imprint Movie Company

Attrape-moi si tu peux Motor Vehicle Theft, Défense Lawyers, Planetary Intelligence (Démons et Angels) Impure Aesthetic Thrillers

Literary Device

Film Literature

in establishing the limits of both the novel (Newspapers) and the film, argues that novelist and film director meet in the attempt “to make you see”, the former through the mind; the latter through the eye.

“impure” aesthetic, one tinged with the markings of society, ideology, and sexual desire.

Capitalism, Betrayal,

Romance

Poetic Réalisme

Poetic realism films are "recreated realism", stylised and studio-bound, rather than approaching the "socio-realism of the documentary". They usually have a fatalistic view of life with their characters living on the margins of society, either as unemployed members of the working class or as criminals.

Self-destructive Escapism

Escapism is mental diversion from unpleasant aspects of daily life, typically through activities involving imagination or entertainment. Escapism also may be used to occupy one's self away from persistent feelings of depression or general sadness.

Surréalisme-Synecdoqu-Métonymie Screenplay

Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike scenes and ideas.[1] Its intention was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality.[2][3][4] It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media as well.

a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs

the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.

Allégorie

a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

Suspense is created by withholding information or revealing it slowly, creating a sense of mystery or uncertainty about what will happen next.

A thriller generally keeps its audience on the "edge of their seats" as the plot builds towards a climax. The cover-up of important information is a common element.[2] Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists, unreliable narrators, and cliffhangers are used extensively. A thriller is often a villain-driven plot, whereby they present obstacles that the protagonist or hero must overcome.

Slavoj Žižek Lacanianism or Lacanian psychoanalysis is a theoretical system that explains the mind, behaviour, and culture through a structuralist and post-structuralist extension of classical psychoanalysis, initiated by the work of Jacques Lacan from the 1950s to the 1980s.

Extra

Non-Fiction Movie

Prequal TV Série

Fictional TV Série

Black Separatism

Black separatism is a separatist political movement that seeks separate economic and cultural development for those of African descent in societies, particularly in the United States. Black separatism stems from the idea of racial solidarity, and it also implies that black people should organize themselves on the basis of their common skin color, their race, culture, and African heritage.[1] There were a total of 255 black separatist groups recorded in the United States as of 2019.

Black Separatism: I chose Street Culture, French Culture Antagonism, Pharmaceutical, Bioesthétique, Dancehall, Artisanal Plantations, Public-Private Sectors with Intrapreneurship, Market Extension Mergers Joint Ventures, BioTechology Economy, and Mining Union (HOW DO AFRICANS IMMIGRATE?)

Chad new Identity

République Paradis d'Couronne avec Antilles Dutch Drapeau but avec Cinq Couronee Christianity

Demonym est Républiqons

Holy City are Grigori Cities

Sun Angels and Church Homes

Religious Names for Favelas ex. Sodom and Gomorra, Mount Hermon, and Garden of Eden

5 is thé National Team Captain's Number for Cinq Couronee Christianity

Host diplomacy can be defined as diplomatic events hosted or initiated by a country that has the ability to set and execute agendas, which other participants find attractive and are willing to support

Festival Métropolitain for Culture Theory, Tourism, et Religion Theory; City dedicated for Culture.

According to Butler (1980), under destination life cycle, an area undergo an evolutionary cycle of six stages. These stages are exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline. Mostly all tourists' destinations passes through all these mentioned stages.

A heritage asset is an item which has value because of its contribution to a nation's society, knowledge and/or culture. Such items are usually physical assets, but some countries also use the term in relation to intangible social and spiritual inheritance.

Monégasque Joint Venture Plantations et Market Extension Mergers avec Incubators Enterprise.

Paradis d’Couronee Waves

Level 2 Temple Drop Fade

≠ Head and Eyebrow Part

Pencil Mustache

Waves Products

Pomade

Wave Butter

Wave Shampoo

Sea Salt Spray

Shower Brush Method

Detangle Hair with Comb

Soak Hair for a Couple Minutes

Scramble Wash

Create Thick Lather and Shower Brush #1

Training Pattern

Create Thick Lather and Shower Brush #2

Training Pattern

Lather and Lay Down Pattern with Hands

Put on Durag and Rinse

When hair is dry use Wave Butter, Pomade and Sea Salt Spray

Chadian Social Class Structure

Monopoly Families (Monégasque Joint Venture Plantations et Market Extension Mergers avec Incubators Enterprise)

Upper Class

Government

Middle Class

Cul-de-sac Favelas Socioeconomic Status Socioeconomic Development Centres: Agronomics and Real Estate Economics

Holy Rosary

The word “Rosary” means a chain of roses and the roses are prayers.

Delëvoix Holy Rosary with Raphaël.

1. Crown of Life

2. Crown of Glory

3. Praying Hands

4. Fleur-de-lys

Chadian Milk Filtered Cigars Example

British Joint Venture Plantations et Market Extension Mergers avec Incubators Enterprise est Tabac Afrique

1. Tabac

2. Cacoa

3. Nut Oil

4. Cinnamon

5. Banana Milk Crush Balls

6. Banana Rolling Leafs Wraps

1. Tabac

2. Cacoa

3. Strawberry Oil

4. Tropical Fruit Milk Crush Balls

5. Mint Rolling Leafs Wraps

Tradwave

Tradwave is a Chad artistic style using synthwave and vaporwave art to promote traditional catholicism and promote Venice cultural antagonism. Tradwave usually uses traditional catholic paintings, sculptures, or photographs of saints, given with vaporwave effects, often with a bible verse or quote about catholicism. The art usually tries to convey a resurrection of catholic spirituality in the modern atheist world. Figures often depicted in Tradwave art include Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, Ven. Fulton Sheen, Cardinal Robert Sarah, and Mother Angelica.

Tradwave music often takes the form of two main styles. One of them is catholic hymns with vaporwave effects and traditional Vaporwave/Lo-Fi music. It can also have quotes from modern prolific Catholic figures, such as Ven. The other theme is Fulton Sheen and Cardinal Robert Sarah.

My International Finance Model

High Export and Stabled Party Cities

Nigeria

Brazil

Macroeconomics Theories

**The 0% Effect: this is an interest Rate analysis. This allows devaluing in country's currency through carry trade which allows for higher global exports, with currency value low this allows for greater exchange rate for wealthy travellers to purchase country's currency and spend money, common currency pairs with foreign governments currency can increase goods trading, through high frequency low volume exchange rate and tourism; foreign currency reserve can grow, if country's business owners sets up shop overseas this allows for mercantilism, This lowers unemployment rate because business can spend and take loans, lower interest allows for more borrowing which allows for more spending, For Quantitative Easing & Open Market Operations the country that does this can print money and short own currency against foreign currencies to fix exchange rate against other country's currency to increase trade, Build Foreign Cash Reserves and This gives central bank opportunity to purchase corporate & government bonds to increase money supply.

