#victor rothstein

[slavicwetcat07]

can’t let go

victor rothstein dnd vers

[samantha-rae-velcher]

Master List Pt. 2

YouTubers

Swaggersouls

Streamers Dream - smut

Markiplier

Games of the many - smut

Joysticks and pushing buttons - smut

Sticks and stones - smut

That one look - smut

The punishment unforgotten - Violence/smut

A need for it and her - smut

The stress is real - fluff

"Im sorry, honey" - fluff

Roomies or More? (Egos) - smut

Yancy NSFW alphabet - smut

Love mistaken for hate (Wilford Warfstache) - fluff

Don't fear the reaper (Darkiplier) - smut

Dark lust (Darkiplier) - smut

Static (Darkiplier) - smut

Warp core breech Pt.1 (ISWM) - fluff

Warp core breech Pt.2 (ISWM) - fluff

Seeing Stars (ISWM) - fluff

Jacksepticeye

Blue tint and cold tiles - smut

Marvel

Me and the Devil walking side by side (Daredevil) - fluff

Sorcerer Supreme (Doctor Strange) - smut

More like Einstein (Tony Stark) - smut

Two tons of iron (Tony Stark) - smut

Green-ish (Bruce Banner) - smut

Tender Touch (Scott Lang) - smut

The speed of light (Pietro Maximoff) - fluff

Courts of Green Pt.1 (Bucky Barnes) - fluff

Courts of Green Pt.2 (Bucky Barnes) - fluff

Courts of Green Pt.3 (Bucky Barnes) - Violence/ fluff

Feathers and Swords (Clint Barton) - smut

Hawks gold (Clint Barton) - fluff

As beautiful as an angel (Yondu Udonta) - fluff

Fear makes love (Ronan the accuser) - smut

Sharp as steel (Wolverine) - smut

Blades that steel the heart (Wolverine) - fluff

Obviously not that obvious (Drax the Destroyer) - smut

DC

Tattoo Buddies (Chato Santana) - fluff

Soldier Boy (Rick Flag) - smut

Slice and dice (Captain boomerang) - smut

Scars and stripes (BOP Victor Zsasz) - smut

TWD

Guns of blazing love (Aaron) - smut

Maybe evil Maybe not But just about (Shane) - smut

Barbed Wire Pt.1 (Negan) - smut

Barbed Wire Pt.2 (Negan) - Smut

Barbed Wire Pt.3 (Negan) - Violence/fluff

Barbed Wire Pt.4 (Negan) - Violence/fluff

Barbed Wire Pt.5 (Negan) - smut

Barbed Wire Pt.6 (Negan) - Violence/fluff

Barbed Wire Pt.7 (Negan) - Violence/fluff

Barbed Wire Pt.8 (Negan) - fluff

Star Wars

The light within (Qui Gon Jinn) - fluff

The force of two (Qui Gon Jinn) - fluff

The force binds all (Obi Wan Kenobi) - smut

The intimidating side of things (Boba Fett) - smut

Orders (Poe Dameron) - angst/ fluff

Black ink (Darth Maul) - smut

The Witcher

How The Witcher men react when you cry - fluff

Bard and Bells (Jaskier) - fluff

Gotham

Gotham Villains teaching s/o to shoot a gun

Gotham Villains when s/o doesn't answer the phone

How Gotham Villains react to their s/o getting shot

Sexting with Oswald Cobblepot - smut

Gotham's King and Queen (Oswald Cobblepot) - angst

I will kill you (Oswald Cobblepot) - fluff

Emperor Penguin (Oswald Cobblepot) - smut

Smoking Roses Pt.1 (Victor Zsasz) - smut

Smoking Roses Pt.2 (Victor Zsasz)- smut

Tainted Riddle (Ed Nygma) - fluff

What am I? (Ed Nygma) - fluff/Violence

Five-O (Jim Gordon) - smut

Stalked (Jeremiah Valeska) - Violence/fluff

Fantastic Beasts

Blue fire and silver smoke (Gellert Grindelwald) - fluff

Heaven without fear (Credence Barebone) - smut

Boardwalk Empire

Gentleman with a dark side (Arnold Rothstein) - smut

[maswartz]

DC Legacy

The basic premise of this is that the time has come for older heroes to step down and the next generation take their place. Clark Kent is now the editor and owner of the Daily Planet and vows to lead them into the future while keeping their dedication to the truth. Diana Prince is now Queen of the Amazons and has relinquished her title as Wonder Woman though she still joins the Justice Society when needed. Bruce Wayne has become mayor of Gotham City and intends to use the power of the office to fight crime at the root. However the intensified spotlight means he must give up the cowl. Others such as Oliver Queen have stepped down from active duty to become teachers to the next generation, passing down their skills and knowledge. Justice League Superman- Clark Kent Batman- Dick Grayson Wonder Woman- Donna Troy The Flash- Wally West Aquaman- Garth Red Arrow- Roy Harper Starfire- Koriand'r Beast Man- Garfield Logan Raven- Rachel Roth Cyborg- Victor Stone Green Lantern- Kyle Rayner Green Lantern- Jessica Cruz Shazam- Billy Batson Captain Thunder- Mary Bromfield Power Woman- Karen Starr JLA Reserves Supergirl- Kara Zor-El Thunderbolt- Freddy Freedman Thunderstorm- Eugene Choi Thunderblast- Pedro Peña Thunderspark- Darla Dudley Batman Beyond- Tim “Jace” Fox Captain Atom- Nathaniel Adam Green Arrow- Connor Hawke Zatanna- Zatanna Zatara Doctor Mid-Nite- Beth Chapel Argent- Toni Monetti Firestorm- Jason Rusch/Gehenna Black Canary- Dinah Lance Atom- Ryan Choi Plastic Man- Patrick “Eel” O’Brien Jade- Jennifer-Lynn Haden Obsidian- Todd Rice Zauriel Justice League Universal Martian Manhunter- J'onn J'onzz Green Lantern- Simon Baz Green Lantern- Sojourner Mullein Jemm Hawkman- Carter Hall Hawkwoman- Kendra Saunders Adam Strange Darkfire- Ryand’r Metamorpho- Rex Mason Captain Comet- Adam Blake Orion Tomorrow Woman- Clara Kendall Starman- Will Payton The Titans Nightwing- Tim Drake Superboy- Conner Kent Fury- Cassandra Sandsmark Mercury- Bart Allen Blue Beetle- Jaime Reyes Static- Virgil Hawkins Green Lantern- Tai Pham Monkey Prince- Marcus Sun Miss Martian- M'gann M'orzz Empress- Anita Fite Titans West Batgirl- Cassandra Cain Spoiler- Stephanie Brown Red Devil- Eddie Bloomberg Solstice- Kiran Yellow Arrow- Mia Dearden Tempest- Jackson Hyde Power Girl- Tanya Spears Wonder Twins- Zan and Jayna Velocity- Wallace West Outsiders Black Lightning- Jefferson Pierce Thunder- Anissa Pierce Lightning- Jennifer Pierce Grace- Grace Choi Inertia- Thaddeus Thawne Tengu- Asami Koizumi El Dorado- Edward Dorado Jr Longshadow- Ty Longshadow Halo II- Gabrielle Daou Ravager- Rose Wilson Jericho- Joseph Wilson Quake- Atlee Tsunami- Lorena Marquez The Signal- Duke Thomas Offspring- Luke O’Brien Young Justice Red X- Damian Wayne Nightbird- Chris Kent Flamewing- Jon Kent Wonder Girl- Yara Flor Kid Flash- Iris West Impulse- Jai West Teen Lantern- Keli Quintela Green Beetle- Milagro Reyes Speedy- Lian Harper Jinny Hex Amethyst Twister- Traya Sutton Animal Girl- Maxine Baker Aquarius- Cerdian Justice Society Mr Terrific- Michael Holt Green Sentinel- Alan Scott The Flash- Jay Garrick Wildcat- Ted Grant Doctor Mid-Nite- Pieter Cross Wonder Woman- Diana Prince Hourman- Rick Tyler Liberty Belle- Jesse Tyler The Boom- Judy Garrick Stargirl- Courtney Whitmore Cyclone- Maxine Hunkel Tomcat- Tom Bronson Sand- Sanderson Hawkins Jakeem Thunder/Johnny Thunderbolt- Jakeem Williams and Johnny Thunder Atom Smasher- Albert Rothstein Damage- Grant Emerson Dr Fate- Khalid Nassour

[ao3feed-brucewayne]

DCU Pitch

by KingBeleram6654 My own pitch for a rebooted DCU. Words: 996, Chapters: 1/7, Language: English Fandoms: Teen Titans - All Media Types, Young Justice - All Media Types, Justice League - All Media Types, Batman - All Media Types, Superman - All Media Types, Wonder Woman - All Media Types, Aquaman (Comics), The Flash - All Media Types, Green Lantern (Comics), Justice Society of America (Comics), Justice League Dark (Comics), Cyborg (DCU Comics), DCU (Comics), Martian Manhunter (Comics), Zatanna (Comics) Rating: General Audiences Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply Categories: Gen Characters: Clark Kent, Bruce Wayne, Barry Allen, Arthur Curry (DCU), J'onn J'onzz, Diana (Wonder Woman), Hal Jordan (Green Lantern), Victor Stone, Kara Danvers, Selina Kyle, Oliver Queen, Dick Grayson, Dinah Lance, Wally West, Donna Troy, Carol Ferris, Roy Harper, Garth (DCU), Jason Todd, John Stewart (DCU), Tim Drake, Jaime Reyes, Garfield Logan, Koriand'r (DCU), Raven, Artemis Crock, Harleen Quinzel, Pamela Isley, Tatsu Yamashiro, Rex Mason, Virgil "Static" Hawkins, Helena Bertinelli, Courtney Whitmore, Zatanna Zatara, John Constantine, Tim Hunter, Damian Wayne, Kon-El | Conner Kent, M'gann M'orzz, Rick Tyler, Rex Tyler, Yolanda Montez, Pieter Cross, Al Rothstein, Cassie Sandsmark, Kaldur'ahm | Jackson Hyde, Bart Allen, Karen Starr | Kara Zor-L Relationships: Clark Kent/Lois Lane, Selina Kyle/Bruce Wayne, Carol Ferris/Hal Jordan (Green Lantern), Arthur Curry/Mera (DCU), Barry Allen/Iris West, Dinah Lance/Oliver Queen, Dick Grayson/Koriand'r, Joker (DCU)/Harleen Quinzel, Garfield Logan/Raven, Kaldur'ahm | Jackson Hyde/Tula, Kon-El | Conner Kent/M'gann M'orzz via https://ift.tt/DXOxvE1

[dorkofclanlavellan]

DCAU Masterlist

(Justice League [2001], Justice League Unlimited + tie in series and movies)

Atom Smasher [Albert Rothstein]

Batman [Bruce Wayne]

Batman [Terry McGinnis - only after he’s 18+]

Green Lantern & Hawkgirl [John Stewart/Shayera Hol] poly

Martian Manhunter [J'onn J’onnz]

Nightwing [Dick Grayson]

The Question [Charles Victor Szasz]

Superman [Clark Kent]

Warhawk [Rex Stewart]

[eqxrzbook]

Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer: Nathan Burkan and the Making of American Popular Culture - Gary A. Rosen

EPUB & PDF Ebook Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer: Nathan Burkan and the Making of American Popular Culture | EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD

by Gary A. Rosen.

Download Link : DOWNLOAD Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer: Nathan Burkan and the Making of American Popular Culture

Read More : READ Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer: Nathan Burkan and the Making of American Popular Culture

Ebook PDF Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer: Nathan Burkan and the Making of American Popular Culture | EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD Hello Book lovers, If you want to download free Ebook, you are in the right place to download Ebook. Ebook Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer: Nathan Burkan and the Making of American Popular Culture EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD in English is available for free here, Click on the download LINK below to download Ebook Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer: Nathan Burkan and the Making of American Popular Culture 2020 PDF Download in English by Gary A. Rosen (Author).

 Description Book: 

Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer is the lively story of legal giant Nathan Burkan, whose career encapsulated the coming of age of the institutions, archetypes, and attitudes that define American popular culture. With a client list that included Charlie Chaplin, Al Jolson, Frank Costello, Victor Herbert, Mae West, Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, Arnold Rothstein, and Samuel Goldwyn, Burkan was ?New York?s Spotlight Lawyer? for more than three decades. He was one of the principal authors of the epochal Copyright Act of 1909 and the guiding spirit behind the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (Ascap), which provided the first practical means for songwriters to collect royalties for public performances of their works, revolutionizing the music business and the sound of popular music. While the entertainment world adapted to the disruptive technologies of recorded sound, motion pictures, and broadcasting, Burkan?s groundbreaking work laid the legal foundation for the Great

[ao3feed-birdflash]

Titans/JSA : Summer Pool Party

read it on the AO3 at https://ift.tt/EGVgBPs

by Flashbolt23785

An event where the Titans are inviting the legacy heroes of JSA to come for a pool party. At night, they all went indoors to do some activities.

Words: 3536, Chapters: 1/1, Language: English

Fandoms: DCU (Comics), Titans (Comics), Justice Society of America (Comics), Teen Titans - All Media Types

Rating: Teen And Up Audiences

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: F/M, Gen

Characters: Dick Grayson, Garfield Logan, Victor Stone, Donna Troy, Wally West, Roy Harper, Koriand'r (DCU), Kon-El | Conner Kent, Jaime Reyes, Courtney Whitmore, Maxine Hunkel, Rick Tyler, Al Rothstein, Grant Emerson (DCU), Jakeem Williams, Sanderson Hawkins, Jade Nguyen, Kyle Rayner, Jesse Chambers, Dawn Granger, Hank Hall

Relationships: Dick Grayson/Wally West

Additional Tags: Swimming Pools, Volleyball, Dinner

read it on the AO3 at https://ift.tt/EGVgBPs

[theflashzoom]

DC Male heroes Legacy Icons with 80's wallpaper

[dailydccomics]

Titans #39

[astrum-naut]

CHARACTERS I WILL BE WRITING FOR 🌔

IMPORTANT : SUBJECT TO CHANGE - ANYONE THAT IS NOT MENTIONED HERE WILL NOT BE DISCUSSED OR WRITTEN ABOUT

I also highly encouraged DC requests or interactions much more than MARVEL lmaoo

MARVEL

 Peter Parker / Spiderman

 Miles Morales  / Spiderman 

Eddie Brock + Venom

DC

Justice League

 Clark Kent / Superman

 Bruce Wayne / Batman

 Diana Prince / Wonder Woman

 Arthur Curry  / Aquaman

 Barry Allen / Flash

 J’on J’onzz / Martian Manhunter

TITANS

Dick Grayson / Night-wing

Koriand’r / Starfire 

Donna Troy / Wonder Girl - Troia

Wally West / Kid Flash - Flash

Jackson Hyde ; Kaldur’ahm / Aqualad

Rachel Roth / Raven

Garfield Logan / Beast Boy

Victor Stone / Cyborg

Tim Drake / Red Robin

OUTLAWS

Jason Todd / Red Hood

Artemis of Bana-Mighdall 

Bizarro

Roy Harper / Arsenal

BAT FAMILY 

Selina Kyle / Catwoman

Stephanie Brown / Spoiler

Cassandra Cain / Batgirl

Barbara Gordon / Batgirl ; Oracle

Duke Thomas / Signal

Alfred Pennyworth 

Damian Wayne

Terry Mcginnis 

SUPER FAMILY

Lois Lane

Jon Kent

STARGIRL

Courtney Whitmore / Stargirl

Yolanda Montez / Wildcat

Beth Chapel / Dr. Midnite

Rick Tyler / Hourman

Henry King Jr. / Brainwave Jr.

Cindy Burman / Shiv

Cameron Mahkent / Icicle Jr.

Artemis Crock

Jordan Mahkent / Icicle

Paula Brooks / Tigress

Larry Crock / Sportsmaster

Henry King Sr. / Brainwave 

Dr. Ito / Dragon King 

Pat Dugan / Stripesy

JSA

Al Rothstein / Atom Smasher

Grant Emerson / Damage

ROGUES 

Slade Wilson / Deathstroke 

Harley Quinn 

Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy 

Waylon Jones / Killer Croc

Bane 

Ra’s Al Ghul

Talia Al Ghul 

[log2021]

log 2021

January

1/3 The Exorcist (1973) | William Friedkin @ Prime

1/4 こんな雨の日に 映画「真実」をめぐるいくつかのこと / 是枝裕和

1/5 Ainu Mosir (2020) | Takeshi Fukunaga @ Netflix

1/8 Eureka (2000) | 青山真治 @ MUBI

1/9 Midway (2019)| Roland Emmerich @ HBO Max

1/11 American Murder - The Family Next Door - (2020) | Jenny Popplewell @ Netflix

1/12 Fat Girl (2001) | Catherine Breillat @ Criterion Channel

1/13 Love is Colder than Death (1969) | Reiner Werner Fassbinder @ Criterion Channel

1/14 The Cruise (1998) | Bennett Miller @ MUBI

1/15 STAY AWAKE, BE READY (2019) | PHAM THIEN AN @ MUBI

1/16 Bombshell (2019) | Jay Roach @ Prime

1/17 星の子 (2020) | 大森立嗣 @ Gyao

1/18 赤い唇 （1973原著、1990邦訳）/ Manuel Puig

1/19 Catch Me If You Can (2002) | Steven Spielberg @ Netflix

1/20 サッカーとは何か / 林舞輝

1/21 Ham on Rye (2019) | Tyler Taormina @ MUBI  

1/22 Schindler’s List (1994) | Steven Spielberg @ BD

1/23 Touch Me Not (2018) | Adina Pintilie @ MUBI

1/25 Terrorizers (1986) | Edward Yang @ BD

1/26 Edward and Caroline (1952) | Jacques Becker @ MUBI

1/29 Nomadland (2020) | Chloe Zhao @ AMC Garden State, NJ

1/30 The Assistant (2020) | Kitty Green @ Prime

1/31 Rio Bravo (1959) | Howard Hawks @ BD

February

2/1 リタ・ヘイワースの背信（1968原著、1980邦訳） / マヌエル・プイグ 

2/1 The Terminal (2004) | Steven Spielberg @ Prime

2/2 夜の片鱗（1964）| 中村登 @ DVD

2/3 しとやかな獣（1962）| 川島雄三 @ DVD

2/5 Beginning（2020） | Dea Kulumbegashvili @ MUBI

2/7 The Holy Mountain (1973) | Alejandro Jodorowsky @ MUBI

2/9 Sibyl (2019) | Justine Triet @ MUBI

2/10 Bigger than Life (1956) | Nicholas Ray @ BD

2/11 新宗教を問う: 近代日本人と救いの信仰 (2020年刊) / 島薗進

2/14 彼女の人生は間違いじゃない (2017) | 廣木隆一

2/14 推し、燃ゆ（2021年刊）/ 宇佐見りん

2/15 1917 (2019) | Sam Mendes @ BD

2/16 The Quiet Man (1952) | John Ford @ BD

2/19 Gone Girl (2014) | David Fincher @ Prime

2/20 ブエノスアイレス事件（1979刊、1984邦訳）/ マヌエル・プイグ

2/22 Never Rarely Sometimes Always (2020) | Eliza Hittman @ HBO Max 

2/23 EDEN (2014) | Mia Hansen-Løve @ Prime

2/24 A Ghost Story (2017) | David Lowery @ Netflix

March

3/3 The Half of It (2020) | Alice Wu @ Netflix

3/4 Prisoners (2013) | Denis Villeneuve @ Prime

3/5 The Kid (1921) | Charlie Chaplin  @ Criterion Channel

3/6 セロトニン（2019刊）/ ミシェル・ウェルベック

3/6 Ain’t Them Bodies Saint (2013) | David Lowery @ Criterion Channel

3/7 Husbands (1970) | John Cassavetes @ Criterion Collection

3/9 The Shinning (1980) | Stanley Kubrick @ HBO Max

3/11 The Searchers (1958) | John Ford @ BD

3/14 Gone with the Wind (1939) | Victor Fleming @ HBO max

3/15 Woman on the Beach (2006) | Hong Sangsoo @ MUBI

3/16 A L'Abordage! (2020) | Guillaume Brac @ FilmLinc

3/17 Minari (2021) | Lee Isaac Chung @ Angelika Film Center

3/18 Quelque chose d'organique (1998) | Bertrand Bonello @ data

3/18 Dogtooth (2010) | Yorgos Lantimos @ MUBI

3/19 動物園・その歴史と冒険 / 溝井祐一（中公新書ラクレ）

3/23 Gran Torino (2008) | Clint Eastwood @ HBO max

3/25 Dead Pigs (2020) | Cathy Yan @ MUBI

3/26 De la Guerre (2008) | Bertrand Bonello @ Apple TV

3/26 俺の家の話 | 宮藤官九郎

3/27 動物園ではたらく 仕事と生き方 / 小宮輝之  (イースト新書Q)

3/28 スパイの妻（2020）| 黒沢清 @ Prime

April

4/4 West World - Season 3 | @ HBO

4/5 Q : Into the Storm | Cullen Hoback @ HBO

4/6 The Salt of Tears | Philippe Garrel @ MUBI

4/7 Godzilla vs. Kong (2021) | Adam Wingard @ HBO

4/8 My Octopus Teacher (2020)  | James Reed, Pippa Ehrlich @ Netflix

4/8 動物翻訳家 / 片野ゆか（集英社）

4/24 ノマド / ジェシカ・ブルーダー (春秋社)