**The Multiple CIR Effect (Currency & Interest Rate): the hedging potential for foreign governments by adding a second currency on tax havens with high interest rates, Tax Haven governments with higher interest rates increase saving potential which leads to more off-shoring of foreign bank institutions

**Ports Currency Theory: what if countries had port currency; import and export currency. This helps with global trade regardless of geographical region. This eliminates the need for currency pegging because currencies can just be matched. This can be beneficial for building global cities regardless of geographical region. This also helps with political parity.

**Multiple Currencies, Multiple Locations Model: This studies that having a Port Currency Basket with multiple foreign currencies around the world and matching the continental geographical region currency value. This allows for more sustainable trading with trading partners and cash reserves in foreign banks of the nation's currency. This also creates a safety blanket for foreign investing for citizens and aids diplomacy.

**Tax Replacement Industries Effect: What if for example instead of paying a 10% tax rate the hospitality and adult entertainment industries had a 15% Retained Earnings Rate. If Retained Earnings Rates were mandatory over taxes in certain industries these industries can set the global standard because of the amount of effort and financial support being put in. This also has an effect on tourism

Foreign Direct Investment Theories

**Offshoring Capital Raised Model: Privatization of oligopolistic companies (Cartels/Monopolies) in collusion with the government creates Brand Popularity, Brand Association, and Brand Awareness with companies and domestic countries. If raising capital was only granted to international locations, funds for expansion will be easy to raise and dominance in foreign markets is easily access. This will be easily achieved with a stable economy and currency value. Only putting International Divisions/Subsidiaries on the stock exchanges will give financial backing to companies. With giving business owners this model as expected in return building direct products for government or military will be easier.

Belgium Monetary Zone

Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (trinité coloniale) of state, missionary and private-company interests.[9]

Union Minière du Haut-Katanga primary product was copper, but it also produced tin, cobalt, radium, uranium, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, and gold.

A currency based on the gold standard was created for the Congo Free State in 1887. Banknotes were issued from 1896 in the name of the General Treasury of the Congo Free State (Trésoire générale de l'État indépendant du Congo) payable to the bearer, until the annexation of the Free State in 1908.[1]

After WWII, the Congolese and Belgian francs continued to form part of the "Belgian monetary zone" under the Bretton Woods system.

As a result of the confused legal definition under Article 11 of the 1908 Colonial Charter, it has been argued that that the Congolese franc did not exist de jure as a currency between 1908 and 1960 and was instead merely a token representing a claim on Belgian francs.[2] It did exist, however, as the sole de facto currency in the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi.

Heavenly Jérusalem Kraljic Matrix Raw Material Rural Économique Primate City with Bioeconomy Vertical Farming

Revelation 21:19-21

19 The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone. The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire, the third agate, the fourth emerald, 20 the fifth onyx, the sixth ruby, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth turquoise, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst. 21 The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate made of a single pearl. The great street of the city was of gold, as pure as transparent glass.

Rural Économique

Rural economics is the study of rural economies. Rural economies include both agricultural and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than agricultural economics which focus more on food systems.[1] Rural development[2] and finance[3] attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities[4] and rural poverty. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with rural electrification and rural tourism providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.[5]

Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of economic geography: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,[6] land use,[7] and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.[8]

Raw Material

Raw materials are materials or substances used in the primary production or manufacturing of goods. Raw materials are commodities that are bought and sold on commodities exchanges worldwide. Businesses buy and sell raw materials in the factor market because raw materials are factors of production.

Raw materials are the input goods or inventory that a company needs to manufacture its products.

Examples of raw materials include steel, oil, corn, grain, gasoline, lumber, forest resources, plastic, natural gas, coal, and minerals.

Raw materials can be direct raw materials, which are directly used in the manufacturing process, such as wood for a chair.

Indirect raw materials are not part of the final product but are instead used comprehensively in the production process.

The value of direct raw materials inventory appears as a current asset on the balance sheet.

Bioeconomy

Biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy refers to economic activity involving the use of biotechnology and biomass in the production of goods, services, or energy. The terms are widely used by regional development agencies, national and international organizations, and biotechnology companies. They are closely linked to the evolution of the biotechnology industry and the capacity to study, understand, and manipulate genetic material that has been possible due to scientific research and technological development. This includes the application of scientific and technological developments to agriculture, health, chemical, and energy industries.

Primate City

A primate city[1] is a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.[2] A primate city distribution is a rank-size distribution that has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns and no intermediate-sized urban centers, creating a statistical king effect.[3]

Many primate cities gain an increasing share of their country's population. This can be due to a reduction in blue-collar population in the hinterlands because of mechanization and automation. Simultaneously, the number of educated employees in white-collar endeavors such as politics, finance, media, and higher education rises. These sectors are clustered predominantly in primate cities where power and wealth are concentrated.

Vertical Farming

Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers.[1] It often incorporates controlled-environment agriculture, which aims to optimize plant growth, and soilless farming techniques such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics.[1] Some common choices of structures to house vertical farming systems include buildings, shipping containers, underground tunnels, and abandoned mine shafts.

Mixed-use skyscrapers were proposed and built by architect Ken Yeang. Yeang proposes that instead of hermetically sealed mass-produced agriculture, plant life should be cultivated within open air, mixed-use skyscrapers for climate control and consumption. This version of vertical farming is based upon personal or community use rather than the wholesale production and distribution that aspires to feed an entire city.[16]

Kraljic Matrix

Peter Kraljic studied metallurgy and obtained his master's degree. He holds a doctorate from the Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-University Hannover and an MBA from INSEAD. He was director of the Düsseldorf branch of the consulting firm McKinsey & Company .

In supply chain management, the Kraljic matrix (or Kraljic model) is a method used to segment the purchases or suppliers of a company by dividing them into four classes, based on the complexity (or risk) of the supply market (such as monopoly situations, barriers to entry, technological innovation) and the importance of the purchases or suppliers (determined by the impact that they have on the profitability of the company). This subdivision allows the company to define the optimal purchasing strategies for each of the four types of purchases or suppliers.

The Kraljic matrix defines the following types of articles:

Non-critical items: components that have a low impact on the company and that are found in abundance and / or in low-risk markets (e.g., office stationery). For such items, the goal should be to maximize efficiency of the procurement process to reduce the administrative burden, for example by delegating purchasing to local managers, or using catalogs.

Leverage items: components that are important for the company but sourced from low-risk markets with an abundant supply. As the name suggests, the optimal management of these purchase categories is essential to ensure a satisfactory business result. For this type of component, the company tends to make the most of its bargaining power and the abundance of the offer with frequent negotiations.