4/26 LA・フード・ダイアリー / 三浦哲哉（講談社）

4/26 Another Round (2020) | Thomas Vinterberg（Hulu)

4/27 WeWork: Or the Making and Breaking of a $47 Billion Unicorn (2021) | Jed Rothstein (Hulu) 

4/28 Framing Britney Spears (2021) | Samantha Stark (Hulu)

4/29 Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019) | Celine Schiamma (Hulu)

4/30 Beach Bum (2019) | Hamory Korine (Hulu)

May

5/1 City Lights (1931) | Charlie Chaplin (Criterion Channel)

5/2 City of Gold (2015) | Laura Gabbert (Prime)

5/3 Holy Motors (2013) | Leos Carax (BD)

5/5 Nomadland (2020) | Chloe Zhao (AMC IMAX Lincoln Center) 

5/6 Modern Times (1936) | Charlie Chaplin (Criterion Channel)

5/7 M☆A☆S☆H (1970) | Robert Altman (Criterion Channel) 

5/10 Pixote (1981) | Hector Babenco (Criterion Channel)

5/11 The Spirit of the Beehive (1973) | Victor Erice (Criterion Channel)

5/12 About Endlessness (2019) | Roy Anderson (Film Forum)

5/14 Happy Together (1997) | Wong Kar Wai (Walter Reade Theater)

5/14 The Sons of Sam (2021) | Joshua Zeman (Netflix) 

5/17 In the Mood for Love (2000)  | Wong Kar Wai (Walter Reade Theater)

5/17 動物の解放 / ピーター・シンガー（人文書院）

5/19 The Hand (Extended Cut) (2004) | Wong Kar Wai (Walter Reade Theater)

5/19 Chungking Express (1994) | Wong Kar Wai (Walter Reade Theater)

5/20 Easy Rider (1969) | Dennis Hopper (BD)

5/21 Days of Being Wild (1990) | Wong Kar Wai (Walter Reade Theater)

5/21 Chungking Express (1994) | Wong Kar Wai (Walter Reade Theater)

5/23 It Must be Heaven (2019) | Elia Suleiman (Online)

5/24 Devine Intervention (2002) | Elia Suleiman (Online)

5/30 眼がスクリーンになるとき / 福尾匠（フィルムアート社）

June

6/3 あの子は貴族（2021) | 岨手由貴子 (Online）

6/4 Undine (2021) | Christian Petzold (IFC Center)

6/4 Swimming Out Till the Sea Turns Blue (2021) | Jia Zhangke (Lincoln Center)

6/4 海辺の彼女たち (2020) | 藤本明緒（Online）

6/7 The Event (2015) | Sergei Loznitsa (MUBI)

6/8 泣く子はいねぇが（2021）| 佐藤快磨（Netflix）

6/10 The Manchurian Candidate (2004) | Jonathan Demme (Netflix)

6/11 人数の町（2020）| 荒木伸二（Online）

6/11 To be or not to be（1942）| Ernest Lubitche（BD）

6/13 快楽としての動物保護 / 信岡朝子（講談社選書メチエ）

6/15 大豆田とわ子と三人の元夫 | 脚本・坂元裕二（関西テレビ）

6/15 「ハッピーアワー」論 / 三浦哲哉（羽鳥書店）

6/17 Heaven Can Wait (1943) |  Ernest Lubitche（BD）

6/19 Mad Max 2 (1981) | George Miller (HBO Max)

6/21 Mad Max 3 (!985) | George Miller (HBO Max)

6/25 Underground (1995) | Emir Kustritca (MUBI)

6/28 True Romance (1995) | Tony Scott (HBO)

6/30 The Umbrella of Cherbourg (1964) | Jacques Demy (Criterion Channel)

July

7/1 Manhunter (1986) | Michael Mann (Criterion Channel)

7/3 Jeanne Dielman, 23 Commerce Quay, 1080 Brussels (1975) | Chantal Akerman (BD)

7/4 Theif (1981) | Michael Mann (BD)

7/4 Nocturama (2016) | Bertrand Bonello (BD)

7/5 Hail Mary (1985) | Jean Luc Godard (BD)

7/8 Boogie Nights (1997) | Paul Thomas Anderson (Netflix)

7/9 F9 (2021) | Justin Lin (AMC Fresh Meadow7) 

7/12 Rear Window (1964) | Alfred Hitchcock 

7/14 Vertigo  (1958) | Alfred Hitchcock

7/15 食の実験場アメリカ | 鈴木透 (中公新書）

7/16 Police Story | Jackie Chen (MUBI)

7/27 Pig (2021) | Michael Sarnoski (Nitehawk Prospect Park)

7/30 失われた夜の歴史 / ロジャー・イカーチ (インターシフト）

August

8/9 Treasure Island (2018) | Guillaume Brac (MUBI)

8/10 Annette (2021) | Leos Carax (Alamo)

8/14 騙し絵の牙 (2021) | 吉田大八

8/14 BLUE (2021) | 吉田恵輔

8/14 まともじゃないのは君も一緒 (2021) | 前田弘二

8/14 劇場版　奥様は、取り扱い注意（2021）| 佐藤東弥

8/14 祈りの幕が下りる時 (2021) | 福澤克雄

8/18 佐々木、イン、マイマイン (2020) | 内山拓也

8/21 ドライブ・マイ・カー (2021) | 濱口竜介

8/27 花束みたいな恋をした（2021）| 土井泰裕

8/27 夏、至るころ（2020）| 池田エライザ

8/30 空に住む（2020）| 青山真治

September

9/20 由宇子の天秤（2021） | 春本雄二郎

9/21 地獄の花園（2021） | 関和亮

9/21 空飛ぶタイヤ（2021）| 本木克英

9/21 A Quiet Place (2018) | John Krasinski

9/21 A Quiet Place Ⅱ (2021) | John Krasinski

9/21 Cruella (2021) | Craig Gillespie

9/26 The Worst Person in the World (2021) | Joachim Trier

9/26 Il Buco (2021) | Michelangelo Frammartino

9/29 春原さんのうた（2021） | 杉田協士

9/29 Ahed’s Knee (2021) |  Nadav Lapid

October

10/2 偶然と想像（2021）| 濱口竜介

10/3 ドライブ・マイ・カー（2021）|  濱口竜介

10/4 The Girl and the Spider (2021) | Silvan & Ramon Zürcher

10/5 Intregalde (2021) | Radu Muntean

10/5 Unclenching the Fists(2021) | Kira Kovalenko

10/6 Memoria (2021) | Apichatpong Weerasetakul

10/10 Titane (2021) | Julia Ducournau

10/11 007: No time to die (2021) | Cary Fukunaga

10/15 The Guilty (2021) | Antoine Fuqua

10/17 Cry Macho (2021) | Clint Eastwood

10/18 Bergman Island (2021) | Mia-Hansen Love

10/18 Velvet Underground (2021) | Todd Haynes

10/19 Lamb (2021) | Valdimar Jóhannsson

10/20 OLD (2021) | M. NIght Shyamalan

10/21 Les Gardienne (2013) | Xavier Beauvois

10/25 Fat City (1972) | John Huston

10/26 Million Dollar Baby (2005) | Clint Eastwood

10/27 Asphalt Jungle (1950) | John Huston

10/29 Saint Laurent (2014) | Bertrand Bonello

10/30 French Dispatch (2021) | Wes Anderson

10/31 Dune IMAX (2021) | Denis Villeneuve

10/?? ワーニャ伯父さん+三人姉妹 / アントン・チェーホフ

10/?? 桜の園+プロポーズ+熊 / アントン・チェーホフ

November

11/2 Mars Attack! (1996) | Tim Burton

11/2 私の夢まで、会いに来てくれた / 金菱清

11/3 To Die For (1995) | Gus Van Sant

11/3 Editing (2021) | Dustin Guy Deafa

11/3 Degas et Moir (2019) | Arnaud des Pallieres

11/3 Land of My Dreams (2012) | Yann Gonzalez

11/4 Dune IMAX (2021) | Denis Villeneuve

11/4 Le Samourai (1967) | Jean-Pierre Melville

11/5 Last Night in SOHO (2021) | Edgar Wright

11/6 Eyes Wide Shut (1999) | Stanley Kublick

11/9 Uccellacci e uccellini（1967, 大きい鳥と小さい鳥）  by Pielo Paolo Pasolini

11/9 Young Mr. Lincoln (1939) by John Ford

11/10 The Last Duel (2021) | Ridely Scott

11/11 Spencer (2021) | Pablo Larrain

11/12 Millennium Mambo (2001) | Hou Hsiao Hsien

11/14 Eternals (2021) | Chloe Zhao

11/15 Monte Carlo (1930) | Ernest Lubitsch

11/17 DUNE (2021) | Denis Villenueve 

11/18 The Young Lieutenant (1931) | Ernest Lubitsch

11/19 What Do We See When You Look Up The Sky (2021) | Alexandre Koberidze

11/23 King Richard (2021) | Reinaldo Marcus Green

11/24 Bad Luck Banging and Loony Porn (2021) | Radu Jude

11/24 Ghostbusters: Afterlife (2021) | Jason Reitman

11/26 House of Gucci (2021) | Ridley Scott

11/28 Licorice Pizza (2021) | Paul Thomas Anderson

[batboyblog]

DC Team titles I’d publish

So I did a post about the Batman titles I’d love to write/have DC publish so I thought maybe I’d do more? expand into Team books I’d like to see/do.

Justice League:

Earths greatest heroes, here to defend the world and sometimes the universe from evil. centering around the core 7 (Batman, Superman,Wonder Woman, The Flash, Green Lantern, Aquaman, and the Martian Manhunter) the League gets technical support from Oracle. In a controversial move, distrusted by some, Batman brings Dick Grayson in to serve as the permanent vice-chairman. A rotating cast of DC B-list characters and new characters. regularly guest strings from JL reserve members, particularly, Green Arrow, Black Canary, Firestorm, Hawkman, Atom, Blue Beetle and Booster Gold. Yearly team up with the JSA for Thanksgiving

JSA:

The oldest and largest team. Generally no single issue will focus on the whole team but rather spot light one character or a relationship between two characters (maybe 3). Stories will cover WWII generation heroes (Jay Garrick, Alan Scott, Ted Grant, Queen Hippolyta, and Carter Hall) facing the passing of time, the changing world and the nature of their own long lives. Teen heroes, Courtney Whitmore and Jakeem Thunder trying to find their feet and be young people in the oldest team. reformed villains, Black Adam and Icicle fighting to win over former enemies and right past wrongs. Legacy heroes like Sandy Hawkins, Rick Tyler, Grant Emerson, Albert Rothstein, and Michael Holt trying to live up to their names. And misfits like Power Girl and Captain Marvel who aren’t totally sure they belong, but also with a feel maybe thats true everywhere. 

Young, Just Us:

Every parent looks for way to entertain their kids and get them out of the house, doubly so for a super parent. So when Batman promises his (youngest) son Damian a super secret Justice League base for his own team, Robin might have had vision of glory, but Batman was thinking more a club house. Robin is joined in the run down former first JLA headquarters in Happy Harbor by Jon Kent (Superboy), Jai and Iris West (the speed twins), Lian Harper (Speedy), Cerdian (Aqua-boy), Robby Long (Darkstar), Mar’i Grayson (Nightstar), Luke McDunnagh  (Offspring). Damian is brimming with enthusiasm to whip this rag tag team of tweens into a fighting force, but his friends are more pumped about having a club house. 

Super Sons: United Against the World:

When your parents are the most powerful heroes in the world the pressure can be high. Centering on Damian Wayne, Jon Kent, and their friends Billy Batson and the fast talking show off wannabe Romeo, son of Zatanna and John Constantine, Zachary Zatara. regular guest stars, Colin Wilkes and Freddy Freeman. Adventures squeezed in between sleep overs, movie marathons, games of truth or dare, and just trying to figure out how to be an average middle schooler and have a cape. 

Teen Titans:

They’re not kids! they’re responsible young adults! well kinda. With their very own shiny new Titans tower in San Fransisco Bay, Tim Drake (Robin) is out to prove his team can totally handle being solo heroes without adult oversight, but his team mates sure don’t make it easy. Joined by Kon-el (Superboy) Cassie Sandsmark (Wonder Girl), Bart Allen (Impulse), Wally West (Kid Flash), Cissie King-Jones (Arrowette), Jackson Hyde (Aqualad), Jaime Reyes (Blue Beetle), Conner Hawk (Green Arrow) and Miguel Barragan (Bunker). More Young teenage heroes come and go as the Teen Titans struggle to save the world, be taken seriously, deal with romance and teenage drama, and manage to do their homework.

The Titans:

Old sidekicks never fade away. Now in their late 20s and early 30s the New Titan Titans gang is reunited. Dick Grayson (Nightwing), Roy Harper (Arsenal), Donna Troy, Wally West (The Flash), Garth (Tempest), Rachel Roth (Raven), Victor Stone (Cyborg), Koriand'r (Starfire) and Garfield Logan (Beast Boy). They’re older but maybe not that much wiser, out of their Titans Tower in New York City they fight crime, save the world, and struggle to deal with parenthood, and adulting. Joined by an ever changing cast of experienced heroes their own age (Jessie Quick, Flamebird) old allies (Pantha, Red Star) and heroes in their late teens and early 20s who need a little bit of guidance. Can the team negotiate their often rocky history and stay together? or will the history of relationships, betrayal and drama rip apart their makeshift family all over again? 

The Doom Patrol:

In the 1950s Cliff Steele was a stunt man and race driver, till it all went horribly wrong. From 1956 till 1964 he was Robotman, a makeshift hero on a makeshift team. in 1964 it all went horribly wrong, and Cliff went into safe mode. Cliff slept a dreamless sleep for 54 years till he was awoken by a band of misfit teenage meta humans on the run. Everyone Cliff has ever known is dead, and he’s a rusting hulk that might be obsolete in the world of iPhones. Cliff might not understand the brave new world but he’s gonna stick up for his new teenaged charges, punch back as hard as he gets hit, and maybe just maybe be a hero one more time. 

The New Teen Titans: Revisited:

set in the early to mid 1980s a look back at untold stories of the New Teen Titans era. Set in 1980s NYC deals with story lines the original book wasn’t able to, like Jericho’s struggle with his sexuality and coming out as gay, Roy Harper’s struggle with drug use, etc. showing off an optimistic time of big hair and flashy hero costumes while addressing the problems of the 1980s from drugs to AIDS, all while saving the world. only semi-canon so characters can grow and change and not be bond by the results in the main timeline, maybe it all happened and just got reconed.

The Titans of Tomorrow: The Future’s Set

set in a possible future 10-15 years from now. Tim Drake (Batman) Kon El (Superman), Bart Allen (Flash) and Cassie Sandsmark (Wonder Woman) make up the core of the Justice League with older heroes, Aquaman, Green Arrow, Cyborg and Raven. A major war lead to the deaths of most of the Justice League, Titans and the JSA being lost in time. Forced to grow up and take over the once light hearted former Teen Titans became much more serious. However maybe now at last things have settled down and they can start to think about their lives, get in touch with who they are out of costume. Regular guest stars Damian Wayne (Nightwing) and Jon Kent (Apollo) 

Return to Earth 2:

Set in the late 1970s it’s the return of classic pre-Crisis Earth 2. Staring the JSA and their children, Infinity, Inc. the book focuses on the struggle of an older generation dealing with aging, struggling to let go, to deal with a changing world, and treat their kids like adults. Meanwhile Infinity Inc handles changing social norms with Todd Rice (Obsidian) coming out to the team at a time when that was far more controversial. Can they earn the respect of their parents generation and the publics and take over as the new hero team? does the JSA ever want to retire? 

[samantha-rae-velcher]

What I write and who I write for

Movies/shows

Gotham

Star wars

Spartacus

Boardwalk Empire

Marvel

DC

The Walking Dead

The Witcher

Salem

Star Trek

Harry Potter

Fantastic Beasts

IT

Barry

Stranger Things

The pirates of the Caribbean

Lotr

The Hobbit

NCIS

___

Gotham characters I write for

Oswald Cobblepot

Jerome Valeska

Jeremiah Valeska

Jim Gordon

Harvey Bullock

Ed Nygma

Alfred Pennyworth

Mr. Freeze

Victor Zsasz

Butch Gilzean

Star Wars characters I write for

Darth Maul

Kylo Ren

Darth Vader

Han Solo

Poe Dameron

Lando Calrissian

Finn

Boba Fett

Jango Fett

Din Djarin

Paz Vizsla

Spartacus characters I write for

Ashur

Gannicus

Crixus

Agron

Spartacus

Glaber

Caesar

Boardwalk Empire characters I write for

Al Capone

Richard Harrow

Eli Thompson

Frank Capone

Ralph Capone

Nelson Van Alden

Arnold Rothstein

Meyer

Lucky Luciano

Gyp Rosetti

Marvel characters I write for

Tony Stark

Steve Rogers

Scott Lang

Stephen Strange

Zemo

Loki

Thor

Clint Barton

Bruce Banner

Peter Parker

Bucky Barnes ❤️

Ultron

Pietro Maximoff

Peter Quill

Drax

Yondu Udonta

Ronan

Rocket (platonic! We ain't furries here!)

Groot (platonic)

DC characters I write for

Superman

Batman

Bane

Joker (Heath ledger or Jared Leto)

Captain Boomerang

Chato Santana

Rick Flag

Oliver Queen

Slade Wilson (Manu Bennett)

X-Men characters I write for

Victor Creed

Wolverine

Colossus

Deadpool

Cable

TWD characters I write for

Aaron

Father Gabriel

Rick Grimes

Negan Smith

Shane Walsh

Daryl Dixon

Merle Dixon

Eugene Porter

Abraham Ford

Paul "Jesus" Rovia

The Witcher characters I write for

Geralt

Jaskier

Filavandrel

Mousesack

Eskel

Salem characters I write for

John Alden

Cotton Mather

Beelzebub/ The Sentinel

Samael

Sebastian Marburg

Star trek characters I write for

Captain Kirk

Spock

Dr. McCoy

Quark

General Martok

Weyoun

Damar

Dukat

Garak

Julian Bashir

Shran

Captain Archer

Malcolm Reed

Trip Tucker

Phlox

Harry Potter characters I write for

Harry Potter

Draco Malfoy

George Weasley

Fred Weasley

Neville Longbottom

Lucius Malfoy

Remus Lupin

Sirius Black

Severus Snape

Fantastic Beasts characters I write for

Newt Scamander

Percival Graves

Albus Dumbledore

Gellert Grindelwald (Mikkelsen or Depp)

Jacob Kowalski

IT characters I write for

Richie Tosier

Ben Hanscom

Bill Denbrough

Eddie Kaspbrak

Henry Bowers

Pennywise/ Bob Gray

Barry characters I write for

Barry Berkman

Noho Hank

Monroe Fuches (As father figure)

Stranger Things characters I write for

Steve Harrington

Billy Hargrove

Dustin Henderson (platonic or as little brother)

Eddie Munson

Pirates Off The Caribbean characters I write for

Jack Sparrow....."Captain! Jack Sparrow!"

Captain Barbossa

William Turner

Bootstrap Bill

Davy Jones

James Norrington

Cutler Beckett

Salazar

Lotr characters I write for

Boromir

Faramir

Samwise Gamgee

Mary

Pippin

Aragorn

Haldir

Legolas

Elrond

Èomer

The Hobbit characters I write for

Bilbo

Thorin

Fili

Kili

Bard

Elrond

Thranduil

Legolas

Azog

NCIS characters I write for

Tony Dinozzo

Tim McGee

Joshany Gibbs

YouTubers I write for

Mully VR

Josh dub

Your favorite Narrator

Juicy

Eddie VR

Smashing

Jacksepticeye

Markiplier/Mark's egos

Angry Cops

___

What I will write

Smut/NSFW

fluff

Male character x Fem reader

Traumatized reader dynamic

Mentions of abuse

Mentions of Death

Mentions of Blood

Slight torture

Knife play

___

What I won't write

Male Character x Male reader (Unless platonic)

Fem Character x Fem reader (Unless platonic)

Incest

Rape (depends on Character and how graphic)

Pegging

Gore

[ao3feed-brucewayne]

DCU Pitch

read it on AO3 at https://ift.tt/DXOxvE1 by KingBeleram6654 My own pitch for a rebooted DCU. Words: 996, Chapters: 1/7, Language: English Fandoms: Teen Titans - All Media Types, Young Justice - All Media Types, Justice League - All Media Types, Batman - All Media Types, Superman - All Media Types, Wonder Woman - All Media Types, Aquaman (Comics), The Flash - All Media Types, Green Lantern (Comics), Justice Society of America (Comics), Justice League Dark (Comics), Cyborg (DCU Comics), DCU (Comics), Martian Manhunter (Comics), Zatanna (Comics) Rating: General Audiences Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply Categories: Gen Characters: Clark Kent, Bruce Wayne, Barry Allen, Arthur Curry (DCU), J'onn J'onzz, Diana (Wonder Woman), Hal Jordan (Green Lantern), Victor Stone, Kara Danvers, Selina Kyle, Oliver Queen, Dick Grayson, Dinah Lance, Wally West, Donna Troy, Carol Ferris, Roy Harper, Garth (DCU), Jason Todd, John Stewart (DCU), Tim Drake, Jaime Reyes, Garfield Logan, Koriand'r (DCU), Raven, Artemis Crock, Harleen Quinzel, Pamela Isley, Tatsu Yamashiro, Rex Mason, Virgil "Static" Hawkins, Helena Bertinelli, Courtney Whitmore, Zatanna Zatara, John Constantine, Tim Hunter, Damian Wayne, Kon-El | Conner Kent, M'gann M'orzz, Rick Tyler, Rex Tyler, Yolanda Montez, Pieter Cross, Al Rothstein, Cassie Sandsmark, Kaldur'ahm | Jackson Hyde, Bart Allen, Karen Starr | Kara Zor-L Relationships: Clark Kent/Lois Lane, Selina Kyle/Bruce Wayne, Carol Ferris/Hal Jordan (Green Lantern), Arthur Curry/Mera (DCU), Barry Allen/Iris West, Dinah Lance/Oliver Queen, Dick Grayson/Koriand'r, Joker (DCU)/Harleen Quinzel, Garfield Logan/Raven, Kaldur'ahm | Jackson Hyde/Tula, Kon-El | Conner Kent/M'gann M'orzz read it on AO3 at https://ift.tt/DXOxvE1

[rkoradiopictures]

thanks so much @thevintagious for tagging me!