Bottleneck items: components with a low business impact in economic terms but where supply continuity is at risk. The management of these components should be aimed at creating relationships of collaboration in the medium-long term between customer and supplier to guarantee the supply, with less emphasis on the cost.

Strategic items: components that are important for the company both in terms of economic impact and for supply conditions from complex and / or risky markets. In this field, the horizon is medium-long term with a continuous monitoring of the economic situation of the market, technical evolution, evaluation of "make-or-buy" options (the choice for a company between developing and manufacturing a product itself or outsourcing it from another supplier),[2] creation of alternatives and development of stable relationships and maximum collaboration with the suppliers.

In its original form, Kraljic's matrix is used for the mapping of purchases, not suppliers. However, the matrix works equally well to distinguish different categories of suppliers.

École

A grande école (French: [ɡʁɑ̃d ekɔl]; lit. 'great school') is a specialized top-level educational institution in France and some other previous French colonies such as Morocco or Tunisia. Grandes écoles are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream French public university system, and take the shape of institutes dedicated to teaching, research and professional training in either pure natural and social sciences, or applied sciences such as engineering, architecture, business administration, or public policy and administration.[1][2]

INSEAD, a contraction of "Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires" (lit. 'European Institute of Business Administration'),[8] is a non-profit graduate business school that maintains campuses in France, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, and the United States. Its degree programs are postgraduate-only, taught in English and include a full-time Master of Business Administration (MBA), an Executive MBA (EMBA), Master in Management (MIM), Doctor of Business Administration, Executive Master of Finance and executive education programs.

Polytechnique's historic engineering graduate program has a highly selective admission process consisting of written and oral examinations, following classes préparatoires or a bachelor's degree.[6] French engineering students undergo initial military training and have the status of paid officer cadets.[7] The school has also been awarding doctorates since 1985, masters since 2005 and bachelors since 2017.[8] Most Polytechnique engineering graduates go on to become top executives in companies, senior civil servants, military officers, or researchers.

The Beaux-Arts de Paris (French pronunciation: [boz‿aʁ də pari]), formally the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, is a French grande école whose primary mission is to provide high-level fine arts education and training. The art school, which is part of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is located on two sites: Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, and Saint-Ouen.

A business incubator is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting with management training and office space, and ending with venture capital financing.

First Date Completion For Pickup Artist

Show her the tip

study lots of things and tease your knowledge by starting conversations on different topics

The In and Out

try and get her number in 5 minutes. This mentality will cut down long conversations being filled with sikence

End on a high note

if you see the end coming during a good conversation say you have an appointment to get to and ask for her number

Date

Actually talk about those things

Currency, Oil, & Gold Commodities Candlestick Charts

Swing Trading: Use mt4/mt5 With Heiken Ashi Charts, Setting at 14 or 21 Momentum Indicator above 0 as Divergence Oscillator and Volume Spread Analysis as Reversal Oscillator and Trade when bullish candlesticks above 200 exponential moving average and/or 20 exponential moving average (EMA) on H1 (Hourly) Time Frame; use H4 (4 Hours) and D1 (1 Day) as reference.

UK, Singapore, and Monégasque Boxing

Commercialism

A system of Social and economic organization in which financial profit is valued above any other criterion or consideration. 

Weight Classes Teams-Boxing Clubs: Promotions (Solo) and Relegation (Teams) Tournaments and Exhibition ex. Team A Welterweight vs Team B Welterweight Relégation Exhibition and Boxer 1 from Team A vs Boxer 1 from Team B Promotions Tournaments

Remove Boxing from the Olympics 

Create own Drug Testing labs & Substance list 

Pay athletes from they are young

U-17 et U-20 Exposure

Conceptual Model 

Divine Status* 

Posh* 

Crowning* 

Masculine Epitome* 

Adult Entertainment~ 

Multi-international Corporation~ 

Cultural Industry~ 

Cultural Diffusion~ 

Cultural Continuity~ 

Cultural Politics~ 

Consumer Culture~ 

*Brand Identity 

~Stakeholder Appeal 

Crowning (Term) 

The sport of Boxing is a form of class Interaction. The goal of the Boxing Bodies is to make this sport a gateway to becoming a Billionaire (avoidance of another Mike Tyson). To take someone and crown them as a billionaire and put them in boxing royalty is the mindset. Yes winning is important but you don't fight forever.

Events & Tournaments 

Locations 

Boxing Heritage Classic (BHC) Host City Rotates

Different Location than Tournament; Global Locations; Round by Round Locations Change 

Tournament Sponsors 

Oil Companies; Good Publicity For Them; Larger Prize Money 

Title of Pre-tournament Weekend 

Boxing Heritage Classic (BHC) 

Traditions of Events & Tournaments 

Weekend Schedule 

Friday and Saturday 

Casino Jam 

Cigar Lounge 

Invitational Poker Games; Fixed cost buy in 

Fundraisers 

High Profile Guest 

Politicians 

Actors 

Models 

Athletes 

Musicians 

Corporate Executives 

Royal Families 

Painters

Sunday Night 

Art Auction 

Athletic Banquets 

Placement of Bets (Televised) 

High Profile Guest 

Politicians 

Actors 

Models 

Athletes 

Musicians 

Corporate Executives 

Royal Families 

Painters 

Boxing Version of Olympics (Physical Test Olympics) 

Host a Series of Physical Test before Tournaments 

Weight Lifting 

Military Bodyweight Competition 

Mix Isometric Stops in Both Competition 

Aerobic Circuits Races 

Have regression versions of physical test for youth to perform 

By Having a Physical Test Olympics this Grows the Sport. This Event is Going to Start Off With A Few Competitive-Events But As This Event Grows the Sport Grows into a Society 

With each Country Creating its Own Event this Grows the Sport 

Tournaments 

Host a Tournament once every two months 

Create Boxing Fantasy Leagues for Tournaments 

Fan's Dream Card 

All-Star Game Resemblance 

Fan's vote for every weight class Two dream matchups (2 fight series is an option)

No ducking fights stigma 

Corporate Tournament 

Teams a build through representation of weight class 

Teams are owned by companies

Salary cap is imposed to keep things fair 

Algorithm to determine player's salaries 

Player's fees are percentage value not dollar value 

Example if The tournaments salary cap is $100 million and a boxer had 35% value he would get $35 million 

Physique Tournament 

Celebrity Female Judges 

A mix of runway and bodybuilding competition 

Increase female fan base 

Reasons 

Open the sport to modelling industry 

Make the Masculine physique and masculine Frame a boxer In the female's eyes. This will lead to more mother's putting their kids into the sport 

Male models aren't even close in competition to female models 

This sport naturally develops an aesthetic physique 

The World Class Invitational Tournament 

The top 3 boxers in their respective country are invited to compete 

Model of the Masters in Golf 

Winner gets custom gold gloves with diamonds 

Champions Invitational 

Boxing has lots of titles (which is a good thing.) 