Name: Natalie

Zodiac: Gemini

Orientation: bisexual

Height: 5′ 6.5″ i believe

Nationality: American

Favorite season: Summer

Favorite fruit: bananas

Favorite book: hattie big sky, the picture of dorian gray

Favorite flower: dahlias, lilies, calla lilies

Favorite color: blue, green, and yellow

Favorite scent: fresh laundry, chicken, toasted bagels, brownies

Favorite animal: birds (esp sparrows), various rodents (chipmunk, squirrel, degu, hamster), dogs (chihuaahuaaas)

Coffee, tea, or cocoa: tea and cocoa

Average hours of sleep: 8-12

Cats or dogs: they’re both cool, i prefer dogs because i’ve actually had one i guess

Favorite fictional character: Naruto Uzumaki, korra from lok, aang, zuko, and iroh from atla, peppa pig, Basil Halward from the picture of dorian gray, Leslie Crosbie from the Letter, Frank Gallagher from Shameless, Deanie from Splendor in the Grass, the grinch, steve, eleven, jonathan, and hopper on stranger things, lance from voltron, victor nikiforov, Clyde from Electick children, Al Capone, richard, van alden, and rothstein on boardwalk empire, algernon and cornelia from the knick, edward scissorhands, and more

How many blankets: one

When my blog was created: 2012?

Followers: 420 i’m not even kidding 

i tag @musicmusnt @sixhoursoda @usernamethatisspooky @misstheatricality @kakashiisama @fem-sasuke @iceywolfj @bigmunchkins

[sid-red]