At year's end host a tournament for each weight class 

Add more titles to increase cards 

Each title must be defended prior to entering tournament 

Reason 

At the end of the event you will have multi-belt champions 

The sport will have the most multi-belt champions 

Whoever wins tournament for their respective weight class gets a crown

Winners choose one title they want to defend; the rest be vacant 

Bracket Invitational 

Top 32 fighter are invited 

There are two Brackets 

1-16 & 17-32 

Placing top seeds in same bracket to ensure there’s always a chance for upset in championship 

Constant changes in rankings do to this system and more international superstars

Exposure for fighters outside the top 10

Reference Style Chav Boxing by Caleb "Lightning Slaps" Hughes

Chav

This is a derogatory British slang word for a young hooligan who normally starts fights and makes trouble. “Chavs” are usually seen as lower class.

Training Gear

Focus Mitts

Punching Shield

Reflex Bag

Double End Bag

Heavy Bags

Naoya Inoue Influence for Chav Shell (Bladed Half Guard)

Wide Stance with Weight Forward

Inverted-V Target (Solar Plexus, Liver, Spleen, Obliques) opens Head as a Target

Centerline connection opens Flanks

Multiple Jab Triggers Own Counter Hooks Combo

Front Power Hooks over Jabs for Single Punches

Warm Up Workout: Systematic Calisthenics Warm Up 10 Seconds Horse Stance-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset with Yoga Recovery, Systematic Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank and Cobra Yoga Pose Recovery, and Sauna for Relaxation

Equipment

Resistance Loop Bands

Gymnastic Rings

Sledgehammer and Tires

Battle Ropes

Force-Velocity Curve

Speed-Strength

The boxer-puncher possesses many of the qualities of the out-boxer: hand speed, often an outstanding jab combination, and/or counter-punching skills, better defense and accuracy than a brawler, while possessing brawler-type power. The boxer-puncher may also be more willing to fight in an aggressive swarmer-style than an out-boxer. In general the boxer-puncher lacks the mobility and defensive expertise of the pure boxer. They are the most unpredictable among all 4 boxing styles. They don't fit in the rock-paper-scissors theory, so how the fight plays out between this style and other styles tends to be unpredictable. A boxer-puncher's ability to mix things up may prove to be a hindrance to any of the three other boxing styles, but at the same time their versatility means that they tend to be a master of none. (Example Naoya Inoue and Teófimo López)

Workout: Systematic Calisthenics Warm Up 10 Seconds Horse Stance-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset with Yoga Recovery et Systematic Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank and Cobra Yoga Pose Recovery

Equipment: Resistance Loop Bands, Gymnastic Rings, Sledgehammer and Tires, Battle Ropes

Double Guard (High and Chav Shell: Bladed Half Guard)

Geometry Head Movement

Footwork: Cross step; Apply Pressure by stepping Diagonally forward; L-Step; The L-Step is a quick step to the outside and is effective for cutting off your opponent or can be used to take you out of a negative position. GGG is a good example. An orthodox boxer would take the step to the right and a southpaw to the left.

Combos: Ends combos with a jab; Better defence; Creates space

Chav Shell Four Lines of Defense

Distance Control

Guarding Inside of Striking Center Line

Jab

Clenching

Chav Shell Boxing Key Fundamentals

Offensive

Off-center Head Straight Punches

Breathing

Intelligent Pressure

Power Shots

Combination Themes (Time Interval)

Hand and Foot Speed

Guard Ripping Strikes

Chin Tuck to Shoulder While Striking

Chav Shell Boxing Strategy For Studying Opposition

Counterpunching

Balance after striking

Are they to off balance to defend

Aggression zone

Where in the ring do they explode

Power

Can they knockout their opponents with their front hand

Guard

Overprotection

What area are they concerned about

Triangle Defense

How do they guard the corners and ropes

Clenching

Do they like space or clenching

Brawling

Do they have the balls to just swing and sacrifice getting hit

Chav Shell Boxing Physics

Basic physics tells us that punch force is dependent on the Impulse-Momentum relationship (the change in momentum experienced by a body under the action of a force is equal to the impulse of the resultant force). Use Impulse-Angular Momentum and Kinetic Energy.

This formula creates heavy hand feeling when done properly

Reverse Rotate Punching Hand Hip for more Torque

Pronate Rear Hand

Pronate Front Hand

Boxing Stance 

Southpaw

Kinetic Energy

The kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. 

When throwing punch firm front leg

Lean to front foot

Impulse Kinetic Chain

Open kinetic chain as “a combination of successively arranged joints in which the terminal segments can move freely”. Thus the distal segment of the extremity is free to move in space

Regular Chain (Diagonal)

Glutes-Lats-Rear Delt-Tricep-Forearm-First 2 Knuckles

Abs and Obliques for stabilization

Heavy Hands or Power Shots

Imagine you are an elastic band wrapped around a pole with the ends out. When the front end is tugged, that's your front hand and reverse front hip rotation. When the back end is tugged, that's your rear hand and reverse back hip rotation. Remember to use Obliques and Lats

Think of this motion as a coil-flex-release

Closed System

A closed system is a physical system that does not allow transfer of matter in or out of the system

Torque

Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment, moment of force, rotational force or turning effect, depending on the field of study. The concept originated with the studies by Archimedes of the usage of levers. 

Impulse

impulse is the integral of a force, F, over the time interval, t, for which it acts. Since force is a vector quantity, impulse is also a vector quantity. Impulse applied to an object produces an equivalent vector change in its linear momentum, also in the resultant direction.

BENEFITS OF SHADOWBOXING

ZERO EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

One of the biggest benefits of shadowboxing is the fact that you don’t need any equipment to do it. This makes it super accessible to anyone who’s looking to learn boxing or just wants to get in a low-budget yet effective workout.

You don’t need to invest in a standing bag, boxing gloves, or full boxing gym membership. All you need is enough space in your room to throw a few punches, and maybe a mirror to watch your form as you go.

STRENGTHENS YOUR CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE

You’re constantly moving when you’re shadowboxing. It’s not just your fists that are flying but you’re staying light on your feet, squatting in your boxer’s stance, and engaging your core. Everything is activating from your legs to your glutes to your abs to your arms.

This is why if you’ve ever shadowboxed before you know that it doesn’t take long for your heart rate to elevate, your breathing to speed up, and your sweat to start pouring. It’s such an effective cardiovascular activity that a 185-pound person can burn over 370 calories in less than 30 minutes of shadowboxing.