Broad—Church Labour Party

Spartacus Blog Left-wing pressure groups in the Labour Party Sections The Independent Labour Party The First World War The Socialist League References John Simkin In a recent interview he gave to The Guardian newspaper, Neil Kinnock argued that their are strong connections between Momentum, and Militant, the organization that he fought against soon after he became leader of the Labour Party. Kinnock quotes George Orwell as saying "People who forget their past are doomed to relive it. That’s why we’ve got to make sure we don’t forget that past.” (1) Politicians are always attempting to find parallels with events from the past. There are of course similarities as both Militant and Momentum were left-wing pressure groups within the Labour Party. Kinnock, however used another left-wing pressure group, Tribune, to help him be elected as leader in October 1983. He won the votes of 91% of party members but only a minority of MPs. Kinnock, therefore employed Peter Mandelson, to develop a strategy to isolate the left. This involved the expulsion of Militant figures such as Terry Fields, Derek Hatton and Tony Mulhearn. (2) However, this was a very different situation to the one facing the Labour Party today. Militant at its peak only had 8,000 members and had little impact on party policy. In contrast Momentum has the support of 17,000 members, and has been an important factor in getting its candidate elected to become leader of the Labour Party. A much better parallel is with the Socialist League that supported George Lansbury when he became leader of the party in October 1932. It is a story that Momentum should take some time to study as although it dominated policy making at the time, its leaders were expelled in 1937. The clash between left and right began when the Labour Party was formed on 27th February 1900. Representatives of all the socialist groups in Britain (the Independent Labour Party (ILP) the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and the Fabian Society, met with trade union leaders at the Congregational Memorial Hall in Farringdon Street. The unions represented had a total of 570,000 members. (3) Ramsay Macdonald of the ILP told the meeting that the intention of the conference was an "attempt in good-humoured tolerance" to create a united organization. After a debate the 129 delegates decided to pass Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour." To make this possible the Conference established a Labour Representation Committee (LRC). This committee included two members from the ILP, two from the SDF, one member of the Fabian Society, and seven trade unionists. (4) It was uneasy alliance of socialists and liberals. The SDF was established by H. M. Hyndman, who had been converted to Marxism by reading Das Capital in 1881. Members over the years included William Morris, Tom Mann, John Burns. Eleanor Marx, George Lansbury, Edward Aveling, H. H. Champion, Theodore Rothstein, Helen Taylor, John Scurr, Guy Aldred, Dora Montefiore, Frank Harris, Clara Codd, John Spargo and Ben Tillett. Under the leadership of Keir Hardie, the ILP had been formed in 1893. It was decided that the main objective of the party would be "to secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange". Leading figures in this new organization included Robert Smillie, George Bernard Shaw, George Barnes, John Glasier, Philip Snowden, Edward Carpenter and Ramsay Macdonald. The Independent Labour Party In 1895 the ILP had 35,000 members. However, in the 1895 General Election the ILP put up 28 candidates but won only 44,325 votes. All the candidates were defeated but the ILP began to have success in local elections. Over 600 won seats on borough councils and in 1898 the ILP joined with the the SDF to make West Ham the first local authority to have a Labour majority. This experience convinced Keir Hardie that to obtain national electoral success, it would be necessary to join forces with other left-wing groups. On 27th February 1900, representatives of all the socialist groups in Britain (the Independent Labour Party, the Social Democratic Federation and the Fabian Society, met with trade union leaders at the Congregational Memorial Hall in Farringdon Street. After a debate the 129 delegates decided to pass Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour." To make this possible the Conference established a Labour Representation Committee (LRC). This committee included two members from the Independent Labour Party, two from the Social Democratic Federation, one member of the Fabian Society, and seven trade unionists. Whereas the ILP, SDF and the Fabian Society were socialist organizations, the trade union leaders tended to favour the Liberal Party. As Edmund Dell pointed out in his book, A Strange Eventful History: Democratic Socialism in Britain (1999): "The ILP was from the beginning socialist... but the trade unions which participated in the foundation were not yet socialist. Many trade union leaders were, in politics, inclined to Liberalism and their purpose was to strengthen labour representation in the House of Commons under Liberal party auspices. Hardie and the ILP nevertheless wished to secure the collaboration of trade unions. They were therefore prepared to accept that the LRC would not at the outset have socialism as its objective." (5) Ramsay MacDonald was chosen as the secretary of the LRC. As he was financed by his wealthy wife, Margaret MacDonald, he did not have to be paid a salary. The LRC put up fifteen candidates in the 1900 General Election and between them they won 62,698 votes. Two of the candidates, Keir Hardie and Richard Bell won seats in the House of Commons. Hardie was the leader of the ILP but Bell, the General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, once in Parliament, associated himself with the Liberal Party. (6) Keir Hardie (c. 1900) Keir Hardie (c. 1900) Many members of the party were uncomfortable with the Marxism of the Social Democratic Federation and H. M. Hyndman had very little influence over the development of the new organization Hardie was hostile to the SDF and thought it vitally important that he persuaded the more conservative trade union movement to support the LRC. In August 1901 the SDF disaffiliated from the LRC. (7) The Independent Labour Party (ILP) was the main left-wing pressure group in the early years of the Labour Party. Ralph Miliband, the author of Parliamentary Socialism (1972) has argued that its members attempted "to push their leaders into accepting more radical policies and programmes, and to press upon them more militant attitudes in response to challenges from Labour's opponents". (8) In the 1906 General Election the LRC won twenty-nine seats. This included Ramsay MacDonald (Leicester) Keir Hardie (Merthyr Tydfil), Philip Snowden (Blackburn), Arthur Henderson (Barnard Castle), George Barnes (Glasgow Blackfriars), Will Thorne (West Ham), Fred Jowett (Bradford) and James Parker (Halifax). At a meeting on 12th February, 1906, the group of MPs decided to change from the LRC to the Labour Party. Hardie was elected chairman and MacDonald was selected to be the party's secretary. Despite providing the two leaders the party, only six of the MPs were supporters of the ILP. (9) This success was due to a secret alliance with the Liberal Party. The Clarion newspaper wrote: "There is probably not more than one place in Britain (if there is one) where we can get a Socialist into Parliament without some arrangement with Liberalism, and for such an arrangement Liberalism will demand a terribly heavy price - more than we can possibly afford." (10) In July 1907, the 25-year-old, Victor Grayson, a member of the ILP, stood as an independent "Labour and Socialist" candidate in a by-election at Colne Valley, without the endorsement of the Labour Party. He was elected on a left-wing socialist programme. The Daily Express reported: "The Red Flag waves over the Colne Valley... the fever of socialism has infected thousands of workers, who, judging from their merriment this evening, seem to think Mr Grayson's return means the millennium for them." (11) Grayson refused to accept the discipline of the Parliamentary Party and sat as an independent member. In the House of Commons he attacked the gradualism of the Labour Party: "We are advised to advance imperceptibly - to go at a snail's pace - to take one step at a time. Surely there are some young enough to take two steps or more at a time." (12) Grayson's impassioned zeal in pressing the claims of the unemployed soon involved him in angry scenes and he was eventually suspended from the House of Commons: "Grayson's activities were profoundly embarrassing to his colleagues, both because these activities were deemed to compromise the Labour Group's respectability, and also because they offered to the activists a striking contrast with the Group's own lack of impact." (13) Over the next seven years Labour MPs gave its support to the Liberal government. The chief whip reported in 1910: Throughout this period I was always able to count on the support of the Labour Party." One Labour supporter asked: "How can the man in the street, whom we are continually importuning to forsake his old political associations, ever be led to believe that the Labour Party is in any way different to the Liberal Party, when this sort of thing is recurring." (14) John Glasier argued that Ramsay MacDonald gave him the impression that he had lost faith in socialism and wanted to move the Labour Party to the right: "I noticed that Ramsay MacDonald in speaking of the appeal we should send out for capital used the word 'Democratic' rather than 'Labour' or 'Socialist' as describing the character of the newspaper. I rebulked him flatly and said we would have no 'democratic' paper but a Socialist and Labour one - boldly proclaimed. Why does MacDonald always seem to try and shirk the word Socialism except when he is writing critical books about the subject." (15) Labour Party poster on the House of Lords (1910) Labour Party poster on the House of Lords (1910) At the end of July, 1914, it became clear to the British government that the country was on the verge of war with Germany. Four senior members of the government, Charles Trevelyan, David Lloyd George, John Burns and John Morley, were opposed to the country becoming involved in a European war. They informed the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith, that they intended to resign over the issue. When war was declared on 4th August, three of the men, Trevelyan, Burns and Morley, resigned, but Asquith managed to persuade Lloyd George, his Chancellor of the Exchequer, to change his mind. (16) The anti-war newspaper, The Daily News, commented: "Among the many reports which are current as to Ministerial resignations there seems to be little doubt in regard to three. They are those of Lord Morley, Mr. John Burns, and Mr. Charles Trevelyan. There will be widespread sympathy with the action they have taken. Whether men approve of that action or not it is a pleasant thing in this dark moment to have this witness to the sense of honour and to the loyalty to conscience which it indicates... Mr. Trevelyan will find abundant work in keeping vital those ideals which are at the root of liberty and which are never so much in danger as in times of war and social disruption." (17) The First World War The Labour Party was completely divided by their approach to the First World War. Those who opposed the war, included Ramsay MacDonald, Keir Hardie, Philip Snowden, John Glasier, George Lansbury, Alfred Salter, William Mellor and Fred Jowett. Others in the party such as Arthur Henderson, George Barnes, J. R. Clynes, William Adamson, Will Thorne and Ben Tillett believed that the movement should give total support to the war effort. On 5th August, 1914, the parliamentary party voted to support the government's request for war credits of £100,000,000. MacDonald immediately resigned the chairmanship. He wrote in his diary: "I saw it was no use remaining as the Party was divided and nothing but futility could result. The Chairmanship was impossible. The men were not working, were not pulling together, there was enough jealously to spoil good feeling. The Party was no party in reality. It was sad, but glad to get out of harness." (18) Independent Labour Party certificate (1914) Independent Labour Party certificate (1914) Opponents of the war in the Labour Party joined forces with rebels in the Liberal Party to form the Union of Democratic Control. Members of the UDC agreed that one of the main reasons for the conflict was the secret diplomacy of people like Britain's foreign secretary, Sir Edward Grey. They decided that the Union of Democratic Control should have three main objectives: (i) that in future to prevent secret diplomacy there should be parliamentary control over foreign policy; (ii) there should be negotiations after the war with other democratic European countries in an attempt to form an organization to help prevent future conflicts; (iii) that at the end of the war the peace terms should neither humiliate the defeated nation nor artificially rearrange frontiers as this might provide a cause for future wars. (19) In the 1918 General Election all the leading members of the peace movement lost their seats in Parliament. This included Ramsay MacDonald, Charles Trevelyan, Philip Snowden, George Lansbury and Fred Jowett. On the surface it seemed that the UDC had achieved very little. However, as A.J.P. Taylor has pointed out: "It launched a version of international relations which gradually won general acceptance far beyond the circle of those who knew they were being influenced by the UDC." (20) In the 1922 General Election the Labour Party won 142 seats, making it the second largest political group in the House of Commons after the Conservative Party (347). David Marquand has pointed out that: "The new parliamentary Labour Party was a very different body from the old one. In 1918, 48 Labour M.P.s had been sponsored by trade unions, and only three by the ILP. Now about 100 members belonged to the ILP, while 32 had actually been sponsored by it, as against 85 who had been sponsored by trade unions.... In Parliament, it could present itself for the first time as the movement of opinion rather than of class." (21) Labour Party poster for the 1923 General Election. Labour Party poster for the 1923 General Election. In the 1923 General Election, the Labour Party won 191 seats. Although the Conservative Party had 258 seats, Herbert Asquith announced that the Liberal Party would not keep the Tories in office. "With a House of Commons constituted as this House is it is idle to talk of the imminent dangers of a Socialist regime." If a Labour Government were ever to be tried in Britain, he declared, "it could hardly be tried under safer conditions". (22) On 22nd January, 1924 Stanley Baldwin resigned. At midday, Ramsay MacDonald went to Buckingham Palace to be appointed prime minister. He later recalled how George V complained about the singing of the Red Flag and the La Marseilles, at the Labour Party meeting in the Albert Hall a few days before. MacDonald apologized but claimed that there would have been a riot if he had tried to stop it. He added that he was having difficulties with his "extremists". He added "it had required all his influence and that of his moderate and immediate friends to prevent this taking place; they had got into the way of singing this song and it will be by degrees that he hopes to break down this habit." (23) Philip Snowden recalled how he had a meeting with Ramsay MacDonald, Jimmy Thomas, Arthur Henderson and Sidney Webb about the strategy of the Labour government. "The conversation turned upon what we might be able to do in the first session. There would be two courses open to us. We might use the opportunity for a demonstration and introduce some bold Socialist measures, knowing, of course, that we should be defeated upon them. Then we could