This full-body exercise strengthens your heart and lungs as your body demands more oxygen and blood flow. And the stronger your heart and lungs get through exercises like shadowboxing, the more efficiently they can deliver oxygen and blood throughout your body. In other words, the more you shadowbox, the more endurance you build.

Sky Box Office is Sky's pay-per-view (PPV) system operated in the United Kingdom and Ireland. There were three branded divisions of Sky Box Office – Sky Cinema Box Office, Sky Sports Box Office and Sky 3D Box Office. Until 1 February 2011, the system ran under unified Sky Box Office branding. On 4 January 2017, all Sky Cinema Box Office channels ceased broadcasting, with only Sky Sports Box Office remaining available.[1]

Sky Sports Subsidiaries

Magazines Owned Gyms as League Franchises: A franchise agreement is a contract under which the franchisor grants the franchisee the right to operate a business, or offer, sell, or distribute goods or services identified or associated with the franchisor's trademark, Ex. 250 Gyms for 5 Magazines 50 per Magazine.

No Closed Doors Super Series: Bi-monthly Six Fight Multi Locations Series with Behind the Scenes between Two Boxers

Box Raw Bi-weekly Boxing Economy Newspaper and Monthly Biography Magazine

Box Raw Fashion Label and Equipment

Box Raw Boxing Science Corporate Education

Box Raw Streaming Daily Fantasy Sportsbook (Options Trading Turf Accountant)

Boxing Gloves as Kit Rivals

Target Audience

Gamblers and BioEngineers

Turf Accounting Model

+EV

Python Programming Gaussian Distribution

Exotic Options Trading Live Betting

Parlays Minimum for Round Robins

Daily Fantasy Rakes

Street Culture

Street Food

Street Photography

Street Workout

Café Culture

Children's Street Culture

Block Party

Savile Row: A street can often serve as the catalyst for the neighborhood's prosperity, culture and solidarity.

Ring Fundamentals Workout

Top position hold: 5 sets of 15 seconds, 30 sec. rest

Ring dip: 5 sets of 8-12 reps, 1 min. rest

Reverse row sit-back: 5 sets of 10-15 reps, 1 min. rest

Tuck/L-sit: 5 sets of 15 seconds, 30 sec. rest

Ring chin-up or pull-up: 5 sets of 8-12 reps, 1 min. rest

Dynamic/Isometric Superset Workout

Ring dip: 6-8 reps of dip, with a 15-sec. top position hold in between each rep. Do this for 5 sets with 1 min. rest between sets.

Reverse row sit-back: 6 to 8 reps with a 15-sec. tuck/L-sit in between each rep. Do this for 5 sets with 1 minute of rest between sets.

Ring chin-up or pull-up: 5 sets of 8 to 12 reps, with 1 minute of rest between sets.

Street Culture

Street Food

Street Photography

Street Workout

Café Culture

Children's Street Culture

Block Party

Bloor Street: A street can often serve as the catalyst for the neighborhood's prosperity, culture and solidarity.

Boxing Gym Culture

Urban Fiction (Crime Newspaper Articles, Movies, TV Series) Caleb's Rise International Film Festival Genre: Street Literature Henriad Shakespeare Adaptation Thrillers

Contracts and Investments 

Share Appreciation Right Plans (SAR Plans)

Under SAR Plans, the corporation grants plan participants share appreciation rights. Each SAR entitles participants to receive, on vesting, the net value of the increase in the market value of the corporation’s share between the grant date and the vesting date. Share Appreciation Right Plans are similar to stock option plans in some ways, and to RSU Plans in others:

Value. Share Appreciation Rights function much like stock options in many ways – but unlike stock options, participants aren’t required to pay the exercise price when they exercise the SAR. Share Appreciation Rights start with a nil value at the time of grant, so will have no value at vesting if the market value of the shares has decreased between the dates of grant and of vesting.

Plan Terms. Share Appreciation Right Plans typically contain provisions similar to those of RSU Plans in respect to plan administration, maximum shares reserved for issuance, grant agreement, market value, employment, share capital adjustments, change of control and shareholder agreements.

Vesting. Like RSU Plans, vesting provisions in SAR Plans can also be based on time, performance or both. Performance-based SARs are sometimes called “performance appreciation rights” or “PARs”. Once vested, the plan participant can settle the SARs in cash or in an amount of shares that equals the amount payable to the participant divided by the per share market value

Deferred Compensation 

Deferred compensation refers to that part of one’s contribution that is withheld and paid at a future date. Retirement plans and employee pensions are examples of deferred compensation. Employers usually withhold a fraction of employees’ compensation every month, accumulate it over time, and pay the lump sum amount on a date previously agreed upon in the employment contract.

Real Estate Joint Venture (JV)

A real estate joint venture (JV) is a deal between multiple parties to work together and combine resources to develop a real estate project. Most large projects are financed and developed as a result of real estate joint ventures. JVs allow real estate operators (individuals with extensive experience managing real estate projects) to work with real estate capital providers (entities that can supply capital for a real estate project).

Farmland Investments

Age 16-19

Bond Funds 

Farmland REITS

CFDS

Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account 

Age 20-30

Farmland Recession Proof Stocks (AgTech, Ag ETFS, AgETN)

Incubator and Startup Accelerators

Age 30-40

Farmland Blue Chip Indexes w/ Credit Spread Options

Street literature is a literary genre set in a city landscape; however, the genre is as much defined by the socio-economic realities and culture of its characters as the urban setting. The tone for urban fiction is usually dark, focusing on the underside of city living. Profanity, sex, and violence are usually explicit, with the writer not shying away from or watering-down the material. Most authors of this genre draw upon their past experiences to depict their storylines.

Caleb's Rise International Film Festival Genre: Street Literature Henriad Shakespeare Adaptation Defense Lawyers Impure Aesthetic Thrillers

Literary Device

Film Literature

in establishing the limits of both the novel (Newspapers) and the film, argues that novelist and film director meet in the attempt “to make you see”, the former through the mind; the latter through the eye.

“impure” aesthetic, one tinged with the markings of society, ideology, and sexual desire. 

Capitalism, Betrayal, Nostalgia, Resplendent Anarchy

Poetic Réalisme 

Poetic realism films are "recreated realism", stylised and studio-bound, rather than approaching the "socio-realism of the documentary". They usually have a fatalistic view of life with their characters living on the margins of society, either as unemployed members of the working class or as criminals.

Self-destructive Escapism

Escapism is mental diversion from unpleasant aspects of daily life, typically through activities involving imagination or entertainment. Escapism also may be used to occupy one's self away from persistent feelings of depression or general sadness.

Surréalisme-Synecdoqu-Métonymie Screenplay

Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike scenes and ideas.[1] Its intention was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality.[2][3][4] It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media as well.

a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs

the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.

Allégorie

a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

Suspense is created by withholding information or revealing it slowly, creating a sense of mystery or uncertainty about what will happen next.

A thriller generally keeps its audience on the "edge of their seats" as the plot builds towards a climax. The cover-up of important information is a common element.[2] Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists, unreliable narrators, and cliffhangers are used extensively. A thriller is often a villain-driven plot, presenting obstacles that the protagonist or hero must overcome.

Slavoj Žižek Lacanianism or Lacanian psychoanalysis is a theoretical system that explains the mind, behavior, and culture through a structuralist and post-structuralist extension of classical psychoanalysis, initiated by the work of Jacques Lacan from the 1950s to the 1980s.

Scoring

Drill Producers watch the film and then get a scene to Score

Extra

Non-Fiction Movie

Prequal TV Série

Fictional TV Série 

Caleb Hughes Tudor Rose Welfare Recipe Gastronomy 

Baked Goods

RumChata Pound Cake Loaf

Ingredients

1 stick butter, room temperature

1 1/2 cups sugar

1/2 cup RumChata Liquor

1/2 teaspoon baking soda

1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour

3 large eggs

1 tsp teaspoon vanilla extract

Cinnamon Rolls

2 and 3/4 cups (344g) all-purpose flour (spooned & leveled)

1/4 cup (50g) granulated sugar

1/2 teaspoon salt

3/4 cup (180ml) buttermilk

3 Tablespoons (43g) unsalted butter

2 and 1/4 teaspoons Platinum Yeast from Red Star or any instant yeast (1 standard packet)

1 large egg, at room temperature

Filling

3 Tablespoons (43g) unsalted butter, extra softened

1/3 cup (67g) packed light or dark brown sugar

1 Tablespoon ground cinnamon

Cream Cheese Icing

1 Teaspoon Espresso

4 ounces (113g) full-fat block cream cheese, softened to room temperature

2 Tablespoons (28g) unsalted butter, softened to room temperature

2/3 cup (80g) confectioners’ sugar

1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract

Caleb Rolls

2 and 3/4 cups (344g) all-purpose flour (spooned & leveled)

1/4 cup (50g) granulated sugar

1/2 teaspoon salt

3/4 cup (180ml) buttermilk

3 Tablespoons (43g) unsalted butter

2 and 1/4 teaspoons Platinum Yeast from Red Star or any instant yeast (1 standard packet)

1 large egg, at room temperature

Filling

Rosemary Scrambled Eggs w/ Cheese

Bacon Bits

Cream Cheese Icing

Egg Wash

Rosemary

Oven

Dinners

Fish and Chips

4 large potatoes, peeled and cut into strips

1 cup all-purpose flour

1 teaspoon baking powder

1 teaspoon salt

1 teaspoon ground black pepper

1 cup milk

1 egg

1 quart vegetable oil for frying

1 ½ pounds cod fillets

Deep Fryer 

Tuna Cake Breakfast Sandwich

2 eggs

2 teaspoons lemon juice

10 tablespoons Italian-seasoned bread crumbs

3 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese

3 (5 ounce) cans tuna, drained

3 tablespoons diced onion

1 pinch ground black pepper

3 tablespoons rendered duck fat

4 Slices of Cheddar Cheese

Deep Fryer

Mozzarella-Stuffed Crispy Portobello Burgers

2 Marinated-and-Roasted Portobellos

1/2 cup shredded mozzarella cheese (2 ounces)

3/4 cup all-purpose flour

1 tablespoon ranch dressing mix , such as Hidden Valley

2 large eggs , beaten

1 cup panko Japanese-style breadcrumbs

Neutral-flavored oil ,for frying

3/4 teaspoon kosher salt

3/8 teaspoon black pepper

2 hamburger buns of your choice

1/4 cup Thousand Island Dressing

1/4 cup dill pickle chips

1 cup shredded iceberg lettuce

1 medium tomato ,cut in 4 (1/4-inch-thick) slices

Drinks

Whipped Cold Brew

Robusta

Whip Cream

Milk

All Spice

Ice 

Blender 

Granola Smoothie

Granola

All Spice

Sugar

Blueberries

Blender

Rum Milkshakes

Sangster’s Rum Cream

60ml

Coconut Milk

240ml

Vanilla Essence

Chocolate Ice Cream

6 scoops

Coun'riad Criminal Unionism

Coun'riad: Counting money in the County through a Count with Henriad Shakespeare Impure Aesthetics

Real Estate Licenses over Diplomas

Craft unionism refers to a model of trade unionism in which workers are organised based on the particular craft or trade in which they work. It contrasts with industrial unionism, in which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of differences in skill.

Industrial unionism is a trade union organising method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of skill or trade, thus giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations.

As an anti-statist ideology, social anarchism opposes the concentration of power in the form of a State.[19] To social anarchists, the state is a type of coercive hierarchy designed to enforce private property and to limit individual self-development.[20] Social anarchists reject both centralised and limited forms of government, instead upholding social collaboration as a means to achieve a spontaneous order, without any social contract supplanting social relations.[21] Social anarchists believe that the abolition of the state will lead to greater "freedom, flourishing and fairness".

As an anti-capitalist ideology, social anarchism is opposed to the dominant expressions of capitalism, including the expansion of transnational corporations through globalization.[10] It comprises one of the main forms of socialism, alongside utopian socialism, democratic socialism and authoritarian socialism. Social anarchism rejects private property, particularly private ownership of the means of production, as the principal source of social inequality. As such, social anarchists typically oppose propertarianism, as they consider it to exacerbate social and economic inequality, suppress individual agency and require the maintenance of hierarchical institutions.

Monopoly, real-estate board game for two to eight players, in which the player's goal is to remain financially solvent while forcing opponents into bankruptcy by buying and developing pieces of property.

“Mirrors for Princes” designates a literary genre in which political ideas are expressed in the form of advice to a ruler.

Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility.[1] Especially in earlier medieval periods the term often implied not only a certain status, but also that the count had specific responsibilities or offices. The etymologically related English term "county" denoted the territories associated with some countships, but not all.

A county may be further subdivided into districts, hundreds, townships, or other administrative jurisdictions within the county. A county usually, but not always, contains cities, towns, townships, villages, or other municipal corporations, which in most cases are somewhat subordinate or dependent upon county governments. Depending on the nation, municipality, and local geography, municipalities may or may not be subject to direct or indirect county control. The functions of both levels are often consolidated into a city government when the area is densely populated, and are generally not when it is less densely populated.[b]

An upper-tier municipality means a municipality of which two or more lower-tier municipalities form part for municipalities purposes.