go to the country with this illustration of what we would do if we had a Socialist majority. This was of course which had been urged by the extreme wing of the party (ILP), but it was not a policy which commended itself to reasonable opinion. I urged very strongly to this meeting that we should not adopt an extreme policy but should confine our legislative proposals to measures that we were likely to be able to carry... We must show the country that we were not under the domination of the wild men." (24) Labour Party poster for the 1924 General Election. Labour Party poster for the 1924 General Election. Only two Ministers, John Wheatley, at the Ministry of Health, and Fred Jowett, at the Office of Works, represented the left-wing of the party. According to Ralph Miliband: "Now, he (MacDonald) felt, was the Labour Party's great chance to dispel any suspicion that it was a party of revolt and to show the country how free a Labour Government was from any class bias." (25) As Ian S. Wood has pointed out: "Wheatley's Housing (Financial Provisions) Act was the only major legislative achievement of the 1924 Labour government. Until its subsidy provisions were repealed by the National Government in 1934, a substantial proportion of all rented local authority housing in Britain was built under its terms and sixty years later there were still people in Scotland who spoke of Wheatley houses. The act was a complex one, bringing together trade unions, building firms, and local authorities in a scheme to tackle a housing shortage which was guaranteed central government funding provided that building standards set by the act were adhered to." (26) Members of establishment were appalled by the idea of a Prime Minister who was a socialist. As Gill Bennett has argued, the intelligence services were working closely with the Conservative Party to bring the Labour government down: "Although the short-lived Labour Government was in many respects unexceptionably moderate, and surprisingly successful in both economic and foreign policy, its opponents were not only waiting for it to make a fatal mistake, but also working to undermine it in any way possible." (27) On 25th July 1924 John Ross Campbell published an "Open Letter to the Fighting Forces" in the Worker's Weekly newspaper that had been written anonymously by Harry Pollitt, the leader of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). The article called on soldiers to "let it be known that, neither in the class war nor in a military war, will you turn your guns on your fellow workers". Sir Patrick Hastings, the Attorney General, initially advised Ramsay MacDonald, to prosecute Campbell under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797. However, Hastings later changed his mind because he was "a man of otherwise excellent character with a fine war record." The opposition parties accused the minority Labour government of being under the influence of the CPGB. (28) In September 1924 the MI5 intercepted a letter written by Grigory Zinoviev, chairman of the Comintern in the Soviet Union. The Zinoviev Letter urged British communists to promote revolution through acts of sedition. Vernon Kell, head of MI5 and Sir Basil Thomson head of Special Branch, told Ramsay MacDonald that they were convinced that the letter was genuine. While this was going on MacDonald faced a motion of no confidence in the House of Commons over the way he had dealt with the John Ross Campbell case. In the debate that took place on 8th October, MacDonald gave an uninspiring account of events and when he lost the motion by 304 to 191 votes, he decided to resign and a general election was announced for Wednesday, 29th October, 1924. It was initially agreed that the Zinoviev Letter should be kept secret. However, just before the election, someone leaked news of the letter to the Times and the Daily Mail. The letter was published in these newspapers four days before the 1924 General Election and contributed to the defeat of MacDonald. The Conservatives won 412 seats and formed the next government. The real losers in the election were the Liberals who now only had 42 MPs. Labour actually gained 1.1 million votes though they lost forty seats, falling to 151. "Labour had established itself, not a party of real socialism (which at that time would not have attracted many millions of votes) but as the credible party to form His Majesty's Opposition". (29) Ramsay MacDonald suggested he had been a victim of a political conspiracy: "I am also informed that the Conservative Headquarters had been spreading abroad for some days that... a mine was going to be sprung under our feet, and that the name of Zinoviev was to be associated with mine. Another Guy Fawkes - a new Gunpowder Plot... The letter might have originated anywhere. The staff of the Foreign Office up to the end of the week thought it was authentic... I have not seen the evidence yet. All I say is this, that it is a most suspicious circumstance that a certain newspaper and the headquarters of the Conservative Association seem to have had copies of it at the same time as the Foreign Office, and if that is true how can I avoid the suspicion - I will not say the conclusion - that the whole thing is a political plot?" (30) After the election it was claimed that two of MI5's agents, Sidney Reilly and Arthur Maundy Gregory, had forged the letter. According to Christopher Andrew, the author of The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (2009), it was clear that Major George Joseph Ball (1885-1961), a MI5 officer, played an important role in leaking it to the press. In 1927 Ball went to work for the Conservative Central Office where he pioneered the idea of spin-doctoring. (31) Of the 151 MPs, 114 were members of the ILP. H. N. Brailsford, became the new editor of the the ILP newspaper, the New Leader (the former Labour Leader). As chairman of the party, Clifford Allen helped to formulate ILP policy with pamphlets such as Putting Socialism Into Practice (1924), The ILP and Revolution (1925) and Socialism in Our Time (1926). In opposition the ILP devoted much effort to "formulate policies which would, in its view, be appropriate to a movement which was theoretically pledged to the establishment of a socialist society in Britain". It also attempted to persuade the Labour Party "to incorporate these policies in its own programme" and "to compel the Labour leadership to act upon these policies". (32) In 1925 James Maxton led the "Socialism in Our Time" campaign and the following year was elected as leader of the ILP. It was reported that by 1927 the ILP became a growing influence in the Labour Party. It was claimed, with some justification, "a very marked growth of the organized left-wing opposition within the British Labour Party... which is causing the Right-Wing Labour bureaucracy more and more anxiety and alarm". A conference was held in September of that year where 54 local branches of the Labour Party were represented. (33) Ramsay MacDonald continued with his policy of presenting the Labour Party as a moderate force in politics and refused to support the 1926 General Strike. MacDonald argued that strikes should not be used as a political weapon and that the best way to obtain social reform was through parliamentary elections. He was especially critical of A. J. Cook. He wrote in his diary: "It really looks tonight as though there was to be a General Strike to save Mr. Cook's face... The election of this fool as miners' secretary looks as though it would be the most calamitous thing that ever happened to the T.U. movement." (34) James Maxton by John Lavery James Maxton by John Lavery At the 1928 Annual Conference, James Maxton and Arthur J. Cook, published a manifesto that complained that "in recent times" there had been "a serious departure from the principles and policy which animated the founders". The authors went on to argue: "As a result of the new conception that Socialism and Capitalism should sink their differences, much of the energy which should be expended in fighting Capitalism is now expanded in crushing everybody who dares to remain true to the ideals of the Movement." (35) Armed with the crushing power of the trade union vote, the Labour leadership was able to defeat the policies proposed by the ILP. Philip Snowden, who had left the ILP in 1927, proposed the ILP disbandment. Clifford Allen, one of MacDonald's close advisers, argued that this would be a mistake as "there was a necessity for a Left Wing organization in the larger Party; otherwise there would be a tendency of certain elements to drift towards the Communist Party". (36) By 1928 Ramsay MacDonald was 62 years old. He wrote in his diary: "How tired I am. My brain is fagged, work is difficult, and there is a darkness on the face of the land. I am ashamed of some speeches I have made, but what can I do? I have no time to prepare anything. It looks as though it will be harder to make my necessary income this year. I wonder how this problem of an income for political Labour leaders with no, or small, independent means is to be solved. No one seems to understand it. To be the paid servant of the State is objectionable; to begin making an income on Friday afternoon and going hard at it till Sunday night, taking meetings in the interval, is too wearing for human flesh and blood. On the other hand, to live on £400 a year is impossible. If it killed one in a clean, efficient business-like way why should one object, but it cripples and tortures first by lowering the quality of work done and then by pushing one into long months of slowly ebbing vitality and mental paralysis." (37) MacDonald's moderate image was popular with the voters and he was expected to lead his party to victory in the 1929 General Election. However, some thought that the party needed to promise more dramatic reform. Richard Tawney sent a letter to the leaders of the party: "If the Labour Election Programme is to be of any use it must have something concrete and definite about unemployment... What is required is a definite statement that (a) Labour Government will initiate productive work on a larger scale, and will raise a loan for the purpose. (b) That it will maintain from national funds all men not absorbed in such work." MacDonald refused to be persuaded by Tawney's ideas and rejected the idea that unemployment could be cured by public works. During the election campaign, David Lloyd George, the leader of the Liberal Party, published a pamphlet, We Can Conquer Unemployment, where he proposed a government scheme where 350,000 men were to be employed on road-building, 60,000 on housing, 60,000 on telephone development and 62,000 on electrical development. The coast would be £250 million, and the money would be raised by loan. John Maynard Keynes, the country's leading economist, also published a pamphlet supporting Lloyd George's scheme. (38) In the 1929 General Election the Conservatives won 8,664,000 votes, the Labour Party 8,360,000 and the Liberals 5,300,000. However, the bias of the system worked in Labour's favour, and in the House of Commons the party won 287 seats, the Conservatives 261 and the Liberals 59. MacDonald became Prime Minister again, but as before, he still had to rely on the support of the Liberals to hold onto power. MacDonald refused to appoint left-wing members of his party to his cabinet. This included John Wheatley who had been a great success as housing minister in the 1924 government. Philip Snowden later recalled: "During the time we had been in Opposition (1925-29), Wheatley had dissociated himself from his former Cabinet colleagues, and had gone to the back benches into the company of the Clydesiders. In the country, too, he had made speeches attacking his late colleagues. MacDonald was strongly opposed to offering him a post in the new Government. Wheatley had deserted us and insulted us, and MacDonald thought the country would be shocked if he were included in the Cabinet, and it would be taken as evidence of rebel influence." However, Arthur Henderson, disagreed with MacDonald. So did Snowden, who argued: "Arthur Henderson took the view, and I was inclined to agree with him, that it might be better to have him inside than outside. I took this view from my experience of him as a Minister. he was a man who, when free from the responsibility of office, would make extreme speeches; but as a Minister I had always found him to be reasonable and practical." (39) In March 1931 MacDonald asked Sir George May, to form a committee to look into Britain's economic problems. The committee included two members that had been nominated from the three main political parties. At the same time, John Maynard Keynes, the chairman of the Economic Advisory Council, published his report on the causes and remedies for the depression. This included an increase in public spending and by curtailing British investment overseas. Philip Snowden rejected these ideas and this was followed by the resignation of Charles Trevelyan, the Minister of Education. In a letter to the prime minister he explained his actions: "For some time I have realized that I am very much out of sympathy with the general method of Government policy. In the present disastrous condition of trade it seems to me that the crisis requires big Socialist measures. We ought to be demonstrating to the country the alternatives to economy and protection. Our value as a Government today should be to make people realize that Socialism is that alternative." (40) Trevelyan told a meeting of the Parliamentary Labour Party that the main reason he had resigned: "I have for some time been painfully aware that I am utterly dissatisfied with the main strategy of the leaders of the party. But I thought it my duty to hold on as long as I had a definite job in trying to pass the Education Bill. I never expected a complete breakthrough to Socialism in this Parliament. But I did expect it to prepare the way by a Government which in spirit and vigour made such a contrast with the Tories and Liberals that we should be sure of conclusive victory next time." He attacked the government for refusing to introduce socialist measures to deal with the economic crisis. He was also a supporter of the economist John Maynard Keynes: "Now we are plunged into an exampled trade depression and suffering the appalling record of unemployment. It is a crisis almost as terrible as war. The people are in just the mood to accept a new and bold attempt to deal with radical evils. But all we have got is a declaration of economy from the Chancellor of the Exchequer. We apparently have opted, almost without discussion, the policy of economy. It implies a faith, a faith that reduction of expenditure is the way to salvation. No comrades. It is not good enough for a Socialist party to meet this crisis with economy. The very root of our faith is the prosperity comes from the high spending power of the people, and that public expenditure on the social services is always remunerative." (41) On 24th August 1931, MacDonald formed a National Government. Only three members of the Labour administration, Philip Snowden, Jimmy Thomas and John Sankey agreed to join the government. Other appointments included Stanley Baldwin (Lord President of the Council), Neville Chamberlain (Health), Samuel Hoare (Secretary of State for India), Herbert Samuel (Home Office), Philip Cunliffe-Lister (Board of Trade) and Lord Reading (Foreign Office). On 8th September 1931, the National Government's programme of £70 million economy programme was debated in the House of Commons. This included a £13 million cut in unemployment benefit. Tom Johnson, who wound up the debate for the Labour Party, declared that these policies were "not of a National Government but of a Wall Street Government". In the end the Government won by 309 votes to 249, but only 12 Labour M.P.s voted for the measures. (42) The cuts in public expenditure did not satisfy the markets. The withdrawals of gold and foreign exchange continued. On September 