County Speech Accent

Glottal Stops Consonants

Ex. T is Eigh'een, G is Jar'on, L Ho'y; How are you amon' us Ho'y Shi'?!

Made up Verbs, Nouns, and Adjective with Schwa Endings: ER=SCHWA

Ex. Punch is Pover: Do you want a Pover to the Chin!

UK Class Structure

Royals

Monopoly Family

Government

Upper Class

Middle Class

County Speech Accent Vertical Farming Real Estate Socioeconomic Status

County Shilling

Ex. Welfare is £5000, it is now öS‎25,000 Schillings (50 Pence).

County Speech Pover Football

County Speech Accent Stylistic Biomechanics: Dribbling Foot To Ball Contact (Balls of Feet and Arch of Feet); Knee for Direction; Foot Drags; & Hip Angle, Crescent Moon Running Mechanics, and Laces Pover.

County Speech Accent Training: Metabolic Resistance Training; 200m-High Jump Cross Training; Keto BHB for Metabolism, Creatine-L-Carnitine L-Tartrate-Leucine for mTOR are my Supplements.

County Speech Accent Literature Circles

During literature circle time, students read together, then have discussions in which each student performs a specific role. Roles include the discussion director, vocabulary enricher, literary luminary, and checker. The teacher conducts mini-lessons before and after the literature circles.

Person A reads Chapter 1 and Person B reads Chapter 2.

The Financial Times Essential Guide, Blue Ocean Strategy, Contagious, The Project Revolution: How to Succeed in a Project Driven World

Fleurdelisé

[creature-wizard]

Bill Schnoebelen, a man who claimed to be an ex-satanist (of the global satanic conspiracy sort) and has been demonstrated time and again to be a fraud, tries to establish a link between witchcraft (of the modern neopagan sort) and Roman Catholicism in Wicca: Satan's Little White Lie:

Both teach “salvation” through ritual acts and good works.

Both have a god and a goddess (Mary) figure in their pantheon.

Both have a slain and risen god who dies and is reborn in a seasonal cycle of ritual dramas.

Both have magic or thaumaturgy (Transubstantiation in the Mass) as central elements in their theology.

Both make extensive use of incense, statues, candles and ceremonial robes in their devotions.

Both believe in a kind of second chance after death (Purgatory).4

Both believe the rituals of the living can affect the dead.

Both believe in rituals of pain and mortification for purification.5

I'm sorry, Bill, but if you think that three and four are actual problems, then you might as well just give up on Christianity altogether, or at least admit that your version of Christianity regards a good portion of the New Testament as heretical. Because you've literally just declared that both Communion and the Resurrection are unchristian.

Also, if the idea of transubstantiation makes you uncomfy, 1 Corinthians 15:35-55 should have you crawling out of your skin.

Regarding number two, Mary is revered because she's a saint and the mother of Jesus. That doesn't make her a "goddess," because Catholicism has clear distinctions between saints and deities.

Regarding number five, this is because Catholic religion makes use of worship traditions that were widespread throughout the ancient Mediterranean world. Modern neopaganism drew from these same traditions. There's nothing sinister or conspiratorial about it.

Regarding number six, Schnoebelen elaborates on this one in the footnotes:

Catholics offer prayers for the dead, to get them out of Purgatory. Witches believe in communicating with the dead, especially at Samhain; and that they can, through mediumship, help lower level spirits achieve higher areas of growth before they incarnate again.

Loads of people believe you can interact with or affect the dead in some way. This doesn't prove any special connection between modern witchcraft and Catholicism.

He elaborates on number eight with:

Although this self-mortification element has been toned down recently in U.S. Catholicism, wearing of hair shirts, barbed wire corsets and self-flagellation (whipping) were regularly practiced within Catholic monasteries and nunneries until at least the 1960’s. It may still be going on today in the U.S. and is definitely still practiced overseas. Witches believe you must be willing to “suffer in order to learn” and most practice at least ceremonial whipping of each other. Wiccan authors also brag about how they whipped each other into a magical frenzy in order to raise a large enough “cone of power” to turn back both the Spanish Armada and the forces of Hitler.

Bill. Bill, my man. You might be shocked to learn that the New Testament has a lot to say about the value of suffering. Romans 5:3-4, 2 Corinthians 1:5, Philippians 1:29 2 Corinthians 11 and 2 Corinthians 12 - Paul was kinda big on this whole suffering thing, ya know?

So basically, Schnoebelen's made up a bunch of problems where none exist, and in doing so, implied that the very religion he professes to follow is actually invalid, lol.

[thepastisalreadywritten]

SAINT OF THE DAY (August 9)

On August 9, the Catholic Church remembers St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross, also known as St. Edith Stein.

St. Teresa converted from Judaism to Catholicism in the course of her work as a philosopher and later entered the Carmelite Order.

She died in the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz in 1942.

Edith Stein was born on 12 October 1891 – a date that coincided with her family's celebration of Yom Kippur, the Jewish “day of atonement.”

Edith's father died when she was just two years old, and she gave up the practice of her Jewish faith as an adolescent.

As a young woman with profound intellectual gifts, Edith gravitated toward the study of philosophy and became a pupil of the renowned professor Edmund Husserl in 1913.

Through her studies, the non-religious Edith met several Christians whose intellectual and spiritual lives she admired.

After earning her degree with the highest honors from Gottingen University in 1915, she served as a nurse in an Austrian field hospital during World War I.

She returned to academic work in 1916, earning her doctorate after writing a highly-regarded thesis on the phenomenon of empathy.

She remained interested in the idea of religious commitment but had not yet made such a commitment herself.

In 1921, while visiting friends, Edith spent an entire night reading the autobiography of the 16th-century Carmelite nun St. Teresa of Avila.

“When I had finished the book,” she later recalled, “I said to myself: This is the truth.”

She was baptized into the Catholic Church on the first day of January 1922.

Edith intended to join the Carmelites immediately after her conversion but would ultimately have to wait another 11 years before taking this step.

Instead, she taught at a Dominican school and gave numerous public lectures on women's issues.

In 1931, she spent her time writing a study of St. Thomas Aquinas and took a university teaching position in 1932.

In 1933, the rise of Nazism, combined with Edith's Jewish ethnicity, put an end to her teaching career.

After a painful parting with her mother, who did not understand her Christian conversion, she entered a Carmelite convent in 1934, taking the name “Teresa Benedicta of the Cross” as a symbol of her acceptance of suffering.

“I felt,” she wrote, “that those who understood the Cross of Christ should take upon themselves on everybody's behalf.”

She saw it as her vocation “to intercede with God for everyone, but she prayed especially for the Jews of Germany whose tragic fate was becoming clear."

“I ask the Lord to accept my life and my death,” she wrote in 1939, “so that the Lord will be accepted by his people and that his kingdom may come in glory, for the salvation of Germany and the peace of the world.”

After completing her final work, a study of St. John of the Cross entitled “The Science of the Cross,” Teresa Benedicta was arrested along with her sister Rosa (who had also become a Catholic) and the members of her religious community on 7 August 1942.

The arrests came in retaliation against a protest letter by the Dutch Bishops, decrying the Nazi treatment of Jews.

Teresa Benedicta of the Cross died in the concentration camp at Auschwitz on 9 August 1942.

Pope John Paul II beatified her as a martyr on 1 May 1987 and then canonized 11 years later on 11 October 1998.

She is one of the six patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia, Cyril and Methodius, Bridget of Sweden, and Catherine of Siena.

[nicosraf]

Hey! Im sorry if this question has already been asked (I feel like it has) but how would you describe the angels’ fashion to be like? I know they wear lots of jewelry and adornments but I’d like to get a good idea, especially with the ways they do their hair.

I’m currently working on some character designs for a short graphic novel piece im tryna do. So far im going for a mix of traditional Mexican flowery designs and the elaborate robes I see angels wearing in religious paintings.

Also, I imagine that after the fall, the angels stop wearing so much jewelry and adornments, and start to wear more modest vestments, akin to those of a cleric’s. This is either because of their shame for what happened or to show their allegiance to God, and to disavow the past (Lucifer’s rebellion). Meanwhile, the demons continue to dress extravagantly, decked out in every sort of jewel there is.

Hello! I don't think anyone's every specifically asked about fashion!

I usually imagine their fashion to be a big mash-up of cultures, with the biggest influence being Roman (which is probably what you're seeing in those angel paintings) and Mexican ! I do gain inspiration from other cultural backgrounds (generally "Near East" ancient culture, given Christianity's birth there, even if I'm going the Roman Catholicism route) but I generally stick to "robes and tunics" in a purposefully vague way.

When I describe angels in tunics, I tend to imagine them in the style of colorful huipils:

Though, it's less that "the angels in ABM are explicitly in huipils" and more that I see their clothing as really beautifully embroidered, with patterns and striking colors. So you could imagine them in something like... traditional Slavic embroidered dresses or anything else you like :) The intent here is that the angels have the time (because they live forever) to make really intricate, detailed, time-consuming clothes, so that's what they like to wear

Braids are mentioned a lot in ABM! I think there's definitely something there about ribbons in braids, (which is more Mexican influence on my part ajhdsjkds). All angels have long hair, so I think they generally find creative ways to pick it up and have gotten attached to braids for that reason. I know head coverings are brought up too, and I imagine their head coverings to be embroidered or patterned like their clothes. (Angels are obsessed with colors). I think they like to put flowers in their hair, also! Flower crowns are probably popular, but I imagine they can get a bit annoying if the flowers on the crown keep yapping.

As for jewelry — I imagine they have a lot of filigree jewelry. This:

I think this for the same reason that they're so into embroidery — it's time-consuming, beautiful, and very detailed.

At the end of the days, angels are just really obsessed with color, detail, and patterns! It's incredibly over the top! But they're gay angels so of course its over the top

Good luck with the graphic novel piece!!!! And thank you very much for the ask

(( Oh and — maybe this is a spoiler but you've predicted what happens regarding fashion for angels and demons 100% :') ))

[historia-vitae-magistras]

The «am I Catholic or protesant, god I really don't know» from England. Thoughts on the history of his religious beliefs?

OOOOH, now there's whole different pair of skates. So the UK, but especially England, has had one of Europe's most layered religious histories.

There would have been at least:

Pre-Celtic and prehistoric religions, including whatever produced Stonehenge.

Celtic

Roman

at least 3 other pantheons they've found evidence of in Roman Britain

The Anglo-Saxon

Christianity

Norse

Christianity, specifically Catholicism, again

The reformation and its ten billion offshoots

Modern religious diversity, including the new agey stuff.

So, we're looking at a very complex and very long history, and speaking from a character-building perspective and looking at the patterns of what happens when a society adopts a new religion, I go with the following. 'Pagan' or polytheistic societies often did not have a problem taking the existence of the Christian god. It was getting pagans to drop their old gods or even acknowledge the Christian god as their primary deity that was the problem.

So with that in mind, with Arthur being 'born' to a mother who was not a Christian and who saw her life end when the book on Celtic paganism shut, I see him just absorbing layer after layer of religion. Just incorporating everything into his worldview, one layer on top of another, with the theme of cycles in mind. The gods before Christianity were closely linked with nature; in Celtic times, offerings were often made to bodies of water. Every living thing had a god of some sort inside it. Many folklorists and anthropologists posit that the fae as we know them are the old pagan gods, especially nature gods, that saw themselves demoted as Christianity washed through. Religion was about stability and about maintaining power and social perception. Very little of the gods of his childhood remain, but the worldview of the societies before Christianity might still be there, rattling around in his head. As the modern era sees a massive resurgence in respect and concern for nature and its importance, that theme of cycles kicks in hard regarding both the ability to accept new religions and the respect for the natural world cycles back to his youth.

[dougielombax]

I am afraid of being alone.

Yes!

I’ll admit it.

Not that I ever doubted it.

But I’ve seen FAR too many people using someone’s loneliness as an excuse to badger them with proselytising.

Specifically with regards to Christianity.

(I can’t say the same for other religions due to demographics in my area, plus some other religions don’t proselytise (Judaism, Druze, Mandaeism, and Yazidism spring to mind))

ESPECIALLY with Christianity!

“Well, have ye thought about God? Jesus?”

“Oh dear. Well ye’ll be sorry when ye’s older.”

Fuck off with that shite!

Belittling condescension!

Talking as if we were lost, frightened, helpless children!

I grew up with it and found it lacking and offering nothing but unrequited obedience, shame at simply existing as I am, along with perpetual misery and an eternal fear of judgment and damnation.

And some people call THAT a new counterculture?! Be RID of it!

Fucking bullshit!

Keep your proselytising to yourself! That shit needs to end fucking yesterday.

The world doesn’t need any more missionaries!

(And no, cold, nihilistic, bullying, judgmental atheism isn’t the answer either. I tried it and was found wanting!)

Get in the fucking BIN with that shite!

That’s why I lost patience with (western) Catholicism.

To say nothing of Protestantism, most of it is dull, austere and demanding, and has stupid ideas about work ethic and the like. (Fuck Calvinism btw! A ghastly miserable thing!)

I want NONE of that!

Bunch of nasty, bitter, judgmental, miserable, godbothering old women!

Don’t try selling me any of that shite!

No I’m not bitter, shut up!

And don’t even get me started on school reunions.