16th, the Bank of England lost £5 million; on the 17th, £10 million; and on the 18th, nearly £18 million. On the 20th September, the Cabinet agreed to leave the Gold Standard, something that John Maynard Keynes had advised the government to do on 5th August. On 26th September, the Labour Party National Executive decided to expel all members of the National Government including Ramsay MacDonald, Philip Snowden, Jimmy Thomas and John Sankey. As David Marquand has pointed out: "In the circumstances, its decision was understandable, perhaps inevitable. The Labour movement had been built on the trade-union ethic of loyalty to majority decisions. MacDonald had defied that ethic; to many Labour activists, he was now a kind of political blackleg, who deserved to be treated accordingly." (43) The 1931 General Election was held on 27th October, 1931. MacDonald led an anti-Labour alliance made up of Conservatives and National Liberals. It was a disaster for the Labour Party with only 46 members winning their seats. Several leading Labour figures, including Charles Trevelyan, Arthur Henderson, John R. Clynes, Arthur Greenwood, Jennie Lee, Herbert Morrison, Emanuel Shinwell, Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, Hugh Dalton, Susan Lawrence, William Wedgwood Benn, and Margaret Bondfield lost their seats. The Socialist League After the election most members of the Labour Party rejected the gradualist doctrines of the MacDonald leadership. In the 1920s MacDonald had argued that socialism "would evolve from capitalism as the oak from the acorn". This view was now totally discredited. Capitalism had plunged the working class into mass unemployment and the MacDonald government had demanded cuts in the standard of living of workers. Most members, including those on the right of the party, had concluded that henceforth the only way forward was the "decisive transformation to socialism". (44) The Independent Labour Party, the main left-wing pressure group in the Labour Party, decided to disaffiliate from the Party. It was replaced by another left-wing pressure group, the Socialist League. Members included G.D.H. Cole, William Mellor, Stafford Cripps, H. N. Brailsford, D. N. Pritt, R. H. Tawney, Frank Wise, David Kirkwood, Neil Maclean, Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, Alfred Salter, Jennie Lee, Harold Laski, Frank Horrabin, Ellen Wilkinson, Aneurin Bevan, Ernest Bevin, Arthur Pugh, Michael Foot and Barbara Betts. J. T. Murphy became its secretary. Murphy saw the Socialist League as "the organization of revolutionary socialists who are an integral part of the Labour movement for the purpose of winning it completely for revolutionary socialism". (45) George Lansbury, the new left-wing leader of the Labour Party, was sympathetic to the ideas of the Socialist League and it was no surprise that at the 1932 Labour Conference agreed that once in power they would take all banks into public ownership on the grounds that control of them would be essential for real socialist planning. Another successful Socialist League resolution laid down "that the leaders of the next Labour Government and the Parliamentary Labour Party be instructed by the National Conference that, on assuming office... definite Socialist legislation must be immediately promulgated... we must have Socialism in deed as well as in words". (46) A. J. A. Morris, pointed out that the wealthy Charles Trevelyan, the first of MacDonald's ministers to resign over his right-wing policies, helped to fund the group. "Trevelyan... encouraged the Socialist League, gave help both political and material to a number of aspiring and established left-wingers, and seemed quite convinced that the Labour Party was at last committed to socialism. There was a brief moment of personal triumph at the annual party conference in 1933. He successfully introduced a resolution that, if there were even a threat of war, the Labour Party would call a general strike." (47) Gilbert Mitchison, a member of the Socialist League, published a much-discussed book, The First Workers' Government (1934), advocating an enabling act under which a future Labour government would nationalize most of the economy and redistribute wealth, bringing in socialism almost overnight. Clement Attlee, another member of the Socialist League, wrote at this time: "The moment to strike is the moment of taking power when the Government is freshly elected and assured of its support. The blow struck must be a fatal one and not merely designed to wound and to turn a sullen and obstructive opponent into an active and deadly enemy." (48) In May 1936, the Left Book Club was formed. It's monthly offerings, selected by Victor Gollancz, John Strachey and Harold Laski, became highly successful. The main aim was to spread socialist ideas and to resist the rise of fascism in Britain. Gollancz announced: "The aim of the Left Book Club is a simple one. It is to help in the terribly urgent struggle for world peace and against fascism, by giving, to all who are willing to take part in that struggle, such knowledge as will immensely increase their efficiency." (49) As Ruth Dudley Edwards, the author of Victor Gollancz: A Biography (1987), pointed out: "They were a formidable trio: Laski the academic theoretician; Strachey the gifted popularizer; and Victor the inspired publicist. All three had known a lifelong passion for politics and all had swung violently left in the early 1930s. Only Victor did not describe himself as completely Marxist, though he was objectively indistinguishable from the real article." (50) Within a short period the Left Book Club achieved a membership of nearly 60,000 and had some 1,200 local discussion groups linked by a monthly bulletin, Left News. "In addition, there were functional groups for scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, teachers, civil servants, poets, writers, artists, musicians and actors; and the Club was also responsible for the arrangement of rallies, meetings, lectures, weekend and vacation schools." (51) Ben Pimlott, the author of Labour and the Left (1977) has argued: "The growth of the Club was partly spontaneous, partly a consequence of imaginative organization From the start, giant Club rallies were held in large halls all over the country. In attendance and in drama, the Club's biggest meetings outdid any organized by the Labour Party. People came to a Club rally as to a revivalist meeting, to hear the best orators of the far left - Laski, Strachey, Pollitt, Gallacher, Ellen Wilkinson, Pritt, Bevan, Strauss, Cripps, plus the occasional non-socialist, such as the Liberal, Richard Acland." (52) Clement Attlee replaced George Lansbury as leader of the Labour Party. Attlee now left the Socialist League and began to move the party to the right. In 1936 Hugh Dalton became Chairman of the Labour Party National Executive, and Ernest Bevin, another former member of the League, became Chairman of the General Council of the Trade Union Congress. They were now in a position to oppose left-wing policies that were favoured by its membership. (53) Attlee first decided to tackle the Labour League of Youth, who he believed was under the control of the Socialist League. In an investigation carried out in 1936 it claimed that "the real object of the League is to enroll large numbers of young people, and by a social life of its own, provide opportunities for young people to study Party Policy and to give loyal support to the Party of which they are members." The Executive decided to remove the right of the Labour League of Youth to be involved in policy decisions. (54) On 27th January, 1937, the Labour Party decided to disaffiliate the Socialist League. They also began considering expelling members of the League. G.D.H. Cole and George Lansbury responded by urging the party not to start a "heresy hunt". Arthur Greenwood was one of those who argued that the rebel leader, Stafford Cripps, should be immediately expelled. Cripps was expelled by the National Executive Committee by eighteen to one. He was followed by Charles Trevelyan, Aneurin Bevan and George Strauss in February. On 24th March, 1937, the National Executive Committee declared that members of the Socialist League would be ineligible for Labour Party membership from 1st June. Over the next few weeks membership fell from 3,000 to 1,600. In May, G.D.H. Cole and other leading members decided to dissolve the Socialist League. (55) By John Simkin (john@spartacus-educational.com) © September 1997 (updated October 2016). References (1) Neil Kinnock, The Guardian (8th July 2016) (2) Martin Pugh, Speak for Britain: A New History of the Labour Party (2010) page 375 (3) Henry Pelling, Origins of the Labour Party (1965) page 212 (4) The Clarion (10th March, 1900) (5) Edmund Dell, A Strange Eventful History: Democratic Socialism in Britain (1999) page 20 (6) Paul Adelman, The Rise of the Labour Party: 1880-1945 (1972) page 31 (7) Henry Pelling, Origins of the Labour Party (1965) page 220 (8) Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism (1972) page 14 (9) Martin Pugh, Speak for Britain: A New History of the Labour Party (2010) page 71 (10) Philip Poirier, The Advent of the Labour Party (1958) page 145 (11) Daily Express (20th July, 1907) (12) Reg Groves, The Strange Case of Victor Grayson (1975) page 48 (13) Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism (1972) page 14 (14) Tony Cliff and Donny Gluckstein, The Labour Party: A Marxist History (1988) page 43 (15) Bruce Glasier, diary entry (June 1911) (16) A. J. A. Morris, Charles Trevelyan : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014) (17) The Daily News (5th August, 1914) (18) Ramsay MacDonald, diary entry (5th August, 1914) (19) Martin Pugh, Speak for Britain: A New History of the Labour Party (2010) page 103 (20) A.J.P. Taylor, The Trouble Makers: Dissent over Foreign Policy (1957) page 132 (21) David Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014) (22) The Times (19th December, 1923) (23) Harold Nicholson, King George Fifth: His Life and Reign (1952) page 384 (24) Philip Snowden, An Autobiography (1934) pages 595-596 (25) Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism (1972) page 25 (26) Ian S. Wood, John Wheatley: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2016) (27) Gill Bennett, Churchill's Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence (2009) page 80 (28) Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service (2010) page 216 (29) Tony Cliff and Donny Gluckstein, The Labour Party: A Marxist History (1988) page 103 (30) Ramsay MacDonald, speech (24th October, 1924) (31) Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (2009) pages 147-152 (32) Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism (1972) page 152 (33) Joseph Redman, The Communist Party and the Labour Left (1957) pages 8-10 (34) Ramsay MacDonald, diary entry (2nd May, 1926) (35) John McNair, James Maxton: The Beloved Rebel (1955) pages 171-172 (36) Clifford Allen, minutes of the Executive Committee of the Labour Party (23rd May, 1925) (37) , diary entry (20th January, 1928) (38) Paul Adelman, The Rise of the Labour Party: 1880-1945 (1972) page 64 (40) Charles Trevelyan, letter of resignation to Ramsay MacDonald (19th February, 1931) (41) Charles Trevelyan, speech to the Parliamentary Labour Party (19th February, 1931) (42) Paul Adelman, The Rise of the Labour Party: 1880-1945 (1972) page 72 (43) David Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014) (44) Paul Addison, The Road to 1945 (1975) page 48 (45) Ben Pimlott, Labour and the Left (1977) page 52 (46) Tony Cliff and Donny Gluckstein, The Labour Party: A Marxist History (1988) page 170 (47) A. J. A. MorrisCharles Trevelyan : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 48) Paul Addison, The Road to 1945 (1975) page 48 (49) Victor Gollancz, brochure for Left Book Club (February, 1936) (50) Ruth Dudley Edwards, Victor Gollancz: A Biography (1987) page 229 (51) Previous Posts The Peasant's Revolt and the end of Feudalism (3rd September, 2016) Leon Trotsky and Jeremy Corbyn's Labour Party (15th August, 2016) Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England (7th August, 2016) The Media and Jeremy Corbyn (25th July, 2016) Rupert Murdoch appoints a new prime minister (12th July, 2016) George Orwell would have voted to leave the European Union (22nd June, 2016) Is the European Union like the Roman Empire? (11th June, 2016) Is it possible to be an objective history teacher? 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(31st May, 2015) The long history of the Daily Mail campaigning against the interests of working people (7th May, 2015) Nigel Farage would have been hung, drawn and quartered if he lived during the reign of Henry VIII (5th May, 2015) Was social mobility greater under Henry VIII than it is under David Cameron? (29th April, 2015) Why it is important to study the life and death of Margaret Cheyney in the history classroom (15th April, 2015) Is Sir Thomas More one of the 10 worst Britons in History? (6th March, 2015) Was Henry VIII as bad as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin? (12th February, 2015) The History of Freedom of Speech (13th January, 2015) The Christmas Truce Football Game in 1914 (24th December, 2014) The Anglocentric and Sexist misrepresentation of historical facts in The Imitation Game (2nd December, 2014) The Secret Files of James Jesus Angleton (12th November, 2014) Ben Bradlee and the Death of Mary Pinchot Meyer (29th October, 2014) Yuri Nosenko and the Warren Report (15th October, 2014) The KGB and Martin Luther King (2nd October, 2014) The Death of Tomás Harris (24th September, 2014) Simulations in the Classroom (1st September, 2014) The KGB and the JFK Assassination (21st August, 2014) West Ham United and the First World War (4th August, 2014) The First World War and the War Propaganda Bureau (28th July, 2014) Interpretations in History (8th July, 2014) Alger Hiss was not framed by the FBI (17th June, 2014) Google, Bing and Operation Mockingbird: Part 2 (14th June, 2014) Google, Bing and Operation Mockingbird: The CIA and Search-Engine Results (10th June, 2014) The Student as Teacher (7th June, 2014) Is Wikipedia under the control of political extremists? (23rd May, 2014) Why MI5 did not want you to know about Ernest Holloway Oldham (6th May, 2014) The Strange Death of Lev Sedov (16th April, 2014) Why we will never discover who killed John F. Kennedy (27th March, 2014) The KGB planned to groom Michael Straight to become President of the United States (20th March, 2014) The Allied Plot to Kill Lenin (7th March, 2014) Was Rasputin murdered by MI6? (24th February 2014) Winston Churchill and Chemical Weapons (11th February, 2014) Pete Seeger and the Media (1st February 2014) Should history teachers use Blackadder in the classroom? (15th January 2014) Why did the intelligence services murder Dr. Stephen Ward? (8th January 2014) Solomon Northup and 12 Years a Slave (4th January 2014) The Angel of Auschwitz (6th December 2013) The Death of John F. Kennedy (23rd November 2013) Adolf Hitler and Women (22nd November 2013) New Evidence in the Geli Raubal Case (10th November 2013) Murder Cases in the Classroom (6th November 2013) Major Truman Smith and the Funding of Adolf Hitler (4th November 2013) Unity Mitford and Adolf Hitler (30th October 2013) Claud Cockburn and his fight against Appeasement (26th October 2013) The Strange Case of William Wiseman (21st October 2013) Robert Vansittart's Spy Network (17th October 2013) British Newspaper Reporting of Appeasement and Nazi Germany (14th October 2013) Paul Dacre, The Daily Mail and Fascism (12th October 2013) Wallis Simpson and Nazi Germany (11th October 2013) The Activities of MI5 (9th October 2013) The Right Club and the Second World War (6th October 2013) What did Paul Dacre's father do in the war? (4th October 2013) Ralph Miliband and Lord Rothermere (2nd October 2013) Subscribe to our Spartacus Newsletter and keep up to date with the latest articles.